H o wA m e r i c a ' s

NewIndependent Workers
AreTransforming the
WayWe Live

DANIELH. PINK

@
\^llflfrrR EOCXs

A TimeWarnerComPanY
 Contents

I
PnoLocur.

roFnrr
Wntoltr AcutNmol
Guy I
I . Bye,Bye,Orgonizotion
CHnprtn

2. HowMonyAreThere?
CHnerrn
of FreeAgency 2/
ond Nuonces
TheNumbers

3. How Did lt Hoppen?

CHeprtn
of FreeAgency 47
TheFourIngredients

PlnTwo
ht FnnAerwWm
4. TheNew WorkEthic 59
Creprrn

Controct 85
5. TheNew Employment
CHnprtn

Creprrn6. TheNew TimeClock 103

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 ,l6.
Cuprrn Locotion
Locotion, . . . Vocotion:
hnAcmoWonrs FreeAgencyondtheFuture of Offices,Homes,
ond ReolEstoie2dI
lmpoct: "1"
in FreeAgentNotion
rness the in IPO:
CuprrnlZ. Putiing
ThePothTowordFreeAgentFinonce2/l

System143
ChortondOperoting Crepren Bloc:
18.A ChipOff theOld Voting
of FreeAgency 287
TheNew Politics
,]9.
Creprrn WhotsLeft:
, ond Cooches l7l of Commerce,
FreeAgencyondtheFuture
ondCommuniiY
Coreers, 301
t83
Jl3
EprLoour

Norrs3ll
RrsuLts
ApprNorx: AorNtNmoN
or rlr Fnre
ONiNrCrNsus.339
FreeAgentAvenue: AcrNowLrocntNrs 345
ondZoning t99
, Toxes, lNorx34l

, ondthe
nizedLobor 213

theNew Old Age 233

of Educotion3ll
fie Future

delegation of doomsaYers, free
their status and, PerhaPs more lm-
about how people should be-
o p e r a t e .a n d h o w e c o n o m i e st a n
it or excoriate it, Free Agent
fiction writer William Gibson
; it's just not evenly distributed."
itself more evenly,it is uPending
aboutwork and life in America.
Pnrutses
of our lives, premisesare the
like the pipes or wiring that
they determine the caPabilities
of its performance. Stick with
it's aboutto get slightly weird. Imag-
crept into your home while You
your electrical sYstemwith solar
the concrete foundation and
thev also decided that Your second
i basketballcourt-so they redid the
floor and a hoop. When You
house might look outwardlY like
colonial you deParted two weeks
got is a solar-Powered, mobile
And that will aflect both the possi-
manse.
odd architecturalinterlopers' Qui-
and remodeledthe stmctureson
and economic house is built. It's
premisesand first principles-that
impact. It has alreadYbegun
assumptionsabout contemPorary
Bye,Bye,Organization
Guy 2 r
MrsrAKxN PRxMrsEs
1. Loyaltyis dead.Last decade'sblaze of downsizing,this
decade'sdot-com layoffs, and the end of lifetime job se-
curity have eroded loyalty in the workplace, right? Not
quire.In l-reeAgent Nation, loyaltyisn't dead.ICs dif-
I'erent.Instead of the up-and-down loyalty that runs
from an individual to an institution, free agentspractice
a new side-to-sideloyalty-a fierce allegianceto clients,
colleagues,ex-colleagues,teams,professions,projects,
and industries. In someways,loyalty is stronger than
ever.
2. The workforceis adrifi, operating without a broad,soci.alcon-
tract. Tite, the implicit employment deal that reigned in
the Organization Man's day has disappeared.But a new
one has emerged,the animating bargain of free agency
in which individuals trade talent for opportunity.
). The bestmeasureof economic success
is growth.The tradi-
tional view is that a larger companywith higher profits is
more successfulthan a smaller companywith lower prof-
its. But theseeconomicsdon't necessarilyapply to free
agents.Bigger isn't better.Betteris better.As millions of
free agentsdecide that staying small is preferableto
growing big, they are redefining the very notion of suc-
CCSS.
4. Thefree agent economymakesworkerslesssecure.Some-
times. But as many free agentsfashion a diversified port-
folio of multiple clients,customers,and projects,they
often find themselvesmlre secxrethan traditional em-
ployees.
5. Parentsmusttry to balanceuork andfamily. For much of
the past two decades,middle-classAmericanshave
struggled to balancework and family. Corporations have
respondedwith so-calledfamily-friendly initiatives and

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lawsmandating familY leave.
effortshaven't alleviated the
One SizeFitsAll solutionsfor a
. That'swhy many liee agents
and scrappedthe bal-
them, the solution is mostlYto
work and family. Blending'
answer,
solnuorhtrs, missingthat fabled
anil lonely.Isolationis a genuine
way,but free agentshave formed
groupsto rebuild workPlace
communlty.
want to--retire. Retirement is,
aberration. Why
-centuryfi xture-sPeciallY
lessnecessarynot to
for manyolder Americans?ln-
the retirement night, free
new old age.Just ask Grandma
crisisthat can be repaired'uith hct-
and,morerigorous disciPline.
today is irrelevance.And the
educationsolutions is that theY
Thyloristsolutionsfor a Thilorist
in America, schools
to the free agent econ-
familiesopting to
on their own terms and con-
And expect more Amerl-
whether formal schooling
and whether a college degree ts
Bye,Bye,Organization
Guy z 3
9. "Empowering" uorkers and trying to "retain" themis a wise
strateg!for corporatemanagersat talent-staraed,companies.
As more employeeshead for the exits, more organiza-
tions are redoubling their efforts to keep them in their
cubicles.But thesetacticstend to fail becausethey rest
on flawed assumptions."Empowerment" implies that
the organizationholds the power,and is generously
granting some of it to the individual. But in a free agent
economy,organizationsneed individuals more than in-
dividualsneed organizations. ("Hey,I think I'll em-
power GM today by showingup for work.") Corporate
attempts at empowerment,consequently,are both
laughableand patronizing. Ditto for "retention." With a
free agent workforce,you can inspire people and chal-
"retain"
lengepeople,but you can't them.
I 0. Americansoughtto get their healthinsurancethroughan
empktyerThis is the standardarrangementlbr most
Americansunder sixty-fivewho have health insurance.
The troubleis, it's an arrangementbuilt on a historic
accidentand underpinnedby almostno economicor
moral logic. Why should employer-basedhealth insur-
ancecontinue-especially when f'ewerof us will haue
employers?
I I . Men are ouenepresented,in the workforceand in the top po-
sitionsof theeconomy.Women still earn lessthan men for
similar work. And women still face a stubborn glassceil-
'Ihose
ing. aren'tgood things,but they might end up
mattering far lessthan some think. Women are a driv-
ing force behind free agency,and could possiblydomi- .
nate the free agent economy.
12. Rampantindiaidualismisfraying our socialfabric. Critics
on both the left and the right agreeon one thing: Our
common culture is corroding. And they argue that a hy-
perchargedfree agent economy,with its fleeting rela-
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 Bye,Bye,Organization
Guy z !

commitments, only speedsthe

agencymay have the opposite
bonds,it will mend them. In-
x
@ III CIUI: In the secondhalfofthe twentiethcentury,the keyto
ity, it will repair it. Instead of
bottom,it will trigger a scram-
@ understandingAmerica'ssocialand economiclife wasthe
"art of association"-gen- OrganizationMan. In the first half of the twenty-firstcentury,
The
"own interest rightly U the new emblematicfigure is the free agent-the independent
by ones
de Tocouevillenoted on his t worker who operateson his or her own terms, untethered to a
ies ago is alive and well in +" large organization,serving multiple clients and customers
insteadof a single boss.The rise of free agencyshattersmany
ironclad prernisesabout work, life, and businessin America-
of Amer- from how companiesshould operate, to how we structureour
the basicassumDtions
health care,retirement, and educationsystems,to which
tectonicplates slide into new po-
valuesguide our lives.To truly understand the new economy,
surfacewill begin to changeaswell.
you must first understand the free agent.
New ones will arise in their
paradigm shifts and digital revolu-
IIt ll0I0lD: The largestprivateemployerin the U.S.is not
S&P 500 and collapse in the NAS-
Detroit's General Motors or Ford, or even Seattle'sMicrosoft
of this Internet millionaire and
or Amazon,com,but Milwaukee'sManpower Inc., a temp
dot-comimplosion, we havebeen
agency.

economy. III 0U0II:

"This book is aboutthe free agent.Ifthe term is
vague,it is becauseI can think of no other way to describethe
people I am talking about. They are free from the bonds of a
large institution, and agentsof their own futures.They are the
new archetypesofwork in America."

lnt f0l0: Tdiloism.The free agent'sapproachto work;

descendantof Taylorism,FrederickWnslow Thylor'sOne Best
Way method of massproduction. Under Thilorism, free agents
fashion their work lives to suit their own needsand desires-
insteadof acceptingthe uniform values,rules, and structure
of a traditionaljob. Opposite of the One Size !-itsAll ethic of
the Organization Man era. (Synonym:M1 Siu Fi/sMel

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N O I T V NT N ] 9 V 3 ] U J 9'

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N
individualswith experience,wealth,
bring to their next ProJect.
A UniversityofTbxas studYfound
'lbxas
the halfli{'e of businesses
ise, a FederalReserveanalYsisof
that the rype of firm that createdthe
with fewer than ten emPloYees)
13The life tycle of companies ha''
time. And one result has been
ing halflives. lbn yearsago, nobody
Ten years from nor', nobodY maY
moment the longevitYof comPa-
of indiuidunlt is exPanding. Un-
c e n t u r y .m o s l o f u s t o d a Y c a n
any organizationfor which we work.
job at an organization whose life-
much shorter-l han Your own.
economic adolescence; cheaP, hous-
prosperity; the shrinking halflife of
four ingredients combined-when
ilied the other,and when they cooked
resultwas 33 million independent
what do we know about how
work and lives?What's going on tn-
The answersmaYsurPrlse) ou.
How Did lt Happen?The FourIngredientsof FreeAgency s s
x
@
IIE CtUI: How did free agency happen? Fbur ingredients were
@ essential:l) the social contract of work-in which employees
u raded loyalty for security----<mmbled; 2) individuals needed a
large company less, because the means of production-that is,
5B the tools necessary to create wealth-went from expensive,
Pr huge, and difficult for one person to operate to cheap,
houseable, and easy for one person to operate; 3) widespread,
long-term prosperity allowed people to think ol work as a way
not only to make money, but also to make meaning; 4) the
half-life of organizationsbegan shrinking, assuring that most
individuals will outlive any organization lbr which they work.
IHt ltCI0lD: !,ighty-fivc percent ofArlericans today were not
alive during the (ireat Depression, which means most of the
country lacks any conscious recollection ofwidespread
econornic privation.
Illt 0U0It:
"Nctscape
was fbrmed in 1994. It went public in 1995.
Ancl by 1999, it was gone, purchased by America Online and
subsumed into A()Ls operation. Lif'e span: four years. Half-
life: nvo,vears. \!hs Netscape a company----or was it really a
project? l)oes the distinction even matter?"
III t0nD: Digital Marxism. With the proliferation of inexpensive
computers, r'ireless handheld devices, and ubiquitous low-cost
connections to the Internet, workers can now own the treans
of producti()n.

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seven-hundred-member
:s ofJ.P Morgan-includes links
and start-up companies along with
Norwegian cake, and other fhvorites
Another potent cluster of ex-
Broads, an alumni associationof
Goldman Sachs,whose headquar-
City address85 Broad Street.And,
-Corporatealumni.com-to
or start your own.
prevalent in the high-tech world,
intense and fiee agency is the reign-
AXLE (the Association of eX-Lotus
Compaq Computer employees), and
Prodigy, and Netscape. Even though
in nearbycubicles,and olten live
in united-a high-tech diaspora.
Symantec, a California computer
, to go solo, and who asked that I
"The
best: nice part of working at
left. Now we've got this great net-
all theseother companies."
C l u b s , c o n { - c d e r ai ol n s , e n t r e -
i o n s i s o n e o f t h e m c ' s ti m p o r -
y in America's independent
groups call into question thc
social ties or fiactures comrnunity,
agency is merely redefining those
art of association" is no less robust in
itwas in the nineteenth. liee agents
re not going it alone. In Chapter
disappeared; it has simply changed
The sameis tme for community. In
itv isn'tdead.ICsdifferent.
S m a l lG r o u p sB, l g l m p a c t r 4 |
x
@ IIt CIUI: Instead of laboring in loneliness,independent workers
@ are inventing an arra,v of small groups. Free Agent Nation
u (l'.A.N.) Clubs are clustels ol {ree agents u'ho meet regularly
to exchange business advice and offer personal support.
E Con{ederations arc informal work collaborations of free
ts agents. llntreprenetworks are groups of small cntrepreneurs
rvho pav a fee to participate in facilitated brainstorming and
strategv sessions.Alumni associationsare groups of people
whose common boncl is that they graduated not from the
same college, but from the same company. llecause most of
these groups are self-organized and arise from the grass roots,
thev've eluded much notice. And they challenge the critics
rvho claim that community is collapsing and that independent
workers are speeding its demise. Cornmunity isn't dead in
Free Agent Nation. It's different.
Illt tlCI0lD: One of the earliest self-organizedclustersof free
agents-Benjamin Franklin's Junto, f<rrmed in 1727--<reated
"subscription
a library" for its members, u'hich in turn became
the first public library in Amenca.
"F.A.N. (llubs
Illt 0UOIt: are one part board of directors, another
part group therapy They combine the search for clients with
the quest for meaning, the urge for authenticity with the need
-I'hey
for sociabilit,v. emerge from self-interest, but endure
through trust."
IIE f0lD: Confederation. A regrlar collaboration between liee
agents akin to a law or accounting partnership-but in which
the relationshipsare fluid and the structure is set by an
informal agreement rather than a legal contract,
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 GettingHorizontal:The FreeAgent Org Chartand OperatingSystem r 5 e

its own organizationchart-but this
like the traditional corPorate
berweenindividualsrun
Fower depends on relationshiPs
an established hierarchY. And the
fluid, and PurPosefulrather than
preordained'What keepsfree agency
x
@
o IIE f0nD: FfueAgent Operating Slsten. The underlying instructions
that allow liee agenc,vto function. Like \4'indows, DOS, or
u Linux on computers, the !rce Agent Operating System
establishes the platforrn on which the free agent economy
E ()pe|ates.lts basicunit is tnlst, which is fashioned into
ts reciorocal altruism. (See also: The Goklen Rule.\

principle of enlightened self-interest

the future I know You'll helP me'
Iieewheeling,seeminglY
econornyis that it encouragespeople
What keeps thc free agcnt econom)
Rule.

Mark Granovetter'sclassicstudy of
discovered that most PeoPle found
that in roughlY ltve out of
were people with whom thejob
relationship and did not even

Org Chart is fluid. And becauseit's

Your peer on one Project could be
Today'ssubcontractorcould be
In this sense,the FreeAgent Org
organization chart less than it
brain. In our brains, existing neurons
forging and reforging
laying fresh pathways to one another'
we think. This is one reason that free
more attuned to human
emPloYment
twentieth-century
 TheFreeAgentInfrastructurer 5 9

post oflice boxes to more than

States.Founded in 1980, it is now
quarter million people check their
x@
IHt CtUI: An economic infrastructure has emerged to provide a
JannaKing, quotedat the
beginntng
shoot the breeze. Like other com-
@ foundation for free agents' work. Composed of copy and
printing shops, coffee shops,bookstores,executivesuites,the
MBE is bubblinguP
infraslruclurc, U Internet, office supply suPerstores, postal sen'ice centers, and
locations,it's growing faster than
two decades.loMBE and its coun-
g overnight delivery scn ices,this new infrastructure has two
defining attributes. First, it is self-organizedrather than
Free Agent Natlon. $r centrallv planned- Second, the infrastmcture ser-vesa
"'fhird
fundamentally social role by creating a variety of
Places" rvhere independent rvorkers can come together
PlcmctDruvrnY
IIE ]lCf0lD: B,v2002, home officeswill spend $10.2 billion on
s u t h a s F e d e r a l F x P r e s sh a r e Internet access.
speedofa giant corporation FedEx
"Everybody
a c r i t i c a lp a r t o f h o r v a l l b r r s i n c ' s Iilt 0U0It: knorvsthat Starbuckssenes a decent, if
of the free agent work stYle. Some pricel, cup of coffee. But what far f'el'er people realize is that
have their own FedEx accounts And Starbucks is not in the retail beverage industry. It's really in
campaign is Pursuing home-based the commercial real estate business. For me, and for many
i t y .I r s a d s p l a v u p t h e c a m a r a d c r l e other independent workers, these coffeehouses have become
the housebound {iee agent de- free agent of}jce (enters."
"Signsby Donna.Delivered
being.
"FedEx 'fhe
copybelowthat reads, Ilf t t0l0: Feeeagent infrastrLLcture. physical foundation on
'Ilte
pickup and delivery people They're rvhich the fiee agent economv operates. infrastructure is
and count on." The ad rings true tor self-organizedand composed of private establishments.
FedExguy) is the onlY Personout-
ace-which might saYmore about
infrastructure.
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:raqt aleoo8au ot stua8z a,req,nourzal rad ggg'91$
uBql eloru urea oq,ll sralroMJo tuarad 9 u?ql erot{ :0l0lCll llll
's)\ll pup
IJo^l JtJqt tnoqesuorls:nb
IElueruzpun3 eJoru Jausu stua8e aarj Surdlaq-tsarrd tred
lolesunof, raarer ued*a1or rarqsrnbs B elras sJqleor puv
'srausru
lcuorsse3ord pue leuosrod uo tueqt esr^p pue JIBqeq
rraqt uo aleuo8au 'srayo,u tuapuadepur ruasa.rdar laql
'slulBeJ
lEuonolua Puu llluouola Jqr elpPBJrs-sarelqtB PUB
'sJoqtnB 'sJolle paluasardar 3uo1 a,req teqt stuaSz tualel aqt
all-srua8y ,{puaorjya eroru uru tqJpru tualel Meu eql alzur
,{qaraqt puz-stralord Surlaas 1uap1 lue8z ae{ q]r^,\lualel
',{:lsnpur 8ur-Uztsheroduat
lua8e aarg Surlaas sradnq lrauuor
aql3o quror8tno ue 'srqluqllet{ :po,r uone11 lua8y
aa:g dlaq oq,u slsqeoads leuorssagordgo paarq Mau u paleeo
J^zq safJo3o^\t aseqJ 'xaldruor dlleuortoura eJoru euotraq seq
'aa:3-,(qzuosrad pue urrupurnq Suraq 'puotras
ryo,n -;o peatsur d
'lr at)ollt puz 'arrrd 'azruz8ro ol pa8raura wq tqJzrrr tue1el
llau E pue-erJnosa.r luu t.rodur tsour s,,{urouora aql se lzlrdzr
t
parelda: seq tualzt 's[Enpr^rpur ol suor]zzrue8ro uro.g paurqs m
seq raalod se'lsld s,{e^{IetuauspunJ ont ut ,{urouora uz;41
uorlezrueS.r11eqt uo{ sraflrp ,{ruouo:a tua8e aarj aqI :I0!! lll @
@
x
N O T l V NI N l C V l l U l zer

ON
WallStreetlournal that he considered
family
"one
of the most hearten-
in social evolution and cultural
point as Nicholson, namely that
back to the hunter-gathererband in
of us liveswith phYsicallYa great
like how the human species evolved.
a n d y o u r c o n t a c l sw i t h b u s i n c s s
born to blend.
FreeAgent Families l9 3
x
@
o Illt CtUI: l-he industrial economy separated work and family'
The free agent economy is rejoining them lnstead of
ux
g
balancing work and family-trading them off against each
other-free agents are blending work and family This is one
reason why both family-friendly corporate policies and
ts government-mandated family leave, though well intentioned,
have fallen short. They force people to balance instead of
helping them blend and impose One Size lits All solutions on
a M1 Size Fits Ve wor lfon e. In lqsponse. [ree agents are
t a k i n g m a t t e r si n t o t h e i r o w n h a n d s a n d a r e r e t u r n i n g u s t o
work arrangements perhaps more consonant with human
nature and our evolutionary heritage.
IllI ft0I0lll: Small to midsize family businessesaccount for about
60 percent of all the employment in the world'
'Again, free agent couplehood is nothing new' Before
IIt 0U0lt:
the industrial economy, spouses often worked together' Just as
those small shopkeepers lived above the store, my family-
with Dad s third-floor ofTice-lives belou the store And
thanks to the Internet, Mom and Pop's operation doesn't have
to be a mom-and-PoP oPeration."
IIE f0tD: Commutermaniagel Couples with children and
traditional jobs, whose lives seem to revolve entirely around
the morning struggle to get to work, day care, and school-
and the evening battle to return home and begin the process
again the fbllowing day. (Antonym: DINJ couples-double
income, no iobs)

Angeles, a town where it seems half
screenwriters,the city fathers
and artists working at home to
WritersGuild compared this plan
rcgimes that kept their creative
lobbiedsuccessfullyto block the reg-
to break free from these t onfin-
both deep meaning and a new move-
made everyoneunique for thetr own
me after explaining how he had con-
"And in this socr-
marrying his wife.
everfor peopleto realizetheir
" while locking other workers into jobs they don't want
But if that chance is thwarted, he
harder than ever before-and that
another political party i la Ross
aresayingin this country,my fiee-
. Nobody is going to dictate to me."
on FreeAgentAvenue:
Roadblocks HealthInsurance,
Taxes,
andZoning z | |
x
@ lIt CIUI: The United Statesoperates under a thicket of laws
@ designed for a time when most people held full-time,
u lifelong jobs with a single employer-and free agency was an
exotic choice. These laws have outlived their usefulness, and
t are hampering the economy most in three areas: health
ts insurance, taxes, and zoning. Employer-based health
insurance no longer makes sense because fewer of us have
employers. This system,which began as a historical accident,
is grounded in little economic or moral logic. And it is
forcing many independent workers to go without insurance
becauseleaving would mean losing their coverage,
Meanwhile, the U.S. tax code punishes free agents by
making them pay twice the Social Security payroll taxes of
other workers, preventing them from fully deducting their
health insurance premiums, and costing them time, money,
and aggravation becauseof the sheer brain-melting
complexity of the tax law. Finally, local zoning laws presume
a clear boundary between work and home, and many impose
severe restrictions-including outright prohibition-on
home-based micropreneurs.
I[I flCI0lD: Tax complexiry according to a Stanford economist,
costsmore than $100 billion in compliance, another $100
billion in tax evasion,and yet another $100 billion in
"distortions
from pursuing tax-advantaged investments." In
"larger
all, the costs of the federal income tax are than the
Defense Department, larger than Social Securiry perhaps as
large as the combined budgets of the fifty states."
"Ifyou
IIt 0U0II: have ajob and get your health insurance
through vour employel be thankful. It was never supposed to
be this way."
 (1wolrun u lou sr bua8e asr; tuq;
'eJrTuelrlaury ur luaurdole,rap eiult
lng
a^ellaq I leJ os JPell Jpeur e^,I ry
Jo IJeq aql ruo{ s^orx ol ueqt Mollg
Jo luo{ ur-suonoo jrols puE stgeueq
,,luauerurad,,go asrruord
,{|aJu 'elrq^{ueat\l'aurqleru
a:oru l1:.reqs:a,{o1dur:-rr:qt ,{q para
sarxrlaruosa:z sdu.relprzd-,,u.o1 su
alerodro: eqt aprsurJlo ra11aqar.rbgl
Jreql uo lr qelu ol eJlssp eql puB ' /r^es
lurp le^orsrp auos &Irnrasul pue dra
r pue tuopJa{ qJrq,tt ur ss^rl
srql ur Paqrrls3p a^uq slJqlo sueerp
'ruaqr rog ',&qear
3o ede:spuel ,uau aqr
srqt 'slJI-roMluapuadaput auos JoJ
lur{^{s.reqJ spns ,{:ua8z aar r
I
Ptoct-/Aoluo
sofJow eu,lsUq)-
elo sJa)Jo,l,^oq ut los atuos aaotl
ol a oLtol 6wob at,an duqpwos s,!! !1,,
e0rg-;1e5
oztu "{
'stua8e aar3 a:ttrerd a,rrlrnPordar
.1o
uoruueC sa^lesueqr IIIq IInJ aqt ,{ed sea{oldrua aqt jr
t
'saa,{oldrua parredep ot elu?rnsuI qtlz:q Suuago enunuoJ ol m
dulal
JOd'SAAelS parrnbar ere srer(oldura qrrq,u.Sutrnp pou:d qtuoru -uaetq8ta
) r l t u r q l r Mu r o q P u B P J ^ r ) ) u o ) P I I q JY r r g r qr u s o f : 0 [ 0 t l I l @
@
gI z.z

x
NOt-LVN
INlCV llSl
 Permatemps,
TemDSlaves, Labor 2 a 9
andthe Riseof Self-Organized
N

leastable or most unlucky don't fall

dual systemblocksthe low road, but
x
@
rcverthey want on the high road' It Illt CIUI: Fiee agency,ofcourse, has a dark side. Some temp
and the libertY of Bird. OnlY rn
perhapsto FreeAgent Nation'
@ workers do ntind-numbing tasks for meager pay in awful

u conditions. Others perform the same work fbr the same

companiesas emploYees,but are classifiedas temps and

E denied health insurance and other benefits. While most of this

is deplorable, these beleaguered workers account for only a
+r portion of temps-and temps account for only a portion of
liee agents. \Vhat's more, the source ol inequality in work
todav is not between who's an employee and who's a free
agent, but benleen who has skills that are in demand and who
doesn't, benveen who can exercise bargaining power in the new
-Ib
talent market and who cannot. take on such challenges,
"self-olganized labor"
several new worker organizations-a
movement-have emerged to rePresent these downtrodden
rvorkers. The end result u'ill likely follow the path of
professional sports: Independent workers will belong to a labor
union to secure a floor, but many will have agents to negotrate
mole lucrative, personalized agreements above that lloor'

I[t tlGI0l0: Aliican-Americans make up I I percent of the total

w o r k i b r c e .b u t 2 2 p e r t < n t o f t c m p ' .

"Temp
I[[ 0U0II: slaves,as the narne suggests,are not planning
their ascent of Maslow's hicrarchy of neetis or holding touchy-
feely F.A.N. Club meetings to discussthe deeper meaning of
the most
Jent Maguire. lhr from it. The,v are among
disgruntled workers in the U.S labor force."

I[E t0nD: Permatem\.Somebody who rvorks alongside a

traditional empkryee, doing the saurervork, but whose
employer classilies him as a temp to avoid providing health
insurance,a pension, and stock options. (Seealso, Temp 24-7
'A
de{inition of pernatemP: kinder, gentler . . . euphemism
'indentured ")
for sen'ant.'

to becomea full-time staY-at-home
a rcnuredprofessorshiPat a nearby
Ballentine has ruh a modest mtcro-
back of his home. Although he
than twenry-fiveyears,he told me
is somethingI'll alwaYsdo."
self-actualizingbabyboomerswill
back.As they begin reckoning
searchfor meaning will intensi$
can't satisfy.ManY will seek
Indeed, the greatest beneficiartes
ions, which will hire free agent se-
working but who don't want to be
want to do good without sacrificing
't be for everyone.-l'hosewho have
physicallabor-the longshoreman,
be ready,mentally and phys-
And by a certain age. even more
stop working. Recall the words of
am a hundred and twentYYearsold
out and come in." Grandma BettY,
reaches120.But until then,exPect
o make retirement an aber-
of life.
E-tirement:
FreeAgencyandthe NewOldAqe 2 4 |
x@
TIE CnUI: In the Iiee agent future, fewer people will retire. More
@ will e-tire. Instead of leaving the work world completely at age
u sixn-fir'e, they'll continue rvorking as free agents-hnding and
executing rvork over the Internet. E-tirement is in many ways
E demographically inevitable, the simple outcome of supply and
ts demand. As the gigantic baby boom generation ages, it rvill
create an ello!:nlous cadre of healthv, able, tech-savvy,self-
actualizing older Americans. This supply of labor will arrive at
"ruorking
plecisely the rnornent that the age" population is
shrinking, sparking an intense clernandfor workers.
Tllt tlCT0l0: When ltanklin Rooseveltestablishedsixty-fiveas the
standarrl U.S. retirernent age, the averageAmerican life
'lbda,v,
expectancy \\as sixtv-three. Iife expectangv is seventy-
six and rising.
Ilt 0U0Tf:
"(let
readv fbr the mother ofall windfalls: In the
coming decades,baby boomers will inherit more than $10
trillion from their parents. Sure, they'll spend some of that
bounty on face lifts and relaxed fit srvimwear. But there'll be
plentv left over to Iaunch a new career as a senior soloist."
I||I il010: E-tiretnent.
A new stage in American u'orking life;
working as a fiee agent alier age sixty-five-and using the
global communications nenvork as the platform for obtaining
and completing rvork.

J. StanleYfound a
disProPur-
of millionaires were free agents-
's
SAf scores,the lrsslikelY
financial risk-taker and therefore to
conferenceindustry alreadYhot,
fire as more people seek gatherings
learn
to make new connections and
successfulexamPle is Fasl
Coif"r"tt."t-r"miannual, Phantas-
o f m o d e l s ,m e n l o r s .l o o l r ' a trd nct-
I
a free agent medical consultant
"I
8, said, can attend a conlerence
there is a sort of Socraticin-
choose the mentor I will PaY atten-
hour, or two hours, or day-whatever'
a t t h e i r k n e e .a n d a l s o b e i n a P u s i -
challenge their assumPtlons'
ions,work uithin a grouP
.Ihe
ideas." F.A.N. Clubs I discrrssed
many book clubsthat alreadYexist'
: sourcesof education-much as
educateda generation of colonial
will be a fascinating,and perhaps
rev-
ins in America. 1'he specificswill sur-
Out:FreeAgency
School's of Education2 s 9
andtheFuture
x@
m Illt GtUI: In the free agent future, a host ofchanges will unschool
American society. Mass compulsory education will give way to
u
g
a variety of learning alternatives. Home schooling, perhaps
the most robust expression of free agent values outside the
workplace, will continue to boom. More free agent families
will go this route. And more free agents will offer their
*-
ser-vicesas itinerant tutors serving this population. High
school as ve kno-w it will cease to exist-replaced and
augmented by a variety of hands-on options, better attuned to
the free agent economy. And the self-teaching ethic learned in
youth will continue into adulthood, diminishing the value of
college clegreesand upping the value of informal, self-
directed learning arrangenlents.
IIt ttCI0l0: Forty percer]t of college students are now older than
twenty-five, Within a few years, the number of thirty-five-plus-
year-old college students will exceed the number of eighteen-
and nineteen-year<tld college students
"So
when we step into the tyPical school, we're
l||t 0U0It:
stepping into the past-a place whose architect is Frederick
'lhylor
and whose tenant is the Organization Man'
Winslow
The one institution in American society that has least
accommodated itself to the values and form of the free agent
economy is the one institution Americans claim they value
most."
Iflt ilO10: TfuLnhsgiuingTurkq Model. The education model that
predominated in the twentieth century Society placed kids in
the oven of formal education for nvelve years, cooked them
u n t i l t h e l w e r c d o n c . t h e n s e r v e dt h e m t o e m p l o y e r s A f e w
youngsters also received an additional four-year basting at a
place called collcge.
 'au
inogo
' ' ' an11
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aa11 lsodaqln1 nal qtoa 'sJlI- o o^\t qtrM seruoq ,{1rurz3saqrDsap ur:e1 srql '(arr3yg
dou euoP e^// sluauralols
'alssoli qtnuj ool ^uo luoa euoH/arrJIO IIeurS) OHOS 1aqz1Surtayeru u.ronlllo^{
aqr Jo luepurf,sap v 'Jrrllo reH/arluo slll 'oHoH :0101 llll
e^oq tPoP/ uosDeraL/l1ia,4 jNosN/8OU
'Puotbl4t1 ,, paldruJJtul aq ol puz dtsso8 ol :alrl t.uop a,,u,{esa,u s8urql
Lro,r aqr op ot sJtrr-l;oa8y,uag asaql ot aruol 1g,ndaqt puy
rytqf I
taPnPauos auros 'sqnll qllerq urof .{aqt depol se qrnur sdrqsroqrueru ,{nq
1qr.u.
luo atoq uata 1,uop
stua8e aarg 's066I aqt Jo srureJ al]rqnr eqt alrt ueqt s)pnqrels
aulj sit/t glrj/i^ o1 astldlaiua
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'uosurgou
rW 'atu haa s,tagl
asuotur arrribar teqt sr:alord uo san8zallor qlt^{ atzJ-ol
-r)eJ 'ruortrs (tsrqe
IroM ot pue \) s.tq8ru rsel rnoqz lzq: ol
^u alD daH 1oar6 uaag 'rno Sueq or arqd e aq
'ssaupnqottrwlw Lo1uool 11r,u a8pol s11Erua8y aarg y,, :Il0n0 tlI
,1
ot deq u,! 6uru./ottr
PooC :NOSN/SOU 'luarrad g1 punore sre^oq errgo
1errdft aq1
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'.tQ w)o\) eql
lo 'pardnlo
t.uaJe suonetslJo^\ Jo 'sef,r-llo's1sop 3o tua:rad
o tlslw l]lO/NS lo )saPaqr q4 ,{ep1:on aqr Suunp tuaurour ua,rrB ,{uz ty :0l0ICll llll
'uDDupap tua6oae4 V)
NHO1
'a:rojryo,t luapuadapur
'91 lle8rel e roj sa:tds [ela: pus 'efrf]o 'lerluaprsar esodrndrllnur
197 sn6ny
o zuoq le0qo? tstr) otur qdrour 11r,ns8urplnq ef,Ulo reMol lqdorr pue 'sarzds
J^neJoqellof, ,{puzunuopard auolaq IIr,u saf,rl1o lzrlJaurruoC
filsnpur luaure,rordrur aruoq eql ur tuooq E Surra88ut pue
auoq eql Jo asn pue u8rsep aqr 3urra11z'pJepuets aql aluof,eq
[[rM sef,rl]o JrxoH allsa leal lerJJaruuro] puB lBrluaprsel
qroq adeqsar IIIM 'urnt ur 'sal]auB^ aJrl]o Mau esaql
'Jtrns elnntrexe tred 'qnd ,{1puar-lj
rred-,(rumuruoJ pue "{
tuobvoall uorteroqellof, ro3 sareld 'se8po1 s11g tuaSy aa.rgeq IIr^\ raqto
aql 'IJo.\\ umop-speaq 'tarnb :oj sa:e1d 'soqzpl are,rrrd aq t
l- qledALII Ilr!1Ju( ) sJ )UJoJo sJlJuE^ \ JU ouu otur .r:tur;ds lll^i-rlt1EJM m
a:npord ot pepaau sraryo,lr s8urqt aqt esnoq o1 ,{psour stsrxa
t,,o q tbu! l l n d qf,rq^{-arrlJo paqsloot Jr{r':rntrg rua8e ra{ aql ul :InlJ 1lI @
@
N0 l l v N l N l c v l t u l

x
oLz
A\
 "l" in IPO:The PathTowardFreeAgentFinance 2 a 5
Puttinqthe
N

freedomJovingindependentwork-
to outsiders. Besides,I'm not
scruffyguy in Montana daYtrad-
x
@ IIE CnUl: In the free agent future, individuals will raise capital
daughters.And we'd likely need
a free agent division of
@ the same way companies do today. They will borrow money

equivalentsof S-ls and all the u kleb0 or sell stakes in their enterprise (equity). This will

ic companiesmust file.
the details matter less than the s produce an array of new financial insttuments-such as F.A N.
Bonds (see below) and perhaps even Individual Public

from companies to individuals, so,

that provide capital. The de-
ts Offerings.

Iilt tlGI0lD: A 1998 Atthur Andersen study found that 47

alreadygripped our lives. For the percent of entrepreneurs had financed their businesseswith
have more of their wealth credit cards, double the portion in 1993. Credit cards have
. In Americanliving rooms,bulls surpassed comrnercial loans as the leading {inancing
sports teams.and Charlie mechanism instrument for small enterprises.

"Many
IIt 0U0It: boxers already finance their training by selling
shares to investors. About one in ten pro hghters have
syndicated financial backers, whose investments yield these
investors a percentage of the boxer's earnings over a specihed
time. Soloists willing to forgo some autonomy in exchange for
an influx of cash that would allow them to prepare for bouts
in their own professions might also go the way of the
welterweight."

III il01D: FA.N. Bonds.A form of debt hnancing for free agents.
A financial instrument more widely available than student
loans but with lower interest rates than credit cards. To allow
the market to flourish, a corporation, perhaps chartered by
Congress but owned by shareholders, would buy F.A.N. Bonds
and package them into securities-much as !-annie Mae does
for lrome mortgages. (See also: Bowie Mae)

I

singlecoalition intact-in a sense,
that could satisfy any political de-
a legacy of the New Deal. lbr De-
New Deal coalition of union
c i t i z e n sr r a st h e r r a v t o p a s sl e g -
more.With party affrliationwan-
-splitting voter now a common
is to assemblethe available corn-
i t i c a ld e m a n d ,d o i t i n r e a l t i m e ,
lwasa masterof iust-in-timepolitics,
iat name.Earlyin his presidency,he
fr with an entirely Democraticcrrali-
iput together a rzrdicallydiflerent,
I to expand trade with the North
fent.He raisedthe minimum wage
refbrmed welfareby
[ical parts and
fll within the samemonth in 1996.
fookthe nail-bitingfinishesof some
bsident Clinton'spoliticalweakness.
ie of a new kind of politics-and if'
fldenthad masteredit. l'he Beltway
"difficulties"was akin to a se-
fent's
parning that Dell carries only five
predsuchinformation a sign of the
[anwhat it really was-a new way of
ts strength. Moreover, the electrons
r-evenparty split in the U.S. House
I dead heat in the race lbr Prcsi-
al conditions for just-in-time coali-
rysysrem.
he just-in-time fi:atures of today's
just-in-timepolitics.If any party at-
eywill resist.Politicianswill have to
ue,candidateby candidate,election
usesand feedsthis giant Iirst will be-
rt the giant to be satisfiedIbr long.
A chip Off the OldVotingBloc:The NewPoliticsof FreeAgency 2 e e
xo
Iflt CtUI: In the free agent future, the path to the Oval Office will
@ run through the home office. America's independent
u workers-the sleeping giant of American politics-will become
an elecroral force. [-he1will help treate a successorto the
3E New Deal built on the new premises of the free agent
F economy. Ihis New liconomy Deal rvill make the individual
rather than the corporation the central mechanism for
distributing health insurance and pensions and for protecting
worker rights. And it rvill Promote an agenda of simpler taxes,
microhnancing for welfare recipients, temp worker rights, and
individual accounts for unemployment insurance
Iilt tlCI0lD: More than twice as many Anericans now consider
big business a greater threat to the country than big labor,
according to a Gallup Poll.
"Most
Ilt 0U0II: politicians remain obsessedwith groups that are
old and shrinking while ignoring a group that is young and
booming. And when they do cast their eyes toward free
agents, Republicans see close-minded, modern-day Babbitts,
antagonistic to government and greedy for profit, while
Democrats see oppressed'contingent' workers."
'ltre
IffE t0lD:7asr-in- time politics. political version ofjust-in-time
manuldcturing. lnstead of building one coalition and keeping
it together, the modern challenge of politics will be to
assemble the available comPonents to satisfy the current
political demand, do it in real time, and then move on to the
next task.
I
I
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