Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

Exercise 3A
Exercise 3B
Check Yourself
Revision Exercise 3
Hints for the question on the title page
Additional questions
Classwork
76 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

CHAPTER 3 7. (a)

(b) (i) From the graph,

Exercise 3A (page 3.20) when y = 7 , x = 0 or 2.5 .
(ii) From the graph,
1. From the graph, the two x-intercepts are −2.4
and 0.9 (corr. to 1 d.p.). when y = 10 , x = −0.5 or 3 .
∴ The equation 2 x 2 + 3 x − 4 = 0 has two unequal
real roots − 2.4 and 0.9.
8. (a) x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −4 1 4 5 4 1 −4
2. From the graph, the only x-intercept is 0.5
y
(corr. to 1 d.p.).
∴ The equation − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 1 = 0 has a double y = 4 + 2x − x 2
5
real root 0.5.
4

3
3. From the graph, there is no x-intercept.
∴ The equation − x 2 + 3 x − 3 = 0 has no real roots. 2

x
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−1
4. x −4 −1 0 2 3
y −2 −5 −6 −8 −9 −2

−3

5. When x = 3, y = 11. −4
∴ 11 = 2(3) + k
k=5 (b) From the graph,
when y = 0, x = −1.2 or 3.2
6. (a) The y-intercept is −3. (corr. to 1 d.p.).
When x = 0 , y = −3 .
∴ − 3 = a (0) + b 9. Q The graph cuts the x-axis at two distinct
b = −3 points.
∴ ∆ >0
(b) When x = 2 , y = −4 . 10 2 − 4(1)(k ) > 0
∴ − 4 = a(2) − 3 [From the result of (a)] 100 − 4k > 0
1 k < 25
a=−
2
10. Q The graph has no x-intercept.
(c) From the results of (a) and (b), the
1 ∴ ∆ <0
equation of the graph is y = − x − 3 .
2 (−1) 2 − 4(k )(−5) < 0
When y = 0 , 1 + 20k < 0
1 1
0 = − x −3 k<−
2 20
x = −6
∴ The x - intercept is − 6.
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 77

y > −5 if − 0.8 < x ≤ 3.

11. (a) x −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 6 3 0 −3 15. (a) From the graph,
(b) (i) From the graph, the x - intercepts are − 1.4, 0 and 1.4
y ≥ 0 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. (corr. to 1 d.p.).
(ii) From the graph, (b) From the graph,
y < 6 if 0 < x ≤ 3. y ≤ 0 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ −1.4 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.4.

12. (a) From the graph,

the y - intercept is − 5. 16. (a) x −2 −1 0 1

When x = 0 , y = −5 . y 3 −
5 −6 −
15
2 2
∴ − 5 = 0 2 + b ( 0) + c x 2 3 4 5
c = −5
y −7 −
9 0 13
(b) From the graph, 2 2
y
the coordinates of A are (2, − 3).
5
y = x2 − x−6
When x = 2 , y = −3 . 6
2
∴ − 3 = 2 2 + b( 2) − 5 4
− 3 = 2b − 1 2
b = −1
x
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
(c) (i) From the graph, −2
the x - intercepts are − 1.8 and 2.8
−4
(corr. to 1 d.p.).
−6
(ii) Substitute x = −4 into the equation, −8
y = (−4) 2 − (−4) − 5
= 15 (b) From the graph,
y ≤ 0 if − 1.5 ≤ x ≤ 4.
13. (a) From the graph,
when y = 1 , x = 4 . 17. (a) Q The graph touches the x-axis.
(b) From the graph, ∴ ∆=0
2
y ≤ 2 if 2 ≤ x ≤ 5. k − 4(1)(16) = 0
k 2 − 64 = 0
k = ±8
14. (a) x −1 0 1 3 (b) (i) If k is positive, the equation is
y −7 0 1 9 y = x 2 + 8 x + 16 .
(b) From the graph, The figure below shows the graph of
when y = 2 , x = 2 . y = x 2 + 8 x + 16 .
(c) (i) From the graph,
y ≤ 9 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 3.

(ii) From the graph,

78 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

y
 y = x 2 − 1 ...................................... (1)
1. 
y = x 2 + 8x + 16 25  y = 2 x + 2 ..................................... (2)
Substitute (1) into (2),
20
x 2 −1 = 2x + 2
15
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
10 ( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
5 x = −1 or 3
x Substitute x = −1 into (2), y = 2(−1) + 2 = 0
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1
Substitute x = 3 into (2), y = 2(3) + 2 = 8
∴ The solutions are x = −1, y = 0 and x = 3, y = 8.
(ii) From the graph,
 y = x 2 − 4 x + 2 .............................. (1)
y < 9 if − 7 < x < −1. 2. 
 y = x − 6 ........................................ (2)
(1) − (2),
18. (a) When x = 3 , y = 0 .
0 = x 2 − 4 x + 2 − ( x − 6)
∴ 0 = a(3) 2 + b(3) − 3
x 2 − 5 x + 8 = 0 ................................. (3)
0 = 9a + 3b − 3
0 = 3a + b − 1 ..................... (1) As ∆ = (−5) 2 − 4(1)(8) = −7 < 0 ,
When x = 1 , y = −4 . (3) does not have a real solution.
∴ There is no real solution.
∴ − 4 = a (1) 2 + b(1) − 3
− 4 = a + b − 3 ................... (2)
 x 2 + y = 25 ................................... (1)
(1) − (2), 4 = 2a + 2 3. 
a =1  y = 8 x + 41 .................................... (2)
Substitute a = 1 into (1), Substitute (2) into (1),
0 = 3(1) + b − 1 x 2 + 8 x + 41 = 25
b=−2
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 0
(b) From (a), the equation of the graph is ( x + 4) 2 = 0
y = x 2 − 2x − 3 . x = −4
2 Substitute x = −4 into (2),
When x = 2 , y = (2) − 2(2) − 3
= −3 y = 8(−4) + 41
=9
19. (a) When x = 0 , y = −6 . ∴ The solution is x = −4, y = 9.
∴ − 6 = 0 2 + p(0) + q
q = −6  y = 7 − 4 x ..................................... (1)
When x = −3 , y = 0 . 4.  2
 2 x + y = 5 ................................... (2)
∴ 0 = (−3) 2 + p (−3) − 6 (2) − (1),
0 = 9 − 3p − 6
2 x 2 + y − y = 5 − (7 − 4 x )
p =1
2x2 = 5 − 7 + 4x
(b) When y = 0 ,
2x2 − 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + x − 6 = 0
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
( x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
x = −3 or 2 ( x − 1) 2 = 0
∴ r=2 x =1
Substitute x = 1 into (1),
y = 7 − 4(1)
Exercise 3B (page 3.35)
=3
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 79

∴ The solution is x = 1, y = 3. 4 x 2 + 9 y − 3(2 x + 3 y ) = 36 − 3(6)

4 x 2 + 9 y − 6 x − 9 y = 36 − 18
 y − x 2 = 16 ................................... (1) 4 x 2 − 6 x − 18 = 0
5. 
 y = 2 x − 1 ...................................... (2) 2 x 2 − 3x − 9 = 0
(2 x + 3)( x − 3) = 0
Substitute (2) into (1),
3
2 x − 1 − x 2 = 16 x=− or 3
2
x 2 − 2 x + 17 = 0 ............................... (3) 3
2 Substitute x = − 3 into (2), 2(− 2 ) + 3 y = 6
As ∆ = (−2) − 4(1)(17) = −64 < 0 . 2 y =3
∴ (3) does not have a real solution.
∴ There is no real solution. Substitute x = 3 into (2), 2(3) + 3 y = 6
y=0
 x 2 = y ........................................... (1) 3
∴ The solutions are x = − , y = 3 and x = 3,
6.  2
 2 y = x + 3 ..................................... (2)
Substitute (1) into (2), y = 0.
2x2 = x + 3 9. y
2 y = x2
2x − x − 3 = 0
7
(2 x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
3 6
x = −1 or
2 5
Substitute x = −1 into (1) , y = (−1) 2 = 1 4
3 3 2 9 (a) y = x
Substitute x = into (1) , y = ( ) = 3
2 2 4
(c) y = −2x − 1
3 2
∴ The solutions are x = −1, y = 1 and x = ,
2
1
9 (b) y = 2 − x
y= . x
4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3

 y − 11 = x 2 − 6 x ........................... (1) (a) y = x

7. 
 x + y = 5 ....................................... (2) x 0 1 2
2
y − 11 − ( x + y ) = x − 6 x − 5 y 0 1 2
2
− 11 − x = x − 6 x − 5 ∴ The solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1,
(1) − (2), 2
x − 5x + 6 = 0 y = 1.
( x − 2)( x − 3) = 0
x = 2 or 3 (b) y = 2 − x
Substitute x = 2 into (2), 2 + y = 5, y = 3 x −1 0 1
Substitute x = 3 into (2), 3 + y = 5, y = 2 y 3 2 1
∴ The solutions are x = 2, y = 3 and x = 3, y = 2. ∴ The solutions are x = −2, y = 4 and x = 1,
y = 1.
4 x 2 + 9 y = 36 ............................... (1)
8. 
2 x + 3 y = 6 ................................... (2) (c) y = −2 x − 1
(1) − 3 × (2), x −3 −2 −1
y 5 3 1

∴ The solution is x = −1, y = 1.

80 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

10. y 11. y (b) y + 1 = 3x

2 (c) y = x + 1
2 (a) y − 2 = 0

1 1
(a) y = 1 (c) 2x − y + 1 = 0

x x
−1 O 1 2 −1 O 1 2 3
(b) y = 2 − x
−1 −1

y = −2x 2 + 3x
−2 −2

−3

(a) y = 1
−4

x −1 0 1
−5
y 1 1 1
∴ The solutions are x = 0.5, y = 1 and x = 1,
y = 1. −6
y = −2x 2 + 4x

(b) y = 2 − x
x 0 1 2
y 2 1 0
∴ The solution is x = 1, y = 1.
(a) y − 2 = 0
(c) y = x + 1
x −1 0 1 x 0 1 2
y 0 1 2 y 2 2 2

From the figure, the two graphs do not ∴ The solution is x = 1, y = 2.

intersect.
∴ There is no real solution . (b) y + 1 = 3 x
x −1 0 1
y −4 −1 2

∴ The solutions are x = −0.5, y = −2.5 and

x = 1, y = 2.

(c) 2 x − y + 1 = 0

x −1 0 1
y −1 1 3

From the figure, the two graphs do not

 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 81

intersect. 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = y ........................... (1)

∴ There is no real solution . 13. 
3 y = 5 − 6 x ................................... (2)
Substitute (1) into (2),
12. y 3(3x 2 + 2 x + 3) = 5 − 6 x
(c) 4x + 3y = 0 9x2 + 6x + 9 = 5 − 6x
4
9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0
(b) x − y + 4 = 0 (3x + 2) 2 = 0
3 x=−2
3
2
Substitute x = − 3 into (2),
2
2
3 y = 5 − 6(− )
3
1 3y = 9
y =3
2
x
∴ The solution is x = − , y = 3.
O 3
−4 −3 −2 −1 1

(a) y + 1 = 0
−1  x 2 − 4 x − 2 y = 9 ........................... (1)
14. 
2 x − y = 3 ..................................... (2)
y = −x 2 − 3x + 2 −2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 y − 2(2 x − y ) = 9 − 2(3)
(1) − 2 × (2),
x2 − 4x − 2 y − 4x + 2 y = 3
(a) y + 1 = 0 x 2 − 8x − 3 = 0
By using the quadratic formula,
2
x −4 −1 1 x = − (−8) ± (−8) − 4(1)(−3)
y −1 −1 −1 2(1)

∴ The solutions are x = −3.8, y = −1 and 8 ± 64 + 12

=
2
x = 0.8, y = −1. (corr. to 1 d.p.) = 4 ± 19
= 8.4 or − 0.4 (corr. to 1 d.p.)

(b) x − y + 4 = 0
Substitute x = 4 + 19 into (2),
x −4 −2 0
2(4 + 19 ) − y = 3
y 0 2 4
y = 13.7 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
∴ The solutions are x = −3.4, y = 0.6 and
Substitute x = 4 − 19 into (2),
x = −0.6, y = 3.4. (corr. to 1 d.p.)
2(4 − 19 ) − y = 3
(c) 4 x + 3 y = 0 y = −3.7 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
x −3 3 0 ∴ The solutions are x = 8.4, y = 13.7 and
−
2
x = −0.4, y = −3.7.
y 4 2 0

∴ The solutions are x = −2.5, y = 3.3 and

 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 3 y ............................ (1)
x = 0.8, y = −1.1. (corr. to 1 d.p.) 15. 
3x − 2 y + 3 = 0 .............................. (2)
82 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

(1) × 2 , 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 = 6 y ................. (3) ∴ 0 = 4(1.5) + a

(2) × 3, 9 x − 6 y + 9 = 0 .................. (4) a = −6
(3) − (4), For y = − x 2 + 5 x + b , when x = 0 , y = 6 .
2
2 x + 4 x + 2 − (9 x − 6 y + 9) = 6 y ∴ 6 = 0 2 + 5(0) + b
2
2x + 4x + 2 − 9x + 6 y − 9 = 6 y b =6
2 x 2 − 5x − 7 = 0
 y = 4 x − 6 .............................. (1)
(2 x − 7)( x + 1) = 0 (c)  2
7  y = − x + 5 x + 6 .................... (2)
x= or − 1
2 Substitute (1) into (2),
7 4x − 6 = −x 2 + 5x + 6
Substitute x = 2 into (2),
7 x 2 − x − 12 = 0
3( ) − 2 y + 3 = 0 ( x + 3)( x − 4) = 0
2
y=
27 x = −3 or 4
4
Substitute x = −3 into (1) ,
Substitute x = −1 into (2),
y = 4(−3) − 6
3(−1) − 2 y + 3 = 0
= −18
y=0
∴ x = −3, y = −18 is another solution.
7
∴ The solutions are x = −1, y = 0 and x = ,
2
27 = [ x(3x + 1) + y + x + y ] cm 2
y= . 18. (a) Area
4 = (3x 2 + 2 x + 2 y ) cm 2

(b) Perimeter = [2(3 x + 1) + 2( x + y ) + 2 x + 2 y ] cm

2 y = − x 2 + 2 x + 13 ....................... (1) = (10 x + 4 y + 2) cm
16. 
5 x + y = 0 ..................................... (2)
(c) Area = 22 cm 2
2 y − 2(5 x + y ) = − x 2 + 2 x + 13
∴ 3 x 2 + 2 x + 2 y = 22 .................. (1)
2 y − 10 x − 2 y = − x 2 + 2 x + 13
(1) − 2 × (2), Perimeter = 34 cm
x 2 − 12 x − 13 = 0 ∴ 10 x + 4 y + 2 = 34
( x + 1)( x − 13) = 0 5 x + 2 y = 16 .................... (2)
x = −1 or 13
(1) − (2),
Substitute x = −1 into (2), 3x 2 + 2 x + 2 y − (5 x + 2 y ) = 22 − 16
5(−1) + y = 0 3x 2 + 2 x + 2 y − 5 x − 2 y = 6
y =5
3x 2 − 3x − 6 = 0
x2 − x − 2 = 0
5(13) + y = 0 ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
Substitute x = 13 into (2),
y = −65 x = 2 or −1 (rejected)
∴ The solutions are x = −1, y = 5 and x = 13, Substitute x = 2 into (2),
y = −65. 5(2) + 2 y = 16
y =3
17. (a) From the figure, (4, 10) is a point of
intersection of the graphs of y = 4 x + a Check Yourself (page 3.39)
and y = − x 2 + 5 x + b .
∴ x = 4, y = 10 is a solution. 1. (a) y = x 2 − x − 2

(b) For y = 4 x + a , when x = 1.5 , y = 0 .

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 4 0 −2 −2 0 4
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 83

y
 y = x 2 ................................... (1)
(b) 
 y = −x − 3 ............................ (2)
2
y=x −x−2
4
Substitute (2) into (1) ,
3
− x − 3 = x2
2
x 2 + x + 3 = 0 ........................... (3)
1
As ∆ = 12 − 4(1)(3) = −11 < 0 ,
x (3) has no real root.
−2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1 ∴ There is no real solution.

−2
5. y

(b) From the graph, the x - intercepts are −1 9

y = x2

and 2. The y - intercept is −2 . 8

7
2. (a) From the graph, the x-intercepts are −3.2
6
and 1.2 (corr. to 1 d.p.).
∴ The equation x 2 + 2 x − 4 = 0 has two 5

4
unequal real roots − 3.2 and 1.2.
3
(b) Q The graph cuts the x-axis at two
distinct points. 2 (a) y = −x + 6
∴ ∆>0 1
2
(−3) − 4(2)(−k ) > 0 x
9 + 8k > 0 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1
9
k >− 1
(b) y = x −
1
8 2 2

(a) y = − x + 6

3. (a) x −2 −1 0 1 x −1 0 2
y 3 2 −3 0 y 7 6 4

(b) From the graph, ∴ The solutions are x = −3, y = 9 and x = 2,

when y = 3, x = −2, − 1.2, 1.2 y = 4.
(corr. to 1 d.p.).
1 1
(b) y = x −
 y = x ................................... (1)
2 2 2
4. (a) 
 y = 2 x − 1 .............................. (2)
x −1 1 3
y −1 0 1
0 = x 2 − (2 x − 1)
(1) − (2), x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
From the figure, the two graphs do not
( x − 1) 2 = 0
intersect.
x =1
∴ There is no real solution.
Substitute x = 1 into (2),
y = 2(1) − 1
=1 Revision Exercise 3 (page 3.42)
∴ The solution is x = 1, y = 1. 1. From the graph, the x-intercepts are 0.2 and
84 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

1.4 (corr. to 1 d.p.).

∴ The equation 3 x 2 − 5 x + 1 = 0 has two unequal 7. (a) x −2 −1 0 1 2
real roots 0.2 and 1.4. y 1 4 1 −2 1

(b) From the graph, when x = 0 , y = 1 .

2. From the graph, the x-intercepts are 0.2 and
2.8 (corr. to 1 d.p.). ∴ 1 = 0 3 − 4(0) + a
1 a =1
∴ The equation 3 x − x 2 − = 0 has two unequal
2
(c) From the graph,
real roots 0.2 and 2.8.
when y = 2 , x = −1.9, − 0.3 (corr. to 1 d.p.).

3. The graph does not intersect the x-axis. (d) (i) From the graph,
∴ ∆ <0 y ≤ −1 if 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.7 (corr. to 1 d.p.).
2
(−2) − 4(1)[−(k + 3)] < 0 (ii) From the graph, for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 , y > −3.
4 + 4(k + 3) < 0 ∴ There is no real solution.
4 + 4k + 12 < 0
4k + 16 < 0 8. (a) y = 1 − x
4k < −16
k < −4
x 0 1 2

4. The graph intersects the x-axis. y 1 0 −1

∴ ∆ ≥0 y

1
(−2) 2 − 4(− )(k ) ≥ 0 2
2 y = x 2 − 4x
4 + 2k ≥ 0 1
2 k ≥ −4 x
k ≥ −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

−3
5. (a) x −2 0 1 2.5 6
−4
y 8 4 2 −1 −8
y=1−x
(b) From the graph,
(b) From the graph, the points of intersection
y < 0, if 2 < x ≤ 6.
are (−0.3, 1.3) and (3.3, − 2.3) (corr. to 1 d.p.).
∴ The solutions are x = −0.3, y = 1.3 and
6. (a) From the graph, when x = −3 , y = 0 .
x = 3.3, y = −2.3.
∴ a(− 3) + b(0) + 3 = 0
a =1
x + 2y −1 = 0
From the graph, when x = −1 , y = 2 . 9. (a) 1− x
∴ (−1) + b(2) + 3 = 0 y=
2
b = −1
6 y = 3 − 2 x 2 ............................. (1)
(b) From (a), the linear equation is x − y + 3 = 0 . 
(b)  1− x
y=
When x = 0,  2 ................................... (2)
0− y+3= 0 Substitute (2) into (1),
y=3
∴ The y - intercept is 3.
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 85

1− x y
6( ) = 3 − 2x 2
2 y = −x 2 + 2x + 7
3 − 3x = 3 − 2 x 2 8
y=x+4
2 x 2 − 3x = 0 7
x(2 x − 3) = 0 6
3
x = 0 or 5
2
1− 0 = 1 4
Substitute x = 0 into (2), y =
2 2 3
3
3 1− 2
Substitute x = into (2), y = −
2 = −1 2
2 4
1 3 1
∴ The solutions are x = 0, y = and x = ,
2 2 x
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
1
y=− . −1
4

(b) From the graph, the points of intersection

 y = −4 x 2 + 3 x − 1 ........................... (1) are (−1.3, 2.7) and (2.3, 6.3) (corr. to 1 d.p.).
10. 
 x + y = 0 ........................................ (2) ∴ The solutions are x = −1.3, y = 2.7 and
2
x + y − y = 0 − (−4 x + 3 x − 1) x = 2.3, y = 6.3.
2
x = 4 x − 3x + 1
(2) – (1), 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
13. (a) When x = 0 , y = 2 .
(2 x − 1) 2 = 0 ∴ 2 = a(0) + b
1 b =2
x=
2
1 When x = −3 , y = 0 .
+y=0
Substitute x = 1 into (2), 2 ∴ 0 = a (−3) + 2
2 1 2
y=− a=
2 3
1 1 2
∴ The solution is x = , y = − . (b) From (a), the equation is y = x+2.
2 2 3
2
When y = 6, 6 = 3 x + 2
11. (a) Sam is now ( x + 6) years old. x=6
( x + 6 + 2) 2 = 32( x + 2)
( x + 8) 2 = 32 x + 64 14. (a) By considering the symmetrical property
(b) x 2 + 16 x + 64 = 32 x + 64 of parabola, we have
x 2 − 16 x = 0 4 − k = k − (−2)
x( x − 16) = 0 4−k = k +2
x = 16 or 0 (rejected) k =1
∴ Peter is now 16 years old. When x = 1 , y = 3 .
Sam is now 22 years old. ∴ 3 = a (1 + 2)(1 − 4)
1
a =−
3

1
12. (a) y = x + 4 y = − (0 + 2)(0 − 4)
(b) When x = 0, 3
−2 8
x 0 2 =
3
y 2 4 6
86 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

(b) When x = −1 , y = 1 .
15. (a) The graph touches the x-axis. ∴ 1 = (−1)3 + a (−1) 2 + b(−1)
∴ ∆ =0 a − b = 2 ........................... (1)
[−(k + 1)] 2 − 4(1)(9) = 0 When x = 1 , y = −3 .
k 2 + 2k + 1 − 36 = 0 ∴ − 3 = 1+ a + b
k 2 + 2k − 35 = 0 a + b = −4 ...................... (2)
(k + 7)(k − 5) = 0
(1) + (2), 2a = −2
k = − 7 or 5 a = −1
(b) For k = −7 , when y = 0, −2b = 6
(1) − (2),
0 = x 2 − (−7 + 1) x + 9 b = −3
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 (c) From the graph,
( x + 3) 2 = 0 y ≥ 2 if 2.5 ≤ x ≤ 3 (corr. to 1 d.p.).
x = −3
∴ The coordinates of the point of intersection
18. (a) For y = mx + k ,
are (−3, 0) for k = −7. when x = 3 , y = −5 .
∴ − 5 = 3m + k ...................... (1)
For k = 5 , when y = 0,
When x = −3 , y = 7 .
0 = x 2 − (5 + 1) x + 9
∴ 7 = −3m + k ...................... (2)
x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
( x − 3) 2 = 0 (1) + (2), 2 =2k
x=3 k =1

∴ The coordinates of the point of intersection

(1) − (2), −12 =6m
are (3, 0) for k = 5. m = −2

For y = x 2 + bx + c ,
16. (a) From the graph, when x = 0 , y = −15 . when x = 3 , y = −5 .
∴ − 15 = 2(0) 2 + p (0) + q ∴ − 5 = 32 + 3b + c
q = − 15 − 14 = 3b + c ....................... (3)
When x = 5 , y = 0 . When x = −3 , y = 7 .
∴ 0 = 2(5) 2 + p (5) − 15 ∴ 7 = (−3) 2 − 3b + c
p = −7 − 2 = −3b + c ....................... (4)
(b) When y = 0 , (3) + (4), −16 = 2c
c = −8
2 x 2 − 7 x − 15 = 0
(2 x + 3)( x − 5) = 0 (3) − (4), −12 = 6b
3 b = −2
x=− or 5
2
(b) From (a), the quadratic equation is
3
∴ r=− y = x 2 − 2x − 8 .
2
x 2 − 2x − 8 = 0
(c) From the graph, When y = 0,
( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0
3
y ≤ 0 if − ≤ x ≤ 5. x = −2 or 4
2
∴ p = −2 and q = 4
2
When x = 0, y = 0 − 2(0) − 8
= −8
17. (a) x −2 −1 1 2 3 ∴ r = −8
y −6 1 −3 −2 9
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 87

x 2 + bx + c = mx + k 9
x=− or 1
2 2
(c) x − 2 x − 8 = −2 x + 1 [From the result of (a)]
∴ s = − 9 + 5 or 1 + 5
x2 = 9 2
x = − 3 or 3 = 1 or 6
2

y = 27 or 4
19. (a) x − y − 8 = 0 4
y = x−8 27
4
∴ t= 4
or
2 2
 2 y = x 2 − 2 x + 1 ..................... (1) 27
(b)  = or 2
 y = x − 8 ................................. (2) 8
Substitute (2) into (1) , s = 1
 2 s = 6
2( x − 8) = x 2 − 2 x + 1 ∴  27 or t = 2
t = 
2 x − 16 = x 2 − 2 x + 1  8
x 2 − 4 x + 17 = 0 ....................... (3)
As ∆ = (−4) 2 − 4(1)(17) = −52 < 0 , 21. (a) The value of this two - digit number is 10 y + x.
(3) has no real root. 2
(b) x − y = 3
∴ There is no real solution.
y = x2 −3

(10 y + x) − (10 x + y ) = 27
 x + 2 y − 9 = 0 ......................... (1) (c) 9 y − 9 x = 27
20. (a)  2
 y = x + 3 x ............................ (2) y = x+3
Substitute (2) into (1) ,  y = x 2 − 3 .............................. (1)
2 
x + 2( x + 3 x ) − 9 = 0  y = x + 3 ................................ (2)
x + 2x2 + 6x − 9 = 0 (1) – (2),
2x2 + 7 x − 9 = 0 x2 − x − 6 = 0
(2 x + 9)( x − 1) = 0 ( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0
9 x = 3 or − 2 (rejected)
x=− or 1
2
Substitute x = 3 into (2), y = 3 + 3 = 6
9
Substitute x = − into (1) , ∴ The two - digit number is 63.
2
9
− + 2y −9 = 0
2 22. (a) Consider ∆APS and ∆ABC,
27 PS // QR (prop. of rectangle)
y=
4
∴ PS // BC
Substitute x = 1 into (1) ,
∴ ∠APS = ∠ABC (corr. ∠s, PS // BC)
1+ 2y − 9 = 0
∠ASP = ∠ACB (corr. ∠s, PS // BC)
y=4
∠PAS = ∠BAC (common angle)
9 27
∴ The solutions are x = − , y = and ∴ ∆APS ∼ ∆ABC (equiangular)
2 4
x = 1, y = 4. BC AD
∴ =
PS AE
20 20
=
x 20 − y
x = 20 − y
(b) Let x = s − 5 and y = 2t .
x + y = 20
From the result of (a),
88 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

 x + y = 20 .............................. (1) P
(b) (i) y=
(b)  2 75
 x = y .................................... (2) P = 45 000,
Substitute (2) into (1) , When 45 000
y=
y 2 + y = 20 75
y 2 + y − 20 = 0 = 600
( y − 4)( y + 5) = 0 From the graph,
y = 4 or − 5 (rejected) when y = 600 , x = 20 or 30 .
into , x + 4 = 20 ∴ The unit price is $20 or $30.
Substitute y = 4 (1)
x = 16
2 (ii) When P ≥ 45 000, y ≥ 600 .
∴ Area of PQRS = xy cm
= (16 × 4) cm 2 From the graph, y ≥ 600 if 20 ≤ x ≤ 30 .
= 64 cm 2 ∴ The range of the unit price is
$20 ≤ $ x ≤ $30.
23. (a) From the graph, the coordinates of A are
(4, 0).
∴ x = 4, y = 0 is a solution. 25. (a) y = 15 + 20 x − 5 x 2

(b) For y = −6 x + a , when x = 4 , y = 0 . x 0 1 2 3 4 5

∴ 0 = −6(4) + a y 15 30 35 30 15 − 10
a = 24 y
For y = x 2 − bx , when x = 4 , y = 0 . y = 15 + 20x − 5x 2
2
∴ 0 = 4 − b(4)
b =4 30

 y = −6 x + 24 .......................... (1)
(c)  2
 y = x − 4 x ............................ (2) 20
Substitute (1) into (2),
− 6 x + 24 = x 2 − 4 x
10
x 2 + 2 x − 24 = 0
( x + 6)( x − 4) = 0
x = −6 or 4 x
O 2 4
Substitute x = −6 into (1) , 1 3 5
y = −6(−6) + 24 = 60
∴ (−6, 60) is another point of intersection
of the two graphs. It will hit the ground in 4.6 seconds
(b)
(corr. to 1 d.p.).
24. (a) (i) From the graph, when x = 40 , y = 400 .
(c) When x = 2.5 ,
P = 75 y
= 75 × 400 y = 15 + 20(2.5) − 5(2.5) 2
= 30 000 = 33.75
∴ The total profit gained is $30 000. ∴ The height of the cannonball at that time
is 33.75 m.
(ii) No.
From the graph, we find that y is (d) From the graph,
maximum when x = 25 . Therefore, y ≤ 14 if 4.0 ≤ x ≤ 4.6.
when x > 25 , y would be decreased.
∴ He should not increase the unit price.
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 89

28. When x = −1 , y = 5 .
26. (a) For x +2 y −12 =0 , when x = 0 , ∴ 5 = a (−1) + 3
0 +2 y −12 =0
y =6 a = −2
∴ The coordinates of Q are (0, 6). When y = 0 ,
For y = ax 2 + bx + c , ∴ 0 = −2 x + 3
when x = 0 , y = 6 . 3
x=
∴ 6 = a(0) 2 + b(0) + c 2
c =6 ∴ The answer is B.
When x = −2 , y = 0 .
∴ a(−2) 2 + b(−2) + 6 = 0 29. When x = −6 , y = 0 .
4a − 2b + 6 = 0 ∴ 0 = −(−6) 2 + b(−6) + c
2a − b + 3 = 0 ...... (1) 0 = −36 − 6b + c ................ (1)
When x = 3 , y = 0 . When x = 2 , y = 0 .
∴ a(3) 2 + b(3) + 6 = 0 ∴ 0 = −(2) 2 + b(2) + c
9a + 3b + 6 = 0 0 = −4 + 2b + c .................. (2)
3a + b + 2 = 0 ........... (2) 0 = −4 + 2b + c − (−36 − 6b + c )
(1) + (2), 5a + 5 = 0 (2) – (1) , 0 = −4 + 2b + c + 36 + 6b − c
a = −1 0 = 32 + 8b
Substitute a = −1 into (1), b = −4
2(−1) − b + 3 = 0
Substitute b = − 4 into (2), 0 = −4 + 2(−4) + c
b=1 c = 12
When x = 0 ,
 y = − x 2 + x + 6 ....................... (3)
(b)  y = −(0) 2 − 4(0) + 12
 x + 2 y − 12 = 0 ........................ (4) = 12
Substitute (3) into (4), ∴ The answer is A.
x + 2(− x 2 + x + 6) − 12 = 0
x − 2 x 2 + 2 x + 12 − 12 = 0 30. When x = 0 , y = −2 .
2 x 2 − 3x = 0 ∴ − 2 = 2(0) 2 + a (0) + b
x(2 x − 3) = 0 b = −2
x = 3 or 0 When x = −1 , y = 3 .
2 ∴ 3 = 2(−1) 2 + a (−1) − 2
3 a = −3
Substitute x = into (4),
2
3 ∴ a + b = −3 + (−2) = −5
+ 2 y − 12 = 0
2 ∴ The answer is B.
21
y=
4 31. When x = −1 , y = −9 .
3 − 9 = (−1) 2 + b(−1) + c
∴ The solutions are x = 0, y = 6 and x = ,
2
− 9 =1− b + c
21 − 10 = −b + c .......................... (1)
y= .
4
When x = 2 , y = 0 .
0 = 2 2 + b(2) + c
27. When x = 1 , y = 3 . − 4 = 2b + c ............................ (2)
∴ 3 = 4(1) + k −4 + 10 = 2b + c − (−b + c)
k = −1 6 = 2b + c + b − c
(2) – (1) ,
∴ The answer is C. 3b = 6
b=2
90 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

, −10 = −2 + c  y = x ............................................. (1)

Substitute b = 2 into (1) 36. 
c = −8 2
 y = −4 x + 5 x + 3 .......................... (2)
x2 + 2x − 8 = 0
When y = 0 , x + 4 x 2 − 5x − 3 = 0
( x + 4)( x − 2) = 0
(1) – (2), 4x 2 − 4x − 3 = 0
x = −4 or 2
(2 x − 3)(2 x + 1) = 0
∴ The answer is A.
1 3
x=− or
2 2
32. From the graph, when y ≥ 6 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 . 1
x=−
∴ The answer is D. Substitute 2 into (1) ,
1
y=−
2
33. From the graph, the x-intercepts are –1 and ∴ The coordinates of A are (− 1 , − 1 ) .
1.5. ∴ The answer is A. 2 2
∴ The roots of are –1 and
2x 2 − x − 3 = 0
1.5.  y = x 2 − 3 x ................................... (1)
∴ The answer is D. 37. 
 y = 4 ............................................. (2)
Substitute (2) into (1) ,
34. Draw the graph of x + y − 8 = 0 on the graph of
x 2 − 3x = 4
y = − x 2 + 5x .
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0
x 2 3 4 ( x − 4)( x + 1) = 0
y 6 5 4
x = −1 or 4
y ∴ The coordinates of A and B are (−1, 4)
and (4, 4) respectively.
y = −x 2 + 5x
6 AB = 4 − (−1) = 5
5
4 ∴ Area of ∆AOB = 1 × 5 × 4
2
3
x+ y− 8 = 0 = 10
2
1
∴ The answer is C.
x
−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−1  y = 3 x ........................................... (1)
38.  2
∴ The solutions are x = 2 , y = 6 and x = 4 ,  y = − x + 4 x + 12 ......................... (2)
y =4. 3 x + x 2 − 4 x − 12 = 0
∴ The answer is D. (1) – (2), x 2 − x − 12 = 0
( x + 3)( x − 4) = 0
x = −3 or 4
 y = x 2 + 10 x .................................. (1)
35.  Substitute x = 4 into (1) , y = 3(4) = 12 .
 y = 2 x − 15 .................................... (2)
∴ The coordinates of P are (4, 12) .
x 2 + 10 x − (2 x − 15) = 0
(1) – (2), x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0 For y = − x 2 + 4 x + 12 ,
( x + 3)( x + 5) = 0 when y = 0 ,
x = −3 or − 5 − x 2 + 4 x + 12 = 0
∴ The answer is C. x 2 − 4 x − 12 = 0
( x − 6)( x + 2) = 0
x = 6 or − 2
∴ The coordinates of Q are (6, 0) .
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 91

∴ Area of ∆POQ = 1 × 6 × 12 Substitute x = −1 into (2),

2 (−1) − 4 y + 9 = 0
= 36
y=2
∴ The answer is C.
5
∴ The solutions are x = −4, y = and x = −1,
4
Hints for the question on the title page y = 2.
(page 3.51)
(a) y y

9
y = x2
8
y = x 2 −4x + 7
7

P 6

1
x 5 (c) y = x −
O 4

4
(b) Since the line in (a) touches the parabola and
is parallel to the x-axis, the shortest distance 3
between the parabola and x-axis is the (a) y = x − 3
(b) y = x + 6 2
distance between the line in (a) and the x-
axis. Therefore, the point of contact P of the
1
parabola and the straight line in (a) is closest
to the x-axis. x
O
(c) y = x 2 − 4 x + 7 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
2.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 4 3 4 7 12
(a) Draw a straight line y = x − 3 .

Additional questions (page 3.51) x 2 3 4

y −1 0 1
 x 2 + 2 x + 3xy + 7 = 0 ....................... (1)
1.  From the figure, the two graphs do not
 x − 4 y + 9 = 0 .................................. (2)
intersect.
4 × (1), 4 x 2 + 8 x + 12 xy + 28 = 0 ..... (3)
∴ The equation x 2 − x + 3 has no real roots.
2
3x × (2), 3 x − 12 xy + 27 x = 0 ......... (4)
(b) Draw a straight line y = x + 6 .
4 x 2 + 3x 2 + 8 x + 27 x + 28 = 0
7 x 2 + 35 x + 28 = 0
(3) + (4), x −3 0 3
x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0
y 3 6 9
( x + 4)( x + 1) = 0
x = −4 or − 1 The points of intersection are (−2, 4) and
Substitute x = −4 into (2), (3, 9) .
(−4) − 4 y + 9 = 0 ∴ The roots of x 2 − x − 6 = 0 are − 2 and 3.
5
y=
4
92 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

1
(c) Draw a straight line y = x − .
4

x 1 2 3
Classwork 3.3 (page 3.11)
y 0.75 1.75 2.75
From the graph, the only x-intercept is 2.5 (corr.
The point of intersection is (0.5, 0.3) (corr. to to 1 d.p.).
1 d.p.).
∴ The equation 2 x 2 − 10 x + 12.5 = 0 has a double real
1
∴ The root of x 2 − x + = 0 is 0.5.
4 root 2.5.

Classwork Classwork 3.4 (page 3.12)

Classwork 3.1 (page 3.8) From the graph, there is no x-intercept.
∴ The equation 3 x 2 − 8 x + 6 = 0 has no real roots.
(a) x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y −5 0 3 4 3 0 −5
Classwork 3.5 (page 3.13)
y
Since the graph cuts the x-axis at two distinct
2
y = −x + 6x − 5 points, ∆ > 0 .
4
6 2 − 4(1)[−(k + 1)] > 0
3 36 + 4k + 4 > 0
4k + 40 > 0
2 k > −10
∴ The range of values of k is k > −10 .
1

x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
Classwork 3.6 (page 3.15)
−1

−2 (a) x −1 0 2 4 5
y − 1.5 −1 0 1 1.5
−3
(b) From the graph,
−4 y ≥ 0.5 if 3 ≤ x ≤ 5.

−5

Classwork 3.7 (page 3.17)

(b) From the graph,
the x - intercepts are 1 and 5, the y - intercept is − 5. (a) x −4 −2 0 2 4 6
y 16 0 −8 −8 0 16

Classwork 3.2 (page 3.9) (b) From the graph, when x = 0 , y = −8 .

From the graph, the two x-intercepts are 1.3 and ∴ − 8 = 0 2 − 2(0) + b
4.7 (corr. to 1 d.p.). b = −8
∴ The equation x 2 − 6 x + 6 = 0 has two unequal real (c) From the graph,
roots 1.3 and 4.7. when y = 7 , x = −3 or 5.
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 93

(d) (i) From the graph, Substitute x = 3 into (2), y = 2(3) − 9

y < 0 if − 2 < x < 4. = −3
∴ The solution is x = 3, y = −3.
(ii) From the graph,
y ≥ −5 if − 4 ≤ x ≤ −1 or 3 ≤ x ≤ 6.  y = 2 x 2 − 6 x + 4 ........................... (1)
(b) 
 y = 2(x − 2) ................................. (2)

Classwork 3.8 (page 3.18)

Substitute (2) into (1) ,
(a) From the graph,
2 ( x − 2) = 2 x 2 − 6 x + 4
the x - intercept is − 0.2 (corr. to 1 d.p.).
2x − 4 = 2x2 − 6x + 4
2 x 2 − 8x + 8 = 0
(b) When y = 1 , x = 0 and x = 2 .
x 2 − 4x + 4 = 0
(c) From the graph,
( x − 2) 2 = 0
y ≤ 4 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
x=2
Substitute x = 2 into (2),

Classwork 3.9 (page 3.19) y = 2(2 − 2)

=0
(a) The x-intercept is −6. ∴ The solution is x = 2, y = 0.
When x = −6 , y = 0 .
∴ 0 = a (−6) + b
− 6a + b = 0 .............................. (1)
Classwork 3.11 (page 3.25)
When x = 2 , y = 8 .
∴ 8 = a(2) + b  x 2 + x − 3 y = 0 ............................. (1)
(a) 
2a + b = 8 ............................... (2)  x − 2y = 0 ..................................... (2)
(2) − (1), 8a = 8 2 × (1) − 3 × (2),
a =1
2( x 2 + x − 3 y ) − 3( x − 2 y ) = 0
Substitute a = 1 into (2), 2(1) + b = 8 2 x 2 + 2 x − 6 y − 3x + 6 y = 0
b=6 2x 2 − x = 0
(b) From (a), the equation of the graph is x(2 x − 1) = 0
y = x+ 6. 1
x = 0 or
2
When x = 0, y = 0 + 6
=6 Substitute x = 0 into (2),
∴ The y - intercept is 6. 0 − 2y = 0
y=0
1
Substitute x = into (2),
Classwork 3.10 (page 3.24) 2

 y = x 2 − 4 x ................................... (1) 1
−2 y = 0
(a)  2
 y = 2 x − 9 ..................................... (2) y=
1
4
Substitute (2) into (1) , 1
∴ The solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and x = ,
2
2x − 9 = x − 4x 2
x2 − 6x + 9 = 0 1
y= .
2 4
( x − 3) = 0
x=3
94 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs

 x 2 − 3 y − 4 = 0 ............................. (1) 3(3x 2 − 2 x + 2 y ) − 2(3 y − x) = 3 − 2(2)

(b) 
 2x + y + 1 = 0 ................................ (2) 9 x 2 − 6 x + 6 y − 6 y + 2 x = −1
(1) + 3 × (2), 9 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 ..... (3)

x 2 − 3 y − 4 + 3(2 x + y + 1) = 0 As ∆ = (−4) 2 − 4(9)(1) = −20 < 0 ,

x2 − 3y − 4 + 6x + 3y + 3 = 0 (3) does not have a real solution.
2
x + 6x − 1 = 0 ∴ There is no real solution.

By using the quadratic formula,

− 6 ± 6 2 − 4(1)(−1)
x=
2
Classwork 3.13 (page 3.28)
− 6 ± 40
=
2 y = 2x + 5
= −3 ± 10
= 0.2 or − 6.2 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
x −3 −2 0
Substitute x = −3 + 10 into (2),
y −1 1 5
2(−3 + 10 ) + y + 1 = 0 y
y = −1.3 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
y = 2x + 5
Substitute x = −3 − 10 into (2), 5

2(−3 − 10 ) + y + 1 = 0 4
y = 11.3 (corr. to 1 d.p.)
∴ The solutions are x = 0.2, y = −1.3 and 3
y = 4 − x2
x = −6.2, y = 11.3. 2

Classwork 3.12 (page 3.25) x

−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
 x 2 + 2 y + 1 = 0 .............................. (1) −1
(a) 
2 x − 3y = 0 .................................... (2)
(1) × 3 + (2) × 2,
∴ The solution is x = −1, y = 3.
3( x 2 + 2 y + 1) + 2( 2 x − 3 y ) = 0
3x 2 + 6 y + 3 + 4 x − 6 y = 0
3 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 ........ (3)
Classwork 3.14 (page 3.30)
As ∆ = 4 2 − 4(3)(3) = −20 < 0 ,
x − 2y + 4 = 0
(3) does not have a real solution.
x+4
∴ There is no real solution. y=
2
x −3 −1 1
3x 2 − 2 x + 2 y = 1 .......................... (1)
(b)  y 1 3 5
3 y − x = 2 ...................................... (2) 2 2 2
(1) × 3 − (2) × 2,
 Chapter 3 Equations and Graphs 95

y (b) For y = ax + 4, when x = 1, y = 6.

∴ 6 = a(1) + 4
y = x2 + 1
5 a =2
For y = − x 2 − 3 x + b , when x = 1, y = 6.
4
∴ 6 = −(1) 2 − 3(1) + b
3 b = 10
x − 2y + 4 = 0

2
 y = 2 x + 4 ..................................... (1)
(c)  2
 y = − x − 3x + 10 ......................... (2)
1
2 x + 4 − (− x 2 − 3 x + 10) = 0
x 2 x + 4 + x 2 + 3 x − 10 = 0
O (1) − (2),
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x 2 + 5x − 6 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 6) = 0
∴ The solutions are x = −0.8, y = 1.6 and x = 1.3, x = −6 or 1
Substitute x = − 6 into (1) , y = 2(− 6) + 4
y = 2.6 (corr. to 1 d.p.).
= −8
∴ x = −6, y = −8 is another solution.

Classwork 3.15 (page 3.31)

x + y +1 = 0
y = −1 − x

x −3 −2 −1
y 2 1 0
y

5 1
y= x2
2
4

x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
−1
x+y+1 =0

From the figure, the two graphs do not intersect.

∴ There is no real solution.

Classwork 3.16 (page 3.33)

(a) From the graph, the coordinates of A are (1, 6).
∴ x = 1 and y = 6 is a solution.