+------------+

| Networking |
+------------+

**WireShark does a similar job to tcpdump capturing packets, but provides a nice
colourful GUI to help you see whats going on

+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+
| Packet switched networks |
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+
-+- install the tcpdump package
-+- ip a | grep state UP =>>Discover
active network connection
"ip" - showing information about network connections
"grep" - filters the result to see only those network connections which are
up or active

___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
|The bit of information youre interested in is near the beginning of the
line, and probably reads eth0, wlan0 or em1, depending on|
|your configuration
|
|
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________|
-+- tcpdump -i wlan0 =>>watch a
network connection
-+- By passing the -w switch and a filename, you can save this output and the
contents of the packets

+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+
| Networking models |
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+

-+- Open Systems Interconnection model.

-+- The OSI specifies seven layers, each of which describes a set of related
functions that are critical if the network is to work as expected.
-+- Each separate layer
-> depends on the one below it to provide certain services
-> doesnt need to know how any of the other layers are implemented, just
how to interact with the lower layers.
Thus,
they can be created and tested separately, and you can have many different
implementations of the different functions (for example, fibre optic or Ethernet
for the physical layer), without having to rewrite any other components.

-+- In this article, weve covered the first three layers of the OSI model:
-> The physical layer
~> This specifies how electrical signals can be transmitted across
particular physical media;
-> The data link layer
~> This specifies how hosts are physically identified on the
network that is, with MAC addresses.
-> The network layer
~> Specifies how packets are routed between networks and how
logical addresses are assigned.
-> The remaining four layers
~> managing reliable connections between machines, and the
presentation and utilisation of transmitted data at the
application level.
-+- Networking topics tha you might be familiar with that fall into these layers
include:
-> the TCP and UDP protocols in layer 4;
-> file encoding such as UTF, ASCII, JPG and so on that are all found in
layer 6; and things such as the HTTP (web)
-> FTP (file transfer) and SMTP (mail transfer) protocols, which are all
network applications in layer 7.