1. Ebionism They regarded Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah while rejecting his
divinity and insisted on the necessity of following Jewish law and rites, and that
Joseph is the natural father of Jesus and that Mary and Joseph conceived Jesus in
the way that all parents conceive children.
3. Valentinianism taught that Holy Spirit deposited the Christ Child in her womb
and that Mary was the a surrogate mother, but not truly Christs genetic mother.
Valentinian the Gnostic (d. 180?) taught that the Son of God passed through Mary
like water through a straw.
7. Homoiousianism 4th-century theological party which held that God the Son
was of a similar, but not identical, substance or essence to God the Father.
Proponents of this view included Eustathius of Sebaste and George of Laodicea.
The Son is like in substance but not necessarily to be identified with the essence
of the Father.
10. Adoptionism The first known exponent of Adoptionism in the 2nd century is
Theodotus of Byzantium. Also known as dynamic monarchianism denies the
eternal pre-existence of Christ, and although it explicitly affirms his deity
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subsequent to events in his life. A nontrinitarian theological doctrine which holds
that Jesus was adopted as the Son of God at his baptism, his resurrection, or his
ascension.
11. Subordinationism asserts that the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to
God the Father in nature and being.
14. Eutychianism derived from the ideas of Eutyches of Constantinople (c. 380
c. 456). The human nature of Christ was overcome by the divine, or that Christ
had a human nature but it was unlike the rest of humanity. One formulation is that
Eutychianism stressed the unity of Christ's nature to such an extent that Christ's
divinity consumed his humanity as the ocean consumes a drop of vinegar. Eutyches
maintained that Christ was of two natures but not in two natures: separate divine
and human natures had united and blended in such a manner that although Jesus
was homoousian with the Father, he was not homoousian with man.
16. Donatism Christian clergy are required to be faultless for their ministrations
to be effective and for the prayers and sacraments they conduct to be valid.
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Rigorists, holding that the church must be a church of "saints", not "sinners", and
that sacraments, such as baptism, administered by traditores were invalid.
17. Monophysitism the Christological position that, after the union of the divine
and the human in the historical Incarnation, Jesus Christ, as the incarnation of the
eternal Son or Word (Logos) of God, had only a single "nature" which was either
divine or a synthesis of divine and human. Jesus Christ, who is identical with the
Son, is one person and one hypostasis in one nature: divine.
20. Docetism the doctrine that the phenomenon of Christ, his historical and
bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance
without any true reality. Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form
was an illusion.
21. Marcionism was an Early Christian dualist belief system that originated in
the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144. Jesus was the
savior sent by God, and Paul the Apostle was his chief apostle, but he rejected the
Hebrew Bible and the God of Israel. Marcionists believed that the wrathful Hebrew
God was a separate and lower entity than the all-forgiving God of the New
Testament.
22. Paulicianism
23. Arianism is a Christological concept which asserts the belief that Jesus Christ
is the Son of God who was begotten by God the Father at a point in time, is distinct
from the Father and is therefore subordinate to the Father. Arian teachings were
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first attributed to Arius (c. 256336), a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt.
the Son of God did not always exist but was begotten by God the Father.
24. Montanism an early Christian movement of the late 2nd century, later
referred to by the name of its founder, Montanus, believing in new revelations and
ecstasies, unapproved by the wider Church. It was a prophetic movement that called
for a reliance on the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit