Seaot State Conference 2009: Wind Versus Seismic Which Controls?

11/5/2009
Wind Versus Seismic

Which Controls?
SEAoT State Conference
2009
Austin, Texas by
Larry Griffis P.E.
Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc.
Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic
Seminar Topics
ASCE 7 Simplified Wind Provisions
ASCE 7 Seismic Provisions: ELF Method
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
Controlling Wind and Seismic Torsion
Other Design Tips
Preliminary design example for wind and
seismic loads The Code
The Challenge Early knowledge needed.

East Coast Engineers
Selection of proper structural system
2006 IBC invokes seismic design all Architectural planning for structural system
across US not just western US
Budgeting for structural costs
Seismic design impacts many more
Fast-track structural delivery
designs than in previous codes
Engineers need to know early in design:
Does wind or seismic control the design
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11/5/2009
Wind versus Seismic Behavior

VE Elastic Response
Rd
Seismic Requirements
Lateral Load
Vy R Fully Yielded Strength

Vs Design Force Level

First Significant Yield
Ds DE Drift
Cd
Spectral Accelerations
SS, S1 (SDS, SD1)
USGS web site:
ASCE 7 http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
Seismic Map
Latitude / Longitude
http://www.travelgis.com/geocode/
Importance Factor I
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11/5/2009
Site Coefficients Fa, Fv

Site Soil Conditions
Strong Influence on Seismic Design
Design Spectral Accelerations

Fundamental Period T
SDS, SD1
Base Shear (V)

Fundamental Period T
Seismic Design
T Cu Ta
ASCE 7-05 addendum
or Cs = 0.044SDS I
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11/5/2009
Response Modification Coefficient Response Modification Coefficient

R R
Steel Systems
Concrete Systems Steel:
1 Steel Systems w/o Seismic Steel Sys w/o Seismic 3 3 3 NL NL NL NP NP NP
2 Ord Steel Conc Braced Frame Building Frame System 3 1/4 2 3 1/4 NL NL NL 35 / 60 35 / 60 NP / 60
Seismic Design Category Restrictions
3 Ord Moment Frame Moment Frame System 3 1/2 3 3 NL NL NL NP / 65 NP / 65 NP / 65
System Category R o Cd A B C D E F
4 Int Moment Frame Moment Frame System 4 1/2 3 4 NL NL NL 35 / 65 NP / 65 NP / 65
Concrete:
5 Sp Steel Conc Braced Frame Building Frame System 6 2 5 NL NL NL 160 160 100
1 Shear Wall Frame Interaction SW/Frame Interaction 4 1/2 2 1/2 4 NL NL NP NP NP NP
5 Sp Steel Conc Br Frame + IMF Dual System 6 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL 35 / 65 NP / 65 NP / 65
(Ord SW + Ord MF)
6 Sp Steel Plate Shear Wall Building Frame System 7 2 6 NL NL NL 160 160 100
2 Ordinary Shear Wall Building Frame System 5 2 1/2 4 1/2 NL NL NL NP NP NP
6 Buckling Restr Braced Frame Building Frame System 7 2 5 1/2 NL NL NL 160 160 100
3 Ordinary Shear Wall + IMF Dual System 5 1/2 2 1/2 4 1/2 NL NL NL NP NP NP
(w/o MC)
4 Ordinary Shear Wall + SMF Dual System 6 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL NP NP NP
6 Steel Ecc Braced Frame Building Frame System 7 2 4 NL NL NL 160 160 100
5 Special Shear Wall + Int MF Dual System 6 1/2 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL 160 / 240 100 / 160 100
(w/o MC)
6 Special Shear Wall + SMF Dual System 7 2 1/2 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
6 Special Truss MF Moment Frame 7 3 5 1/2 NL NL NL 160 100 NP
7 Special Moment Frame Moment Frame 8 3 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
6 Sp Stl Conc Br Frame + SMF Dual System 7 2 1/2 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
7 Buckling Restr Braced Frame Building Frame System 8 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL 160 160 100
(w/ MC)
7 Steel Ecc Braced Frame Building Frame System 8 2 4 NL NL NL 160 160 100
(w/ MC)
7 Special Steel Moment Frame Moment Frame System 8 3 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
7 Buckling Restr Br Frame + SMF Dual System 8 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL NL NL NL
7 Steel Ecc Braced Frame + SMF Dual System 8 2 1/2 4 NL NL NL NL NL NL
7 Sp Steel Plate Shear Wall + SMF Dual System 8 2 1/2 6 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
Building Weight Period Formulas

Wind and Seismic
W vs No. Floors 10 T=0.028h

0.8
9 MF Conc. T=h/75 h/100 h/150

Building Density
0.9
8 T=0.016h
30
Building Wt. (pcf)
MF Steel.
No. Floors Stl Conc
7
0.5
2 6 12 T=0.232h
Period T (sec)
25
10 6.375 13 6
20 7.125 14.25 Concrete h > 300 ft. EBF Steel
40 9 17.5
20 5
60 12 22 T=h / 75
Bldg. Density (pcf)
80 16 28
4 h < 300 ft.
15
Steel
3 All other
10
2
5 1
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
No. Floors
Building Ht. h (ft.)
Distribution of Base Shear Seismic Force Diagram

Fx
Seismic Force Fx
k=1 k=1.25 k=1.5 k=1.75 k=2.0

100
90
80
Fx 70
60
Height h
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400
Fx
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11/5/2009
Seismic Shear Diagram Seismic Moment Diagram

Story V Overturning Moment
100
100
90
90
80 80
k = 2.0
70 70
k = 1.0
Building Height h
60 60
Building Height h
50 50
40 40
k = 2.0
k = 1.0
30 30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
0 100 200 300 400 500
Story Shear
Overturning Moment
Cvx versus k Calculation Base M from V

Cvx vs k k vs M arm - jh
k=1 k=1.25 k=1.5 k=1.75 k=2
100
0.8
90
0.79
80
V 0.78
70
0.77
% Building Height h
60
Eqv Moment Arm
0.76
50
0.75
40 jh
M = V x jh 0.74
30
0.73 M = V x jh
20
0.72 V = Base shear
10
0.71
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.7
Cvx 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
k
The Wind Pressure Equation
p = I V2Kd KzKztCpGf
Wind Requirements I Importance of Building

V2 Velocity Pressure
Kz Terrain Exposure
Kd Directionality Factor
Kzt Topographic Effect (Wind speed up)
Cp Shape Coefficient
Gf Gust Effect Factor
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11/5/2009
ASCE 7-05 Wind Speed Map

ASCE 7-05 Wind Pressure Equation
Involves 48 different variables

Requires solution to 24 equations
Wind Variable Categories (6 categories, 4 8 variables)

Wind Load Method
Building Geometry (5 variables)
B, L, h, Cpw, Cpw, z
: Building Types
Building Properties (3 variables)
I , T, -Use Method 2: Low Rise (Figure 6-10)
Wind Speed (4 variables) Envelope Approach from
Metal Building Type
V, V z , qz, qh
Residential ASCE 7-05 Commentary C6.5.11
Wind Climate (18 variables)
Kz, Gf, I z , z , gQ, gR, gv, Q, R, L z , RN , Rh , RB , RL, N1, h , L , B
Terrain Exposure (8 variables) -Use Method 1: Low Rise (Figure 6-2)

, zg, , b , c, l , , zmin
Simplified Envelope Approach
Site Topographic Features (9 variables) from ASCE 7-05 Commentary C6.4
Kzt, K1, K2, K3, H, LB, x, ,
Low Rise
Simple Diaphragm
Low Rise Building Simple Diaphragm Building
Building in which both windward and

Mean roof height h 60 feet
leeward wind loads
Mean roof height h does not exceed
are transmitted through floor and roof
least horizontal dimension
diaphragms
to the same MWFRS
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11/5/2009
Simple Diaphragm Building

Main Wind Force
Resisting System
( MWFRS)
floor
diaphragms
The Basis of Simplification
Simplified Wind Design Assumptions

Rigid diaphragm buildings
Simple diaphragm buildings
h = 15 160 ft.
h 160 feet
Period T = h/75 seconds (upper bound)
Generally flat roofs Damping = 1% (lower bound)
Based on ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6 Method 2 L/B = 0.5. 1.0, 2.0 (interpolate between)
Traditional Directional Approach from I = 1.0
ASCE 7-05 Commentary C6.5.11 No topographic effects (kzt = 1)
Figure 6-6
Simplified Method
1. The building shall be a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 26.2.

2. The building shall have a mean roof height h 160 ft.
3. The ratio of L/B shall not be less than 0.5 nor more than 2.0.
4. The fundamental frequency (hertz) of the building used to determine the Gust Effect
Factor Gf defined in Section 26.9.2 shall not be less 75/h where h is in feet.
5. The structural damping ratio of the building used to determine the Gust Effect
Factor Gf defined in Section 26.9.2 shall not be less than one percent (1%) of critical.
6. The arrangement of elements of the MWFRS (walls, braced frames, moment frames)
is symmetric about each principal building axis direction.
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11/5/2009
Wind Pressure Equation
p = qGf Cp qi GCp ( ) - General Equation (6-23)
p = qG f C p - For simple diaphragm buildings
(
pz = G f qzC pw + qhC pl ) - windward, leeward walls
Wind Pressure Vs Height Story Shear Vs Height

ASCE 7-05 Exact vs Simplified
p = 1.04p160
160 160
150
140 140
h=160 ft. 130
ASCE 7-05 Exact 120
120 V=120 MPH
Simplified 110
Exposure C 100
100
Height (ft)
Height (ft)
T=h/75 90
80 Damping=1% 80
70
60 60
50
40 40
30
20 20
p15 10
0 0
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Pressure (psf) Story Shear (pounds)

Story Moment Vs Height

Exact vs Simplified
Wind Load Equations
ph
160 Pressure (psf):
150 pz
140 pz = p0 (1 - z / h) + (z / h) ph
130 z
120 p0
110
100 Story Shear (pounds):
Height (ft)
90
80
vz = 0.5(h - z) [(p0 (1 - z / h) + ph (1 + z / h)] vz
z
70
60
50
40 Overturning Moment (ft.-pounds):
30 mz = 1/3 (h - z)2 [0.5p0 (1 z / h) + ph (1 + 0.5 z / h)]
20 mz
10 z
0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Moment (foot-pounds)
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11/5/2009
Why is Building Period Important?

Related to mass and stiffness of building
Stiffness affects drift and motion perception
Period Building Period T
Mass affects wind forces
Mass affects seismic forces
T =f{ ( mass / stiffness ) }
Mass affects motion perception
Period affects Gust Effect Factor, thus p
Buildings with high periods interact more with the wind
Note:
mi = wi / g floor i
Higher Period T is conservative (opposite from n mi ki = story stiffness floor i
seismic!) T=4
i=1 ki wi = weight floor i
Higher T is softer more flexible building
Period Formulas
Wind Load
10.00
h/75 h/100 h/150
9.00
8.00
Proposed Period Formulas 7.00 0.232h0.5

Period T (sec)
6.00
5.00 Recommended
4.00 h/75 Period Equations:
3.00
T = h/0.75 h < 300 ft
2.00 T = 0.232h0.5 h > 300 ft
1.00
300 ft.
0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic Bldg Ht h (ft)
Period Formulas
Wind and Seismic
T Service or Ultimate?
10 T=0.028h0.8
9 MF Conc. T=h/75 h/100 h/150 Steel Buildings:
8 T=0.016h0.9
MF Steel.
T proportional (1/0.8 stiffness)0.5 = 1.12
7
T=0.232h0.5
Period T (sec)
6
5
h > 300 ft. EBF Steel Concrete Buildings:
T=h / 75
4
h < 300 T proportional (1/0.7 stiffness)0.5 = 1.20
3 All other
2
1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Building Ht. h (ft.)
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11/5/2009
Anatomy of Wind Velocity Pressure Exposure Cofficient vs Height
p = I V2Kd * KzKztCpG
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100 Exp B: Kz = 2.01(h/1200)2/7
I Importance of Building 1000
V2 Velocity Pressure 900 Exp C: Kz = 2.01(h/900)2/9.5
800
h (ft)
Kz Terrain Exposure 700
Exp D: Kz = 2.01(h/700)2/11.5
Kd Directionality Factor 600
500
Kzt Topographic Effect (Wind speed up) 400
300
Cp Shape Coefficient 200
Gf Gust Effect Factor 100
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic Kz
Normalized Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients

Normalized Gust Effect Factor x Vel. Pressure Exp. Coef.
Gust Effect Factor
1500
1400
Amplification Factor - Gustiness of the wind
V = 90 mph Wind
1300
= 1%
150 ft.
Accounts for the loading effects in the along-wind
1200
1100
T = 0.232 h
0.5
h > 300 ft. direction (parallel to the direction of the wind) due to
1000
T = h/75 h 300 ft. 150 ft.
wind turbulence-structure interaction.
Height h (ft)
900
800
Accounts for along-wind loading effects due to dynamic
Kz: Exp C/B
700 amplification for flexible structures.
Gf x Kz: Exp C/B
600
Complex equation:
500 Kz: Exp D/B
400
Gf x Kz: Exp D/B
300
200
1 + 1.7 I
G f = 0.925
( 2 2
zbar g Q Q + g R R
2 2
)
0.5

1 + 1.7 g v I zbar
100
0
1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1.800
Rato (Kz Exp C,D/ Kz Exp B), Ratio [(Gf x Kz) Exp C,D/ (Gf x Kz) Exp B]
Gust Effect Factor

Gust Factor Simplification
G f = f ( V , terrainexposure, B, L, h, T , )
Use L/B ratio instead B, L separately (reduces one
Seven key parameters variable)
Wind velocity (V) Relate T to building height (reduces one variable)
Building geometry (B, L, h) Use lower bound damping ratio ( = 1%)
Building properties (T,) = 1% for typical steel buildings
Terrain exposure parameters (Table 6-2 ASCE 7- 05) = 2% for typical concrete buildings
Exposure zg b c l zmin
B
ft.
7.0 1200 1/4 0.45
ft. ft.
0.30 320 1/3 30
Thus,
C
D
9.5 900 1/6.5 0.65
11.5 700 1/9 0.80
0.20 500 1/5 15
0.15 650 1/8 7 Gf = f (V, exposure, h)
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11/5/2009
Gust Effect Factor Vs Height Gust Effect Factor vs Height

L/B=1 T=h/75 1% Damping
V = 90 mph V = 120 mph V = 150 mph
160
1500
L = 150 ft.
1400 Exp C
150 Exp B; V = 90 mph
Exp B; V = 120 mph
Exp B; V = 150 mph
1300 Wind Exp D
140
1200 B =150 ft.
130 Exp C; V = 90 mph
Exp C; V = 120 mph 1100 Exp B
120 Exp C; V = 150 mph
1000
Height h (ft.)
110 Exp D; V = 90 mph 900 L/B = 1
Exp D; V = 120 mph
T = h/75 h < 75 ft.
Height (ft)
100 Exp D; V = 150 mph 800

90
= 1% 700 T = 0.232h0.5 h 75 ft.
T = h/75 sec. 600 = 2%
80
L/B = 1.0
70 500
60
400
50
300
200
40
100
30
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 0
Gust Effect Factor 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Gust Effect Factor Gf
Gust Effect Factor vs Height Gust Effect Factor vs Height

V = 90 mph V = 120 mph V = 150 mph
1500 1500
L = 200 ft.
1400 L = 100 ft. Exp C 1400
Wind
1300 Exp D 1300 B = 100 ft.
Wind
1200 B = 200 ft. 1200 Exp C
1100 Exp B 1100
1000 1000 Exp D
L/B = 0.5
Height h (ft.)
900 900
Height (ft.)
T = h/75 ft. h 75 ft. Exp B

800 800
T = 0.236 h0.5 h > 75 ft. L/B = 2.0
700 = 2% 700 T = h/75 h 75 ft
600 600 T = 0.232h0.5 h > 75 ft.
500 500 = 2%
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Gust Effect Factor Gf Gust Effect Factor Gf
Wind Pressure MWFRS (psf)

Exposure C
V(mph) 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
h(ft.), L/B 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2
160 29.0 28.7 25.9 32.8 32.4 29.3 41.7 41.2 37.3 52.0 51.3 46.6 63.9 62.8 57.2 77.2 75.8 69.1 92.3 90.6 82.5 109.1 106.6 97.4
Solve Wind Pressure Equation 150

21.1 21.0
28.2 28.0
20.8 20.6
17.7 24.1 23.8 20.1 30.6 30.2 25.7 38.2 37.6 32.0 46.9 46.1 39.3 56.7 55.6 47.5 67.7 66.3 56.7 80.1 78.2 66.9
25.2
17.4
31.9
23.6
31.6
23.4
28.5
19.8
40.6
30.0
40.1
29.7
36.3
25.2
50.5
37.4
49.9
37.0
45.3
31.5
61.9
45.9
61.0
45.2
55.5
38.6
74.8
55.4
73.6
54.5
67.1
46.6
89.3
66.2
87.7
64.9
80.0 105.5 103.3 94.4
55.6 78.2 76.5 65.6
140
at Height h and z = 15 ft.

27.4 27.2 24.5 31.0 30.8 27.7 39.3 39.0 35.2 49.0 48.4 43.9 60.0 59.1 53.8 72.4 71.2 65.0 86.3 84.8 77.5 101.8 99.8 91.3
20.4 20.3 17.2 23.2 23.1 19.5 29.4 29.2 24.8 36.6 36.2 30.9 44.9 44.2 37.9 54.1 53.3 45.8 64.5 63.4 54.5 76.1 74.7 64.3
130 26.1 26.5 23.7 30.2 29.9 26.9 38.2 37.9 34.2 47.4 46.9 42.5 57.9 57.2 52.1 69.8 68.8 62.8 83.2 81.9 74.8 98.1 96.3 88.2
20.1 20.0 16.9 22.8 22.6 19.2 28.9 28.6 24.4 35.8 35.5 30.3 43.8 43.3 37.1 52.8 52.0 44.8 62.9 61.9 53.4 74.2 72.8 62.9
120 25.8 25.7 22.9 29.2 29.1 26.1 37.0 36.7 33.0 45.8 45.4 41.1 55.9 55.3 50.2 67.3 66.4 60.6 80.0 78.9 72.1 94.2 92.7 84.9
19.7 19.6 16.6 22.4 22.2 18.8 28.3 28.1 23.9 35.0 34.7 29.7 42.8 42.3 36.3 51.5 50.8 43.8 61.2 60.4 52.1 72.0 70.9 61.4
110 25.0 24.9 22.2 28.3 28.2 25.2 35.7 36.5 31.9 44.2 43.8 39.6 53.8 53.3 48.4 64.6 63.9 58.3 76.8 75.8 69.3 90.3 89.1 81.6
( )
19.4 19.3 16.3 21.9 21.8 18.5 27.7 27.5 23.4 34.2 34.0 29.1 41.7 41.3 35.6 50.1 49.5 42.8 59.5 58.8 50.9 70.0 69.0 59.9
pz = G f qzC pw + qhC pl
100 24.5 24.4 21.8 27.8 27.7 24.8 35.1 34.9 31.4 43.4 43.1 39.0 52.9 52.5 47.7 63.7 63.0 57.5 75.7 74.8 68.4 89.1 87.8 80.6
ptop = Cxph 19.3 19.2 16.3 21.8 21.7 18.5 27.6 27.4 23.5 34.1 33.9 29.2 41.6 41.2 35.7 50.0 49.5 43.0 59.5 58.7 51.2 70.0 69.0 60.2
90 23.3 23.2 20.6 26.4 26.3 23.3 33.1 32.9 29.4 40.8 40.5 36.4 49.4 49.1 44.4 59.1 58.7 53.3 70.0 69.4 63.2 82.1 81.2 74.2
18.6 18.6 15.7 21.0 21.0 17.8 26.4 26.3 22.4 32.5 32.4 27.8 39.4 39.2 33.8 47.2 46.9 40.6 55.9 55.4 48.2 65.5 64.8 56.6
80 22.4 22.4 19.7 25.3 25.3 22.4 31.7 31.6 28.2 39.0 38.9 34.7 47.2 46.9 42.2 56.4 56.0 50.6 66.6 66.1 60.0 77.8 77.2 70.4
18.3 18.2 15.4 20.6 20.6 17.4 25.8 25.7 21.9 31.7 31.6 27.1 38.3 38.1 32.9 45.8 45.5 39.4 54.1 53.7 46.7 63.2 62.7 54.8
h pz 70 21.5 21.4 18.8 24.3 24.2 21.3 30.3 30.2 26.8 37.1 37.1 33.0 44.8 44.7 40.0 53.4 53.2 47.8 62.9 62.6 56.6 73.4 72.9 66.2
Pressure (psf):
17.9 17.8 15.1 20.1 20.1 17.0 25.1 25.1 21.4 30.8 30.7 26.3 37.2 37.1 31.9 44.3 44.1 38.2 52.2 51.9 45.2 60.9 60.5 52.9
60 20.5 20.4 17.8 23.1 23.1 20.2 28.8 28.8 25.3 35.2 35.1 31.1 42.4 42.3 37.7 50.4 50.2 44.9 59.3 59.0 53.0 69.0 68.6 61.9
17.5 17.4 14.7 19.6 19.6 16.6 24.5 24.4 20.8 29.9 29.9 25.6 36.0 35.9 30.9 42.8 42.7 36.9 50.3 50.1 43.5 58.6 58.3 50.9
p0 = p15 50 19.4 20.7 16.8 21.9 21.9 19.1 27.2 27.2 23.8 33.2 33.2 29.2 39.9 39.8 35.2 47.3 47.2 41.9 55.4 55.2 49.3 64.3 64.1 57.4
17.0 18.1 14.4 19.1 19.1 16.2 23.8 23.8 20.2 29.0 29.0 24.8 34.8 34.8 29.9 41.3 41.2 35.6 48.4 48.3 41.9 56.2 56.0 48.8
pz = p0 (1 - z / h) + (z / h) ptop
40 18.1 18.1 15.7 20.6 20.6 17.8 25.5 25.5 22.2 31.1 31.0 27.1 37.2 37.2 32.6 44.0 43.9 38.6 51.4 51.3 45.3 59.5 59.3 52.6
16.6 16.5 14.0 18.6 18.6 15.8 23.1 23.0 19.7 28.1 28.0 24.0 33.6 33.6 28.8 39.7 39.7 34.2 46.4 46.3 40.2 53.7 53.6 46.6
30 16.8 16.8 14.5 19.1 19.1 16.5 23.7 23.6 20.5 28.7 28.7 24.9 34.3 34.3 29.8 40.4 40.4 35.3 47.1 47.1 41.2 54.4 54.4 47.7
C varies: 1.00 at h=15 ft to1.04 at h=160 ft 20
16.0
15.6
16.0
15.6
13.7
13.4
18.0
17.5
18.0
17.5
15.3
15.1
22.3
21.7
22.3
21.7
19.0
18.7
27.0
26.3
27.0
26.3
23.2
22.7
32.3
31.3
32.3
31.3
27.8
27.1
38.1
36.8
38.1
36.8
32.8
31.9
44.4
42.8
44.4
42.8
38.4
37.2
51.2
49.3
51.2
49.3
44.4
42.9
15.4 15.4 13.2 17.3 17.3 14.9 21.4 21.4 18.4 25.9 25.9 22.3 30.9 30.9 26.7 36.4 36.4 31.4 42.3 42.3 36.6 48.7 48.7 42.3
15 15.0 15.0 13.0 16.9 16.9 14.6 20.9 20.9 18.0 25.3 25.3 21.9 30.1 30.1 26.1 35.4 35.4 30.7 41.1 41.1 35.7 47.3 47.3 41.1
15.0 15.0 13.0 16.9 16.9 14.6 20.9 20.9 18.0 25.3 25.3 21.9 30.1 30.1 26.1 35.4 35.4 30.7 41.1 41.1 35.7 47.3 47.3 41.1
L ph
Notes:
V=basic wind speed (mph), Figure 6-1
W ind h
L=horizontal building dimension measured parallel to direction of wind (ft) B
B=horizontal building dimension measured normal to direction of wind (ft)
p15
11
11/5/2009
Wind Load Equations

ph
Pressure (psf):
pz
pz = p0 (1 - z / h) + (z / h) ph
z
p0
Story Shear (pounds):

vz = 0.5(h - z) [(p0 (1 - z / h) + ph (1 + z / h)] vz
Dealing with Torsion
z
Overturning Moment (ft.-pounds):

mz = 1/3 (h - z)2 [0.5p0 (1 z / h) + ph (1 + 0.5 z / h)]
mz
z
Sources of Wind Torsion Causes - Torsional Wind Loading

Inherent torsion Center of pressure not at center of rigidity
Center of pressure not at center of rigidity (eip) Strive for eip = 0
Center of mass not at center of rigidity (eim) eip 0.15B
Accidental torsion Center of mass not at center of rigidity
Variation in center of pressure caused by Strive for eim = 0 - 0.05B
turbulence (ea) eim 0.15B
Accidental wind torsion
ea = 0.15B at 0.75W
Minimizing the Effects

Torsional Wind Loads Wind Torsion
Principal axis 2
Principal axis 1
Align the center of pressure and center of rigidity

as close as possible (Goal is zero inherent
d1i = d1i
k1i = k11
torsion). Maximum eccentricity eip = 0.15B

d12
c.r.
k12
e1
c.r.
Avoid putting too much lateral load resistance at
c.p.
L
d13
or near the center of the building. Spread some k2j = k21 k22 k23
resistance at building perimeter if possible. y
x
k13 Control location
Avoid having the torsional period as the first d2j = d21 d23 and stiffness of outer
period (should be third period for normal 100- d22
e2 0.15B
MWFRSs
200 ft buildings in plan) B
Study mode shapes

W 0.75W
Conform to minimum period recommendations
12
11/5/2009
Wind Torsion Wind Torsion

n n
B = horizontal plan dimension of the building normal to the wind x k
1i 1i y k
1i 1i n m
J = x1i d 1i + x
L = horizontal plan dimension of the building parallel to the wind 2 2
c.r. = center of rigidity, c.p. = center of wind pressure
x0 = i =1
n
y0 = i =1
n 2j d2 j
k1i = stiffness of frame I parallel to major axis 1 k1i k1i i =1 j =1
k2j = stiffness of frame J parallel to major axis 2 i =1 i =1
d1i = distance of frame I to c.r. perpendicular to major axis 1
d2j
e1
=
=
distance of frame J to c.r. perpendicular to major axis 2
distance from c.p. to c.r. perpendicular to major axis 1 V1i =
(0.75W ) k1i +
(0.75W )(e1 + 0.15B ) k1i d1i
n
e2 = distance from c.p. to c.r. perpendicular to major axis 2 J
J
W
=
=
polar moment of inertial of all MWFRS wind frames in the building
wind load as required by standard
k
i =1
1i
V1i = wind force in frame i parallel to major axis 1

V2j = wind force in frame j parallel to major axis 2
x0, y0 = coordinates for center of rigidity from the origin of any convenient x,y axes (0.75W ) k 2 j (0.75W )(e2 + 0.15B ) k2 j d 2 j
V2 j = +
m
J
k j =1
2j
Accidental Wind Torsion

ASCE 7-05 Lateral Deflection
e = 0.15B W X axis
ea= 0.15B
V1 V2 1 2
max
k1 k2 k1 = k2
k1
Elastic shear
center
k2 avg = 0.5(1 + 2)
0.5R 0.5R
R max from computer analysis
B Y axis
Controlling Wind Torsion

Minimizing Torsional Effects
J J
d1i n
and d2 j m
Place MWFRSs to minimize inherent torsion (0.45B e1 ) k1i (0.45B e2 ) k2 j
i =1 j =1
max
Maintain : 1.4 under wind and
avg = 0.5(1 + 2)
seismic loading - (see similar equations for using simplified seismic
including reqd code provisions ASCE 7-05 Section 12.14.1.1)
eccentricty
13
11/5/2009
Simplified Method Wind Torsion

Maximize distance
Principal axis 2
Principal axis 1
7. For square buildings with L/B=1.0, the combined stiffness of the two most separated lines
of the MWFRS in each direction shall be at least two thirds of the total stiffness in each
d1i = d1i
k1i = k11
principal axis direction. For rectangular buildings, as L/B increases from 1.0 to 2.0 or
d12
c.r.
decreases from 1.0 to 0.5, the combined stiffness of the two most separated lines of the
k12
e1
MWFRS in each direction shall be proportionally increased from two thirds of the total c.r. c.p.
stiffness to at least 80% of the total stiffness in each principal axis direction.
L
d13
k2j = k21 k22 k23
y
8. For square buildings with L/B = 1.0, the distance between the two most separated lines of k13 Control location
x
the MWFRS in each major axis direction shall be at least two thirds of the dimension of the
d2j = d21 d23 and stiffness of
building perpendicular to the axis direction under consideration. For rectangular buildings as
L/B increases from 1.0 to 2.0 or decreases from 1.0 to 0.5, the distance between the two most
d22
0.15B
outer MWFRSs
e2
separated lines of the MWFRS in each principal axis direction shall be proportionally B
increased from two thirds of the dimension of the building perpendicular to the axis direction
under consideration to 100% of the dimension.
W 0.75W
Seismic Detailing Always Horizontal Structural Irregularities

(even when wind controls)
Table 12.2-1 System Requirements
Avoid horizontal structural irregularities
Table 12.3-1
Avoid vertical structural irregularities
Table 12.3-2
Vertical Structural Irregularities Steps in Preliminary Design

Obtain wind p from simplified method
Obtain seismic base shear from ELF method
Compute base shears for each
Obtain forces at each level
Draw/compare story V, M diagrams for building
Minimize torsion
Seismic detailing - always
14
11/5/2009
Example Problem
10 story Concrete Building Steps in Preliminary Design
Seismic:
Hotel with large ballroom
Obtain site latitude , longitude
Downtown St. Louis Missouri
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
Exposure C wind
Latitude: 38.63 deg,
Site Class D - seismic
Longitude: -90.20 deg
2. Obtain SDS, SD1
http://www.travelgis.com/geocode/
Steps in Preliminary Design Steps in Preliminary Design

Fa = 1.337 SDS = 0.516 g
Fv = 2.131 SD1 = 0.238 g
Occupancy Category III
3. Determine Occupancy Category:
4. Determine seismic design category:
(from ASCE 7-05 Table 1-1)
(from Tables 11.6-1, 11.6-2)

5. Determine Importance Factor (seismic)
SDS = 0.516 g (Table 11.5-1 ASCE 7-05)
SD1 = 0.238 g
6. Determine structural system type

Seismic Design Category (SDC) D (Table 12.2-1 ASCE 7-05)
15
11/5/2009

Structural System Selection 7. Determine Building Period Ta
Seismic Design Category Restrictions
o Cd
Ta = 0.02 h0.75 = 0.02 (100)0.75

System Category R A B C D E F
Concrete:
1 Shear Wall Frame Interaction SW/Frame Interaction 4 1/2 2 1/2 4 NL NL NP NP NP NP
(Ord SW + Ord MF)
2 Ordinary Shear Wall Building Frame System 5 2 1/2 4 1/2 NL NL NL NP NP NP
3 Ordinary Shear Wall + IMF Dual System 5 1/2 2 1/2 4 1/2 NL NL NL NP NP NP
Ta = 0.632 seconds
4 Ordinary Shear Wall + SMF Dual System 6 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL NP NP NP
5 Special Shear Wall + Int MF Dual System 6 1/2 2 1/2 5 NL NL NL 160 / 240 100 / 160 100
6 Special Shear Wall + SMF Dual System 7 2 1/2 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
7 Special Moment Frame Moment Frame 8 3 5 1/2 NL NL NL NL NL NL
Special Shear wall + IMF (Dual System) 8. Obtain Seismic Response Coefficient Cs
R = 6 = 2.5 CD = 5

Design Response Spectrum
0.6
S D1 0.238
Sa = SD1 / (Ta) Cs = = = 0.0724
R 6 .5
T 0.632
0.5
I 1.25
Specytral Acceleration (%g)
0.4
0.3 CS = 0.0724
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Ta=0.632 Period (sec)
Steps in Preliminary Design

9. Determine estimated building weight W
Building Density
W = weight density x bldg volume
30
Building Wt. (pcf)
No. Floors
2
Stl
6
Conc
12
= 13 x [ 150x150x100] / 1000
25
= 29,250 kips
10 6.375 13
20 7.125 14.25 Concrete
40 9 17.5
20
60 12 22
Bldg. Density (pcf)
15
80 16 28
W = 29, 250 kips
Steel
10
13 pcf 10. Determine base shear V
5
V = Cs W = 0.0724 x 29,250 = 2,118 kips
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 V = 2,118 kips
No. Floors
16
11/5/2009

Seismic:
11. Distribute base shear up the bldg height

ft
Cvx Fx
kips
V
kips
M
k-ft.
100 0.1872 395 0 0
90 0.1673 353 395 3953
V = 2,118 kips 80 0.1475 312 749 11438
70 0.128 270 1061 22039
60 0.1086 229 1330 35343
wi = 2,925 kips ea floor 50 0.0894 189 1560 50940
40 0.0705 149 1749 68424
30 0.0519 110 1897 87397
20 0.0337 71 2007 107465
Ta = 0.624 sec > 0.5 seconds 10 0.0161 34 2078 128244
0 0 0 2112 149363
k = 1.07 by interpolation
Draw Fx, V and M diagram for seismic loading

Wind: 2. Determine design wind pressures from
1. Determine wind Importance Factor I pressure table
(from ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1) ph = 1.15 x 27.7 = 31.9 psf
po = 1.15 x 21.7 = 25.0 psf
I = 1.15 (wind) ph = 31.9 psf

po = 25.0 psf
Wind Pressure MWFRS (psf)

Exposure C
V(mph) 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

h(ft.), L/B 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2
160 29.0 28.7 25.9 32.8 32.4 29.3 41.7 41.2 37.3 52.0 51.3 46.6 63.9 62.8 57.2 77.2 75.8 69.1 92.3 90.6 82.5 109.1 106.6 97.4
21.1 21.0 17.7 24.1 23.8 20.1 30.6 30.2 25.7 38.2 37.6 32.0 46.9 46.1 39.3 56.7 55.6 47.5 67.7 66.3 56.7 80.1 78.2 66.9
150 28.2 28.0 25.2 31.9 31.6 28.5 40.6 40.1 36.3 50.5 49.9 45.3 61.9 61.0 55.5 74.8 73.6 67.1 89.3 87.7 80.0 105.5 103.3 94.4
20.8 20.6 17.4 23.6 23.4 19.8 30.0 29.7 25.2 37.4 37.0 31.5 45.9 45.2 38.6 55.4 54.5 46.6 66.2 64.9 55.6 78.2 76.5 65.6
140 27.4 27.2 24.5 31.0 30.8 27.7 39.3 39.0 35.2 49.0 48.4 43.9 60.0 59.1 53.8 72.4 71.2 65.0 86.3 84.8 77.5 101.8 99.8 91.3
20.4 20.3 17.2 23.2 23.1 19.5 29.4 29.2 24.8 36.6 36.2 30.9 44.9 44.2 37.9 54.1 53.3 45.8 64.5 63.4 54.5 76.1 74.7 64.3
130 26.1
20.1
26.5
20.0
23.7
16.9
30.2
22.8
29.9
22.6
26.9
19.2
38.2
28.9
37.9
28.6
34.2
24.4
47.4
35.8
46.9
35.5
42.5
30.3
57.9
43.8
57.2
43.3
52.1
37.1
69.8
52.8
68.8
52.0
62.8
44.8
83.2
62.9
81.9
61.9
74.8
53.4
98.1
74.2
96.3
72.8
88.2
62.9 3. Determine Fx , V, M at each floor
120 25.8 25.7 22.9 29.2 29.1 26.1 37.0 36.7 33.0 45.8 45.4 41.1 55.9 55.3 50.2 67.3 66.4 60.6 80.0 78.9 72.1 94.2 92.7 84.9
19.7 19.6 16.6 22.4 22.2 18.8 28.3 28.1 23.9 35.0 34.7 29.7 42.8 42.3 36.3 51.5 50.8 43.8 61.2 60.4 52.1 72.0 70.9 61.4 Wind:
110 25.0 24.9 22.2 28.3 28.2 25.2 35.7 36.5 31.9 44.2 43.8 39.6 53.8 53.3 48.4 64.6 63.9 58.3 76.8 75.8 69.3 90.3 89.1 81.6
19.4 19.3 16.3 21.9 21.8 18.5 27.7 27.5 23.4 34.2 34.0 29.1 41.7 41.3 35.6 50.1 49.5 42.8 59.5 58.8 50.9 70.0 69.0 59.9
height p Fx V M
100 24.5 24.4 21.8 27.8 27.7 24.8 35.1 34.9 31.4 43.4 43.1 39.0 52.9 52.5 47.7 63.7 63.0 57.5 75.7 74.8 68.4 89.1 87.8 80.6 ft psf kips kips kip-ft
19.3 19.2 16.3 21.8 21.7 18.5 27.6 27.4 23.5 34.1 33.9 29.2 41.6 41.2 35.7 50.0 49.5 43.0 59.5 58.7 51.2 70.0 69.0 60.2
90 23.3 23.2 20.6 26.4 26.3 23.3 33.1 32.9 29.4 40.8 40.5 36.4 49.4 49.1 44.4 59.1 58.7 53.3 70.0 69.4 63.2 82.1 81.2 74.2 100 31.9 23.9 0 0
80
18.6
22.4
18.6
22.4
15.7
19.7
21.0
25.3
21.0
25.3
17.8
22.4
26.4
31.7
26.3
31.6
22.4
28.2
32.5
39.0
32.4
38.9
27.8
34.7
39.4
47.2
39.2
46.9
33.8
42.2
47.2
56.4
46.9
56.0
40.6
50.6
55.9
66.6
55.4
66.1
48.2
60.0
65.5
77.8
64.8
77.2
56.6
70.4
90 31.2 46.7 46 237
18.3 18.2 15.4 20.6 20.6 17.4 25.8 25.7 21.9 31.7 31.6 27.1 38.3 38.1 32.9 45.8 45.5 39.4 54.1 53.7 46.7 63.2 62.7 54.8 80 30.5 45.7 92 941
70 21.5 21.4 18.8 24.3 24.2 21.3 30.3 30.2 26.8 37.1 37.1 33.0 44.8 44.7 40.0 53.4 53.2 47.8 62.9 62.6 56.6 73.4 72.9 66.2
17.9 17.8 15.1 20.1 20.1 17.0 25.1 25.1 21.4 30.8 30.7 26.3 37.2 37.1 31.9 44.3 44.1 38.2 52.2 51.9 45.2 60.9 60.5 52.9 70 29.8 44.7 136 2102
60 20.5 20.4 17.8 23.1 23.1 20.2 28.8 28.8 25.3 35.2 35.1 31.1 42.4 42.3 37.7 50.4 50.2 44.9 59.3 59.0 53.0 69.0 68.6 61.9 60 29.1 43.6 180 3708
17.5 17.4 14.7 19.6 19.6 16.6 24.5 24.4 20.8 29.9 29.9 25.6 36.0 35.9 30.9 42.8 42.7 36.9 50.3 50.1 43.5 58.6 58.3 50.9
50 19.4 20.7 16.8 21.9 21.9 19.1 27.2 27.2 23.8 33.2 33.2 29.2 39.9 39.8 35.2 47.3 47.2 41.9 55.4 55.2 49.3 64.3 64.1 57.4 50 28.4 42.6 222 5751
17.0 18.1 14.4 19.1 19.1 16.2 23.8 23.8 20.2 29.0 29.0 24.8 34.8 34.8 29.9 41.3 41.2 35.6 48.4 48.3 41.9 56.2 56.0 48.8
40 18.1 18.1 15.7 20.6 20.6 17.8 25.5 25.5 22.2 31.1 31.0 27.1 37.2 37.2 32.6 44.0 43.9 38.6 51.4 51.3 45.3 59.5 59.3 52.6
40 27.7 41.6 264 8220
16.6 16.5 14.0 18.6 18.6 15.8 23.1 23.0 19.7 28.1 28.0 24.0 33.6 33.6 28.8 39.7 39.7 34.2 46.4 46.3 40.2 53.7 53.6 46.6 30 27.0 40.5 304 11104
30 16.8 16.8 14.5 19.1 19.1 16.5 23.7 23.6 20.5 28.7 28.7 24.9 34.3 34.3 29.8 40.4 40.4 35.3 47.1 47.1 41.2 54.4 54.4 47.7
16.0 16.0 13.7 18.0 18.0 15.3 22.3 22.3 19.0 27.0 27.0 23.2 32.3 32.3 27.8 38.1 38.1 32.8 44.4 44.4 38.4 51.2 51.2 44.4 20 26.3 39.5 344 14393
20 15.6 15.6 13.4 17.5 17.5 15.1 21.7 21.7 18.7 26.3 26.3 22.7 31.3 31.3 27.1 36.8 36.8 31.9 42.8 42.8 37.2 49.3 49.3 42.9
15.4 15.4 13.2 17.3 17.3 14.9 21.4 21.4 18.4 25.9 25.9 22.3 30.9 30.9 26.7 36.4 36.4 31.4 42.3 42.3 36.6 48.7 48.7 42.3
10 25.6 38.5 383 18076
15 15.0 15.0 13.0 16.9 16.9 14.6 20.9 20.9 18.0 25.3 25.3 21.9 30.1 30.1 26.1 35.4 35.4 30.7 41.1 41.1 35.7 47.3 47.3 41.1 0 25.0 18.7 421 22144
15.0 15.0 13.0 16.9 16.9 14.6 20.9 20.9 18.0 25.3 25.3 21.9 30.1 30.1 26.1 35.4 35.4 30.7 41.1 41.1 35.7 47.3 47.3 41.1
Notes:
V=basic wind speed (mph), Figure 6-1
L ph
Draw Fx, V and M diagram for wind loading
W ind h
L=horizontal building dimension measured parallel to direction of wind (ft) B
Designing for Wind/Seismic
B=horizontal building dimension measured normal to direction of wind (ft)
p15
17
11/5/2009
Compare loading diagrams Compare Shear Diagrams

Seismic/Wind Force (Fx) vs Height Story Shear vs Height
100
100
90
90
80
80
Wind 70
70
60
60
Height (ft)
Seismic
Height (ft)
50
50
Seismic
40
40
Wind
30
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0.0 500.0 1,000.0 1,500.0 2,000.0 2,500.0
Force (kips) Story Shear (kips)
Compare Moment Diagrams Conclusions

100
Overturning Moment vs Height
Seismic loading may control design (even
90
in the central US!)
80
High seismic loads from low site
70
classification (Site Class D) and
Importance Factor (I = 1.25)
60
Height (ft)
50
40
Wind Seismic
Check wind and seismic drift
Seismic detailing always!
30
20
10 Control location of LLRS for wind and

0
0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 seismic torsion control
Moment (kip-ft)
Wrap-Up
Simple procedures for wind and seismic
load calculations
Useful comparisons for preliminary design
Control wind and seismic torsion
Seismic detailing always!
Minimize vertical and horizontal
irregularities (trade steel/concrete for
granite)
18

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11/5/2009

Wind Versus Seismic

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

The Challenge Early knowledge needed.

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Wind versus Seismic Behavior

Vy R Fully Yielded Strength

Vs Design Force Level

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Site Coefficients Fa, Fv

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Design Spectral Accelerations

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Base Shear (V)

ASCE 7-05 addendum

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Response Modification Coefficient Response Modification Coefficient

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Building Weight Period Formulas

W vs No. Floors 10 T=0.028h

9 MF Conc. T=h/75 h/100 h/150

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Distribution of Base Shear Seismic Force Diagram

k=1 k=1.25 k=1.5 k=1.75 k=2.0

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Seismic Shear Diagram Seismic Moment Diagram

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Cvx versus k Calculation Base M from V

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

The Wind Pressure Equation

Wind Requirements I Importance of Building

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

ASCE 7-05 Wind Speed Map

Involves 48 different variables

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Wind Variable Categories (6 categories, 4 8 variables)

Terrain Exposure (8 variables) -Use Method 1: Low Rise (Figure 6-2)

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Low Rise Building Simple Diaphragm Building

Building in which both windward and

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Simple Diaphragm Building

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Simplified Wind Design Assumptions

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

1. The building shall be a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 26.2.

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Wind Pressure Equation

p = qGf Cp qi GCp ( ) - General Equation (6-23)

p = qG f C p - For simple diaphragm buildings

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Wind Pressure Vs Height Story Shear Vs Height

Pressure (psf) Story Shear (pounds)

Story Moment Vs Height

Why is Building Period Important?

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic

Proposed Period Formulas 7.00 0.232h0.5

Anatomy of Wind Velocity Pressure Exposure Cofficient vs Height

Normalized Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients

Gust Effect Factor

Designing for Wind/Seismic Designing for Wind/Seismic