Automation in Construction
Review
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Construction safety management has been a popular issue in research and practice in recent years due to the high
Received 27 April 2016 accident and death rates in the construction industry. The complexity and variability of construction sites makes
Received in revised form 13 September 2016 safety management more difcult to implement than in other industries. As a promising technology, visualiza-
Accepted 23 October 2016
tion has been extensively explored to aid construction safety management. However, a comprehensive critical
Available online 27 October 2016
review of the visualization technology in construction safety management is absent in the literature.
Keywords:
This paper provides a comprehensive review to investigate research and development, application methods,
Construction achievements and barriers to the use of visualization technology in safety management, and suggests possible fu-
Safety management ture research directions to extend its application. It is found that visualization technology can improve safety
Visualization technology management by aiding safety training, job hazard area (JHA) identication and on-site safety monitoring and
Review warnings, but there are barriers or limitations involved. Existing location technologies, for instance, can perform
well only in relatively small areas due to their generally poor penetrating performance. Finally, possible future
research directions are proposed to benet the extensive application of visualization technology for construction
safety management in both theory and practice.
2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2. Research method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.1. Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.2. Overview of the literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3. Visualization technology and safety management during pre-construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.1. Safety training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.2. JHA identication and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.2.1. JHA identication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.2.2. JHA management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4. Visualization technology and safety management in construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1. On-site worker behavior monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1.1. Monitoring worker location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1.2. Monitoring worker motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.2. Environment monitoring on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.2.1. Monitoring static environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.2.2. Monitoring dynamic environments (equipment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3. Early warnings on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5. Discussion and future research directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1. Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.1. Visualization technology-aided safety training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.2. Visualization technology-aided JHA identication and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hlguo@tsinghua.edu.cn (H. Guo).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.10.004
0926-5805/ 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
136 H. Guo et al. / Automation in Construction 73 (2017) 135144
1647
1500
1280
1180
1097
987
1000
500
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
Fig. 1. Annual deaths in the China construction industry from 1997 to 2014.
H. Guo et al. / Automation in Construction 73 (2017) 135144 137
Pre-construction Construction
Invalid safety
Safety Management Defects Inefficient training Incomplete safety planning
monitoring
Information
Information
Advantages of parameterized
visualization
visualization technology storage
Current research is making some efforts to solve these problems 2.1. Literature search
with the help of visualization technology, which not only makes infor-
mation digital and visual, but also depicts the construction environment As Zhou et al. [22] allude, visualization technology involves BIM
and processes comprehensively and accurately. The main contributions (Building Information Modeling), 4D CAD (Four-Dimensional Computer
of visualization technology to safety management can be summarized Aided Design), VP (Virtual Prototyping), VC (Virtual Construction), VR
as (Fig. 2): (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality). BIM may be regarded
as a visual database, integrating a building's dimensional and attribute
Improving the safety training of workers. Revealing the visual construc- information [23] and is often used in the static analysis and comparison
tion process and site environment can improve the safety conscious- of construction processes. 4D CAD, is widely used in construction [16]
ness of workers so they more easily understand safety management- and provides schedule simulation by adding the schedule to 3D models,
related knowledge and the potential safety problems involved [16,17]. VC involves multi-dimensional construction process simulation that
Aiding JHA identication and management. A visual and virtual con- takes into account not only 3D (or visual) and schedule information,
struction site can aid project managers or safety ofcers in identifying but construction resources such as workers and equipment. Similar to
JHAs automatically or manually prior to commencing construction, VC, VP is often used to aid worker safety training [24] by focusing on dy-
therefore beneting safety planning [18]. namic changes in schedule, cost, resources, etc. - placing more emphasis
Aiding on-site safety monitoring. Due to the integration of site informa- on environment simulation to provide people with a feeling of
tion storage media, visualization technology can improve efciency telepresence [25]. Relevant publications were identied by searching
and effectiveness of safety management by assisting safety ofcers the Web of Science and ASCE Library databases with the following
in monitoring the unsafe behaviors of workers and construction keywords:
equipment in real time [19].
(1) Visualization technology: BIM, 4D CAD, VP, VC, VR, AR
and information technology, connected by or
Though visualization technology has been regarded as a promising (2) Research topic: construction and safe* (meaning safe and
approach to improving construction safety management, there has not its derivatives)
yet been any systematic review to clarify what is currently available or (3) Research eld: science technology selected in the Web of Sci-
what the future might hold. This paper, therefore, provides such a re- ence
view to investigate research and development, application methods, (4) Research direction: engineering or computer science, con-
achievements and barriers, and suggest possible future research direc- struction building technology, automation control system,
tions. In the following sections, key relevant research is rstly identied, telecommunication, urban studies and science technology
then visualization technology-aided safety management is reviewed other topics selected in the Web of Science.
from pre-construction and construction perspectives, and the gap be-
tween current research and practical requirements is identied.
2.2. Overview of the literature
2. Research method
The search words helped to identify 78 relevant papers. These are
According to Heinrich's safety theory, the cause of accidents involves summarized in Fig. 3 in terms of the number of annually publications
unsafe objects and worker behaviors [20], while safety management in- from 1999 to 2015. The number of different visualization technologies
volves worker safety training, the identication and management of used in these papers (Fig. 4) clearly indicates BIM, 4D and VR to be the
JHAs during pre-construction and the monitoring of workers and con- most popular.
struction equipment during the construction process [19,21]. In identi- Fig. 5 shows the number of publications by research topic divided
fying the key research relating to the use of visualization technology, into the ve categories of safety training, JHA identication, monitoring
this paper provides a review in terms of these four aspects. worker behavior, monitoring construction environment and early
138 H. Guo et al. / Automation in Construction 73 (2017) 135144
20
18
18
Number of publications
16
14
14 13
12 11
10
8
6 5 5
4 3
2 2 2 2
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
warning on site. Intriguingly, most papers focus on JHA identication environment and checking potential hazards involving unsafe behaviors,
before construction. To some extent, this matches the distribution in lack of necessary safety facilities, etc. For instance, some interactive safety
Fig. 4, with BIM also accounting for the most papers. This is because training systems have been developed by integrating BIM or game tech-
the application of BIM in safety management mainly focuses on safety nology for potential hazards [30]. Based on such systems, workers can
planning in the pre-construction stage except for on-site monitoring, walk through a virtual construction environment, with safety-related
which needs real-time information collection and analysis. prompt messages appearing when they are close to unsafe operations
or JHAs. Systems are also often used to evaluate worker safety conscious-
3. Visualization technology and safety management during pre- ness based on their own identication of unsafe factors [30,31]. Further-
construction more, the interactivity of safety training systems has been being
improved by enabling workers to control virtual models by mouse, key-
3.1. Safety training board or hand grip (such as in operating a crane model [17,32]).
Visualization technology provides a cooperative approach for safety
Safety training provides an efcient way of improving safety man- training. Many construction accidents are caused by inadequate cooper-
agement [26]. This traditionally comprises on-site training and off-site ation among workers or operators and therefore need to be taken into
training. On-site training is inefcient and may interfere with normal account. Network-based safety training platforms have been built
construction activities and hence reduce productivity, while off-site through the integration of BIM and game technology, in which workers
training lacks hands-on learning opportunities for workers. Visualiza- are able to carry out their operations in a virtual way using individual
tion technology can improve safety training by providing visualized in- computers within the network, and communicating and cooperating
formation and offering virtual off-site hands-on training. with each other in real time [17,33]. In this way, workers can experience
Visualization technology provides a visual approach to safety train- the uncertainty of real construction processes and learn how to cooper-
ing in which construction processes and the environment can be vividly ate with each other before working on site.
demonstrated in a 3D way. For example, BIM and VR have been adopted In summary therefore, visualization technology combines safety-
to build a virtual and visual construction environment or sites to aid in related project information, presents it in a visual model featuring inter-
safety training [27,28]. Workers can easily recognize potential hazards action and cooperation and helps workers have a better understanding
embedded in such a visual environment, thus improving the training. of safety knowledge or operations. As this is all realized by computers,
Since safety training usually involves hands-on operations that are dif- the processes and results of the training can be recorded as the basis
cult to understand using only text or photographs, BIM is also used to vi- for safety management on site.
sualize hands-on safety operations, making the training easier to
understand [29]. 3.2. JHA identication and management
Visualization technology integrated with game technology provides
an interactive approach to safety training. This allows workers to improve A JHA refers to an area where potential job hazards lie and are usu-
their safety consciousness by interacting with a virtual construction ally a source of collision, edges and holes, as well as temporary struc-
tures. JHA identication and management is the foundation of safety
50
45
45 60 56
Number of publications by
40
Number of publications by
visualization technology
50
35
research topic
40
30
25 30
19
20 16 20
15 11 11 10
10 6
10
5
5 2 1 0
Identiying JHA Safety training Monitoring on- Monitoring Early warning
0 site worker's on site
BIM VR 4DCAD AR VP VC environment behavior
Fig. 4. Number of publications by visualization technology. Fig. 5. Number of publications by research topic.
H. Guo et al. / Automation in Construction 73 (2017) 135144 139
training and construction site safety management, and in recent years some of the JHAs that exist on site. Applications to other kinds of JHAs,
visualization technology is starting to be employed to aid this process. such as those involving electric shocks, have yet to be considered.
poor penetrating performance, existing location technologies can per- methods available include manual simulation, semi-automatic simula-
form well only in a relatively small area with few barriers. tion and automatic simulation.
Manual simulation uses electronic methods, such as scanning QR
(2) Image-based location code (Quick Response code) [72], to record safety inspection informa-
tion instead of by paper documents, but is still carried out manually
by safety ofcers. Semi-automatic methods update the site 4D model
Image-based location technologies calculate a worker's 3D coordi- daily [16], which is also a relatively slow process. Automatic methods ob-
nates based on the position of two cameras and the relative position be- tain real-time information by images or other means and are much
tween workers and cameras [66,67]. Image-based location technologies quicker. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Laser Scan shoot sites
do not require workers to carry devices such as tags, but can only locate and capture site information by identifying feature points or lines in
workers within line of sight and are therefore easily blocked by barriers photographs [18,73,74]. However, this method involves a time lag due
on site. to the large number of points to be transmitted and analyzed. To solve
In summary, therefore, all the techniques for monitoring worker lo- this problem, a smart scanning method has been proposed that scans
cation can meet only some of the requirements for construction site dynamic objects in real time and thus considerably decreases the num-
workers. Image-based location technologies can only locate objects ber of points needed [75]. Although these automatic simulation
within line of sight and thus would generate a large amount of data to methods are quite efcient and accurate, the output model is only a
be transmitted and processed if used on the whole site. Sensor-based lo- shell containing none of the parameters or attribute information nec-
cation technologies need to be combined with each other to realize essary for the automatic identication of unsafe factors. Moreover,
whole-site location, involving workers carrying more devices that, in image-based technologies can operate only within line of sight, so it is
turn, may affect their normal site work. The satisfactory whole-site difcult to build a parameterized model of the whole site with only
real time location and tracking of workers, therefore, still remains a one device. Thus on-site static environment information retrieval is
problem. still limited.
This solves the problem of the time lag involved in sending and receiv- 5.1.2. Visualization technology-aided JHA identication and management
ing traditional warning signals, but the AR glasses are too big and cum- Visualization technology has been used to identify and manage JHAs
bersome to be worn during normal operations. involving major types of accidents, for example that of falling from
In summary, visualization technologies involving the integration of height [38,82] and those resulting from structural collapse [47] or spa-
information concerning worker behavior and site environments facili- tial collisions [41,42] (see Table 1). Some safety rules have been devel-
tate on-site JHA management and worker unsafe behavior management oped to automate hazard identication and prevention, but existing
and prevent accidents by presenting or sending early warning mes- research considers only a subset of accidents that occur, such as those
sages. Research to date into unsafe behavior warnings, however, has fo- related to temporary holes and edges. Automatic identication is also
cused mainly on location-based warnings and less attention has been still in need of efcient and effective implementation. Consequently, po-
paid to motion-based warnings. tential approaches are not yet widely employed in the construction
industry.
Table 1
Brief summary of existing research into visualization technology-based construction safety management.
Period Content
Pre-construction Safety training Visual safety training Not comprehensive enough (particularly with interaction and cooperation), [16,17,27,30,31,73,86]
Interactive safety training only involving: [13,16,17,3032]
Cooperative safety training [17,33]
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