Algoritmos cuantitativos: Son aquellos en los que se utilizan clculos numricos para
definir los pasos del proceso. Este tipo de algoritmos describen tres partes esenciales:
Entrada , proceso, y salida.
Algoritmos cualitativos: Son aquellos algoritmos en los que se describen los pasos
utilizando palabras.
Anlisis del problema: Una vez se ha comprendido lo que se desea es necesario definir:
datos de entrada, salida, mtodos y frmulas que se necesitan para procesar datos
Definicin del problema: Esta fase est dada por el enunciado del problema, el cual
requiere de una definicin clara y precisa. Es importante conocer lo que se desea que
realice la computadora; mientras esto no se conozca del todo no tiene mucho sentido
continuar con la siguiente etapa.
Diseo del algoritmo: Mtodo especfico para poder crear un modelo matemtico ajustado
a un problema especfico para resolverlo.
Dispositivos de salida: Aquel que emite una seal con informacin, la impresora, la
computadora, el monitor, los auriculares y los parlantes son algunos ejemplos.
Lenguaje de alto nivel: Se caracteriza por expresar los algoritmos de una manera
adecuada de la capacidad cognitiva humana, en lugar de la capacidad ejecutora de las
mquinas.
Lenguaje de programacin: lenguaje formal diseado para expresar procesos que pueden
ser llevados a cabo por mquinas como las computadoras. Puede usarse para crear
programas que controlen el pensamiento fsico y lgico de una mquina para expresar
algoritmos con precisin o con modo de comunicacin humana.
Memoria RAM: Tipo de memoria a la que se puede acceder a cualquier byte de memoria
sin acceder a los bytes precedentes.
Memoria ROM: Memoria de slo lectura que se utiliza para almacenar programas que
hacen funcionar el ordenador y realizan los diagnsticos.
Tcnicas de diseo top down y bottom up: Top down: Se formula un resumen del
sistema sin especificar detalles. Cada parte del sistema se mejora diseando con mayor
detalle. Cada parte se mejora constantemente hasta que el prototipo cumple con las
especificaciones necesarias. Botton up: Las partes individuales se disean con detalle y
luego se renen para formar componentes ms grandes que despus conforman todo el
sistema.
Tipos de datos: Es un atributo de una parte de los datos que indica al ordenador o
programador algo sobre la clase de datos sobre los que se va a procesar. Esto incluye
imponer restricciones en los datos, como que valores pueden tomar y que operaciones se
pueden realizar.
(External) Auxiliary memory: Set of devices and data storage media that make up the
memory subsystem of the computer along with the primary or main memory.
Algorithms: Set prescribed instructions or rules well defined and finite ordered those allow
an activity through successive steps that generate no doubt that should perform this activity.
Given an initial state and an entry, following successive steps we reach a final state and a
solution is obtained.
Central processing unit (c.p.u): The hardware inside a computer or other programmable
devices, which interprets instructions of a computer program by performing basic
arithmetic, logic and input and output of system operations.
Control Unit: One of the main functional blocks in which a CPU is divided. Its function is
to seek instructions in main memory decode and execute them using the processing unit.
Data Types: This is an attribute of a part of the data that tells the computer or programmer
something about the kind of data that is processed. This includes restrictions on data, such
as values can take that operations can be performed.
Design techniques top-down and bottom-up design: Top down: a summary of the system
is formulated without specifying details. Each part of the system is improved by designing
more detail. Each party is constantly improved until the prototype meets the required
specifications. Botton up: The individual parts are designed in detail and then come
together to form larger components that make up the entire system later.
Documentation: is the guide written communication in its various forms either in
statements, procedures, drawings or diagrams.
Identifiers (variables and constants) Identifiers are textual elements that name entities
language. Some delas entities that can recognize an identifier are variables, constants, data
types, tags, subroutine, and packages. A constant is data whose value can not change during
program execution: get a value at compile time and remains the same throughout the
program. A variable is a name associated with a data element that can change during the
execution of a program.
Input Devices: These are computers and components that allow you to enter information to
the processing unit; keyboard, mouse, scanners are some examples.
Low-level language (assembler) is one in which instructions have direct control over the
hardware and are conditioned by the physical structure of the computer that supports it.
Main memory (internal) is the computer memory where data is temporarily stored as
programs that the CPU is processing or be processed.
Operators and operands Operators are elements that relate differently, the values of one
or more variables and / or constants; constants allow you to manipulate values. The
operands are the elements on which operations are applied.
Output Devices: One who emits a signal with information, printer, computer, monitor,
headphones and speakers are some examples.
Problem Analysis: Once you have understood what you want is necessary to define: data
input, output, methods and formulas needed to process data
Problem Definition: This phase is given by the problem statement, which requires a clear
and precise definition. It is important to know what you want to do the computer; while this
is not known at all it does not make much sense to continue with the next step.
Pseudocode: intermediate language between our language and programming language, its
characteristic is to represent the solution in more detail and more like the language that can
subsequently be encoded.
Qualitative algorithms: algorithms are those in which the steps are described using words.
Quantitative algorithms: Those in which numerical calculations are used to define the
process steps. This type of algorithms describes three essential parts: input, process and
output.
RAM: Type of memory that can access any byte of memory without accessing the
preceding bytes.
ROM: read-only memory used to store programs that run on your computer and perform
diagnostics.
Testing and Debugging: The test involves capturing data until the program does not
present errors (logical or syntactical). Debugging is the process of identifying and
eliminating errors to make way for a solution without error.
Unit arithmetic - logic: This is a digital circuit that calculates arithmetic and logical
operations between two numbers.
Fuentes:
http://www.slideshare.net/jotar/wiki-glosario-
tecnicoinglesjhonjairorinconjimmyalbertomartinez.