Civil Engineering Ge

What is a Waffle slabs?

What is a mat foundation?

What is a waffle pod concrete slab?

How thick is the slab of a house?

What is ribbed floor?

What is the difference between raft and footing?

What is the raft foundation?

What is a slab of concrete?

What is meant by suspended slab?

How thick is a concrete floor?

How thick is the foundation of a house?

What is a flat slab?

What is a flat plate slab?

What is footing in civil engineering?

What is a concrete raft slab?

What is a foundation pad?

What is a slab foundation?

What is a frost wall?

What is a concrete mud slab?

What is a slab in civil engineering?

How thick is the concrete in a garage floor?

How deep does the foundations need to be?

How deep are footers for a house?

What is a floating concrete slab foundation?

What is a suspended floor?

What is meant by one way slab?

What is a coffer slab?

What is a continuous footing?

What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a stem wall?

What is meant by punching shear?

What is a hollow core slab?

What is lift slab construction?

What is meant by PT slab?

What is a flat plate of the abdomen?

What is a flat plate collector?

What are the foundations of a building?

What is a foundation in engineering?

What is meant by footing in construction?

What is a spread foundation?

What is a waffle slab?

What is a mat foundation?

What is a waffle raft slab?

What is the use of pile foundation?

What is a slab on grade?

What is open foundation?

What is the difference between raft and footing?

What is the use of plinth beam?

How thick is a concrete foundation slab?

What does on a grade mean?

What does monolithic slab mean?

What is the meaning of slab on grade?

What is a slab of concrete?

What is the meaning of suspended slab?

What is span in civil engineering?

What is the meaning of suspended slab?

What is a beam and column?

How thick does a concrete slab need to be for a

garage?

Can you put concrete on concrete?

How thick does a concrete floor need to be?

What is the raft foundation?

How deep does a footing need to be for a block

wall?

What is a frost wall?

What is a floating foundation?

What is floating in concrete?

What is a suspended floor construction?

What is a footing in construction?

What is a pile mat?

What is Coffering used for?

What is a waffle slab?

What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a continuous footing?

What is a strip foundation used for?

What is the foundation wall?

How deep should the footing be?

What is punching shear in flat slabs?

What is two way shear?

What is hollow core plank?

What is meant by prestressed concrete?

What is slip form construction?

What is a tilt up?

What is post tensioning of concrete?

What is the function of a foundation?

What is the combined footing?

What is a ribbed slab?

What is a flat slab?

What is a spread footing?

What is a deep foundation?

What is a concrete strip footing?

What is a frost wall?

What is a suspended floor?

What is the single span bridge?

What is the slump in concrete?

What is a caisson pile?

What is a suspended floor?

What is a ribbed slab?

What is a strip foundation?

What is meant by punching shear?

What is a hollow core slab?

What is Slipform paver?

What is meant by shallow foundation?

What is a pier in construction?

What is the slump test?

What is the slump value of concrete?

Civil Engineering General Question and Answer
Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing andslab system constructed on ground. T
beam) and a series of narrow internal beams (strip footings) at one metre nominal cent
and slabsystem is constructed on top of the ground.
A mat foundation, according to the Dictionary of Construction, is a continuousfo
supports a whole structure. The foundation is shallow and poured over reinforc
The Waffle Pod Slab System is a better way of building concrete slabs for new
industrial buildings.
Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perhaps 2 feet d
inches thick. A 4- or 6-inch layer of gravel lies beneath the slab. A 4-millimeter s
concrete and the gravel to keep moisture out.
Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually supported directly b
spanning systems known as ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system known as
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the e
thick floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure is low or wh
that person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each other.
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete
columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a
pressure compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizonta
typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most ofte
while thinnerslabs are also used for exterior paving.
Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contac
used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top
ground floor.

A concrete floor should be about 4 inches thick if it is in a residential home or b

loads, 5 to 6 inches is the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floo
Poured concrete foundation walls that are less than 8 feet tall and have soil outs
wall can often be 8 inches thick and function quite well. As soon as you go high
pushing against the wall, you need to increase the thickness to 10 inches.
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have bea
transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns. For more detailed defini
& Description.
The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab o
structural shapes. The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that in
capitals at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
The term footing is used in conjunction with shallow foundations commonly. Afo
in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or a column for the p
large area.
A raft slab is reinforced concrete slab that is strengthened with integral concret
used as the foundation for new houses and extensions, raft slabs in Australia a
standard AS2870.
Pad foundations are generally shallow foundations, but can be deep dependi
form of spread foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes circula
single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed stru
Slab-on-grade foundation. As the name suggests, a slab is a single layer of co
poured thicker at the edges, to form an integral footing; reinforcing rods strength
The slab normally rests on a bed of crushed gravel to improve drainage.
A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the building, but
see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothin
does not provide much insulation.
mud slab (plural mud slabs) (construction) A layer of concrete, typically 2 to 6 i
structural slab but above a layer of wet or muddy soil.
Concrete slab, a very common and important structural element, are constructe
horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so
very small compared to its span.
The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so that water r
pooling on your garage floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or w
and level the concrete. A standard garage floor is typically 4 inches thick.
The projection of the footing on either side of the wall is supposed to be no grea
bottom of the footing should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surfac
deeper. It must be below the frost line.
As you can see, heavy houses on weak soil need footings 2 feet wide or more.
strongest soil require footings as narrow as 7 or 8 inches. Under an 8-inch-thick
have no footing.
A concrete floating slab is a slab that is not anchored to the ground but instead
it. Floating concrete slabs provide solid foundations for structures as sheds, g
manufactured homes.
A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid concrete Floor,
joists, upon which sits a supported timber floor.

1) One way slab is supported by beams in only 2 sides. 2) The ratio of longer s
is equal. or greater than 2. Thus, L/B >= 2. 3) Main reinforcement is provided in
A coffer (or coffering) in architecture, is a series of sunken panels in the shape o
ceiling, soffit or vault.
A strip footing is a type of shallow foundation which is provided for the load be
row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or
footing is also know as continuous footing.
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to s
across an area of soil. It is the component of a shallow foundation.
Basement Slab. Basics. The foundation is the part of the structure that contacts
the mountains or on the beach are often constructed on pier foundations. There
that are used: Basements, crawlspaces, Monolithic slab and stem wall slab.
Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to hig
this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear: Piper's Row Ca
in 1965).
Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph of a concr
known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a prec
typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings.
Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete buildings by castin
previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slabup with hydraulic jacks, so bein
boxing and supports for casting in situ.
Construction of post-tensioned slabs on grade is very similar to using reinforci
Cables are arranged as indicated by the engineer and chaired to run through the
construction, tendons at 48 inches on center are common.
Flat plate of the abdomen, KUB, plain film of the abdomen. Common Use: To v
the abdominal organs for obstruction or abnormality related to mass, trauma, b
Area Of Application: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and abdomen.

A typical flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called g
absorber plate on the bottom. The sides and bottom of the collector are usually
A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectu
ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are g
deep.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. ... It is at the periphery
Geotechnical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure in
which transfers loads to the ground. It is generally broken into two categories.
Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically m
reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of fo
prevent settling.

Spread Footings. Square or rectangular shaped blocks of reinforced concrete th

wall of a building. The allowable bearing pressure on the soil determines the siz
Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle slabs are rein
use a square grid of deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, pa
industrial buildings, bridges, residences and other structures requiring extra stab
Mat Foundations. A mat foundation looks like it sounds. It is a mat of concre
in other words, a shallow foundation. You may have heard it referred to as a sla
among home builders.
Waffle raft slab construction is quite different from stiffened raft and footing sla
on top of the ground using a grid of polystyrene void forms. These are laid out o
ideally suited to very reactive clay sites.
Pile foundation systems[edit] Foundations relying on driven piles often have g
(a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distr
one pile can bear.
Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engineering practice
serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the groun
mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure.

Open Foundation is a tertiary preparation program offered by the University of

out of the education system for some time, and who hope to study in an undergr
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the e
thick floor. ... A mat is necessary when the permissible soil pressure is low or wh
that person foundation would partly cover or nearly touch each other.
You can see here the beam is constructed at ground level. The void between th
with compacted soil. Brick or stone masonary is usually constructed below the p
be strong, but need not be made up of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) all the
Around the edge of the slab, the concrete forms a beam that is perhaps 2 feet d
inches thick. A 4- or 6-inch layer of gravel lies beneath the slab.

In real estate, above grade means the portion of a home that is above the grou
a room or square footage. For example, 3 bedrooms above grade means 3 bed

Monolithic slabs are foundation systems constructed as one single concrete po

thickened portions of the slab under load bearing walls and all perimeter edges

A slab-on-grade means no basement, no basement walls, just one slab of con

They aren't suitable for all building sites, which we will get into later, but for now
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontals
typically between 4 and 20 inches (10 and 50 centimeters) thick, are most often
while thinnerslabs are also used for exterior paving.
Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly in contac
used to create floors for the upper storeys of houses, but can also be sat on top
ground floor.
Span is the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure, e.g. a b
by a solid beam or by a rope. The first kind is used for bridges, the second one f
telecommunication lines, some type of antennas or for aerial tramways.
Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They
level. Suspended slabs are grouped into two types: one way slabs which are s
way slabs which are supported on all four sides.
If you keep it horizontally it is called a Beam which carries the loads by bending
vertically forms a Column which carries load by undergoing compression. If you
a Strut which carries horizontal and vertical components of forces.
The form should have a slight slope (a couple of inches per 20 ft) so that water r
pooling on your garage floor. The slope should be steeper if you have a sink or w
and level the concrete. A standard garage floor is typically 4 inches thick.
Yes, you can pour new concrete over top of the old, but here are some things
larger than the old building, you need to be careful about cracks mirroring throu
building. I would recommend using some extra rebar in these areas.

A concrete floor should be about 4 inches thick if it is in a residential home or b

loads, 5 to 6 inches is the recommended thickness. A good quality concrete floo
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete
columns and walls. The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a
pressure compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.
The first step in building a block wall is pouring a concrete footing for the blocks
frost line and as level as you can make it. For a foundation wall with 7 courses (
inches below grade, 24 inches wide and 12 inches deep.
A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the building, but
see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothin
does not provide much insulation.
FLOATING FOUNDATION-: A floating foundation is the foundation of a build
footings,The foundation actually does float on the earth and moves as the tem
It is also known as a slabfoundation.
A concrete float is a tool used to finish a concrete surface by making it smooth
been made level using a screed. In addition to removing surface imperfections,
preparation for further steps.
Suspended Timber Ground Floors consist of the finished timber floorboards bei
are suspended above the subfloor of the foundation. These floor joists are rais
supporting walls called tassel walls (or sleeper walls).
Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically m
reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of fo
prevent settling. Footingsare especially important in areas with troublesome so
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that hav
ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the founda
building, structure or support base for heavy equipment.
A coffer (or coffering) in architecture, is a series of sunken panels. in the shape
ceiling, soffit or vault.
Resembling the food after which they are named, concrete waffle slabs are rein
use a square grid of deep sides. This form of construction is used in airports, pa
industrial buildings, bridges, residences and other structures requiring extra stab
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to s
across an area of soil. It is the component of a shallow foundation.
A strip footing is a type of shallow foundation which is provided for the load be
row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or
footing is also know as continuous footing.

Deep Strip foundations are the least expensive and are used. when ground co
sometimes reinforced with steel mesh, supports the walls. The trench depth is v
least 1m with a width of 600mm. The concrete should have a minimum depth of
If typical continuous concrete footings are used, they usually support a foundati
retaining wall to form a basement or as a frost wall with earth on both sides. Fo
reinforced concrete or masonry, particularly...
The projection of the footing on either side of the wall is supposed to be no grea
bottom of the footing should be at least 12" below the finished grade line (surfac
deeper. It must be below the frost line.
Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to hi
slab structures this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear

However two way shear is punching shear and its effect is two way. It's also c
Palm with pen to visualize two way shear. Pen tries to punch and hence two w
A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply
prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story ap
Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weaknes
beams, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinfor
commercial and residential construction as a foundation slab.
Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform constructio
concrete is poured into a continuously movingform. Slip forming is used for tall
buildings, and dams), as well as horizontal structures, such as roadways.
Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a construction technique usi
effective technique with a shorter completion time, poor performance in earthqua
retrofit requirements in older buildings.
Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. ... Prestressing simpl
(pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Mos
actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured.
Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below ground lev
super structure to the supporting soil. A foundationis therefore that part of the s
the ground to which loads are transmitted.
It is used when the two column are so close to each other that their individualfoo
footing is also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a
loaded when kept entirely within the property line.
They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue,
hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between colu
orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth.
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have bea
transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns.
role in building foundations. in soil mechanics. ... Spread foundations may be ei
wide bases placed directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (cons
concrete, which underlie the entire area of a building),
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the
than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A p
adeep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site.
A wall footing or strip footing is a continuous strip of concrete that serves to s
across an area of soil. It is the component of a shallow foundation.
A frost wall is a type of wall that adds no structural integrity to the building, but
see frost walls placed in basements since most basements are made of nothin
does not provide much insulation.
A suspended concrete floor is a floor slab where its perimeter is, or at least tw
on walls, beams or columns that carry its self weight and imposed loading. The
normally deflect under load to a dimension that is limited by the design used.
A 'span' in engineering parlance means 'the gap between two supports' This bri
is a slab that is supported at either end.
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it
workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concre
indicator of an improperly mixed batch.
A pile machine in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Also called caissons, drilled sh
hole piles (CIDH piles) or Cast-in-Situ piles, a borehole is drilled into the groun
reinforcing) is placed into the borehole to form the pile.
A suspended Floor is a specialist construction made of a solid concrete Floor,
joists, upon which sits a supported timber floor.
They provide a very good form of construction where slab vibration is an issue,
hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between colu
orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth.
Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing capacity. The key
cavity wall construction and timber frame cavity wall construction are similar. ... T
be equal to or greater than the overall width of the wall.
Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to hig
this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear.
Diagram of a concrete slab of hollow core construction. Photograph of a concr
known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a prec
typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings.
Slipform paving is defined as a process used to consolidate, form into geometr
mass by pulling the forms continuously through and surrounding the plastic conc
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to
than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation.
Pier, in building construction, vertical loadbearing member such as an interme
bridge spans. In foundations for large buildings,piers are usually cylindrical con
while in bridges they take the form of caissons, which are sunk into position.
The slump test is a means of assessing the consistency of fresh concrete. It is
that the correct amount of water has been added to the mix. The test is carried o
2,Testing fresh concrete.
Very dry mixes; having slump 0 25 mm are used in road making, low workabili
used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes; 50 - 90
with vibration, high workability concrete; > 100 mm.