Power Systems Operation and

control-EEng 6044
 Introduction
Generations are located at few selected
points
Loads are distributed throughout the
network
In between- distribution & transmission
System load keeps changing from time to
time
 Introduction (contd)
The structure of electrical power system
Generation --Transmission --Distribution

Power Station

High Voltage
Generation Distribution
Primary Secondary
Transmission Transmission

Typical 11kV, 17kV, 400kV, 66kV, 15kV, 220/400V

Voltage 500kV 132kV 33kV
22kV, 23kV
Yard Regional Zone Distribution
transformer Substation Substation Substation
 Ethiopia-peak load 2003 E.C.
Peak load 2003 E.C.
900

850

800
Peak load (MW)

750

700
Yekatit
650
Tahsas
600

550

500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Date
 Characteristics of well designed power
system
It must supply power, everywhere the customer
demands.
It must supply power to the customers at all times.
It must be able to supply the ever changing load
demand at all time.
The power supplied should be of good quality.
The power supplied should be economical.
It must satisfy necessary safety requirements.
 Characteristics of (Contd)
The delivered power must meet certain
minimum requirements with regards to the
quality of the supply. The following determine
the quality of the power supply.
The system frequency must be kept around the
specified 50 Hz
The magnitude of bus voltages are maintained
around the normal value.
Therefore, Voltage and frequency controls are necessary
for the effective operation of power systems.
 Why to limit frequency and voltage
deviation?
Three phase a.c. motors- affect the motor
performance (speed variations and heating)
Turbine speeds - excessive vibration and cause
damage to the turbine blades
Two generator control loops to perform voltage
and frequency control:
Automatic voltage regulator loop
Automatic load frequency control loop.
 Automatic voltage regulator loop (AVR)

Controls the magnitude of terminal voltage,

|V|.
Terminal voltage is continuously sensed, rectified
and smoothed.

Automatic load frequencycontrol loop

(ALFC)
regulates the real power output of the generator
and its frequency (speed)
Primary ALFC loop
Secondary ALFC loop
Primary ALFC loop:
responds to a frequency (speed) changes via the
speed governor and water flow is regulated with
the aim of matching the real power generation to
relatively fast load fluctuations.
Secondary ALFC loop:
maintains the fine adjustment of the frequency,
and also maintains proper real power interchange
with other pool members.
This loop is insensitive to rapid load and frequency
changes
 Reading assignment

P-f and Q-V control problems

1. D.Das, Electrical power systems, 2006, Chaptern 12

2. Fosha, C.E., Elgerd, Olle I. The Megawatt-Frequency Control Problem:
A New Approach Via Optimal Control Theory , Power Apparatus and
Systems, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:PAS-89 , Issue: 4 )