Applications of the Definite Integral — Volume Volumes by Slicing ‘Suppose that a solid S extends along the x-axis and is bounded on the left and right by planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x = a and x = b. To find the volume of S, divide the interval [a, b] into » subintervals using the partition P = {a=x9, x1, , on = AGsi) If A(xj)is the area of the cross section and Ax =x, —xp_1 is the thickness, then the volume of the rectangular solid for the ” subinterval is A(x} ) Ax;. An approximation for the volume of Sis Vy = 5) A(xt)Axy. Thus, the exact volume of S kel ° isV= tim DAG AY = facoa \7j-0 dat : Example 1: Derive the formula for the volume of a right circular cone whose altitude is h and whose radius of the base is r. a I g aBy similar triangles, ~ c a f mm ‘ mr a ‘ radius y, 4e)=4](7}] = bk? > y= = Pie frac a 3 2 4 Ee (30) )=4e, 3 3 r r = (=) = since the cross section is a circle of TI. Volumes of Revolution ~ Disks and Washers A. Vertical rectangles revolved about the x-axis or about a line parallel to the x-axis Suppose that f and gare functions of x, are continuous on a closed interval [a, b], and f(x) g(x)20 for a<.x0 ka Tele -te0or? fe =x for -[gcoP rightmost oe os outer radius alton -leaF fae leftmost x-value A L Example 2: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed a the given curves is revolved about the x-axis: y= x,y = 0,x =0,x = inner radiusExample 3: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the given curves is revolved about the line y=—1: y=x?,y=x +2. outer radius Year filer+2) +1) -f2? sP}de=z fess? 3 i =2 fice? +65+9)-(04 +28? +y}ae 1 Ix 2 + 6x4 8)dr = B. Horizontal rectangles revolved about the y-axis or about a line parallel to the y-axis Suppose that f and g are functions of y, are continuous on a closed interval [c, and f(y) g(y)20 for c< y outer radius v Example 4: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the given curves is revolved about the line x = 2: x= sin y.x = cosy, y = 0, 4 4 inner radius <> outer radius : fie-sinyy? ~(2-cos y)?}ayYa =n fie—4siny +sin? ¥)~(4—4c08 y +.cos y)} dy= 2 fissiny + é 4 4cosy-cos2y} dy = Fy) =4eosy+4siny 1 sin2y = j }H2)4){e0 40-40) IIL Volumes of Revolution — Cylindrical Shells A. Vertical rectangles revolved about the y-axis or about a line parallel to the y-axis Suppose that f and g are functions of.x, are continuous on a closed interval [a, and f(x)2 g(x) for a radius larger radiusinterval [a, 6] into n subintervals using the partition P = {a = xo, 1, ....% = 5} Xp +3} = representative vertical rectangle is revolved about the y-axis, as in the diagram on age 6, then the solid generated is a cylindrical shell —a cylindrical with a cylinder of slightly smaller radius removed. Since the volume of a cylinder is ar?h where ris the radius and is the height, the volume of the larger cylinder is [xq]? Lf(xg)- g(xp)] and the volume of the smaller ‘cylinder is Pick xg €[x¢_y.x¢] so that xj A and let Ary =xy —xy_). Ifa lx: 12 [/Gi)—g({)]. Thus, the volume of the cylindrical shell for the A subimterval is mlx, P Lf) sg )I- alee PUG} ge) = ALfGR)- 8G Ib? —4-171= aD - aD Mle — alle tp a= (F04)~ gx 4 11= 2E4L/OE)~ Caf }Axp. Thus, an approximation of the volume is ES 2mfL/Cat) eta and the exact & 6 Jim, mpl P ei) ete), = 22 Paty) ecole volume is ¥ a radius of revolution oy 22 fet 70)-g0ide rightmost x-value leftmost x- height of rectangle Example 5: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the given curves is revolved about the y-axis: y= Vx ,y =0,x=0,x=4. radius of revolution[Note: Using horizontal rectangles and washers, we would get V = 2 ly Pray=z fos »*1a =f 16(2) 7 L Example 6; Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the given curves is revolved about the line x=3: y=x?, y=x42. oe radius of revolution 2 Jée=20 Jo-ne+x-?ya B. Horizontal rectangles revolved about the x-axis or about a line parallel to the x-axis 4 Suppose that f and g are functions of y, are continuous on a closed interval [c,d], and f(y) > g(y) for ¢< yd. Let R be the region bounded to the right by x = fly), to the left by x = g(y), below by y’ = c, and above by y = d. 8radius of revolution Y ‘The volume of the solid generated when the region R is revolved about the x-axis isV=20 fron slay radius of revolution "perma ys 2a |yLfo)-aw)lay owermost y-value length of rectangle Example 7: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the given curves is revolved about the line y= —1: x= 0, x=2y-2y? [See page 10 for the diagram] 2 fir +n|2»—2y")-o]éy=2% ir+ner-2y" jarradius of revolution G Practice Sheet — Volume I. (1) Find the volume of the solid whose base is bounded by the circle x? +? =4, with the indicated cross sections taken perpendicular to the x-axis. (a) Squares (b) Equilateral triangles (c) Semicircles (2) Find the volume of the solid whose base is bounded by the graphs of y =x +1 and y = x° ~ 1, with the indicated cross sections taken perpendicular to the x-axis. (@) Squares (b) Equilateral triangles (c) Semicircles (3) The base of a solid is bounded by one arch of y= Veosx, -7 sxs5, and the z-axis, Each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is a square setting on this base. Find the volume of the solid 10(4) Find the volume of a tetrahedron having three mutually perpendicular faces and three mutually perpendicular edges whose lengths ate 3 in, 4 in, and 7 in. IL. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region R bounded by the given curves is revolved about the indicated line ()R: y=V¥, y=0, x=0,2=8 (@) About the x-axis (b) Aboutthe y-axis (c) About the line QR y=x*-4v+3,x-y-1-0 (a) About the line y=—1 (6) About the y-axis (¢) About the line x= 5 (B) RB x=4- 0 (a) About the line y=-2 (b) About the y-axis (¢) About the line y (@) About the x-axis (b) About the y-axis (¢) About the line y IIL, (1) Find the volume of a sphere of radius r. (2) A round hole of radius r is drilled through the center of a solid sphere of radius R (assume R > r). Find the volume of the solid that remains. Solution Key for Volumes Ld)2 afar Jas fr leesfseyfoy @V= fleet ~1Par= (Chee = [ro se nocd P sxeifera (st) 08 4 (0) 40feos) de v= [lve ees 4)I. a) " 3 (b) Va2e (0) V=20 @) (a) vn leet fea) Jone fle fe-avea) a = fhe -¢ ~(v-2)' Jac =afEle rib -co'} -2 2a 4) V=2a falle—t)-(0? tne 3]ee= 2m f(x 45% 4)eae = dn [Ex 45x? -4x)de = 20% j 4 OV 2 f(s—nfle-1)-(e ae 3aem2n fae ase 4)ae = 2a [le -102" +29x—20)ae= “ GB) @V= x [ornet-y pars vay 2y? = yay = 28 ®V fe- yay Jis- By" +9) = BE (© = 28 [(3—yy4=y2) dy=2e [2—4y—3y" +9") ay =e@ @ ran) feP na fo-v)a- 3 () 1=2e fda aceae Ja Es | } Jae ic ave —x! -2x? )ar = 2% OV it fe+1) -(x? +1) lac «il ue By Mm. (1) Van [WP deme fe )ara Snr? 16Aw \ yaRoe = > i [hey -7] wore f (R=? Jae y " _ 4 (ey