Meredith H.Sykes 1
manual
on svstems of
0 J 0
i nventorying
immovable
cultural property
museums and monuments XIX
Titles in this series:
I Sites and monuments: problems of today.
100 pages, 115 illustrations,plans,index,2nd ed., 1953 (bilingual), out of print
I1 The care of paintings.
164 pages, 87 illustrations,diagrams, index,2nd ed., 1952 (bilingual), out of print.
111 Cuzco: reconstruction of the town and restoratzon of its monuments.
64 illustrations and maps, 1952 (also in French and Spanish), out of print.
IV Saint Sophia of Ochrida: preservation and restoratzon of the building and its frescoes.
28 pages, 37 illustrations and maps, 1953 (also in French), out of print.
V Manual of travelling exhibitions.
112 pages, 18 diagrams, 70 illustrations, 1953 (also in French), out of print, see number x below.
VI Lebanon: suggestions for the plan of Tripoliand for the surroundings of the Baalbeck Acropolis.
48 pages, 1 map, 7 diagrams, 44 illustrations,1954 (out of print).
VI1 Syria: problems of preservation and presentation of sites a d monuments.
52 pages, 61 illustrations,3 maps, 1954 (also in French.and Arabic), out of print.
VI11 Protection of culturalproperty in the event of armed conflict.
346 pages, 124 figures, 137 illustrations, 1958 (French edition is out of print).
IX The organization of museums: practical advice.
188 pages, 18 figures,8 tables, 91 illustrations,1959 (also in French).
X Temporary and travelling exhibitions.
123 pages, 23 figures,88 illustrations,1963 (also in French).
XI The conservation of culturalproperty, with special reference to tropicalconditions.
Prepared in co-operationwith the international Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property,Rome, 341 pages,60 figures,43 illustrations,1967 (also in French and Spanish).
XI1 Field manual for museums.
176 pages, 44 figures,35 plates (also in French).
XI11 Underwater archaeology: a nascent dncipline.
308 pages, 97 figures,67 plates, 1972 (also in French).
XIV Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings.
267 pages,36 figures,37 plates, 1972 (also in French).
XV Museums, imagination and education.
148 pages, 70 plates, 1973 (also in French).
XVI The man-made landscape.
Prepared in co-operation with the Inrernational Federation of Landscape Architects, 178 pages, 8 figures, 46
illustrations, 1977.
XVll Conservation standards for works of art in transit and on exhibition.
By Nathan Stolow, 126 pages,55 illustrations,1979 (also in French).
XVlll La conservation preventive de la pierre.
By Wieslaw Domaslowski.
XIX Manual on systems of inventorying immovable culturalproperty.
By Meredith H.Sykes.
manual on systems
-
-
P m
of inventorying
immovable cultural property,t
Meredith H.Sykes
Unesco
To my parents
The inventory is a basic tool for the management such existing inventory systems, which would
of any resource. It is indispensable for the also serve as a manual for creating new systems,
drawing up and implementaton of policy with was strongly stressed. Further study of the
respect to the preservation and presentation of question revealed that such a manual was
cultural property.Monuments and sites,museum particularly needed in developing countries,
objects and many other manifestations of our many of whose heritage conservation authorities
cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, were already asking themselves which system
exist in vast numbers throughout the world.It is they could and should adopt.
only when they are properly listed, identified, The idea of preparing the present work was
and classified that programmes for their protec- thus taken up. In September 1980, ICOMOS
tion can be systematically planned and carried organized, again on behalf of Unesco,a second
through. meeting of experts with the express purpose of
Although the process of identifyingimmovable determining the nature and contents of the
cultural property has advanced considerably in manual. It emerged quite clearly from the
some countries,in many of the Member States of discussionsthat the work would have to describe
Unesco inventories are still lacking. In certain a significant range of different inventory systems
cases, the scarcity of human and material for the benefit of all those who, at national,
resources may have prevented the responsible regional or local levels, wish to adopt or modify
authoritiesfrom launchingthe inventory process; an inventory system according to local needs and
this has no doubt been due in some measure to the the resources available. The meeting recom-
sheer lack of information on simple yet effective mended also that Meredith Sykes be entrusted
methods. In other cases, inventories have been with the task of preparing the manual, which
launched but are held up by conceptual and would consist of methodological introduction
practical difficulties of various kinds.Neverthe- based on the analysis and comparison of the
less, a variety of successfulinventoriesare now in inventory systems selected and give detailed
use in various parts of the world; they reflect information on their methods and functioning.
different socio-culturalconditions and national Soon after the September 1980 meeting
tempers and cater to different types of cultural ICOMOS created an International Committee
property and conservation needs. on Inventories. The present manual, work on
The study and comparison of these varying which was completed in 1982,was received and
national situations have been promoted in recent endorsed by this specialized body.It is our hope,
years by Unesco, with the co-operation of the therefore, that it w ill prove to be a useful
International Council on Monuments and Sites methodological instrument for specialists and
(ICOMOS). These activities were undertaken in decision-makersthroughout the world.W e hope
accordancewith UnescosMedium Term Plan for also that it will fulfil Unescosmore general aim
1977-1982 (19C/4 Approved). In September of gathering and making available internationally
1977,ICOMOS organized a meeting of inven- professional information of the highest order.
tory specialists in Warsaw, Poland, whose Given the scope and level of the work,it is being
purpose was to analyse the inventory systems published in Unescos long-establishedseries of
used by various countries in Europe and North technicalmanuals entitled Museumsand Monu-
America. At this meeting,the need for a guide to ments.
The author
Born in the State of New Jersey, Meredith Sykes
acquired a B.A.in Philosophy at New York
University and an M.A.in Art History at
Columbia University, where she also attended
the graduate programme in historic preservation
and lectured on the subject.She is known for her
work on two major inventories of immovable
cultural properties. As co-designer of the
Canadian Inventory of Historic Building she
helped develop its pioneering use of illustrated
building typologies and computer data manage-
ment. In 1977 New York City employed her to
design and organize the inventory of all 850,000
structuresof its built environment.As Director of
the citys Urban Cultural Resources Survey she
developed techniques which stressed speed of
data acquisition and flexible computer-search
strategies. These resulted in the recording of
50,000structures in the first eighteen months of
operation. She is a founding member and past
president of the Association for Preservation
Technology and a member of the ICOMOS
International Committee for Inventories.She is
currently an independent consultant residing in
Paris.
Contents
Listing and classification:it would be hard to find throughoutthe world.Its first seeds were sown at
a more universal activity.But while there are only a colloquium held in Europe, but the concerns
two or three ways of counting (in tens,dozens or expressed there went beyond the frontiers of this
pairs, etc.), there are any number of ways of continent.
classifying.Classification and identification:ever The present manual by Meredith Sykes will
since Babel the attempt has forced men apart as dissipate all idealistic illusions-if any still
much as it has drawn them together. remain-on the nature of this objective. There
For the last couple of hundred years or so men can be no question of seeking a unique language,
have been trying, in one place or another, to one universal method to inventory so many
calculate,identify and clarify the treasures of the distinct heritages. The comparison of various
mind. For once these lists are not intended to be inventory systems does not imply the suppres-
exhaustive, but to be meaningful, to reveal a sion of cultural difference.Rather, as this work
hidden sense, they are inventions rather than does,it should help all those concerned to create
inventories. their own methods of identifying cultural pro-
While these efforts are not exactly labours of perty and forge the tools needed to analyse it.
Sisyphus, they do require a combination of In the inventory of its heritage each countryhas
temerity and ingenuousness: characteristics a means to conserve,take possession or resume
which explain no doubt the great enthusiasm,the possession of its culturalindentity.The inventory
occasional solitude and the almost inevitable process seeks out the differences as much as the
penury of the men and women who carry them resemblances, it pinpoints the specificities as
out.In search of their own roots,many of these much as the mutual and successive influences.
people turn more readily to historical research The dialoguebetween inventory systems does
than to dialogue with their colleagues in other not claim, however, to be the indispensable
countries;other colleagues,on the other hand, prelude to cultural dialogue.But the one can and
aspire to such parallel paths of activity. All must enrich the other.
of them, however, seek to break out of the Meredith Sykes is a pioneer. She has already
limits of their scholarly isolation,although this conceived two inventory systems for the New
intention does not always manifest itself very World and there is little she does not know of the
clearly. patrimony of the Old.There is no one better
A n International Committee for inventories of placed than she to launch international com-
immovable cultural property created by the munication between inventory systems and begin
International Council on Monuments and Sites the forgingof the tools required.It is m y earnest
(ICOMOS)proposes to end that isolation and to hope that the tools to come will be as finely
establish links and exchanges among specialists wrought as this one.
MICHEL BERTHOD
Chairman of.theICOMOS
International Committee on Inventories
11
Introduction
Inventoriesare an indispensable and fundamental with certain products.These products are gener-
tool for the protection and conservation of the ally informational in character. The information
immovable cultural heritage. This manual is begins as raw data collected by staff and volun-
conceived for those at national,regional or local teers on forms.The methodology is the
levels who have had neither the opportunity nor procedure for translating organizational objec-
the funding and personnel to develop and tives into questions on a form,and thence from
implement their own system for inventorying.A raw data to products designed to meet these
significant range of different methods is de- objectives.
scribed.
The present study is the outcome of a meeting Part One: Overview of methodology
of inventory specialists in Paris,from 15 to 18 Because methodology is the thread linking sys-
September 1980, organized by ICOMOS on tem goals with their successful fulfilment, the
behalf of Unesco.The Paris meeting was, itself, a Manual begins with an overview of this subject
follow-up to an earlier meeting of inventory which includes: (a) system purpose and objec-
specialists held in W a r s a w three years earlier. tives; (b)criteria for coverage,selection and legal
Logic dictated that existing inventory systems considerations;(c) users,needs and products;(d)
be used as the basis for creating a framework of existing resources, staff and volunteers and
methodology that readers could adopt and mod- outside assistance; (e) technical procedures
ify to their local conditions. (method)and computerization;and (f) costs and
Eleven such systems (listed on page 17) were time.
chosen by the Paris meeting to be representative To illustrate these points examples are drawn
of different needs and conditionsin the world and from the descriptions of the eleven systems and
to demonstrate different technical approaches to from an analysis of the questions they ask. In
surveying common subject-matter,immovable order to help focus thinking about these compo-
cultural property. nents of system design, a Planning Worksheet
Within this Manual the terms inventory and (page 135) provides space for the reader to note
survey are used interchangeably to mean the those aspects that might be relevant to his own
organized recording of information. All possess needs.
two main features: a methodology and a form.
The MaDual is organized around the components Part Two:System description
of these features and is presented in such a way
that the reader could adopt,modify or design a The basic data about each of the eleven systems is
system by choosing among the abundant exam- presented in four sections: (a) a point-by-point
ples drawn fom the eleven systems where the discussion of the systems methodology; (b) a
information given seems to parallel the readers summary evaluation;(c) an analysis of all ques-
own needs. tions from that systems forms which deal with
The interplay between the components of any immovable cultural property; (d) an appendix
survey of cultural properties is basically the where copies of translated questions are given .
following.A n organizationis established with I. Facsimiles of original documents can be found at the end
specific goals to be fulfilled by providing its users of the Manual. .13
Introduction
Information for system descriptions was de- Part Three: Question Comparison
rived from a questionnaire sent to all system The actual questions asked and how they are
directors who were asked to return it with blank
and completed examples of their forms as well as
asked is at the heart of the problem of surveying
cultural property. The Outline of Question
any manuals,lexicons or other descriptive mate-
Categories and Topics introduces this concluding
rial. Additional correspondence elicited further section of the Manual. All questions asked on
clarificationswhere necessary. those forms chosen to be analysed are brought
Diversity was the first problem to be dealt together,topic by topic, in twenty-sixAnalytic
with' diversity of approach (eleven systems on Charts,each followed by Discussionand Recom-
five continents); diversity of language (six, mendations,This permits the reader to compare
though two (Japanese and Polish) had been
in one place what questions the various systems
translated); and diversity of forms (twenty-three
ask (or omit) about a given subject.
chosen for the Manual,which record immovable
T w o additional graphic aids help the reader
cultural properties and include over 600 ques-
further to understand and use this material. A
tions).
Question Typology Chart summarizes these
Homogeneity was achieved by first translating
question types and ranks the importance of their
all descriptive information and questions into
information levels (primary, secondary and
English. Descriptions of the individual systems
optional). Primary questions exact the most basic
then were placed in a standardized format.They
information and should be necessary to virtually
are also presented in abbreviated form in the
all systems. The Synthesis Grid graphically
System Comparison Chart (page 139). Thus the represents three-dimensionally the distribution
reader may peruse the individual system descrip- of questions by topic/category and survey form/
tion and also compare,point by point,the same
system.
methodological features within the other sys-
tems. Questions from the individual forms for
each system were placed in a thematic and logical
framework of seven main categories imposed by
the Manual.
14
Acknowledgements
This book is based upon the work and assistance Morocco: Abdelhafid El Badmoussi, Chef du
of many people. I am sincerely indebted to the Service de la Documentation,Bibliographique,
directors and individuals associated with the Iconographique et Sonore.
various systems who responded to the letters of
query and provided detailed explanations oftheir New York City:Kent W.Barwick,Chairman,
respective systems.Many other persons provided Landmarks Preservation Commission.
general information.
Poland:Wojciech Kalinowski,Director,Histor-
Aygentina: Carlos Pernaut, Director, Sistema ical Monuments Documentation Centre,Marek
Automatizado de Inventario y Registro de Konopka,Vice-Director,and Krzystof Palowski,
Monumentos y Sitios, and Jorge Osvaldo Assistant-Director,Historical Monuments.
Gazaneo.
Zambia:N.M.Katanekwa,Director,National
Canada: B. A. Humphreys, Chief, Canadian Monuments Commission and Robin Derricourt,
Inventory of Historic Building and Robert M. Ex-Director.
Harrold,Head, Data Collection Systems.
ICOMOS: Delphine Lapeyre, Chief of the
France : Michel Berthod,Sous-Directeur, Inven- Documentation Centre.
taire Geniral des Monuments et des Richesses
Artistiques de la France,Marie-ClaudeMiplan, O n a more personal level my concepts of the
chercheur and J. M.Perouse de Montclos,Maitre necessity for,and approaches to, inventory and
de Recherches at CNRS, Charge de Mission survey are of course the result of work on two of
dInspectionGinirale at the Inventaire Giniral. these systems. To have been one of the original
designers of the Canadian Inventory of Historic
India:K.M.Srivastava,Director (Monuments), Building and then to have later designed the
Archaeological Survey of India. Urban Cultural Resources Survey for New York
City were both professional privileges and per-
Italy:Oreste Ferrari,Directore,Istituto Centrale sonal pleasures. To the staffs of both the CIHB
per il Catalog0 e la Documentazione. and UCKS with whom I worked I owe many of
the ideas expressed in this book. Last, but not
japan: Nobuto Ito, Director-General,Tokyo least, I thank William A. Graham for his
National Research Institute of Cult~ir-a1Prop- dedicated assistance and inspiration throughout
erties. the writing of the manuscript.
Mexico: Carlos Chanfon-Olmos,Ex-Director, M.H.S.
Catalogacion Sistema Culhuacin.
15
List of systems
analysed
Each of the eleven systems chosen by the Paris Country and System name, address and
working group to represent the various regions identifier forms analysed
and conditions in the world is identified below
alphabetically by name of country or area. Full
mailing address is given. In order to facilitate A rgentznn Sistema Automatizado de Inventario y
Registro de Monumentos y Sitios
reference to the systems and their forms on the (SIRAMS),
Analytic Charts and elsewhere in the Manual, Casilla de Correo 4900,
each system is assigned a two-letter country 1000 Buenos Aires.
abbreviation or a three-letter city abbreviation.
For systems where more than one form has been AR1 Monumentos
AR2 Sitios
analysed, each receives its own number. A n
asterisk (':-)
denotes that the form is reproduced in Canada Canadian Inventoryof Historic Building
full. (CIHB),
NationalHistoric Parksand Sites Branch,
Parks Canada,
Les Terrasses de la Chaudikre,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 1G2.
CA::- Recording Form
17
List of systems analysed
Country and System name, address and Country and System name,address and
identifier forms analysed identifier forms analysed
18
Part O n e
Overview of
methodology
if methodology is a thread linking the intertwin- and Mexico refer to the kind of system itself
ing, interacting elements of a survey-its (rapid retrieval, computerized,etc.).
purpose,scope,products, resources,procedures Worksheet instructions (Purpose and
and costs-then we w il grasp it by the broad
l objectives)
end-purpose-to begin. Define the fundamental reasons why the
inventory is desired. List short-range,
intermediate and long-range objectives.
I. Purpose and objectives (See Planning Worksheet,page 135.)
A cultural heritage survey should define, at its
very origins, the fundamental reason for its 2. Criteria
existence-its basic purpose and objectives-in a
statement that is, in effect, the guidelinesof the The Manual considers three types of criteria:
endeavour. This may be intangible and will general coverage or scope (buildings,archaeolo-
certainly be unique to each system,reflecting the gy,sites, for example); selection criteria (historic
other tangible considerationsthat are listed on the buildingsolder than 1914);and legal criteria (only
Planning Worksheet. such buildings legally designated or protected by
A brief statementof basic purpose is frequently the state).
supplemented by secondary and more specific
objectives. These may be modified by a A. C O V E R A G E
time-frame: short range, intermediate or long Surveys, in the extreme, can approach their
range.The System Comparison Chart (page 139) subject-matter in two ways; they are either
succinctly lists the stated purpose and objectives comprehensive or selective. In terms of the scope
for the eleven systems covered by the Manual and of their criteria for the inclusion of cultural
will not be repeated here. properties, many surveys fall between the
All the systems digcussed in the Manual in one extremes, or they are comprehensive for some
way or another record, inventory or identify thingsand selective for others.For example,New
immovable cultural property. France and Italy York City records all buildings and certain
both embrace research as a basic purpose. important urban features.
Poland and Italy both include collection of The comprehensive/selectivedecision may be
documentation.Topublicizeis further cited by written into the surveysbasic purpose or it may
France. be a reflection of financial and human resource
Besides their basic purposes most systems have constraints.
additionalobjectivesin which they generally state The eleven systems analysed here vary greatly
why or by what means the inventory will be in their scope. Their one point in common is
carried out.For example Canada,Morocco,New coverage of immovable cultural property.Six do
York City and Poland all include legal
only that (Argentina, Canada, India, Mexico,
designation or protection as an objective.Further New York City and Zambia). France,Italy and
specifications may elaborate by what means the Poland inventory movable properties as well;
work w ill be done.Italy notes the need to respond Japan and Morocco further record cultural
to regional resources.Argentina, Canada, Italy intangibles such as human skills. 21
Overview of methodology
Actual coverage of the immovable heritage al in approach, selecting entries which are
embraces an overlapping range of subjects.The considered to be part of the cultural heritage.
term monumentsrecurs frequently, though it Mexican selection is based on localunderstanding
may have a different meaning for the different of historical value.France is comprehensivefor all
systemsthat use it (Argentina,Mexico,Morocco, architecture entries cited in the Cadastre Napo-
Poland). Monuments may be further defined as leonien (1805-65) and selective for more recent
historic(Poland)or the word can be replaced by buildings based on regional sampling. Canada
more specific terms such as architecture(France also employs selective sampling.India is selective
and Italy) or building(Canada). in only recording centrallyprotected monuments
Because some monuments are situated in areas and sites (see Legal Criteria below) yet compre-
(large or small) with heritage value most systems hensive in that all such entries are recorded.
include terms such as site,ensemble, district, Similarly, the selective Japanese Ledgers list
urban sector or collective.Natural sites may only designated cultural properties but are com-
also be included. prehensive in that all designated properties are
Many systems also provide for inclusion of listed. Morocco is comprehensive to record all
other elements related to individual buildings, things but selects only sites and monuments
ensemblesor districts such as cemeteries,gardens which are ofthe most remarkableexamples in the
and parks. better states of conservation.New York City is
Nearly all the eleven systems also include comprehensive for buildings but selective for
archaeology within their purview,although such important urban features. Poland is comprehen-
archaeological surveys are not analysed herein sive for parks, gardens,avenues and cemeteries,
unless the same forms primarily used for indi- historic cities and towns,and selective,based on
vidual buildings,groups of buildings and districts expert opinion, for immovable historic monu-
are used for archaeology as well. ments. Zambia is comprehensive for archaeolo-
The relation of coverage and forms is worth gical sites and selective for other sites based on
mentioning. Systems whose coverage is fairly citation in source records.
restrictive in scope, though not necessarily in All the methods record existing properties.
quantity of entries,focus their collection efforts Canada,New York City,Zambia and France also
in one form (Canada, New York City and include entries which were found to be either
Zambia). The more comprehensive the coverage, demolished or destroyed after recording. France
however, the greater the number of forms that cites disappeared constructionsas well as unlocat-
may be required with consequently a greater able buildings. Poland includes buildings des-
effort expended on archiving and cross-referen- troyed or demolished in post-wartimes which are
cing this collected data. (Italys exhaustive known from research documentation.
approach requires twenty-seven forms plus in-
serts).
For more details on coverage,see that column
c.L E G A L
in the System Comparison Chart (p.139) and the Some inventories are designed only to collect
individual system descriptions in Part Two. information while others provide positive protec-
tion.All have a protective aim in varying degrees,
sometimes strongly and explicitly expressed,in
B. SELECTION other cases indirectly and with less force. The
For all the systems the recording task is immense. legal effects of inclusion vary enormously from
For most,modifying selection criteria have been one system to another.
established in order to limit somewhat the scope Only two systems,the Indian Record and the
within the coverage of the subjects.Time limits Japanese Ledger are limited to legally protected
may be established. Some utilize sampling. entries. For Mexico all entries are protected by
Argentina, India, Italy,Morocco,New York being in the Catalogacion, while for Morocco
City, and Zambia have no time limit.Canada classification within the Inventaire National
records only pre-1914 buildings. For archi- implies legal protection.
tecture,France records post-400/pre-1865, plus More common are the surveys where legal
selected recent buildings.Japanhas no established criteria are not emphasized,permitting inclusion
time limit but in practice buildings less than fifty of protected and non-protected entries.This is
years old are not considered for designation. the case for Canada and New York City,
Mexico has a time limit of 1522-1900 for although the survey is a tool that may lead to
buildings. Poland generally records pre-1939 eventual designation of entries either by the
buildings (and gardens), rarely those as recent as Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
1950 and sets 1914 as the cut-offdate for wooden or by the Landmarks Preservation Commission
construction. of New York City.
Italy is truly comprehensive with no time limit Argentina includes both protected and non-
22 or selection criteria.Likewise Argentina is gener- protected monuments and sites in the SIRAMS.
Overview of methodology
Monuments and sites are legally protected by range of options to be taken into consideration
municipalities. Currently under study is the during survey planning, the system-by-system
possibility that the municipalities could utilize comparison is given below rather than in the brief
the SIRAMS as a basic preservation tool. System Comparison Chart and is followed by
Protected and non-protected buildings and Worksheet Instructions for this component.
structures are recorded in the French Inventaire The following section describes some users and
GCniral.It points out buildings or structures that products of the eleven systems.For each official
merit protection but has no legal power to users are noted,including governmental agencies.
protect. This is the duty of the Service des Special archives or centres to facilitate access to
Monuments Historiques. the information are identified. A distinction is
The Italian Catalogo dei Beni Culturali in- made between those systems that stress the
cludes all cultural artefacts, both protected and importance of the collected forms and their
non-protected.For architecture and urban sec- attachmentsper se and those where the informa-
tors,legal protection decrees (vincoli)are cited by tion recorded on the forms is of primary
type, number and date. For Poland, inventory importance.
documentation provides the basis for planned Supportive visual documentation is identified.
protection. The Zambia National Site Index Published manuals describing the methods thern-
includes non-protected,protected,and declared selves are mentioned as are computerindices.For
sites. those systems that publish directly,their various
publications are elaborated, such as indices,
Worksheet instructions (Criteriu) catalogues,monographs, dictionaries and bib-
Clarify all criteria. liographies.
A. Coveruge. What is the scope of the
survey? What subjects will be in-
OFFICIAL USERS
cluded.Is the survey comprehen-
sive or selective? Most of the systems are operated by governmen-
B. Selection.Is every existing example tal agencies and,of course,are primarily used by
to be included? Is there a cut-off their own staffs.In addition,information is often
date or time-frame? Is inclusion provided to other governmental agencies as well
based on sampling? W ill de- as to scholars and the general public.
molished or destroyed examples be Argentinu. SIRAMSis used by staff researchers
included? at the University of Buenos Aires and other
C. Legul. Is the survey to record what preservationists.
has been legally protected?Is legal Cunudu. The CIHB provides data for the
protection implied because of in- Historic Sites and Monuments Board as well as to
clusion in the survey?Is the survey municipal,provincial and national agencies.
a tool to choose what later may be France. The Inventaire GCnCral supplies in-
designated for protection? formation to government agencies responsiblefor
protection, conservation, restoration and the
environment.
3. Users and products Indiu. The Record provides data for the
Although listed third, this topic could well be Archaeological Survey staff as well as other
first because there would be no inventory or regional and central government officials.
survey if some need for it were not perceived.As Italy.The Catalogo dei Beni Culturali provides
such, usersand products illustrates excellently data to national, regional and local agencies
the relationship between system components. includingpolice and customs in order to prevent,
In the planning of an inventory system the investigate,and recover illegal exports of cultural
potential users and their needs should be iden- artefacts.
tified at the beginning, simultaneously with Japan. The Ledger of Designated Cultural
purpose and criteria. Information may be Property is mainly utilized by national and local
required for staff use,other agencies,researchers government officials.
or the general public. Different users may need Mexico. Primarily the staff of the Direcion de
varying levels of data from the componentsof the Monumentos Historicos make use of the Cata-
survey-basic facts, visual documentation, in- logacion Sistema Culhuacin.
depth description,bibliography,etc. Products Morocco. The Inventaire National is used by
which will be created to meet these perceived the staff of the Ministkre dEtat ChargC des
needs should be defined to take account of both Affaires Culturelles.
Existing Resources (Section 4) and the Method New York City.The UCRS furnishes informa-
(Section 5). tion to the Landmarks Preservation Commission
Because the users and products of the eleven as well as to municipal,state and federal agencies.
systems present such a diverse and important Poland. Information is furnished from the five 23
Overview of methodology
separate inventories to central and regional official description of all culturalproperty desig-
agencies. nated by the nation. Photographs and plans are
Zambia. The National Sites Index is used by attached.
the staffs of the National Monuments Commis- Morocco. The Inventaire National includes
sion and the Livingstone Museum. sites and monuments forms with photographs
and plans attached.
Poland. Each of the five separate inventories
ARCHIVES
has its own form;for architecture,photographs
All the systemshave become repositoriesfor their and plans are attached.
recorded information;some have,in addition,set
up centres to facilitate access to the information.
Canada stores copies of all inventory reports in COLLECTED INFORMATION
the national and provincial archives.All recorded For some systems, which are usually compu-
data are available to the public at cost,or without terized,the forms themselves are not as important
charge if they undertake to verify accuracy. as the information they contain;the forms are a
Separate office files which contain information on means and not an end.
architects, builders and engineers may also be Argentina. When computerized it w ill be the
consulted. information taken from the forms that w il help
l
France plans documentation centres in Paris give the SIRAMS meaning.
and the regions.Open to the general public,each France. It is the information gleaned from the
wil
l have a complete set of all microfiche bordereau architecture that enriches the Inven-
documentation and w il
l provide on-line inter- taire.
rogation with the main computer by means of a Italy. Although not yet computerized, the
CRT terminal and telephone hook-up. Catalogo is not considered to be the sum of its
Italy and Poland,in particular,have established forms; it is the total findings that give the
central documentation centres.The Istituto Cen- individual forms meaning.
trale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione Mexico. It is the data taken from the monu-
(ICCD)in Rome and the Historical Monuments ments and religious architecture questionnaires
Documentation Centre in W a r s a w were created that are important.
to provide standardized methodology and co- New York City and Canada.Both consider the
ordination and to serve as central collection information on the forms as the substance of the
centres for their particular systems. survey,not the actual forms.
Zambia keeps its Site Record Cards in the Zambia. The computerized data taken from the
offices of the National Monuments Commission. Site Record Cards become the Index.
These cards contain both computerized and
additional information and may be consulted by VISUAL DOCUMENTATION
scholars and students on request.
One system ignores visual records while the
others either accept what they get, use what they
COLLECTED FORMS
have or photograph and draft what they need
Either the forms and their attachments or the especially for the project.
information from the forms,or both,are consi- Argentina attaches photos and plans to the
dered to be primary products of the systems.For forms. If none exist they are made. All visual
many systems the collected recording forms and documentation w ill be eventually stored on
their attachments of photographic or graphic microfiches.
documentation are perceived as a major resource France and Italy utilize professional graphic
or product. documentation, including measured drawings
Argentina. SIRAMS w ill attach photos and and photogrammetry, in addition to photogra-
plans to the forms. phy.Italy encloses this documentation within the
France. Dossiers provide in-depth records of Catalogo form.France keeps originals in dossiers
entries in the Inventaire GCniral. Photographs, and keyed to the computer data; duplicates are
plans and photogrammetry as well as texts of microfiched for easy reproduction and will be
bibliography and description are included. available for general use and consultation in the
India. The Record describes all centrally planned documentation centres.
protected monuments and sites. Photographs and India attaches photos and sketches to the
drawings are attached. Record and cross-references any additional
Italy. All 27 categories in the Catalogo have a photos and drawings held in the Circle Office that
separate form; a complete visual record of completed the form.
photographs and measured drawings is enclosed Japan attaches photographs and maps to the
within each form. official Ledgers and to the reverse of the Record
24 Japan. The various ledgers provide the sole of Investigation card as well.
Overview of methodology
Mexico has collected photographs and plans Lexique de la Zone 1 pour architecture. This
from volunteer recorders if they chose to send includes a standard vocabulary of terms.
them. Italy has published a set of all the formsused in
Morocco attaches plans, photographs and the Repertorio delle schede di catalogo dei beni
drawingsto the site/monumentforms.A separate culturali. T w o manuals provide directives. One
photo index @hototh<que) allows retrospective covers artistic and historic works; the other
research on all entries in the Inventaire National. immovableobjects.N o r m e per la redazione delle
New York City and Canada photograph every schede di catalogo dei beni culturali,beni artistici e
entry on black-and-white35 mm film and attach storici and.. . beni immobile.
contact prints to photo cards for office reference. Mexico describes the methodology of the
In addition the film-rollnumber and frames are Catalogacion Sistema Culhuacin as part of a
computerized by New York so that automatic published print-out index. Sistematizacion de
indices of photographs are possible. Dutos, which clarifies the questions,is included
Poland photographs on black-and-whitefilm within the indices Monumentos y lugares de
for the Inventory Sheet and includesplans drawn belleza natural and Arquitectura relzgiosa . . .
to a set scale and maps. The Archaeological M a p Morocco has no lexicon but the Nomenclature
of Poland uses graphic symbols to represent typologique is a standard vocabulary of coded
information visually. uses;many are Arabic terms.
Zambia. Since it was based on known sources New York City explains the UCRS methodo-
without further field-work,the Site Index does logy in Notes which details instructions for
not include photographs. completingthe form;Codes lists all questions and
precoded answers in a standard vocabulary.
Poland has described the various methodolo-
C O M P U T E R INDICLS
gies, except for archaeology, in A System for
All systems which are currently computerized Inventorying Historical Monuments in Poland.
can search, sort and list the data. All questions are defined.
France uses three programs specially developed Zambia provides Notes on Entries which
for the Inventaire General: ED1 CART, to describes the methodology in A Classified Index
provide a distribution map of points in each of Archaeological and Other Sites in Zambia,
commune of a canton;ED1 FICH,to print data which is a print-out index.
on cards; and ED1 CANT,to list each canton
sorted by place name and subject.
PUBLICATIONS
Mexico provides listings by type of building or
monument,date and location. Information and illustrative documentation from
New York City and Canada have flexible each system may be provided to other gov-
formats for data where any question(s), ernmental agencies or to scholars for their own
answer(s), or combination(s), can be searched, research and publication.However,several of the
sorted and listed in any sequence. systems publish directly. These publications
include computerized indices,catalogues,mono-
MANUALS
graphs,dictionaries and bibliographies.
Published information may be taken directly
All the systems use their own special form(s); from recorded data (computerized indices) or it
several have manuals or lexicons that describe may be an analysis of recorded material (cata-
their methodology and define the questions. logues and monographs). Bibliographies are
Some of these alsoprovide a standard vocabulary published from reference citations. Specialized
of answer terms which helps to ensure a dictionaries are based upon the lexicons of terms
homogeneous product. Only one manual is originally developed to clarify methodology.
illustrated. Often illustrations for the publications come
Argentina anticipates completing a manual for direct from collected visual documentation.
SIKAMS by July 1982. These publications help increase public sensiti-
Canada has published a detailed, illustrated vity to the heritage and,in turn,public awareness
Exterior Recording Trazning Manual that defines of the system itself. They not only serve to
the recording method and all standard coded heighten a sense of the past which cultural
answers.Instructions for mapping and photogra- properties representbut also to establish or affirm
phy are also provided.Their Selection Form also a sense of identification with the physical evi-
includesschematic illustrations which graphically dence of that past.
illustrate most answer choices.This didactic form
teaches an architectural nomenclature particu-
UNILLUSTRATED C O M P U T E R I Z E D INUICES
larly useful for training volunteers.
France describes the recording method using France To publicize is one objective of the
the bordereau architecture in a detailed manual, Inventaire Gkniral.One means to this end is the 25
Overview of methodology
Indicateur du patrimoine published directly from and definition of terms. Additional Vocabulaires
computerized data in topographic order with for sculpture,tapestries, objects, furniture and
multiple indices. paintings will soon appear.
Mexico. Both the Monumentos y lugares de Italy has begun a general series of historic
belleza natural and Arquitectura religiosa . . . are lexicons under the general title of Dizionari
print-outlistings from the Catalogacion Sistema terminologici.The first volume covers archae-
Culhuacin.Brief location informationand gener- ological materials from the last Bronze Age to the
al characteristics are provided.These listings are first Iron Age: Materiali delleta del bronze e
considered to be only the basis for later analytic della prima eta del ferro.
catalogues. Poland has also published dictionaries of
Zambia. A Class$ed Index of Archaeological special terms.
and Other Sites is a computerized print-out
listing 1,543sites. Originally published in 1976;a INTANGIBLE P R O D U C T S
revised version appeared in 1978.Sites are listed
by province, name, category and type, etc. In addition to the tangible products of these
Multiple indices are included. systems there are intangibles.Those systems that
use volunteers and,particularly non-professional
volunteers,as in Mexico,Canada and New York
CATALOGUES A N D M O N O G R A P H S
City, may have gained community or local
Based on analyses and interpretationsof recorded support and interest for their work as well as
data, catalogues and monographs are generally helped to make the volunteers more conscious of
illustrated. their own environment.
Canada has prepared detailed studies on
building types,materials and technology,and the
origin of building styles. Worksheet instructions (Users and pro-
France describes the findings of the Inventaire ducts)
Giniral by canton in the serial publication Identify the potential users.What are their
Inventaire topographique.Every work studied is needs and what survey products w ill
included.These are abundantly illustrated. satisfy these needs? Define the separate
Italy. Topographic catalogues and indices are components of these needs or products
planned for the Catalog0 dei Beni Culturali. (basic data, photographs, bibliography,
Morocco. The Inventaire National has pub- etc.). Are someneeds or componentsmore
lished a study of rock art in southern Morocco important than others? Can these be
based on an analysis of recorded data: Catalogue considered basic? Where is the collected
des sites rupestres du Sud Marocain. information to be used? W h o w ill have
Poland has published monographs on special access to it? W ill the information be
subjects such as timber churches, also conserva- indexed?W il
l the user directly interrogate
tion and construction techniques. the data? Is visual documentation neces-
sary? O f what quality? Is a staff manual
needed?W ill there be publications direct-
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ly from the survey such as indices,
Bibliographic references collected during record- catalogues, monographs, dictionaries or
ing have been published as reference sources. bibliographies ?
France.The Ripertoires des inventaires provide
analytic bibliography by region,department and
category of works.This series is based upon the 4. Existing resources
bibliography collected within the dossiers of the By resources we mean manpower (central and
Inventaire Giniral. field staff, and volunteers), assistance from other
Morocco. The Fichier-Index bibliographique organizations, and tapping outside sources for
du patrimoine is a computerized bibliography information and expertise.For computer exper-
covering all Moroccan cultural heritage. (A tise see Method (Section 5) below.
separate MicrothPque contains microfiche docu-
ments.)
A. STAFF
DICTIONARIES
The selection and skills of office and data-
collection personnel are crucial to conducting an
Definitions of terms that were established to accurate and professional survey.While there is
clarify the methodology have been published as always a central office staff, it may not perform
specialized dictionaries. the majority of the recordingwork.Some systems
France has published a two-volumeillustrated use field or regional personnel to send completed
26 Vocabulaire de larchitecture,a scientific analysis information to headquarters.The following sys-
Overview of methodology
tems rely heavily on field recorders for data Frunce. Some volunteers assist in the regions.
collection: All volunteer assistance,however,is reviewed by
Cunudu.Seasonalfield recorders send informa- staff.
tion to the Ottawa headquarters of the CIHB for Italy. The Catalogo uses about 1,000volun-
final processing. teers with particular skills who work on indi-
Frunce. The Inventaire GCnCral divides work vidual assignments.
between Paris and regional offices.Archaeologi- Mexico. The Catalogaci6n made greatest and
cal information is collected by the Service des most systematic use of volunteer assistance,
Fouilles ArchCologiques. receiving help from more than 7,500parish priests
Indiu.Work is done by regional Circle Offices and municipal delegates who recorded the data
personnel and sent to the central office of the and sent them to the central office where staff
Archaeological Survey in New Delhi. coded them for computerization.This volunteer
Ituly . Information is gathered regionally by recording system did not work,however,in large
various departments (soprintendenze) of the urban centres.
Ministerio per il Beni Culturali e Ambientali or New York City. The Urban Cultural Re-
the Ministerio della Pubblica Istruzione. The sources Survey utilizes volunteer assistance.
Instituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Docu- There is a three-session training programme for
mentazione provides method and co-ordina- volunteers who may be high-school and college
tion as well as serving as the central archive. students or local residents.
Japun. The central office collects the informa-
tion for the Ledger of Designated Cultural c.OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE A N D RESOURCES
Property. For immovable properties work is
actually done by the staff of the Architecture and Collaboration may be established with other
Monuments Divisionsof the Agency for Cultural institutionsto provide development assistance or
Affairs. provide information and codes. Argentina has
Poland. The recording method is centrally utilized the resources of the Instituto de Arte
organized,planned and supervised by the Histor- American0 MarioJ. Buschiazzoin the develop-
ic Monuments Documentation Centre but is ment of the SIRAMS.The French Inventaire
carried out in the field under the direction of notes those buildings which have been protected
regional Voivodship offices. (or should be) by the Service des Monuments
In Argentinu, New York City, Morocco and Historiques another sous-direction of the same
Zambia the central office staff does most of the ministry. The Mexican Catalogacion Sistema
recording work. Culhuacan has received the official collaboration
In addition to field-worksome systems rely on of several institutes for providing expertise.
published sources for data collection.The Zam- Codes used by other institutions are incorpo-
bian National Site Index is based on the pre- rated into the systems of: Argentina (the EN-
existence of records in available known sources COTEL mail and telegraph code); France and
without further field-work.For sites and monu- Morocco (Lambert cartographic zones); Italy
ments the Inventaire National of Morocco is based (Automobile Club abbreviations for the pro-
on preliminary analytic studies, then site visits vince); Mexico (municipalitycodes used by the
using as a reference the prepared studies. For Direccion General de Estadistica); and New
France the Cadastre NupolPonien (1 805-65) is York City (Master Street List used by every city
used as the comprehensive reference tool for department).
architecture. Site visits may occur but are not
necessary for recording. Worksheet instructions (Existinp
v
resources)
A. Staff. Identify the necessary and
B.V O L U N T L E K S available human resources. W ill
Many of the systems utilize volunteers both as a there be a central office plus re-
working method and for economy. Volunteer gional staff? Need staff be especial-
labour is considered to be free. However,what is ly recruited or trained? W ill site
gained must be weighed against accuracy and the visits be .necessary?If so provide
need for staff to check or recode the information staff identification.
as well as the cost of training. B. Volunteers.Could volunteerassist-
Argentina. The SIRAMS utilizes volunteer ance.be used to collect data? What
university students from the University of is the means to recruit volunteers?
Buenos Aires. Need volunteers be trained?
Cunudu. The CIHB has been assisted by C. Outside Assistance. Identify other
volunteers. Its distinctive grid format w a s de- existing resources such as other
signed to teach a nomenclature of architecture for institutes, agencies, services. Can
non-professionaluse.A n architectural recording any of these be used?Should any of
course is provided if necessary. these be used?Must any of these be 27
Overview of methodology
used for politicalreasons? What others may divide data into lines of varying
systems exist to which the survey length. New York City utilizes seven lines of
should be made compatible? eighty spaces; France has twenty lines of forty
spaces. Each line may code information for
several fields.
5. Method
If surveys bring order to a dispersed and Lines
endangered world of cultural properties, then The simplest computer method (used by Mexico
survey method has the parallel task of organizing and Zambia) is limited to one line of data per
the chaos of facts which exist in that world. entry. Each line represents a new entry and is
Standardizationand computerization help orga- divided into coded fields for various questions.
nize this chaos. Since the basic decision for Such a method is inexpensive to input,store and
Method is whether or not the system should be process.Updating and changing data is easy since
manual or computerized, a short discussion these are relatively smalldata bases utilizing one
within this section first sets out the pros and cons line per entry (1,500entries for Zambia; 13,000
of computerization in laymans terms. This is for Mexico).
followed by some considerations,for both manu- More complex methods (Canada, France,
al and computerized systems,regarding the need Morocco and New York City) use several lines
for standardization. per entry. Each of these lines needs to be
identified in order to determine what kind of
COMPUTERIZATION information (what fields) are stored on that line.
All but two of the inventory methodologies Both Morocco and New York City preprint the
described either use or plan to use computers. line number on the entry form.Morocco calls the
However, the type and amount of information line number the C.C. number; New York the
each system collects and inputs,as well as the record number.France uses the question number
manner in which they output data, differ. Each to identify the line.
has specific limitations and advantages. All the lines of data that comprise an entry for
one object must be identified as belonging
General background (key terms in italics) together by means of a unique identifierfor each
For computerizationthe basic process is to collect entry.Thus New York City repeats the geocode
information in a standard manner,punch it on to on each line of the entry;Morocco repeats the
magnetic tape or disc and put it into computer type-ordernumber.
memory using an operating language.To man- Both the line numbers and the unique identifier
ipulate the input within the computer (hardware) (entrynumber) always occur in the same fields on
one uses certain programs (software) which every line.
provide output for the user.
Informationis collected on a standard form in a Codes
series of questions;each question is called afield. Information may be entered within each field as
Forms are standard so that the same type of free text (ordinarywords), as keywords (standard
information is always found in the same field. coded vocabularies) or as alpha-numerics (coded
Each field is assigned a particular location on the letters and numbers). Each of these types has
computer tape or disc composed of a specific particular advantages and limitations based on
series of spaces called bytes. factors of comprehensibility,length and cost.
Computerization cost is based on a combina-
Spaces (or bytes) tion of collection, data entry or input,storage,
The number of spaces accords with the size of the processing and output costs.The longer the entry
possible answer.All fields for each entry make up and the greater the quantity of entries the more
the total record or entry.The entry length may be expensive data is to input,store and process;the
fixed at a predetermined number of spaces or be terser entry has the advantage of being the
left open. For example, Zambia and New York cheapest.
City have fixed entry lengths of 53 spaces and 560
spaces respectively, while France has a fixed Alpha-numerics
length of 800 spaces which can be further Tersest of all are alpha-numeric codes. The
expanded or opened. simplest of these, for example, is a 1 or 0
Several entries input at the same time are called responseif data is (1) or is not (0)present.Zambia
a batch. All the entries for any one method make uses this to code the existence of Carbon-14dates
up the total data base which may comprise several and Mexico to code the existence of a church
separate files or sub-sets. porch.In addition,combined digits can represent
Until recently computer entry was by eighty- up to 99 possibilities in two spaces,999 in three
space cards;each card comprised one line of data. spaces,etc. Such codes either need to be predeter-
28 Some systems still use eighty-space data lines; mined or assigned sequentially.Canada uses both
Overview of methodology
a standard predetermined code for each province alphabetize and numerically order data within set
(two digits) and a sequential numeric of four fields. Other kinds of manipulation for searching
digits to represent each town. and selecting need to be especially programmed
Coded alpha-numericsare not easily compre- either using the operating language or a program
hensible to the user unless he is extremely familiar (software)package designed for that task.
with the method.Usually the coded answers will In Canada and New York City special prog-
be decoded either manually by the user or rams were written to search for all numeric
automatically by a program. entries with any specified characteristics. A
softwarepackage,MARK IV,is normally used to
Keywords generate reports or output in English or French
A less terse level of coding uses standard from the numerically stored data. Since much of
vocabularies or keywords.The choice of answer these data are stored off-line (i.e. not immediately
is limited only to those keywords.They may be accessible), the report may take several hours to
arranged hierarchically in a thesaurus. The process. Other special programs may produce
French list of dinominations is hierarchical; the output for particular purposes such as the French
Moroccan nomenclature typologique is not. ED1 CART (distribution map of points in each
Keywords are often more acceptable to the commune), ED1 FICH (printdata on cards), and
recorder than alpha-numerics and are always ED1 CANT (canton sorted by place name and
more easily understood by the user. However, subject). In whatever form the data may be
the development of appropriate thesauri of terms needed a program can generally either be found or
can be time consuming. be written to output them for all systems.
Keyword storage within computer memory In some systemsthe request for data is made to
generally requires more space than alpha-numer- a separate data-processing unit which, in turn,
ics with a consequent higher cost for entry, provides hard copy print out (listingson paper). In
storage and processing. Thus for economy other methods either a technician or the user
keywords may be stored as numeric codes and himself may program the request using an office
programmed to print out as words. Canada and CRT terminal (video-screen and keyboard)
New York City do this for most questions and hooked up via a telephone line to the main data
Mexico and Zambia for some.When the informa- base. The resulting output may be either display-
tion is entered and stored numerically,however, ed on the screen of the terminal or printed as hard
it cannot be interrogated easily by a user who is COPY.
unfamiliar with the codes. France enters and In New York City,staff and researchers must
stores keywords as words and,thus,has a system ask the system specialist to program each request
which can be more readily interrogated. since the data base cannot be easily interrogated
by non-computerspecialists.In France,however,
Free text staff may directly interrogate the data base in an
The most expensive type of entry is free text.This easily understood conversational mode. The
uses far more space than either alpha-numericsor ill be able to interrogate the data in
public also w
keywords.It is useful, however, for such ques- Paris and the regions at planned documentation
tions as place names,building names,architects, centres by means of additional terminalslinked to
etc., where the terms w ill be discovered as the the main data base.
system develops.France,Mexico,Morocco,and
Zambia all enter the actualname of the monument Pros and cons
or site in free text. Such individual terms in free It is inconceivable that computerization should
text can be searched within set fields. not be considered for any inventory begun today.
Complex statements or passages can also be Even smallsystems with as few as 1,000entries
entered as free text. France gives historical modified by 10 questions comprise 10,000items
commentary in this manner; Argentina plans to of data, and this is too large for any manual
include text. Since long text passages contain method to attempt to manipulate properly.
non-predetermined (i.e. free) words in non-set Few terminologies are too specialized to be
fields they require far more complex and expen- computerized. Unique words can always be
sive computer programs for processing. entered as free text although even the most
esoteric terms, if considered objectively,can be
C o m m a n d s and output adopted to the confines of a hierarchy to ease
Coded data is keypunched from forms on to computer processing.
magnetic tape or disc for input by means of the Professional help is available. None of the
computer systemsoperating language. Once the systems discussed has been developed in isola-
data are input they are manipulated by means of tion. Data processing is always handled by a
certain commands and specialized programs. separate unit or department which provides the
Some commands are basic to all operating actual computers and professional engineering
languages such as those which automatically and programming skills. 29
Overview of methodology
Investigation on cards for archaeological and for each entry and the total number of
historic sites with non-excavated remains. entries considered for each system.
Mexico records briefly all monuments and Remember that although you may
places, including religious buildings, and has a design the data-collection form and
separate more comprehensive form for only code it, you will need professional
religious architecture. programming assistance.
Morocco w illcomputerize basic informationon B Standardization. Determine how
the Liste Ginirale and manually recordscompre- many forms w ill be used. W i
ll there
hensive descriptionsfor each site and monument. be a standardized vocabulary for
Poland uses a brief address form for basic data answers? Is a manual necessary to
on each object exhibiting some historical features clarify the procedure and define
or values and elaborates this with separate terms? Does updating need to be built
in-depthinventory sheets. into the method?
Zambia has basic computerized questions for
each entry with additional non-computerized
material inscribed on the reverse. 6. Costs and time
Costs for the survey as well as the time necessary
Vocabulary and procedure to complete the effort can vary enormously,
Essential to all systems are the considerations of depending upon planning decisions taken about
standardization of vocabulary and procedure. the purpose,criteria, products,staff and method.
Vocabulary standards can be as simple as the list The section on Statistics in the System Compari-
of words encountered in describing a given type son Chart and in the individual system descrip-
of property or as complex as a hierarchically tions of Part T w o give a general idea of these
arranged thesaurus of defined terms. The vocab- factorsfor each of the eleven systems discussed
ulary for both can be drawn from the forms within the Manual.
during data collection,but preparing thesaurican Nevertheless, every system plan needs to
be a long process better suited to fully computer- estimate the time necessary to acquire the
ized systems where the terminology will assist in information levels desired, including start-up
later automatic retrieval of the data. time for development,testing and modification.
Another useful,if not essential,aid for produc- Some systems may need to identify (and acquire)
tion of a homogeneous survey,when more than the funds necessary to complete the work.
one person is collecting the data, is a manual or In light of the pragmatic realities of costs and
handbook,which describes each question on the time the desired methodology may need to be
form(s) and how to answer it. In addition these re-evaluatedand modified.For example,limited
may provide a range of possible answers.System funds may require that data be collected from
manuals or handbooks are further discussed prior publications or by volunteers instead of
above in Users and Products(Section 3). paid staff.
One further consideration for method is Whatever the actual purpose, criteria, pro-
updating.The work in many systems can or never ducts, resources, method and costs an ideal
should be considered finished.New entries are system methodology should be designed so that
added as well as corrections and changes made work can be started before all factors are known
within the recorded information.Updating itself (they can never be all known entirely anyway)
needs to be planned and budgeted as well as and evolve during the recording process. One
primary recording.The method must accommo- should be able to test the system,then modify and
date these changes. improve it until the variable factors are under
control. N o inventory, however didactic or
scholarly,can re-createthe actual culturalproper-
Worksheet instructions (Method) ty. The purpose is to provide the users with an
A. Computerization. To determine if imageof that property-information-that will
and how the survey may be compu- aid in studying, understanding and ultimately,
terized,talk with a professional pro- perhaps, protecting it.
grammer. Find out what operating
languages and programs (software) Worksheet instructions (Costs and time).
are available as well as their advan- Estimate the time necessary to acquire the
tages, disadvantages, and require- primary, secondary and optional informa-
ments.Consider the various kinds of tion levels desired. Calculate the cost.
entry-alpha-numeric codes, key- Compare with the funds available. Re-
words, and free text-against the evaluate the first five points of the Planning
factors of economy and comprehensi- Worksheet in light of these realities and
bility. Calculate the length required modify the methodology if necessary.
31
Part Two
System description
Introduction
In order to help the reader examine the eleven questionsfrom the forms included in the Manual.
systems in the Manual, the description of each In order to compare and contrast each question
follows a standardized format.A System C o m - type in a standard manner questions have been
parison Chart(page-139)summarizessomeof this placed in a thematic and logical framework of
information. A full Discussion of the system's seven main categories.
major components is followed by a Summary/ These seven categories have the following
Evaluation. The Question Analysis and its functions:
Appendix deals with the actual questions asked.' I. Identif;cation/locationnames the entry, clas-
These four sections are described below. sifies the type or use,geographically locates it,
In the Discussion section: cites cartographic co-ordinates or property
Objectives and statistics state the purpose and registration,and notes ownership.
aims, date established, anticipated date of 2. Signifcanceldesignationevaluates the import-
completion,number of entries as of31 D e c e m - ance or merit and specifies present level of
ber 1980,and costs. official designation and other legalities, citing
Staffgives the number and professions of person- decree, date, etc., as well as proposing any
nel and any volunteer assistance. future level.
Criteria describes the kinds of subjects included, 3. Datelhistory provides the date of the entry,
any cut-off date or time-frame, the level of discusses building history,construction c a m -
legal protection, whether the inventory is paigns, associated events, legends and tradi-
comprehensive or selective and how selection tions.Authorship is identified.
is made. 4. Description details the general area and setting
Method covers the format and form(s), the as well as the particular site and structure.
working language,any lexicon or manual and Dimensions,general accounts,style,material,
special instructions. technique,elements,immovable and movable
Computerization specifies programming lan- features are noted.
guages,software,record format,type of entry 5. Conservation/restoration/preserwation de-
and storage. scribes the present condition,past maintenance
Users and products notes the agencies or groups work and future perspective and practices.
which utilize the data,the level of information 6. Documentationlreference cites published bib-
available, and the resulting lists, photographs, liography,files and reports,maps, plans and
drawings and ublications. drawings, as well as photographs including
E
The Summary/ valuation section identifies
briefly the strengths and weaknesses of the
microfiche.Any attachments or enclosures are
noted. Archival information, contingencies
system. and cross-referencesto other forms within the
The Question Analysis section considers all system are given.
7. Systematization includes the recording record
which notes the date and source or compiler of
the form as well as any site inspection and
1. Facsimiles of original documents can be found at the end systematics which organize the recorded in-
of the Manual. formation. 35
System description
36
Argentina (AR)
Sistema Automatizado de Inventario y
Registro de Monumentos y Sitios
(SIRAMS)
Based on informationsupplied by
CarlosPernaut,Director.
a manual w ill be prepared.Separate forms record the separate monument and site forms follows.
monuments and sites. The monument form The analysis is by question and not by the
contains twenty-four numbered questions; the question sequence on the forms.For a question-
site form, sixteen. Entry w il be in keywords.
l by-questioncomparisonof these Argentineques-
Recording is done from a combination of site tions contrasted with the other systems see Part
visits, office files and bibliography. Three.
COMPUTERIZATION INDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
Computerization of the SIRAMS is now under
development. Assistance for the experimental Both the Monument and Site forms name the
stages of the system has been provided by the entry and cite its location by province, region,
Computer Centre at the University of Buenos ENCOTEL,district, section,ilot or block and
Aires. particular address. The ENCOTEL is the stan-
The programming language is COBOL.It is dard postal and telegraph code for the country.
anticipated that both the capability to interrogate The monument form also asks for present-use
the system by a combination of questions as well plus proposed-use.
as the translation program using SYSTRAM w ill
be operational soon.This simultaneous transla- SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATION
tion program of texts and recorded information
from Spanish into English and French will For monuments the level of significance(grudode
facilitate a wider use and greater exchange of the vulor) is evaluated.Both the level of present legal
information.It is anticipated also that the system protection as well as proposed protection is given.
will be compatible with STAIRS,for thematic For sites the extent of protection and the type is
interrogation of the data base. noted.
Summary/Evaluation DESCRIPTION
The Argentine Sistema Automatizado de Inven- N o questions provide for a physical description
tario y Registro de Monumentos y Sitios is a of either entry.
methodology which w ill be computerized to
inventory and catalogue the monumental heritage
CONSERV ATION/RESTORATION/PRESERVATION
of the country.Criteria are selective and include
only those monuments and sites that are consi- Both forms detail the conservation condition.In
dered to be part of the cultural heritage.There is addition, for monuments, the possible level of
no time limit on entries. adaptabilityfor futureuse and level of investment
Separate forms are used to record monuments are suggested.
and sites. Emphasis is placed on the legal
protection and conservation state. For monu-
ments, possible future adaptability, as well as DOCUMENTATION/REFERENCE
financing, are given particular consideration.
Bibliography, plans and photographs are in- Both forms cite bibliography as well as reference
cluded. plans and photographs.Bibliography comprises
Microfiches are planned to be combined with a books,publications and others;the plan specifies
computer index utilizing several programs.One the ensemble, floors, details, cross-sections,
program w ill interrogate the data base by a faqade and perspectives;photograph types allow
combination of questions, another w ill provide for interior, exterior and aerial. If no plans or
thematic interrogation and a third will allow photographs exist,they are made. Both plans and
simultaneoustranslation of recorded information photographs are attached to the forms. Docu-
and texts. mentation w i
ll also be stored on microfiches.
Recording record
Question analysis
38 A n analysis of the kinds of information asked on N o questions cover this topic
Argentina (AR)
Discussion STAFF
are visually identified by comparing what is the recording form.The printed division of the
drawn on the form with what exists on the site. answer space prompts the recorder to write the
Separate selection forms are provided in English correct number of digits. A n unbroken line is
and French. provided for those questions answered in one
The recording form is a singlecard folded into a digit; two divisions for two digits, etc. Correct
cover sheet and a computer form (SY2 x 14 answers are either written into the appropriate
inches-216 x 356 mm). The computer form spaces or checked off.
prints all question numbers and answer spaces.
The recorder writes in the correct numeric code The geocode
for most questions;for some questions multiple-
choice answers are preprinted and these are The nucleus ofthe CIHB system is the geocode,
checked off. In order to use the bilingual which is a unique number assigned by office staff
recording form, the recorder must be familiar to every building recorded.Fifteen digits code the
with the method, questions and answers. building location. For urb,an Canada the pro-
vince/territory,city,street (all coded) and num-
ber on the street are combined in a string of
Photography fourteen digits with the fifteenthrepresenting any
Both the selection form and the recording form fraction or alpha letter used in the street address.
have a cardboard cover sheet on which location In rural areas the province/territory,map number
information is given. The bottom of the cover and number on the map are coded. Generally
sheet is perforated to make a separate photo card. using standard 1 :50,000topographic maps, the
This is detached at the headquarters and stored in CIHB assigns an individual number to each one
the office files. used; each building recorded on that map is
Generally at least six photographs are taken. marked and identified with a number assigned in
The first must be an identification picture in sequence as recorded.
which the top two-thirds of the cover sheet is
legible with its location information completed in
Hierarchical codes
the field before shooting.Other suggested photo-
graphs are the faGade, close-ups of the typical The several questions that consider use are all
window and main entrance,eaves and verges,and coded from one hierarchicallist of more than 200
any other important detail. Every roll of film is specific uses grouped into seventeen general uses.
assigned a sequential number by the recorder/ The four-digituse code combines the general use
photographer team which,in turn,is identifiedby with the specific use. Thus the code 0104
a unique code.Developed negatives and duplicate represents residential use (01) and apartment
contact prints are stored in photo ledgers at the building (04). It is possible to search for all
office.The original 35 mm contact prints are cut buildings of the same general-usegroup (residen-
and attached to the photo card by the recorder/ tial, religious, etc.) or only for a specific use
photographer. (apartment building or monastery). Each of the
seventeen general-use groups contain about ten
Tasks precoded specific use possibilities as well as the
term otherwhich is always precoded 99.This is
Certain information is coded only by the office used to code the specific use of a building when
staff;most is answered and coded directly by the that use is not included in the precoded selections.
field recorders.Only office staff code the names When additional kinds of specific uses are
of the architect(s), builder(s) or contractor(s), and discovered they may be assigned the next highest
engineer(s) each into five-digit codes. However, number in the numeric sequence within that
these questions, like the location information general-use group and added to the open-ended
used forgeocoding by office staff,are answered in list.
text by field recorders.Office staff also mark the
codes indicating the certainty with which dates
COMPUTERIZATION
and names are known as well as update any
eventual data on demolition.Questions marked Computerization of CIHB data is provided by
officeuse only are answered uniquely by the the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern
headquarters staff: the recognized historic site, Development. Input costs are one dollar per
the style, the archaeological site, and the refer- entry.Total maintenance,storage,searching and
ences.These are the last questions on the form. output costs are C$45,000per year.The program-
Recording questions, answers and codes are ming language is COBOL;MARK IV is used for
fully described, defined and illustrated in the report generating. Record length is fixed at 640
Exterior Recording Training Manual. Most com- spaces. All entries are in numeric code and data
puterized questions are directly answered by the are stored as numerics. Output is in numeric
42 recorder using the appropriate numeric code on codes or in either French or English keywords.
Canada (CA)
Data retrieval is fast and flexible.Searches can office reference. Predominantly precoded
be run and indices printed,based on any question answers make the data easy to understand and to
or answer, or combination of questions and compare.Computerized indices can be printed
answers.This applies whether one or all entries out from any combination of questions and
are being searched. A n office CRT terminal is answers.
linked to the main data base via a telephone Nevertheless, there are problems. Photo-
hook-up. graphic information is not computerized,so the
photo card must be consulted in order to identify
USERS A N D P R O D U C T S each negative roll and shot. Field selection of
appropriate buildings is based on the recorders
Although primarily designed to provide data to variable understanding of the pre-1914 cut-off
enable the Historic Sites and Monuments Board date and ability to locate such structures. N o
to judge the significanceof a building or groups of separate consistent map co-ordinate system is
buildings by comparison with others having used for location in rural areas; in order to
similar features and values, the inventory also establish which property is recorded,a duplicate
serves as an accessible source of basic architec- copy of the CIHB map sheet is needed.N o free
tural data. Copies of the documented building text entry is allowed.Owing to the large size of
reports are placed in the Public Archives of each entry and the great number of entries,it is
Canada and the various Provincial Archives. All extremely difficult to update computerized in-
recorded information is available to the public at formation, correct errors or make changes to
cost.However,computer listings of a given area data. N o statistical package exists for data
may be obtained without charge by those willing analysis.However,some of these disadvantages
to verify recorded information and to suggest are being amended in present revisions to the
additional buildings that should be recorded. computer program.
T w o primary products are the photographs of
all recorded buildings and the computerized
forms and indices. Secondary products include Question analysis
the information files compiled by office staff on
early Canadian architects, builders and engineers A n analysis of the kinds of information asked by
as well as in-depth studies prepared on building the CIHB follows.The analysis is by question
types,materials and technology and the origin of category and not by the question sequence on the
Canadian building styles. form.For a question-by-questioncomparison of
these Canadian questions contrasted with the
other systems see Part Three.
Summary/Evaluation
The objectivesof the project have been surpassed. IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
Originally designed for the Historic Sites and
Monuments Board, the inventory has become a Urban location informationis given by province/
major resource for architectural research. Since territory, town, street and building number.
1970 the CIHB has been in operation as a Rural buildings are identified by province/
computerized method to locate and record territory,map number and building number on
pre-1914 architecture.It is a proven, continuing the map.Both urban and rurallocationsare coded
system. Particular revisions over the years be- by office staff into the unique entry number or
tween the first edition (1970) and the present geocode at the top of the form.County,district
fourth edition (1979) are based on experience and township are identified and computerized
gained in recording and analysis. Bilingual in under Question SO. Concession and lot numbers
English and French,the descriptive manual and are asked but not computerized.
the illustrated selection form systematically teach The name or names of the building are asked
a nomenclature of architecture which simplifies but not computerized with the main data. They
training of professional staff and quickly teaches are computerized separately and cross-referenced
volunteers tosee a buildingusing its grid format. to the location information.T w o present uses
Tasks are well defined for both field and office (primary and secondary) and two original uses
staff.The majority of questions are directly coded (primary and secondary) as well as up to five
by the recorder and need not be recoded in the associated uses, from any time period, are
office, thereby saving time.Certainty codes for recorded.If the original use w a s the same as the
names and dates distinguish the accuracy level of present use it is noted.The state of the present use
the research. Emphasis is placed on the complete (i.e. abandoned,vacant or occupied) is given.
physical description of the building exterior,part
by part, element by element. All entries are
photographed on standard 35 mm black-and-
white film.Resulting photo cards provide handy N o question deals with the level of significance. 43
System description
64. Trim outsidestruct- Garniture a IextCrieur 73. Main porch-type Porche principal-type
ural opening-sides de louverturestructurale 74. Main porch- Porche principal-
--catis special features particularitCs
65. Trim outside struct- Garniture h IextCrieur 75. Main porch- Porche principal-
ural opening- de Iouverturestructurale- material mattriau
material mattriau 76. Main porch- Porche principal-
66. Trim within struct- Garniture a IintCrieur de height hauteur
ural opening- Iouverture structurale- 77. Apparent alterat- Modifications et/ou
head t&e ions and/or add- rajouts apparents
67. T rim within struct- Garniture linttrieur de itions
ural opening- louverture structurale- 78. Property features CaractCristiques de la
sides c6tCs prop,riCtt
68. Number of leaves Nombre de vantaux 79. Date of survey Date de Ienqugte
69. Number of panels Nombre de panneaux 80. Office use only A Iusage du bureau
per leaf par vantail seulement
70. Leaves-special Vantaux- 81. Recognized historic Reconnu lieu historique
features particularites site
71. Main stairs-locat- Escalier principal- 82. Style Style
ion and design emplacement et 83. Archaeological site Site archeologique
conception 84. Reference RCfCrence
72. Main stairs- Escalier principal-
direction direction
46
France (FR)
Inventaire Giniral des Monuments et des
Richesses Artistiques de la France
Based on information supplied by
Michel Berthod, former sous-directeur,
and Marie-Claude MCplan, chercheur
plus plans, drawings,photographs and photo- structions are non-habitable;displaced parts are
grammetry. All documentation is of the highest architectural parts that have been moved from
quality. their original location.
Microfiches provide a flexible means for repro- Within denomination the 389 individual
ducing the original texts of historical research, types are arranged hierarchically. For example,
description and bibliography as well as the within the buildings (edzjices) category one finds
copious visual and graphic documentation. edzjices religieux cbretiens divided into church,
Duplicatemicroficheswill be availableforgeneral convent, etc. Within each are further subdivi-
use and consultation in multiple documentation sions-i.e. eglise, subdivided into cathedrale,
centres. basiliqu e, collegiale.
The computer index is easily updated and T w o other questions specify the denomina-
expanded. Once a preliminary (PIN)entry is tion: the type of user (genredu destinatdire);and
made it can be expanded and enriched as new the title(s) or name(s) of the building. Thus the
information is found.Storageof data as keywords full denomination is edifice religieux cbrdtien-
and free text allows the system to be easily eglise. The type of user is deJdsuites.The name
understood and interrogated.Hierarchical lists of the church is Saint Louis.Present use is
permit systematic searches. Cross-references to given. Regional types and constituent parts or
dossiers and microfiches are built into the uses not implied by the denomination term are
computer form. Computerized indices such as also cited.
ED1 CART,ED1 FICH,and ED1 CANT or In order to locate the entry, the region,
MIS-CART,MIS-FICHand MIS-CANTpro- department, canton, commune, place-name or
vide basic data for standard serial publications to urban sector and address have to be stated. Street
publicize the work in the Indicclteur du patri- addresses are not necessary for churches,town
moine or Inventaire topograpbique. halls, etc., but are indispensable for houses.
Nevertheless, the size and scope of the project Specifics of the address detail also non-locatable
necessitate at least thirty additional years for buildings, disappeared constructions, museum
completion of the architectural registration. holdings of moved parts, as well as forbidden
Although computerization has been planned addresses which modify works belonging to
since the creationof the service in 1964,the actual private owners who refuse public access to their
system was not operational until 1979. Docu- address.
mentation centres have always been an objective, The most ancient as well as recent cadastral
but the first will only open three years from now. references are cited, including references for
While the standardized method and vocabulary parts which have been moved. The appropriate
guarantee the homogeneity of the documenta- Lambert zone and precise co-ordinates are
tion,the actual regionalselectionof entries varies; stated. The Lambert projection divides France
some samples may be of exceptional buildings, into four zones.For buildings,constructions and
others of the most common type. small groups the Lambert x-y co-ordinates
define a point of reference in the approximate
centre of the work. For large groups,ensembles,
Question analysis collectives,etc.,the four corner co-ordinatesof a
superimposed rectangle are given. Such data
The kind of information asked on the bordereau allow maps to be automatically printed out by
architecture is analysed below by category and the computer.
not by the question sequence on the form.There Ownership of the entry is described in legal
are approximately forty questions.Not all ques- status.The type of public or private ownership
tions,of course,are answered for each entry.For as well as museum storage for a moved part may
a question-by-question comparison of these be cited.
French questions contrasted with the other
systems, see Part Three. SIGNII;ICANCE/D~SIGNATION
51
India (IN)
Record of Protected Monuments and Sites
Discussion P R O D U C T S A N D USERS
CRITERIA Summary/Evaluation
All monuments and sites in the record are of Used manually,the Record of Protected Monu-
national importance and have been centrally ments and Sites provides a permanent dossier of
protected. Copies of the legal notifications are information in English for all centrally protected
attached to each entry. However,the record is monuments and sites. Copies of all legal notifica-
maintained for official use and has no legal status tions for each entry as well as photographs and
as such. drawings are attached. Question emphasis is on
information relevant to the administration and
conservation of the entries. In particular, for
administration,the approach is detailed. This
METHOD
includesthe nearest railway station and authority
Informationis recorded in English on two forms. for reservation of accommodation to facilitate
Form A,Record of Protected Monuments and future site inspections.Staff associated with the
Sites, is a fold-outformat of eight sides, twenty- monument or site are identified.T w o questions
five questions. Most of these questions are discuss conservation.Climatic data give informa-
answered in text paragraphs. Copies of legal tion on temperature and rainfall useful for
documents, photographs, and drawings are planning furture conservation. Outstanding
attached.The List of Centrally Protected Monu- structural and chemical conservation work
ments and Sites of National Importance is a undertaken in the past are described.
shorter form for administrative purposes. This Unfortunately,no handbook or lexicon exists
asks nine questions which are generally answered forthe system.Few directions or clarificationsare
in one word or a brief statement. stated on the forms.The fold-outformat for the 53
System description
55
Italy (IT)
Catalogo dei Beni Culturali
Based on information provided by
Oreste Ferrari, Director,Istituto Centrale per il
Catalogo e la Documentazione (ICCD)
Discussion STAFF
recorded. The form for architecture (Scheda A) organize exhibits, conventions and congresses,
and the three forms for an urban sector (Scheda and scholars engaged in scientific research.
SU)will be discussed in the Question Analysis.
Summary/Evaluation
METHOD
The objective of the Italian Catalogo dei Beni
Forms Culturali, to identify, research and document
All forms are published in the Repertorio delle every cultural artefact of archaeological, art-
schede di catalogo dei beni culturali. Directives historical,architectural,urbanistic,environmen-
have been published in two manuals.One covers tal or ethonographic interest,is extremely ambi-
immovableobjects,the other artistic and historic- tious.
al works;N o r m e per la redazione delle schede di The ICCD provides the central archive for all
catalogo dei beni culturali,beni immobile and . . . forms and documentationas well as the methodo-
beni artistici e storici. logical organization and co-ordination.Record-
Originally published in 1972, the present ing is done regionally by various agencies and
directives have been revised to deal with specific departments as well as separate institutes.
aspects of the cultural heritage in order to define All information is comprehensive and factual.
the method better. Separate instructions are given Formats are standardized. Published standards
for each form and insert.Although the questions (norme)describe the forms.Questions generally
are unnumbered on the forms the instructions are progress from basic to more complex.Informa-
numbered. tion is recorded in a combination of short
All basic forms are of a standard size 52.6 x statements and longer paragraphs. Photographs
30.5cm open,22.8 x 30.5cm folded.Basic data and measured drawings are enclosed within the
are given first, followed by documentation form for a complete visual record.The Catalogo
references, historical-critical commentaries and is designed to be on-going;data can be updated.
conservation status. Supporting visual docu- The work, unfortunately,is done at different
mentation is enclosed within the folded form. speeds and at various levels of critical knowledge
and resources by the recording agencies. N o
evaluation is made of the importance of any
COMPUTERIZATION
entry;all are presumed to have equal significance.
The Catalogo dei Beni Culturali is manual at There are so many forms-twenty-seven plus
present. Computerization, using thesauri of insertions-that archive management, storage
keywords in a natural language,is under develop- and retrieval of specific information could be-
ment with the co-operation of CNUCE, an come unwieldy.O n each form so much informa-
institute of the CNR, which specializes in tion is given that specific items are difficult to
computer research. find.Long paragraphs of text often conceal
Basic data will be computerized corresponding important details. The shorter-answer state-
to international standards for museum docu- ments,however,are easier to read and compare.
mentation such as those established by CIDOC These will lend themselves to computerization
(ComitP International de Documentation) of which is still under development.
ICOM.
Question analysis
USERS A N D P R O D U C T S A n analysis follows of the kind of information
Primary products of the Catalogo include the asked on the forms for architecture (Scheda A)
completed standardized recording forms,photo- and for an urban sector (Scheda SU).The
graphidgraphic dcxumentation,indices,topog- architecture form is used to record buildings or
raphic cataloguesand a series of dictionaries.This complexes of architectural, historical or
series,under the general title DizionariTermino- monumental interest.The urban sector form is
logici (Dictionaries of Terms) is intended to for small urban areas (isolato)delimited by four
produce historical lexicons. A volume covering streets. T w o separate inserts describe historic
the archaeological materials from the last Bronze research (indugine storica) and present condition
Age to the first Iron Age has appeared:Materiali (stato uttuale) for the sector.The analysis is by
delleta del bronze e della prima eta del ferro. category and not by question sequence on the
Users includestate agencies for the administra- forms.For a question-by-questioncomparison of
tion of culturalheritage and public administration these Italian questions as contrasted with the
to whom various types of data are furnished by other systems, see Part Three.
the Istituto Centrale;local and regional govern-
IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
ments;police forces and customs agents in order
to prevent illegal exports and recover cultural Theregion is given in the standard heading.
58 artefacts; cultural promotion agencies which Commune and province are stated using the
Italy (IT)
Automobile Club abbreviation for province.For plan type as well as giving the materials and
architecture,the actual address is cited. For the construction techniques of the roof, vaulting,
urban sector, neighbourhood as well as streets exterior stairways, walls, flooring, exterior de-
delimiting the block are identified. coration, interior decoration, furnishings and
Both forms ask for cadastral references includ- subterranean structure. The present condition
ing folio, parcel and numbers. Precise topog- insert briefly notes construction technique.
raphic co-ordinatesare given forthe urban sector. O n the architecture form one question iden-
Inserts describing historic research and present tifies any inscriptions,tablets, coats of arms, and
condition give the parcel number and organize all murals. Since the Italian Catalogo dei Beni
questions by it. Culturali records on individual forms all impor-
For architecture one question identifies the tant works of art, the question elements of
kind of object (oggetto) as well as the present and specific interest(elementi di specific0 interesse)
past names. Original uses and actual uses are notes within each urban sectorthose works which
given separately. Nonefor actual uses describes merit their own forms.
abandoned or unused buildings. Building types
and distribution within the urban sector are
CONSERVATION/REST0RATION/PRESERVATION
noted.For each parcel the historic research insert
gives past uses and the present condition insert Both old and more recent restorations for
states both present typology and use. architecture are listed by date and type. In a
The architecture form gives the present owner separate grid formatthe conservationstatus(stuto
by name and type.The urban sector inserts give de conservuzione)codes on a six-pointscale walls,
the type of past or present owner for each parcel. roof,attic,plaster and fixtures.The six possibili-
ties are excellent (ottirno), good (buono),
mediocre,bad (cuttivo),very bad @essimo) and
SICNII;ICANCE/DESIGNATiON
ruined (rudere).Also the date of the conservation
N o question deals with significance. O n both inspection is noted.Any specific damage and its
architecture and urban sector forms the legal causes are mentioned as observations.
protection decrees (vincoli)are cited by number O n the urban sector present condition insert
and date. Both protected and non-protected the conservation status is coded for subterranean,
buildings are recorded. vertical and horizontal structures,roof and walls.
Neither observations nor date are given.
DAT~HISTORY
DOC:UMENTATION/KI~I:ERENCE
Under chronologyboth the architecture and
urban sector forms give the century in roman O n both formsbibliography is given in chronolo-
numerals and the years in arabic numerals.The gical sequence with complete citations. Both
Historic Research Insert specifies the period for formats also cross-reference any documentation
each parcels historic information. enclosed within the file folder, such as the
Construction events for architectureare stated cadastral map extract, unspecified documents,
in one question.A separate question describes photographs with negative numbers and dates,
urban events relative to the buildings history. and measured drawings.Both completely refer-
The historic research insert cites any historic ence additional non-held photographs citing
events for each parcel; the present condition negative numbers and source.
insert describes its development phases. The architecture form also references maps,
Author or architect is given only for plans, measured drawings,engravings and tech-
architecture.Attributions are noted and multiple nical reports; the urban sector form notes
names in chronological sequence. assembled plans,profiles,photographs of historic
plans, aerial photos and extracts from historic
centre documentation (straclio di purte de centro
DESCRIPTION
stovico).The historicalresearch insertspecifies the
O n the architecture form a paragraph describes document from which research w a s taken and its
the urban setting surrounding the building. For date.
the urban sector the present functional rela- Both the architecture and urban sector forms
tionship to the rest of the city is described. In also reference information in separate archives.
addition, successive changes in place-names, The question otherforms(ultre schede) cross-
functions and division of land as well as referencesforms covering other categorieswithin
volumetric relationships between open and built- the Catalogo,as for example a mural that is the
up areas are given. object of its own form.The urban sector form
The question descrizioneon the architecture separately references the inserts by their titles. A
form combines levels, sizes and descriptions of subgroup number identifies each form of the
the street faqade. Separate questions specify the same category related to the entry,i.e.each chapel 59
System description
of a church.This also can relate the urban sector Vicende Costruttive Construction events
to a large historical centre. Sistema urbano Urban system
Rapporti ambientai Ambience
SYSTEMATIZATION
Iscrizioni-lapidi- Inscriptions,tablets,
stemmi-graffiti coats of arms, murals
Recording record Restauri Restorations
Bibliografia Bibliography
The responsible ministry and the department Stato di conservazione Conservation status
which compiled the form along with that depart- Allegati: Enclosed:
mentscode number appear on the heading of the Estratto mappa cataste Extract from cadastral
form. At the bottom of the form are the map
compilers name and date, signature of approval Fotografie Photographs
for the department,reviser and date of revision. Disegni e rilievi Plans and drawings
MaPPe Maps
Documenti vari Other documents
Systematics Relazione tecniche Technical reports
A unique identifierfor each entry is derived from Riferimenti alle font. Other documentation
the alphabetical abbreviation for the form categ- doc.: sources.
Fotografie Photographs
ory plus the ten-digit catalogue number. The Mappe-rilievi- Maps,plans,engravings
catalogue number is assigned by the ICCD.It stampe
codes the region in two digits followed by eight Archivi Archives
digits for the sequential number of the entry Altre schede Other forms
within the region. A blank space prefaced with Compilatore della Compiler
ITAis reserved for any future international scheda
catalogue number. Data Date
Visto del soprin- Approved by
tendente
Appendix Revision1 Revisions
ORIGINAL QUESTION S E Q U E N C E
A N D TRANSLATION (FORM ITI)
ORIGINAL QUEST10 J SEQ JENCE
A Architecture form A N D TRANSLATION (FORM IT2)
61
Ledger of Designated Cultural Property
Based on information supplied by
Nobuto Ito,Director General,Tokyo National
Research Institute of Cultural Properties
possess a high historical and or artistic value and ty and the Record of Investigationon Archaeolo-
folk cultural properties such as manners and gical and Historic Sites.
customs.. . implements, houses and other ob- The ledgers are mainly used for official admi-
jects . . .which are indispensable for the under- nistrative purposes by the Agency for Cultural
standing of changes in.. .modes of life. Affairs and local officials,but also provide basic
Of the three particular ledgers that register material for publication.The reportsmay be used
immovable cultural property, that for National as a basis for eventual designation.The record is
Treasures and/or Important Cultural Properties used by the general public wishing to know,for
(architecture) includes building exteriors and construction or excavation projects, which
interiors. Those of especially high value are archaeological and historic sites within each
designated national treasures. The Ledger of prefecture have non-excavated remains.
Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and/or
Natural Monuments also lists archaeological Summary/Evaluation
sites, monumental dwelling houses, gardens,
animals, plants and minerals. The Ledger of The Japanese Ledger of Designated Cultural
Important Preservation Districts covers building Property continues a long tradition begun in
exteriors and their environments. 1897.Each separate ledger provides a permanent
official record of all designated entries which are
legally protected by the state. Photographs,
METHOD drawings and maps are attached.
The record Prepared by the staff of the Agency for
Each prefecture uses a different card format for Cultural Affairs at the time of designation the
the Record of Investigation on Archaeological ledgers have been continuously updated as new
and Historic Sites. Information is collected by entries were designated.Recorded information
local groups under the subsidy and supervisionof varies according to the subjects covered in each
the Monuments Division of the Agency for ledger and thus reflects an evolution of the
Cultural Affairs. Questions are limited to one methodology since its origin.
side of a file card with a map and sketch plan or All the data are objective and factual. Each
photograph of the site attached to the reverse.At ledger emphasizes the actual legal acts of designa-
present the record contains200,000entries for the tion rather than the completephysical description
whole of Japan;it w ill be revised in two or three of the entry. In particular, the Ledger of
years time. Important Preservation Districts lists all possible
legal acts,alterations and ruleswhich might effect
the entry.Only the Ledger of National Treasures
The ledgers includesinformationon date,history and physic-
al description.
N o lexicon or manual exists for the system.All
Unfortunately,no handbook or lexicon exists
questions are in Japanese and unnumbered.
for the method. The various ledger formats are
Although the formats for each ledger differ,
not unified. N o cross-referencingexists among
topics concerning each are specified in rules
the ledgers, although some entries are designated
established by the Commissioner of the Agency
in more than one. For example, monumental
for Cultural Affairs.
dwelling houses,i.e.thehouses where great men
There is no standardization in either size or were born,can be under historicsitesand at the
questions. The National Treasures format asks
same time under important cultural property.
approximately fourteen unnumbered questions.
All are answered on one side of a sheet;there is a The numeric quantity of ledger and record entries
is straining the limits of the manual system.
blank supplementary sheet. The Historic Sites
format asks approximately thirty-fivequestions;
half are answered on a grid. The Preservation Question analysis
District format asks approximately thirty un- A n analysis follows of the kinds of information
numbered questions on eight sides of four pages. (translated into English) asked by the Ledger of
One side is used only for districts proposed for National Treasures (treasures), the Ledger of
selection by the municipality. Historic Sites (sites), and the Ledger of Important
Preservation Districts (districts). Analysis is by
P R O D U C T S A N D USERS category of question and not by question sequ-
ence on the ledger formats. For a question-by-
The individual ledgers for each of the particular question comparison of these Japanesequestions
types of designated cultural property as well as contrasted with the other systems see Part Three.
the attached maps, photographs and other sup-
porting documentation are primary products of IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
the system.Other products include the Reports
64 on Emergency Investigationsof Cultural Proper- All formats name the entry and its location for
which only city,town or village is indicated.Both governmental and private possession,land categ-
the sites and districts formats give the numbers of ory and section.For districts, the size of the area,
the lots or range. population, number of households,houses and
To determine use or type the treasures format buildings are all detailed. For any alterations to
asks for the structure and the sites format notes the selection,the size of the area and range of lots
kind. are noted.
For ownership,the treasures format provides Only the treasures format provides a physical
name and address of owner.For sites, the name description of the entry. One general question
and address of the owner or possessor is given for combines structure,style,area, height and other
each lot. details that indicate dimension.Another question
discusses any tablet, inscription and other such
items.
SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATION
OKIGINAL QUESTION S E Q U E N C E
and other details that indicate TRANSLATED (FORM JP3)
the dimension
Year or period of construction Ledger of Important Preservation
First construction and history Districts for Groups of Historic
Tablet, inscription,and other Buildings
such items of reference Number of selection
Number of photograph Name
Number of drawing Number of announcement in the
Official Gazette
Date of selection
Location
OKIGINAL QUESTION SEQUENCE Area
TRANSLATEII (FORM JP2) Range
Name
Ledger of Historic Sites, Number of announcement in the
Places of Scenic Beauty andlor Official Gazette
Natural Monuments Date of alteration
Designation Location
Date Area
Alteration Range
Date and number in Ofjcial Requisites for conservation
Gazette Criteria for selection
Custodian Announcement in the Official
Kind Gazette
Name Explanation for selection
Location Applied for selection by
Causes of designation municipality :
By par.,item,of criteria Name
Explanation Date of determination
Requisites for conservation Number of announcement in the
Documents: Official Gazette
No. of Reports'on Location
Sheets of photographs Area
No. of photograph ledger Date of alteration
Maps attached City planning area and district
Sheets of drawings within or without
Sheets of engraved prints Alteration dates
Items concerning designated area: Regulation for preservation
Total area of lands Name
Total number of lots Date of establishment
Land in government possession Number of announcement
Number of lots Date of enforcement
Acreage Date of alteration
Land in private possession Number of announcement
Number of lots Related regulations and rules
Acreage Name
District, city ward Date of announcement
Town,village Number of announcement
Major section Preservation plan
Minor section Name
Lot number Date of announcement
Land category Number of announcement
Acreage Outline
Name and address of owner and possessor Other items of reference
Remarks Population
Number of households
Number of houses
Number of buildings
Contents of measures taken
by municipality.
66
Mexico (MX)
Catalogacion Sistema Culhuacan
Based on information supplied by
Carlos Chanfon-Olmos,former Director
Discussion STAI:I:
volunteer groups could be cross-checked by eighty spaces;one line per entry.Entry is by free
office staff before coding.More than 80 per cent text, keyword and numeric codes. Free text is
of those who received forms completed and used for town or city, address, and name of
returned them. monument or church. Monastic order is by
The volunteer recording system was found to keyword.Alpha-numeric codes are used for all
be ideal for use with church and civil authorities other questions. Print-out is the standard 132-
in rural areas or medium-sized communities, space line.
although it did not work in large towns. The
current stage of the programme is the develop- USERS A N D PRODUCTS
ment of an inventory of urban buildings. This
information will also be coded and fed into the A n important intangible result of the inventory
data bank. method is the sensitizing of 7,500 volunteers to
the architecture of their immediate vicinities as
well as to the importance of the project.
A e rial photog rap hs Other products of the system include the
T o compensate for any oversight by the volun- collected photographs and plans submitted by
teers and in order to complete the inventory by volunteers and the various print-out indices
including all possibilities, aerial photographs produced from the collected information.While
were to be studied.Training in photo interpreta- not designed for direct publication, data have
tion was begun but although the initial training been used in the preparation of fundamental
course w a s successful,budget limitations pre- architectural studies. Some computer listings
vented continuation. have been published for handy reference such as
the Monumentos y lugares de belleza natural and
Photographs and plans Arquitectura religiosa de 10s siglos XVI U XIX.
Volunteers were requested to send in exterior and Computerized information is available to the
interior photographs as well as plans if possible. general public and scholarly researchers at the
More than 3,000photographs and 600 plans were data bank of the Direction de Estudios del
submitted Territorio Nacional (DETENAL)and has been
used for preparation of maps and charts of
cultural and tourism resources.
The forms
Information is recorded in Spanish. While one
form was sent to parish priests and another to Summary/Evaluation
municipal delegates, both ask approximately the
same questions but in a differentsequence.One The Catalogacion Sistema Culhuacin has many
form for religious architecture and another for strong points. It has made extraordinary use of
7,500volunteers for the economical collection of
monuments and places of natural beauty w ill be
basic data. Print-outis available for use by the
analysed below. Although no lexicon or manual
exists,clarificationof the computerized questions general public as well as researchers. One
is given in Sistematizacionde datosin Arquitec- eighty-space line per entry is economical for
tura religiosa (INAH,1972) and Monumentos y
storage and can be easily updated. Coded in-
lugares de belleza natural (INAH, 1973),both of
formation is standardized and easy to read and
compare.
which are published computer indices.
The religious architecture form is a grid of eight The three-digit date is terse. Local fiesta dates
not only provide historical commentary but
lineswith each linemodified by nine unnumbered
signal possible conservation problems caused by
questions.This describes the major church and up
unauthorized fiesta-related alterations The date
to seven other religious structures within each
parish. One of the nine questions, forma de of the earliest document in the parish archives aids
atrio,is a schematic illustration.The monuments
researchers as does the office file number for
form is used for all building types as well as places monuments.Questions on plan,roofand retables
of natural beauty. This is a grid of ten lines for ten describe religious structures.
possible entries. Each line is modified by five However,there are problems with the system.
unnumbered questions. Using mayors and priests as volunteers for data
collection Droved unsuccessful in larger urban
.
3
forms and no lexicon is available. O n the tion of the entry.Separate questions describe roof
print-out neither the parish nor municipality is shape and number of towers. Atriums and
decoded. Monument type is identified in the crossings are noted.Retables are counted.
sistemuttzaci6n de dutos but numerically coded
in all print-outthus requiring a constant referral CONSERVATION/RESTORATION/PRESERVATION
to ascertain, for example, that 06 stands for N o questions on either form specifically discuss
iglesiu con otra funcibn. this category, although two questions on the
Religious Architecture form are relevant. If the
Question analysis church is in ruins,this is noted under religious
order.Dates of local fiestas provide maintenance
A n analysis of the kinds of information required information since fiestas are reputed to be the
for the religious architectureform and anotherfor most common pretext for unauthorized altera-
monuments and places follows. Analysis is by tions.
category and not by the question sequenceon the
forms.For a question-by-questioncomparison of
these Mexican questions with the other systems, DOCUMENTATION/REFERENCE
see Part Three. The religious architecture form cites the date of
the oldest document in the parish archives. For
IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION monuments the office file number is compu-
terized but not asked for on the form.Volunteers
Both forms name the town @oblacidn). Neither
were requested to send exterior and interior
asks for the state, but the information is comput-
photographs and plans if possible.The existence
erized. Municipality is combined with town on
of this information is not computerized.
the religious form but not computerized;munici-
pality is not asked for on the monuments form
but is computerized using codes established SYSTEMATLZATION
separately by the Direcci6n Giniral de Estadis- N o questions cover this category.
tica.
O n the religious form the parish is not stated,
but it is computerized in numeric code with the
major parish church marked Aand other Appendix
religious structures in the same parish marked OKIGINAL QUESTION SEQUENCE
B-2.The name of each church (advocucibn)is A N D TRANSLATION (FORM MX1)
given and the religious order (orden monasticu
original).
Cuestionario No. 1 Questionnaire 1
The monuments form preprints the various
types of monuments or place;the correct answer 1. ?Que monurnentos Religious architecture
is checked.Addresses are given only on this form religiosos construidos en
as street and number of suburb/neighbourhood, el periodo 1521 a 1900
or distance in kilometres from town. existen en su parroquia?
Llenado este cuadro,diga-
SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATION nos 10s mayores detalles de
cada monument0
N o question covers this category but all entries Nombre de la poblacion Town
are protected by federal law. y del municipio Municipality
Advocacion Name of church
DATE/HISTORY Fecha aproximada Approximate date
Orden monistica Religious order
Both forms ask for the date, which is compute- original
rized in arabic numerals by century third. For Forma de atrio Atrium
example,the last third of the sixteenth century is Cruz atrial Crossing
coded 163. Numero de torres Number of towers
For religious architecture, the day and month Techo de la nave principal Roof
of up to three local fiestas are recorded. The Retablos importantes Number of retables
religious order that constructed the church is 2. ?Se conservan en (Oldest document in
buen estado 10s parish archives)
identified. Additional information regarding archivos parroquiales?
legends or traditions is collected,but not com- Diganos desde qui epoca
puterized. existen docurnentos
3. ?En que fechas se Dates of festivals
DESCRIPTION
acostumbra en esa
parroquia celebrar ferias
The religious form provides a physical descrip- y fiestas tradicionales? 69
System description
4. ?Que leyendas y Legends and traditions Ano o siglo aproximado Approximate year or
tradiciones religiosas o century
profanas existen en la Casa House
parroquia a su cargo? Edificio Building
5. Mandar fotografias Photographs and Hacienda Estate
exteriores e interiores plans,if possible Iglesia en servicio Church in use
y planos si es Iglesia con otra funcion Church with other
posible. function
Fuerte Fort
Monument0 Commemorative
conmemorativo monument
ORIGINAL QUESTION SEQUENCE Fuente Spring
A N D TRANSLATION (FORM MX2) Acueducto Aqueduct
Puente Bridge
Faro Lighthouse
(Monuments and Playa Beach
places form) Lago Lake
Poblacion Town Cascada Waterfall
(Localizacion): (Address): Pefiasco Rocks
Nombre de la calle y Street and number, Bosque Woods
numero,colonia o barrio suburb or neighbour- Gruta Grotto
km carretera, etc. hood,road milepost,etc. Otros Other
Nombre del monument0 Name of monument or
o del lugar de belleza place of natural beauty,
natural,paseo, parque, avenue,park garden,etc.
jardin, etc.
70
Morocco (MA)
Inventaire National du Patrimoine Culturel
landscapes considered for picturesque qualities, Liste GCnCrale which provides basic location,
ensembles (collectionof objects having common identification and legal status information for
attributes) and groups (villages, urban quarters, each entry.
etc.). The monument form is for an individual In addition more than ninety analytic studies
object such as a structure,building or natural have been prepared by the staff covering such
feature which may also be part of a larger site. diverse topics as kasbas and art rupestre (rockart).
All entries are classified by the Nomenclature Special efforts have been made to integrate both
Typologique which is a listing of sixty-five of these important cultural resources into nation-
particular types of sites and monuments.Approx- al protection and development policies. The
imately twenty of these types are Arabic terms rock-art study was published in 1977 under the
such as kasba, ksar, medina and marabout. title, Catalogue des sites rupestres du Sud-
Marocuin, by the Minist2re dEtat ChargC des
COMPUTERIZATION Affaires Culturelles.
Computerization of the Inventaire National du
Patrimoine is presently under development using Summary/Evaluation
MINISIS.The Liste GCnCrale form is designed The Moroccan Inventaire National du Patri-
for computerization.Eight lines of seventy-three
spaces each provide the information which is moine Culture1 is an ambitiousproject to record
entered in free text, keywords and codes. all the culturalproperties of the nation.The sites
Free text is used for the name of the entry, and monuments inventory utilizes manual forms
circle, town, commune or douar. Keywords to collect information first from published
include the type of legal status, protection sources and subsequently from site visits. The
decision, Lambert cartographic zone and map distinctive Nomenclature Typologique incorpo-
sheet, Hegira month, and remarks. Other dates, rates many particularly Arabic terms.Expressing
type-ordernumber,province,line number,Lam- dates by the Muslim system, as well as the
bert co-ordinatesand decision number are coded Christian, reflects the Islamic culture of the
alpha-numerically. country. All collected data are objective and
Every line repeats the unique type-order factual,but the scope is selective.Only the most
number for each entry and the province code. remarkable examples of sites and monuments in
Each line also has a c.c.number which identifies better states of conservation are listed. Emphasis
the line and,thus,the information stored on the is placed on the protection of the entries by legal
line. For lines that are repeated,the count of the decrees and the necessary conservation work.
line is also given.For example,three different sets Some boxed answers and pre-printed controlled
of information for Line 6 can be coded for each responses are an aid to the completion of forms.
entry by assigning the c.c.numbers 6/1,6/2,6/3. Unfortunately,no manual or handbook exists
Each covers a separate protection decision, for the system. Computerization is still under
Christian (A.D.) and Islamic (Hegira) dates, development.Questions are unnumbered. Long
decision number and remark. statements and paragraphs of text preclude easy
eventual total computerization.The cross-refer-
ences between type-order numbers for monu-
USERS A N D P R O D U C T S
ments within sites,although necessary,is confus-
All InventaireNational resources are used by the ing. The Nomenclature Typologique is not
staff of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as hierarchical. For example,06 cascade,08 cows
researchers,historians,architects,archaeologists, deau,and 13forit are all natural features but
and university students. Several features of the are neither grouped together under one heading
Inventaire allow retrospective research of the nor numbered in sequence. T o search for all
monuments and sites: the photo file @hotothP- natural featureswithin such a list each individual
que),the microfiche file (micvothPque)containing type needs to be searched separately, i.e. 06, 08,
7,000 documents and the bibliographic index 13, etc.
containing 5,000references to Moroccan cultural
heritage. Three computer-generatedvolumes of
this index have been published under the title, Question analysis
Fichier-index bibliographique du patrimoine cul- A n analysis of the kinds of information asked on
turel,by the Minisdre dEtatCharge des Affaires the List,Site and Monument forms follows.Most
Culturelles.It covers works published in Moroc- questions are answered in brief text statements.
co or abroad indexed by keyword, author and Other than the type-ordernumber there are few
main citation. coded questions.Analysis here is by category and
Primary products of the sites and monuments not by the sequence of questions on the forms.
inventory are the completed individual forms For a question-by-questioncomparison of these
with their attached plans, drawings,and photo- Moroccan questions contrasted with the other
72 graphs as well as the computerized format of the systems,see Part Three.
Morocco (MA)
SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATION SYSTEMATIZATION
N o form asks for significance but all three state Recording record
the legal status including the actual decree, date
and number.Three separate legal decisions with Both the monument and site forms name the
dates and numbers can be computerized on the drafter, checker and reviser of the form and give
List.Christian (A.D.) and Islamic (Hegira) dates the date.This is asked for on front and back of the
are both cited on this form. O n the site and monument form. Both forms also name the site
monuments forms the need for protection can be inspector, date of inspection and inspection file
expressed as well. number.
DAT~HISTORY Systematics
Only the List asks for the precise date of the All three forms cite the unique six-digit type-
structurewhich may be plus or minus and A.D. or order number for each entry.The first two digits
Hegira for archaeological,Christian and Islamic code the appropriate Nomenclature Typologique
precision. The monument form asks for the (ksur, cuscude, etc.) and the next four digits
constructionperiod.Both the site and monument provide the actual numeric sequence within that
forms request history and popular traditions.N o typology. Sites and Monuments use the same
reference is made to builder or architect. typology list but cross-reference their different
typology numbers.
DESCRIPTION For example, the site type-ordernumber may
be 22.0001.This represents Typology 22, ksar
Both the site and monument forms provide short (fortified southern village), and 0001 for the first
general paragraphs of description. The monu- such entry in the Inventaire.Part of this site is
ment form further adds setting and contents Monument 20.0046 which is Type 20, tighremt
(cudre et contenu), particular characteristics, (citadel), and 0046 for the forty-sixth example
materials, and a discussion of any movable works within the entire system. The site monument
of art contained within. cross-reference then is Site 22.0001,cf. Monu-
ment 20.0046.
CONSERVATION/RESTORATION/PRESERVATION
75
New York City
D
iscussion In addition,at any one period,approximately
OBTECTIVES A N D STATISTICS 100 volunteers provide assistance. Volunteers
may be secondary-schoolor college students or
The Urban Cultural Resources Survey is a local residents.Besides establishing community
programme of the New York City Landmarks support for the survey,the volunteers themselves
Preservation Commission. Based on the Cana- gain a heightened appreciationof the architectural
dian Inventory of Historic Building,this survey assets of their own neighbourhoods.There is a
was designed to furnish detailed, computerized three-sessiontraining programme for volunteers.
information on all extant building exteriors and
important urban design features of the city.The
survey helps the Landmarks Preservation C o m - CK rrIx1 A
mission,the nationslargest municipal preserva- The UCRS is comprehensive.All existing build-
tion agency,establish priorities for legal designa- ing exteriors and importanturban design features
tion. of the five boroughs of the city are to be recorded.
Designation decisions,based upon an analysis There is no cut-offdate or time frame, although
of the total fabric of the citysstructural environ- buildings less than thirty years old cannot be
ment,could be accomplished only with a compre- considered for designation as city landmarks.
hensive computerized survey.All buildings and Information on earlier buildings known only by
featuresare considered not as isolated entities but research can be accommodated within the system,
in terms of the other existing examples which may though these are generally not recorded. A n
be comparable in style, period or level of urban archaeology component is under develop-
significance.The UCRS records non-designated ment.
entries as well as landmarksand historic districts Areas to be recorded are selected by the survey
designated at the local and federal levels. director in consultationwith the executivestaff of
Systematic site recording began in June 1979. the commission.Recorders are always assigned a
As at 31 December 1980, there were 50,000 particular area in which they record and photo-
entries. The estimated number of entries upon graph every immovable feature.
completion of the comprehensive survey will be
850,000to 1 million.The final date of completion
cannot be foreseen.The original budget,much of MlTHOD
which was provided by one-time grants and The UCRS is open-ended.New question-and-
special funds,was $350,000. answer choices can be added. All seventy-six
questions and their precoded answer choices are
STAI:I: listed in the codes. In addition, a continuous
A full-timeprofessional survey staff of fifteen alphabetical list of all precoded answers (more
permanent and contract positions includes thir- than 1,000 terms) has been prepared. Notes
teen recorders who hold graduate degrees in art provide instructionsfor completing the field form
history, architectural history, or preservation, as well as definitions of questions.
and two professional photographers. 77
System description
throughout the city. Additional print-out data might be used,yet this would greatly increase the
and photographs are provided to other municipal, entry length.
state and federal agencies.Informationis available Economic data storage in numerics is necessary
to scholars and researchers. Film-makers have to handle the potential 1 million entries,but this
used the data to find film locations. precluded immediate on-lineaccess by keyword.
Products ofthe system are the black-and-white Thus the present on-line system cannot be
photographs of all entries and the computerized interrogated by the general public. Updating is
recording form and indices.Print-outis provided difficult due to the length of each entry (seven
in either numerics or easily understood lines) and permanent data storage on magnetic
keywords.Film roll and negatives are compu- tape.
terized so that photographs illustrating the
recorded data can be provided easily. Photo-
graphs to illustrate the entire UCRS code of more Question analysis
than 1,000terms can be searched automaticallyin A n analysis of the kinds of information asked for
question-and-answersequence and listed by film on the UCRS field form follows.-Everyquestion
roll and frame plus address. is computerized. All random questions are
multiple choice and can be answered as often as
needed. Analysis is by category and not by the
Summary/Evaluation question sequence on the form.For a question-
by-questioncomparison of these New York City
The UCRS was designed to furnish detailed questions contrasted with the other systems see
computerized information to enable the Land- Part Three.
marks Preservation Commission to set priorities
for designation based on an analysis of the total
fabric of New York City.Since mid-1979it has IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
been in operation as a computerized method to For location the borough, block,lot,parcel are
record all extant building exteriors and important combined into the geocode. In addition the
design features.Criteria for buildings are com- community name,street, number(s) on the street
prehensive and all-inclusive.There is no time- and any additional street and number are given.A
frame or cut-offdate. standard street master list precoded for use by all
The UCRS can be used by both volunteers and city departments is used for this.If the entry faces
professional staff. The methodology is explained two streets, the additional street address is noted.
in notes, while codes lists all questions and Community names are used to identify neigh-
precoded answers.Answers are written in text on bourhoods and historic districts. These are
the field form and then coded numerically.At the written in text and assigned a number from the
text level the system can be used manually.With office code book.
the geocode it is possible to provide information The present name,original name and complex
describing any block and lot as it was at the time name are all asked.The complex name modifies a
of recording and what w a s tangent to it, as well as group of structures each of which may also be
what past structures once existed on that lot and individually named. Names are written in text
what urban archaeological remains are known to and assigned a number from the office code book.
lie below.The unique randomquestionsformat T w o present uses and two original uses are
allows multiple answers combining choice,style, possible.Either specific use (religious-rectory)or
material and location. only generic use (religious) may be coded.
All entries are photographed with standard 35 Original use is gleaned from research. Aban-
mm black-and-whitefilm and the photographic doned/ruin and vacanduninhabited are generic
record is computerized.Precoded answers make categories of use.
data easy to compare.Computerized print-out
indices are possible in any combination of
SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATION
questions and answers. The system is open-
ended; both questions and answers can be One question, significance, combines levels of
expanded. aesthetic importancewith levels of local or federal
However, there are problems. The task is designation. Only non-designated entries are
immense and the means are limited.There is no judged for significance.All non-designated en-
standardized recording record;recorder and date tries graded as typical or outstanding examples of
are not recorded. Not enough possibilities are a given style are further researched to determine
provided for historical dates and architects factual dates and architects. Levels of official
names.Significance is a subjective question based designation include New York City landmarks
on the recordersevaluation of aesthetic import- (exterior,interior,scenic, and historic districts)
ance. Coding all building, architects and com- and federal landmarks (National Historic Land-
munity names into numerics is tedious;free text mark or National Register). 79
System description
IIATE/HISTORY SYSTEMATIZATION
81
Poland (PL)
System of Inventorying Historical
Monuments
Based on informationsupplied by
Marek Konopka,Vice-director,Historical
MonumentsDocumentationCentre
D
iscussion by the year 2000. Archaeological entries total
OBJECTIVES A N D STATISTICS 80,000;115,000 architectural entries have been
made. The parks and gardens survey began in
The Polish System for Inventorying Historical 1975and will be completed by 1985;2,862entries
Monuments is centrally organized,planned, and have been recorded.
supervised by the Historical Monuments Docu-
mentation Centre,which is part of the Ministry of
Culture and Arts.It is the centreschief,though SIAI.1.
not single, area of activity. Several individual Inventory information is gathered in the regions
surveys make up the effort:(a)the Inventory of by local teams under the direction of Voivodship
the Immovable Historical Monuments (monu- offices for Research and Documentation of
ments), (b) the Inventory of Historical Cities and Historical Monuments. All data are then com-
Towns (cities); (c) the Inventory of Parks, piled and collected at the single central archive of
Gardens, Avenues and Cemeteries; (d) the the Historical Monuments Documentation Cen-
Archaeological M a p of Poland; and (e) the tre in Warsaw. Total staff for the entire project
Inventory of the Movable Historical Monu- numbers 400 highly qualified specialists. The
ments. budget is 18-20 million zlotys per year.
The principal objectives of the totalsystem are:
(a) the identification of historical and cultural
CKITIKIA
monuments;(b) documentation to reflect clearly
the historical and artistic values of the national Collected data are classified according to different
heritage; and (c) planned protection of this categories of monuments (architecture,historic
heritage based on the collected documentation. cities and towns, archaeology, movable works,
This present documentation, based on the etc.). Each category is organized geographically
identification and systematic recording of all by Voivodship and locality.
existing monuments,will allow effective protec- The Archaeological M a p records all pre-
tion to be planned and integrated into the nineteenth-centurywork.This m a p and the other
economic and industrial development of Poland. non-architectural surveys are comprehensive.
Within the system,complex links need to be The system is selective only for archi-
created to integrate the protection of the cultural tecture, based on the opinions of experts. The
heritage with the future development of the land. cut-offdate for wooden construction is pre-1914;
Protection zones need to be delimited within the the time limitfor other buildings is generally 1939
framework of economic and industrial develop- and, rarely, 1950. Buildings destroyed and de-
ment. In order to do this,precise localization is molished since the Second World W a r are
planned for all categories of historic monuments excluded from documentation.
on maps which visually combine topographic,
ecologic and historical data.
M L T H0 1 1
The Inventory of the Immovable Historical
Monuments began in 1975;the Archaeological There are two phases for all recording in the
M a p in 1978.Both are expected to be completed Polish system.The first phase is to gather basic 83
System description
data; the second is to complete the appropriate Architectural and town-planning surveys
inventory forms as well as compiling documenta-
tion such as photographs,plans and sketches.
The Inventory of Historical Cities and Towns
covers all localities that are or at any time in the
The scope of the five separate inventories will past were endowed with urban statutes.By 1977
be briefly noted.For the purpose of this manual
some 1,400 historical cities and towns were
those two will be studied in depth which deal with
included. A file for each locality contains such
architecture and town planning: the Inventory of
materials as a concise historical account of urban
the Immovable Historical Monuments (called
development, present-day and historical maps,
Monuments here) and the Inventory of Historic
photographs of town-planningfeatures and lay-
Cities and Towns (Cities). out. The cover sheet of each file in the Cities
Except for the Archaeological Map all methods Inventory asks thirteen unnumbered questions
are described in English inA System oflnventory-
ing Historical Monuments in Poland, published
which will be analysed below.
by the Historical Monuments Documentation The Monuments Inventory covers architecture
and buildings of all types and periods from the
Centre,in 1977.Copies of the forms,translated
questions and definitions of terms are included.
Middle Ages up to 1939 and, in rare instances,
1950.T w o forms are used which w ill be analysed
The Archaeological M a p of Poland w a s begun below.Across the top of both,alphabetic-colour
in 1978 to record all pre-nineteenth-century
codes give information to facilitate manual filing.
archaeology.It divides the country into standard
37.5km2units on a base map of 1 :25,000, locates A n address form is completed for each item
exhibiting some historical features and values as
each site, and integrates all documentation with
well as those deserving to be subjected to a
graphic symbols.Informationis collected on two
conservatorscare.N o photograph is attached. It
forms. The standard inventory sheet, Karta
Ewidencji Stanowiska Archaeologicznego, asks
asks thirteen unnumbered questions.
A n inventory sheet for the Monuments Inven-
ten specific questions and provides some pre-
tory asks twenty-sevennumbered questions on
printed answers to be checked off. A punched
four sides and constitutes a more complete
card (not a computer card) records the informa-
documentation record. Photographs and plans
tion for each archaeological site with graphic
symbols as well as text. The appropriate pre-
are attached on the first side. T w o copies are
made; one for the Historical Monuments Docu-
printed descriptive symbols are crossed out.For
example:a balloon signifies aerial photography;a mentation Centre,one for the conservator of the
area.
book, reference sources;and an ear, hearsay or
unconfirmed data. COMPUTERIZATION
The Inventoryof Parks,Gardens,Avenues and
Cemeteries was begun in 1975 and is carried out The entire Polish inventory system is to be
under the supervision of the Board of Museums computerized. The Inventory of the Movable
and Historical Monuments Protection,Ministry Historical Monuments is being converted first;
of Culture and Arts. This covers pre-1939 keyword thesauri of terms are being compiled.
subjects.Its objectives are: (a) to determinewhich U p to thirty keyword descriptors will be re-
parks, gardens,avenues and cemeteries are to be trieved for each entry;additional descriptors w
ill
protected in part or in whole; (b) to determine indicate where documentation is stored. The
which sepulchral objects should be separately programming language is SEZAR for ODRA
inventoried and protected; and (c) to determine 1305 computers.
the range of indispensable or desirable conserva- PROI>UCTS A N D USERS
tion/restoration.
The Inventory of the Movable Historical The Historical Monuments Documentation Cen-
Monuments, although generally outside the tre has created one central archive to compile and
scope of this manual,will be mentioned briefly. collect information from many disciplines
Begun in 1962, 200,000 movable monuments according to the category of monument inventor-
were recorded by 1981. Included are movable ied. This documentation is used by regional and
works of art or artistic crafts as well as small-sized central government offices,staff researchers and
architectural objects such as tombs, wayside the general public.All documentation can be used
shrines and crosses. Major decorative architec- for publication of studies on special subjects such
tural elements (doorways,architraves, etc.) wall as construction or conservation techniques,and
paintings,stained glass and epitaphs which may dictionaries of special terms.
be parts of a building are, nevertheless,recorded The address form provides basic information
in this format.Objects stored in museums are not on all historical monuments, movable and im-
included since museums keep their own docu- movable. Other products of the system include
mentation. the collected detailed recording forms of the five
separate inventories as well as the attached
84 photographs, maps, drawings and additional
Poland (PL)
supporting documentation such as photogram- inventory sheet cite previous locality names such
metric records. The Archaeologic M a p with its as popular place-names in common use among
unified code of symbols is the prototype for a the local populations,or original German names
complex map of the entire country which will for northern and western territories. Former
graphically depict all historical monuments. administrativejurisdictions prior to 1 June 1975,
when districts became communities,are given on
both the address form and inventory sheet as are
Summary/Evaluation
full street addresses which are to be checked on
The objectives of the Polish system are ambi- the spot.Also under streetaddressany previous
tious-the identification, documentation and name of the street is cited and relative distanceto a
protection of all historical and cultural monu- road or nearby landmark if the object is outside a
ments. Emphasis is placed on documentation settlement.The inventory sheet provides legal
leading to planned preservation by integrating address precision by referencing the mortgage
this protection within the industrial and econo- register number and, in separate questions, the
mic development of the country. owner and his address, and the user and his
The Historical Monuments Documentation address.
Centre provides organization,planning and su-
pervision as well as the central file for all SIGNII.ICANC~/DESIGNATION
inventory documentation collected within the
system.All information is objective and factual N o level of significance is cited on any form.
and revised to be up to date.Only the scope of the However,the address fom is completed for all
architectural survey is selective; all others are items considered to possess historicalvalue.Both
comprehensive. Reference citations including the address form and the Inventory Sheet note if
place of storageand call marks are most complete. the entry is enrolled in the official Register of
Alphabetic-colour codes are useful for manual Historical Monuments, its number and date of
files. enrolment.
Unfortunately the constant use of the term
monumentsfor both architecture and works of DATI:./HISTOKY
art is confusing.The separate inventory formats Both the address form and inventory sheet state
used for building exteriors and their important the timeof erection.Known dates are given in
interior features are unwieldy.Computerization arabic numerals while approximate dates are
is still under development. O n the detailed written in text within a quarter of a century.Only
inventory sheets paragraphs may hide informa- the inventory sheet asks historical questions.
tion. Long text statements preclude any easy Authors,history of the object and style definition
eventual computerization.The terser responses are all combined in one question. A second
on the address form are easier to read as well as to question,building works and conservation,de-
code;the pre-printed answers and graphic sym- fines the campaigns,scope of work, dates and
bols for archaeology are the easiest. who did the work as well as referencing any
availab1 e docunientation.
Question analysis
I>I;.SCKIPTION
A n analysis of the kinds of information asked on
the cover sheet for the Cities Inventory and on the The address form asks about material only.The
address form and inventory sheet for the Monu- inventory sheet provides one general question on
ments Inventory follows. All forms are of description which covers situation,material and
standard-sizedA 4 cardboard;answers are gener- construction,plan, architectural mass, interiors,
ally typed in text statements or paragraphs. exteriors, furnishings and installations.Separate
Analysis is by category and not by question questions further describe cubic dimensions and
sequence on each form. For a question-by- usable floor area.
question comparison of these Polish forms with
the other systems see Part Three. CC)NSIIIVATION/II~~~T~~ATION/PKI-.SI-I~
Entries on the address form may deserve to be
IUI;.NTII:ICATION/I.OCATION
subjected to a conservatorscare.The cover sheet
Both the address form and the inventory sheet references the conservation record, date and
identify the kind of object,and any name which number and,separately,any development plan.
may modify it, and ask whether the entry is The inventory sheet asks for the state of preserva-
demolished in the same question.The inventory tion in one general question;this is the condition
sheet further describes present and original use of of foundations, walls, vaults, floors, rafters,
this monument.All three forms state the present roofing,furnishings and installations.A separate
Voivodship and locality.Both the cover sheet and question notes the type and scope of conservation 85
System description
SYSTEMATIZATION
ORIGINAL QUESTION SEQUENCE
Recording record AND TRANSLATION (FORM PL3)
87
Zambia (ZM)
Zambia National Site Index
Based on information supplied by
N.M.Kataneka,Director,National Monuments
Commission,and Robin Derricourt,ex-Director
Discussion CRITERIA
OBJECTIVES A N D STATISTICS The Index is intended to be comprehensive for
The Zambia National Sites Index is operated as known archaeological sites and localities contain-
one of the duties of the National Monuments ing chance finds, and selective for the most
Commission.The Index serves:(a) to guide in the important historical, geological and traditional
legal protection ofsites; (b) to guide in the public sites or areas of natural beauty.Selection is based
administration related to sites; (c) to assist the on existence in the available known sources.
research and information service of the National The variable and selective nature of the sources
Monuments Commission and associated institu- does not provide a standard level of reliability for
tions;(d) to aid field research in archaeology and the data. Changing and duplicate place-names
history;and (e) to assist international researchers cause confusion and some sites may be listed
as a published reference source. twice. For entries based on hearsay, without
Both legally protected and unprotected sites supporting information,the term unconfirmed
are recorded.Non-archaeologicalsites are un- is used in the question of status.
protected. All sites with human occupation
before 1890 are protected.Some sites are
declarednational monuments. METHOD
Begun in 1974, the main effort was completed
in 1976 with the publication of the Classijied Category and site type
Index of Archaeological and Other Sites in Basic to the Zambia National Sites Index is the
Zambia which included 1,543 sites. division of all entries into separate questions for
category and type. The five categories are:
natural,geological,archaeological,historical and
STAFF traditional.Natural sites are non-built;,geological
Systematic recording for the Index was done by sites are palaeontological;archaeological means
the staff of the National Monuments Commis- pre-colonialin date; historical means colonial or
sion over a two-yearperiod from available known post-colonial;and traditional sites have import-
sources generally without further field work. ance for religion or local oral history but no
Updating the Index is a continuous process. visible features or finds.
Recorded errors are noted by users and corrected. For the natural category there are three types
New discoveries of sites and finds, which are (waterfalls, non-archaeologicalcaves and other);
required under Zambian lawto be reported to the for traditional there are two types (traditionalsite
National Monuments Commission,are periodi- and cave,traditional); for geological,three types
cally entered into the system. (hard-rock fossils,fossilwood, and Quaternary
fossils); for archaeology,twenty-fourtypes (in-
cluding settlement,fortified village, burial,open
1. National Monuments Commission, A ClassiftedIndex of
Archaeological and Other Sites in Zambia (ed. by R. M. and sedimentary sites,various kinds of caves and
Derricourt, rev. by E. Maluma), Livingstone, National finds); and for historical five types (administra-
Monuments Commission, 1978. tive post,church/mission,monument,cemetery/ 89
System description
grave.
and historical other). Thus. the few Summarv/Evaluation
,
architectural site types are listed under the
historical category and are colonial or post-
The Zambia National Sites Index has many
strengths. The site record card can be read
colonial in date.
manually and is a convenient size.Information is
basic and controlled responses are easy to
The site record card compare. There is a continuous programme of
correction and expansion of the Index as errors
Information is recorded in English on the site
are found by users and new sites added.
record card. Definitions of some questions are
Periodizationof dates allows for uncertainties.
given in Noteson Entriesin the ClassifiedIndex
Data collection from available known sources
of Archaeological and Other Sites in Zambia. N o
avoided, time-consuming and expensive field
handbook or lexicon is available.
surveying while the use of unconfirmedand
The 5 x 8inch (127x 203 mm)card asks twelve confirmedstatus clearly grade the reliability of
questions for computerization and ten non-
the information.This is an operating and proven
computerized on the reverse. All questions
computer method which is easily updated.
(unnumbered)are pre-printedwith blank spaces
Nevertheless, there are weaknesses in the
(notlines)below.Answers are written in text and,
Index. It is mainly archaeological with few
if computerized, also coded into boxes. By this architectural questions. There are no photo-
method of pre-printingquestions and answering
in text as well as numeric codes,the completed
graphs or manual for the system.Unnumbered
pre-printed questions on the site record card at
card is immediatelyreadable as well as ready to be
first glance appear disorganized.Because it was
punched on to computer tape.
based on known sources without a site visit,the
For the questions categoryand status, where
Index data is not necessarily correct,nor was it
five or six answers are standardized, each is
collected at one particular time.
preprinted on the form to be underlined.For the
questions Publications, Excavations and C14
dates,a noneor yeschoice is possible.If none
is correct, it is written in the blank and 0is Question analysis
entered into the code box. A yesanswer is A n analysis of the kinds of information asked on
described in full but only the fact that information the Zambia Site Record Card follows. The
exists (coded by 1) is computerized. analysis is by category and not by question
sequence on the form. For a question-by-
COMPUTERIZATION question comparison of these Zambian questions
contrasted with the other systems,see PartThree.
Data processing is provided by the staff of the
Data ProcessingUnit,Ministry of Finance.Entry
length is fixed at 53 spaces. Entry for site name is IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
i-nfree text;all other questions are alpha-numeric
Province, site name and IatitudeAongitude co-
codes. Print-out is the standard 132-space line.
ordinates locate and identify the entry.Site name
Province,category,status,periods and site type
utilizes the official approved spelling unless
print out as easily readable keywords. Map
co-ordinates,museum objects and file reference another has been used in source publications.If
numbers remain as numerics. A ksignifies necessary,indicators,such as A,B,etc., disting-
additional references for objects and files. uish parts of sites with the same name.Alternate
site names are written but not computerized.
Co-ordinates provide degrees and minutes for
P R O D U C T S ANI) USERS south and east geographical axes and are com-
puterized,while the map sheet reference is only
Products of the Zambia system include special
computer listings,the manual file of completed
cited. T w o additional questions particularize
location but are not computerized. Position/
site record cards and the Classified Index of
directions describes the direction and mileage
Archaeological and Other Sites in Zambia. The
published Index is distributed and used by from the nearestcrossroads,track or recognizable
internationalarchaeologists. landmark. Farm/chief/townfurther specify the
locale. T w o separate questions, categoryand
The site record card file in the offices of the site type,classify the entry by broad kind of site
National Monuments Commission contains
additionaluncomuuterized information for many category and particular type of site.
of the sites. Thismay be consulted by studenis
and scholars on request. Users of the system S,C;NI,.ICANCI~~I~I.sl~~NATIO~
include the staffs of the National Monuments
Commission and the LivingstoneM u s e u m as well The level of legal protection is listed under
90 as archaeological researchers. status.Sites may be declared (national monu-
Zambia (ZM)
SYSTEMATIZATION
Recording record
Source/inforrnant,an uncomputerized ques-
tion,asks from where information was gathered,
or by whom. Under statusthe term uncon-
firmed is applied to material or sites without
adequate supporting information. Sites with
adequate information are confirmedfindspots.
Systematics
Province and site name are repeated on both sides
of the site record card for easier manipulation.
91
Part Three
Question comparison
Introduction
96
Outline
of question categories
and topics
Analytic Analytic
1. Identificationllocation Chart No. Chart No.
A. Name 1A E. Site and structure:material 4E
B. Typology and use 1B and technique
C.Address 1c F. Site and structure:construction 4F
D.Cartographic co-ordinatesand 1D elements
property registration G.Site and structure: immovable 4G
E. Ownership 1E features
2. SignificancelDesignation H.Site and structure:movable features 4H
A. Importance 2A 5. Conservation/Restoration/Preservation 5
B. Official designation and other 2B A. Present condition
legalities B. Past work
3. Date/History C.Future perspectives
A. Date 3A 6. DocumentationlReference
B. Historical commentary 3B A. Published bibliography 6A
C.Authorship 3c B. Files and reports 6B
4. Description C.Maps, plans and drawings 6C
A. Area and setting 4A D.Photographs 6D
B. Site and structure:magnitude 4B E. Other information 6E
C. Site and structure: general 4c 7.Systematization
description A. Recording record 7A
D.Site and structure:style 4D B. Systematics 7B
97
1 Identification/
location
A.Name
ANALYTIC C H A R T 1A
-
AR12 Name Denominacion (9,s)
CA Name(s) of building Nom(s) du b%timent(-)
CA (Certainty code)
DISCUSSlON
Thistopic discusses present names for each entry, the level of certainty for the name according to
past names and questions which modify the whether staff or non-staff did the research. In
names. All systems give the actual name of each New York City the present name,original name
entry,but only some have a separate question for and name of the complex are all asked for and
that information.Both Poland and Italy include computerized. Zambia computerises only the
the names (past and present) under the object name ofthe site but records alternative site names
type. For example, Poland cites palace, called as well.
Krolikarniaand Italy forte di S.Giorgio. France and Mexico modify the name by
Many systems provide for alternative and/or specifying the type of user (genredu destznatnire)
past names.Canada does not enter the names into or particular religious order (orden monustzcil
the main data base but has a separate computer file orzginal). Thus, for Mexico the church named
of names and location codes. Canada also notes SanIgnaciocan be modified by Jesuitas. a9
Question comparison
RECOMMENDATIONS
The full name of the entry as it is known at the might also be recorded. The precision possible
time of recording is primary information and with the use of a modifier or a certainty code is
must be collected.Original and alternative names worth considering.
DISCUSSION
or original,and future). For New York City and
For many systems, Type or U s e is the basic Canada,'original use' provides the type.
question.Type is the 'essence'of the entry which, France combines the general category of type
for architecture,may be what it was built to be. It with the specific kind in one question called
need not be the same as either its originaluse or its Dinomination. The five separate categories (Col-
actual use (what it was first used for or what it is lect$, Ensembles, Edifices,Edicules, and Parties)
presently used for). Type for Argentina,France, each include particular types. For example, the
Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Poland and Zambia is category Edifice contains the specific cathe'drale.
the basic entry question.Many of these systems In addition,separate questions ask about regional
also have separate questionsfor use (present,past typology and constituent parts or uses not
1 .Identification/location
implied by the denomination.Present use is also categories of site modify thirty-eight site types.
given. N o question is asked for use.
Italy identifies the kind of object (oggetto)and For Canada and New York City the original
also asks for both the actual use and original use. use serves as the basic type question.Present use
For urban sectors the types of constructions as is asked as well.
well as their past and present uses are described. Abandonment or disuse may also be noted.
Morocco,for both monuments and sites,codes The existence of an abandoned building is cited
the type and numeric sequence within that type by Canada in the question stateand by Morocco
(type-numkro dovdre). For monuments the pre- in the question etat actuel. New York City
sent use and state as well as proposed and possible includes abandoned as a use,as does Italy where
uses are given in four separate questions. abandoned or disused buildings are described as
Argentina will code type into the inventory none(nessuno).
number. In addition,for monuments the actual
use,proposed use,and level of futureadaptability
are given. KECOM M :1 N [IAT1 0NS
Mexico codes the type for both religious
architecture and monunient/place. Within the Typology is a primary question and must be
monument/place list, only two types imply included in every inventory.For architecture,the
use-church in use (iglesia en servicio) and church original purpose for which a structure was built
with other function (zglesia con otra foncion). may also be its type. However,this is separate
Poland identifies the kind of object as well as from the original use to which it may have been
the present use and original uses in separate put or the present use and future use which might
questions. be collected.Regional variations in terminology
For Zambia two questions describe type;five are also useful.
C.Address
ANALYTIC C H A R T IC
JP123 Location
MX12 State Nombre del estado
MX 1 Municipality Municipio
MX12 Town Poblacion
MX 1 Parish Parroquia
MX2 Address Localizacion
MA12 Province Province
MA3 Province,main place Province,chef-lieu
MA123 Circle Cercle
MA1 Urban commune or rural douar Commune urbaine ou rurale
(douar)
MA2 Commune Commune
M A1 Town Ville
MA3 Town, commune Ville,commune
MA2 Place Lieu-dit
MA3 Quarter or place Quartier, lieu-dit
NYC Borough (1)
NYC Community (10)
NYC Street (5)
NYC Numeric address (6-7)
NYC Also known as street (8)
NYC Also known as numeric (9)
PL123 Voivodship Wojewodztwo (-,-,5)
PL123 Locality MiejscowoSC (-,-,3)
PL23 Previous locality names Poprzednie nazwy miejscowoSCi (-,6)
PL13 Community Gmina (-,5)
PL1 Street
PL3 Address Adres (4)
PL13 Former administrative PrzynaleznoSC administracyjna (-,i)
jurisdiction
PL2 Administrative status
PL2 Seat of local authorities
ZM Province
ZM Farm/chief/town
ZM Position/directions
should be located. Since names of administrative an urban structure facing on two streets the
areas and places can change over time,alternative alternative address might be collected. Mileage,
and c o m m o n names may be worth collecting.For though better than no location,is vague.
AR
CA Map number N de la carte
CA Building number Nodu bftiment sur la carte
CA Concession number Node concession
CA Lot number Node lot
FR Cartographic co-ordinates CO-ordonnCescartographiques (I 170)
FR Cadastral reference RCfCrences cadastrales (50)
FR Displaced conserved parts Edifice ou ensemble de conservation (50)
IN1 Lat.N.long.E. (3)
IN1 Survey sheet number (3)
IT1234 Cadastre folio parcel Catasto folio n. part. nm.
IT2 Topographic co-ordinates Riferimenti topografia
IT34 Parcel Particella
JP13 Range
MX
M A1 Exact co-ordinates Localisation exacte
MA2 Exact location and Situation exacte et limites
limits of zones de zones
MA3 Exact location Situation exacte
MA3 Cadastre Cadastre
NYC Block (2)
NYC Lot (3)
NYC Part (4)
PL3 Mortgage register number
under address Nr hipoteczny (4)
ZM Co-ordinates
ZM Map
for example, but individualized methods like holdings and is useful for specifying par-
Canadas can prove quite expedient. For any ticular properties. Cadastral references used by
cartographic system, however, the map sheet France,Italy and Morocco are paralleled by the
number as well as the plotted grid reference need Japanese rangeand the New York City block,
to be identified. lot and parcel.
Legal registration refers to the official land-
E. Ownership
ANALYTIC C H A R T 1E
AR
CA Present owner Propriitaire actuel
CA Address of owner Adresse du propriitaire
CA Tenant Locataire
CA Original owner or tenant Propriitaire ou locataire dorigine
FR Ownership under legal Situationjuridique(1550)
status
IN12 Ownership (R5)
IN2 Record of classification (17)
IT14 Ownership Proprieti
IT3 (Past) ownership Proprieti
JP12 Owner, name and address
JP2 Possessor,name and address
MA23 Owner; responsible office Propriitaire;administration
responsable
MX1 Owner of church under Orden monistica original
religiousorder
NYC -
PL3 Owner and his address Wlaiciciel i jego adres (8)
PL3 (Type of owner)
PL3 User and his address Uzytkownik i jego adres (9)
PL3 Original owner under
historyof object Historiaobiektu (12)
ZM -
104
2. Significance/
designation
A. Importance
ANALYTIC C H A R T ZA
105
Question comparison
DISCUSSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
107
3. Date/history
A.Date
ANALYTIC C H A R T 3A
separates years in which construction com- date is known by historical research. New York
menced and was completed. New York City City distinguishes dates which are estimated;
records one original date as well as one date of Canada specifies if dates are estimated or known
subsequent change,such as alteration. by research and the reliability of that research.
Mexico and Zambia ask only for the period. Canada,France,New York City,Poland and
Mexico codes the century third in Arabic num- Zambia provide demolition or destruction in-
bers. For example,163represents the last third formation.For buildings destroyed after record-
of the sixteenth century. Zambia names the ing Canada updates the year of demolition.New
relevant period. U p to four possibilities are York codes demolition under year of (ultimate)
allowed for each entry. A n additional question change.France includes under conservation en-
records whether any Carbon-14dates have been tries which are destroyedas well as those which
obtained. were destroyedafter inventory.Poland records
Japan,France,Italy,Morocco and Poland give demolishedunder the question which identifies
both years and periods. Japan,for treasures, the object. Zambia notes destroyed under
notes either the year or period of construction. status.Neither France,Poland or Zambia date
France allows for periodization to the nearest destruction or demolition.
quarter century in text;also precise numeric years
can be noted.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Italy,in the question cronologiu,cites both the
century in Roman numerals and the years in Date is a primary question. Either or both the
Arabic numbers.For urbansectorsthe relevant general chronological periods and the precise
period for historic information is stated separate- years must be collected (in separate questions).
ly. Morocco computerizes either the A.D. or Since changes occur through time possibilitiesfor
Hegira date in +/- numerics,while for monu- multiple dates should always be provided. For
ments the construction period (@ope de con- architecture, dates of commencement,comple-
struction) is given. Poland writes in text the tion of the primary phase and subsequent changes
century of erection approximated to the nearest might all be recorded.Destruction or demolition
quarter and uses Arabic numbers for precise after recording is primary information which
years. must be kept current. Accuracy or certainty
Canada,France,and New York City modify questions modifying dates are secondary in-
dates with accuracy questions.France notes if the formation.
B. Historical commentary
ANALYTIC C H A R T 3B
C.Authorship
ANALYTIC C H A R T 3 C
~ ~
111
Question comparison
112
4.Description
AR
CA Property features Caractiristiques de la propriCtC (78)
FR Placement Milieu dimplantation(1210)
FR Importance for collective Importance du bordereau
form collectif (1 410)
IN1 Topographical features (8)
IN1 Area and boundary . . . (16)
IN1 Nature and extent of garden (20)
IN1 Staff . . . (21)
IT1 Ambience Rapport ambientali
IT2 Urban relationships Correlazione urbanistiche
by function par funzionali
IT2 Etymology of place names Etimologia della toponomastica
IT2 Original urban plant . . . Impianto urbanistico originario
IT2 Division of land Lottizzazione de impianto
IT2 Urbanistic relationships Correlazione urbanistiche
(of volumes)
JP1 Number of buildings (count)
JP2 Custodian
JP2 Acreage
JP2 Number of lots
JP3 City planning district
JP3 Area
JP3 Number of population
JP3 Number of households
JP3 Number of houses
JP3 Number of buildings
MX -
MA3 Setting and contents Cadre et contenu
NYC Property features (65)
PL2 Historical and
town-planningsurveys
PL3 Situation under
description Opis.. . (1 3)
ZM Chief under
farm/chief/town
113
Question comparison
AR
CA Massing of units Groupement des unites (11)
CA Plan Plan (12)
CA Wings Ailes (13)
CA Building dimension Dimensions du bftiment (14)
CA Bays Nombre de baies (I(
CA Basement/foundation Sous-sol/fondations 17)
FR Plan Plan (1420)
FR Naves and floors Vaisseaux et etages (430)
FR Exterior elevation Elevation exterieure 1460)
FR Dimensions Dimensions (1490)
IN ~
ANALYTIC C H A R T 4B (COHtd.)
AR
CA
FR -
IN1 Outstanding features
IT -
JP
MX
MA23 Description Description
MA3 Particular characteristics CaractCristiques particuli2res
NYC
PL3 Description Opis (13)
ZM Description of site
115
Question comparison
DISCUSSION RECOMMENDATIONS
India, Morocco, Poland and Zambia all ask General accounts of description are secondary
general descriptive questions.India includes the questions which are not recommended.Descrip-
outstanding features of the monument or site in tive information should not be combined in one
one question which also covers brief history and question with other data such as history. Nor
importance. Morocco, for Monuments, asks should description be unspecified. Questions
unspecified caracte'ristiques particuliPres as well that combine unrelated data or do not specify
as description for Monuments and Sites. Zambia data, hide information.It then becomes neces-
records description but does not computerize sary to read through the entire description in
this information.Poland,in the single question order to locate information describing, for
called 'description', specifies situation,material example, the roof. Therefore, general unspe-
and construction, plan, massing, exterior and cified descriptive accounts are not recom-
interior,and furnishings. mended.
AR -
CA Style Style (82)
FR
IN
IT
JPI Style
MX
MA -
NYC Style (1 8-21)
PL3 Style Okreilenia Stylu (12)
ZM -
DISCUSSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
116
Description
AR
CA Exterior bearing wall Construction des murs porteurs
construction extirieurs (30)
CA Material of: MatPriau :
CA basement/foundation wall des murs de fondation (18)
CA main exterior wall faqade principal du mur extirieur-faqade(19-28)
CA exterior wall material; des murs extkrieurs;autres murs (29)
other walls
CA roof surface de la surface du toit (34)
CA roof trim de la garniture du toit (36,38)
CA chimney stacks des souches de cheminke (45)
CA window trims garniture (50-52, 55-56)
CA window sill seuil de fenEtre (54)
CA entrance trims entrCe principal-garniture (63-67)
CA porch porche (75)
FR Material of total structure MatPriau de gros aeuvre (1390)
FR Material of roofing MatPriau de couverture (1400)
IN
IT1 Wall construction Techniche murarie
IT1 Subterranean structure Strutture sotteranee
IT4 Construction technique Techniche costruttive
MX -
MA3 Materials Matkriaux
NYC Materials of faGade (46)
NYC Faqade material (47)
NYC Trim material (1 00-999)
NYC Surface coating (67)
PL1 Material
PL3 Material and construction
technique under
description Opis(1 3)
ZM
DISCUSSION RECOMMENDATIONS
Construction techniques as well as materials are For an architectural survey the visible materials
discussed. Canada, Italy, New York City and of the building and its roof are primary ques-
Poland all specify construction technique. Italy tions. Construction technique and materials of
includes materials with technique in the same the various other elements are secondary ques-
questions. tions. Modifying various elements by their
Poland and Morocco ask about general mate- individual material is useful.
rials. France specifies materials for the roof and
those of the total work. Canada and New York
City are most specific in detailing materials.
Canada provides the materials of walls, roof
surface and trims, chimney stacks, window and
entrance trims and porch. New York City can
record the surface coating, materials of the
fasade and trim as well as modify any such
element described by its construction material.
117
Question comparison
AR
CA Roof type Type du toit (32)
CA special shape profils spkciaux (33)
CA trim eaves garniture-avant-toit (35)
CA trim verges garniture-bordures (37)
CA special features particularitks (47)
CA Towers,steeples,domes Tours, clochers et dames (39-41)
CA Dormer type Type de lucarne (42)
CA Chimney location Emplacement de la cheminke (43,44)
CA Chimney stacks D e s souches (46)
CA Typical window: FenCtre typique:
location emplacement (48)
CA structural opening shape forme de Iouverture structurale (49)
CA trim heads garniture tCtes (50,55)
CA trim sides garniture c6tks (51,56)
CA number of sashes nombre de chissis (57)
CA opening mechanism mkcanisme douverture (58)
CA Special window types Types particuliers de fenttres (59)
CA Special pane arrangements Disposition particulikre des carreaux (60)
CA Main entrance location EntrCe principale emplacement (61)
CA structural opening shape forme de louverturestructurale (62)
CA trim heads garniture Gtes (63,66)
CA trim sides garniture cBtes (64,67)
CA Door leaves Nombre de vantaux (68)
CA Door panels Nombre de panneaux (69)
CA Door special features Particularitts (70)
CA Mains stairs location Escalier principal emplacement (71)
CA direction direction (72)
FR Roof type Type de couverture (1470)
FR Vault type Type de couvrement (1480)
FR Stairways type Type descalier (1 500)
IN
IT1 Roof Copertura
IT1 Vault and attic Volte e solai
IT1 Stairs Scale
JP
MX 1 Roof shape Techo de la nave principal
MX 1 Number of towers NumCro de torres
MA
NYC Entrance location
NYC Door opening
NYC Door trim
NYC Door type
NYC Door panels
NYC Porch
NYC Window opening
NYC Window trim
NYC Window type
NYC Window panes
NYC Roof shape
NYC Roof trim
NYC Roof features
NYC Chimneys
NYC Dormer roof
NYC Towers under buildingfeatures
PL
ZM
118
Description
AR -
CA Wall design and detail Dessin et detail des murs (31)
FR Representation Representation (1070)
FR Comments PrCcisions (20)
FR Decoration technique Technique de dCcor (1450)
FR Inscriptions and marks under
historicalcommentary Commentairehistorique(60)
IN1 Outstanding features (6)
IT1 Flooring Pavimenti
IT1 Exterior decoration Decorazione esterne
IT1 Interior decoration Decorazione interne
IT1 Inscriptions,tablets, Iscrizioni,lapidi,
coats of arms, murals stemmi,graffi
IT4 Elements of special interest Elementi di specific0 interesse
JP1 Tablet, inscription and
other such items
MX1 Number of retables Retablos importantes
MA -
NYC Building features
NYC Decorative motifs
NYC Significant interior space
NYC Architectural sculpture
and art
NYC Modifiers
PL3 Interiors under
description Opis(13)
ZM
DISCUSSION
Both decorative construction details and Description. In France inscriptions and marks
attached works of art are discussed as immovable pertaining to the building campaigns are de-
features.Inscriptions,coats of arms, interior and scribed under Historical Commentary.Decora-
exterior decorations, etc., comprise decorative tion techniques are recorded separately. Japan
details. Built-in works of art refer to architectu- details tablets and inscriptions and other such
ral sculpture,murals,mosaics, etc. items only for National Treasures.
Canada lists decorative features under wall India records inscriptions with sculpture and
design and detail. New York City includes them paintings under Brief History. Italy, in one
as building features or decorative motifs and question,combines inscriptions,tablets, coats of
modifiers. A separate question notes significant arms and murals. Three questions describe
interior spaces. Poland includes these under flooring,exterior and interior decoration. 119
Question comparison
Both the Italian Cutulogo dei beni culturuli counts the number of retables within each
and the French Znventuire generul record on church but provides no further description.
separate forms important works of art. In urban RECOMMENDATIONS
sectors Italy notes Elementi di specijico interesse
which should be the object of their own forms. Descriptions of immovable features are secon-
France, for artistic works within or on the dary questions. Inscriptions, tablets, coats of
architectural work but not worthy of an indi- arms, interior and exterior decorations as well as
vidual form, records the general subject under architecturalsculpture and art might be recorded
Reprksentation and specifies the particular event but should not be combined with other informa-
depicted under comments. tion such as history. At least two separate
New York City records architectural sculp- questions should be asked; one for decorative
ture and art in one question which combines the details, another for attached art and sculpture.
subject category such as abstract or historical Specifying the general subject and particular
and the method such as mosaic or mural. Mexico event for architecturalart and sculpture is useful.
AR -
CA Site Emplacement (1 0)
FR Reuse Remplois (1250)
FR Displacement DCplacement (1260)
FR Museum storage under
legal status Situationjuridique (1 550)
IN -
IT1 Furnishings Arrendamenti
JP
MX
MA3 Movable works of art CEuvres dart mobilikres
NYC Moved under modifier (71)
PL3 Furnishings under
description Opis(1 3)
ZM Finds
ZM Museum object
ZM More than one assemblage
ANALYTIC C H A R T 5
-
AR12 Conservation condition Estado de conservacion (15,12)
AR1 Adaptability Grado de adaptabilidad (19)
AR1 Financing Grado de inversion (20)
CA Alterations and additions Modificatio,nset rajouts apparents (77)
FR Conservation Conservation (1510)
IN1 Climatic data (9)
IN1 Conservation chemical notes (18)
under officefiles
IN1 Structural and chemical
conservation . . .
IT14 Conservation status Stato de conservazione
IT1 Restorations Restauri
JP23 Requisites for conservation
MX1 Ruins under religiousorder Ordenmonastica original
MX1 Eventual dangers under
dates of festivals Ferias y fiestas
MA23 Present state Etat actuel
MA2 Eventual dangers Dangers Cventuels
MA2 Development perspectives Perspectives de diveloppement
MA3 Restoration operations OpCrations de restauration
MA3 Restoration perspectives Perspectives de restauration
MA3 State of conservation Etat de conservation
MA3 Degree of (conservation)needed DegrC de protection i appliquer
NYC Alterations to storey (48)
NYC Original or unaltered
under modifier
NYC Vandalized or ruinous (71)
under modifier
PL2 Opinion by conservator (-1
PL2 Conservatorsrecords (-1
PL2 Development plan
PL3 Building works and conservation Prace budowlane i konserwatorskie (1 8)
PL3 State of preservation Stan zachowania (19)
PL3 Type and scope of Najpilniejsze postulaty
conservation measures konserwatorskie (20)
ZM Present condition under
otherinformation
121
Question comparison
A.Published bibliography
ANALYTIC C H A R T 6A
~
DISCUSSION
Italy, under the question Bibliografica, cites
The Docurnentation/Reference Category is di- each publication in chronological order and
vided into five topics. The first, Published notes the author,title, place of publication,year,
Bibliography, discusses publication references. pages, and plates. Morocco lists basic bibliogra-
The other four topics generally cover non- phy. Poland, for architecture, includes a ques-
published supportive documentation. tion called Literature References. Zambia re-
Canada cites any sources used to record the cords publications in full citations but only
entry under the question called Observations computerizes the fact that some publication
but does not computerize this information. exists.
France stores full bibliographic references in text
on microfiche.The appropriate microfiche num-
bers are cross-referenced on the bordereau RECOMMENDATIONS
architecture. If additional microfiches are used
the continuation numbers are noted (mtse2 jour Complete bibliography is an optional question.
de la microfiche). Argentina records bibliogra- Such references must be exhaustive and current
phy divided into books,publications and other. to be useful. Therefore, a comprehensive bib-
India includes published references such as liography necessitates a separate documentation
Imperial and District Gazettes and local method utilizing microfiches or specialized com-
manuals. puter programs. If separate bibliographies exist, 123
Question comparison
cross-referencesshould be made on the recording tion. Citations should follow a standard format.
form to the relevant entry such as a text Zambias recording of full citations, but com-
microfiche number. puterizing only the fact that some publication
Restricted bibliography is a secondary ques- exists,is worth noting.
AR
CA Archaeological site Site archeologique (83)
CA Reference Reference (84)
FR Dossier under
documentationreference Documentationreference(5)
IN1 Office files (18)
IT1 Technical reports Realzioni techniche
JP
MX2 Office file number Numero en clave
MA23 Studies and reports Etudes et rapports
NYC Research resources (72)
PLl List of Historic M o n u m e n t s
PL1 Catalogue of Ancient Objects
PL2 Archaeological data
PL2 Town-planningsurvey
PL2 File No.
PL2 Historical and town-planning
surveys
ZM Office file number
ZM Additional files
ZM Excavations
themselves remain separate from the survey Generally these reports also remain separate from
form. the survey;they may be either held by the survey
Reports and studies in addition to office files or known to the survey.Full citations should be
may be indicated. These may either be unspe- made for author, title, place of publication, and
cified (Morocco) or specified (NewYork City). date.
Argentina, India,Japan and Morocco attach sectors profiles and assembled plans are also
plans or drawings to the forms. Argentina included.
subdivides plans into various types-of the
RECOMMENDATIONS
ensemble, floors, details, cross-sections,views
and perspectives.When none exist they are made Maps, plans and drawings is a secondary ques-
specially. Copies are attached to the form. tion. References may record either the general
Documentation w ill eventually be stored on fact that some information exists (Morocco and
microfiche. Japan,for National Treasures and Canada) or may specify the kind of information
Historic Sites, attaches drawings (and for Sites, that exists (France, Argentina). Particular in-
prints as well) to the Ledger and counts the formation may be requested (Mexico,Poland,
number of sheets in a separate question; for Italy).
Districts, Japan attaches drawings but does not Mexicos appeal to volunteer recorders for
reference them on the form.Morocco records available plans is worth noting.Italy and Poland
plans (withmaps) and may attach copies on the specify the types of plans to be professionally
reverse of the form. India references drawings prepared especially for the survey.France notes
held in the Circle Office and pastes selected the existence of professional photogrammetric
sketches on attached sheets for the Record. or measured drawings.
Both Poland and Italy include plans with a set Maps, plans and drawings may be separate
scale. Poland attaches building plans with a scale from the survey form and indicated on it. They
of 1:100, 1:200 or 1:400 as well as basic may be held by the survey or be known to the
measurements and north indicated. Italy, for survey and located elsewhere.All should be fully
architecture and urban sectors, encloses plans referenced including location for those not held.
(rilievi). For buildings,the scale is 1 :IO0or 1 :50; In addition maps, plans and drawings may be
for urban sectors, 1:200.For buildings there is attached to or enclosed within the form itself.
always a floor plan showing construction phases These attachments should be fully labelled by
as well as a view of the type of structure plus name and number and source.They should be
perspectives or sections. Additional plans and fully identified on the form as well.Copies only,
drawings, either attached or located elsewhere, of course, and not original documentation
are identified. Engravings are noted. For urban should be attached to the form.
D.Photographs
ANALYTIC C H A R T 6D
127
Question comparison
E. Other information
ANALYTIC C H A R T 6E
AR -
CA 0bservations Observations (-)
FR -
IN12 Remarks (24,9)
IT12 Archives Archivi
IT12 Other documents Documenti vari
IT12 Other forms Alte schede
IT12 Subgroup number N
IT2 Extract from Centro Storico Straclio di parte de Centro Storico
IT2 Iconography Iconografici
IT2 Inserts Repertorio relativo
IT3 Documents Documenti
JP2 Remarks
JP2 No. of reports on
JP3 Other items of reference
MX1 (Oldest document in Que Cpoca existen documentos
parish archives)
MA23 Other archives Autres archives
MA23 Cf.number Cf.numCro
MA2 Observations Observations
NYC -
PL1 Provided with inventory
sheet
PL2 Table of contents
PL23 Remarks Uwagi rozne (24)
PL3 Archival materials Akta archiwalne . . . (21)
ZM Other information
elsewhere on the form.This information may be system can possibly deal with all possibilities
held by the survey or known to the survey and such terms as remarksor observationsprovide
physically located elsewhere.In addition,it may a set place on the form to record the unknown
remain separate from the forms where it is whatevers which may occur.
identified or it may be attached, or included Cross-referencesto other relevant forms are a
with,the forms.Citation information should be primary question. This may be to a subgroup
complete and state the type of information,date, within the same category of form or to other
location of the source,and any call marks. categorieswithin the same system.Forms should
Contingencies is a primary question. Since no be identified by type and number.
129
7. Systematization
A. Recording record
ANALYTIC C H A R T 7A
-
AR
CA Date of survey Date de lenquCte(79)
CA Team number Node lkquipe (-)
CA Name of photographer Photographe (-)
CA Name of recorder EnquEteur (-)
CA (Certaintycode) (-1
FR Dossier under
documentationreference Documentationreference (5)
IN1 Approach (5)
1N1 Inspection notes under officefiles (18)
IN1 Superintendentssignature and date (25)
IT1234 Ministry Ministerio
IT1234 Department (and code) Soprintendenza
1T12 Compiler Compilatore
IT12 Date Data
IT12 Approved by Visto del soprintendente
IT12 Revisions Revisioni
JP
MX
MA23 Drafted by and date Rkdigie par le
MA23 Checked by and date Contrblie par le
MA23 Revised by and date Riviske par le
MA23 Visited by Visit6 par
MA23 Date Date
MA23 Number of dossier Nodu dossier
NYC Inspection date under date of change (27)
PL3 lhotographers name and
date under photographs... (11)
PL3 Prepared by and date Wypelnil (25)
PL3 Checked by and date Sprawdzil (26)
ZM Sourcehnformant
ZM Unconfirmed under status
-
B. Systematics
ANALYTIC C H A R T 7B
132
7. Systematization
RECOMMENDATIONS
133
Planning worksheet
Ln
U
Components
i,
9
a
0
k
a
m
k
a,
Lo
3
A. Computerization B. Standardization
a
mC
I IDENTIFICATION/LOCATION
I I I OTHER
1B TYPOLOGY,
USE
T e I
Present or actual use(s)
Past or original use(s)
Future or possible
I use(s)
ADDRESS Geogl
administrt
>hit-
Lve address
Alternative names
for the locality
I
Specif i address I
Alternative address
Position or, directions
Apprpac h
Specifics
I-
Cartographic coordinates. . . ....... Attach m a p shee
I
Legal registration
-
I
Ownership type
Present o er's name
Tenant or re! insible off ice
Origi 1 owner
2 SIGNIFICANCE/DESIGNATlON I
2A IMPORTANCE Level of importance
.
2B OFFICIAL
I
Level of protection
DESIGNATION and designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIWate
AND OTHER Name, number and date ................. Attach copy o f text
LEGALlTlES Legal criteria
I
Announcement
Future designation
3 DATE HISTORY
3A DATE
I
Period and/or years
'
I
Commencement and
Demolition or
destruction
: ................... Update
I . .
3B HISTORICAL
COMMENTARY
Accuracyjcertainty
I
Construction campaigns
or bui1din.g history
Hiet0rica;l events
Legends and traditions
I
3c AUTHORSHIP Name(s) and professional roles
Adcuracy/certainty
4 DESCRIPTION
4A AREA I puantif,ication
_ _ _UIba-ni_stic _r;~at~o~sh_ip_s- - -
Situation, placmment, ambience
Features
Personnel
I SITE/STRUCTURE
I
Magnitude
I.
:Dimensions
:Plan type
_ - - -- - - - -
:Massing, volume
General description . . . . . . .
_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
_ _ _ _ - _ _ - I
-_-_--__-
Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
__-_--__
136
-_---- --- - .- ---- -
4E MATERIALS, Visible rn erials of
TECHNIQUES total s ucture . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For architecture
Materials of ipecific parts
Constructi 1 technique
--__-_ ------ .............
5A PAST W O R K
I
Citation references to:..Separate files
I
5A FUTURE Necessary level
PERSPECTIVES Specific work
Danaers
Development
Adaptability
Financing
6 DOCUMENTATlOl /REFERENCE
iA PUBLISHED
Bl BLl OGRAPHY
jB F I L E S AND
REPORTS
II II :
.Specified or unspecified
-Indicated, held, attached
Cross-reference to: ...Photn microfiche
6E OTHER Citation reference to:..Separat: archives
INFORMATION Conti mcies miscellaneous.. ....... Attach Cop1
:Remarks or
observations
Other forms I II
Attach cop1
7 SYSTEMATIZATION
I I
7A RECORDING Date and Form checked,
RECORD source-compiler revised,approved
for form I
Ii Citation reference to:.. Separate site
inspection file
78 SYSTEMATICS I
:Certainty
Identification number..
. . . . . . . . . . . . Not for volunteers
..........
137
System comparison chart
Argentina (AR)
Sistema Automadizado de Inventario y
Registro de Monumentos y Sitios
Canada (CA)
Canadian Inventory of Historic Building
France (FR)
Inventaire GCnCral des Monuments et
des Richesses Artistiques de la France
India (IN)
Record of Protected Monuments and Sites
Italy (IT)
Catalog0 dei Beni Culturali
Japan (JP)
Ledger of Designated Cultural Property
Mexico (MX)
Catalogacih Sistema Culhuacan
Morocco (MA)
Inventaire National du Patrimoine
Culture1
Poland (PL)
System of Inventorying Historical
Monuments
Zambia (ZM)
Zambia National Site Index
138
1. ObjectivesI I Statistics I JCriteria I
I
to create and keep up archives.
to produce simultaneous trans- I Select
I
ion working language Spanish.
lations of text and recorded
. no time limit. 2 forms for immovable
ARGENT1 NA
to thematically interrogate
the data.
.
.
archaeology.
monuments.
sites and ensembles.
selection limited t o
entries which are part of
cultural heritage.
to be Systematic and technical.
~
{m+ ,pk
CANADA
rn to record the architectural
heritaqe.
t o provide data to enable the
Historic sites and Monuments w a r d
to judge significance.
to provide data in a rapid
retrieval form.
~
present annual computer
-budget,
.CAN S 45,000.
new entries average between
8 seasonal recorders and photo-
graphers, 20 t o 100 each year.
time limit pre-1914.
selective sampling.
{
TI-
FRANCE
licire all works which because of
their artistic, archaeoloqical or
ethnoqraphic character are part of
the natlonal heritaqe.
- reqional documentation
centers.
rn to publish based on the
standardized findinqs .
tional in 1979.
- entries at 31 Dec.00. 24,000
in architectural data base.
estimated that all France will
.
be recorded by 2010.
total 1980 budget, 13,507.00OFF
(US 5 3,374,000).
.
, ..
ITALY
I
1
to identifv, research and document
every type o f cultural artifact,
movable and'immvahle, of archaeo-
loqic, art historical, architectu-
ral, urbanistic, rnvironmental or
Pthnanraohic interest.
cI
I
by Soprintendenze personnel.
e thnography , environment.
.
available for immediate use.
provide concise up-to-date 1"-
.
4MX I-
MEXICO
to provide basic informatron on
location and general chaihcteristics
ef buildings and natural sites with
cultural value.
- formation for planning in-depth
volunteer recorders.
. structures.
places o f natural beauty.
selective based on local
understanding o f historical
all included buildings
. 50,000 entries.
Entries upon completion,
between 850,000-1.000.000.
to help the Landmarks p=eser-
vatLon commission e s t a b h s h desiq-
nation priorities based on com-
- final date of completion cannot
be foreseen.
original budget, mostly one-time
included.
o f the city. parison. grants and special funds, training program for volunteers.
NEW YORK CITY US 350,000.
I
-
to identify, document and protect
I
t o plan protection based on
documentation and integrated into
historic and cultural monuments the economic and industrial
which reflect the values of the expected by 2000.
development. parks and gardens began in
national heritage.
POLAND
. I
t o guide in the legal protection
o f 51tes.
8 to quide in the public admin-
139
Appendix
Reproductions
. .
of original forms
Appendix: Canada (CA)
I
I
i
I Province / Terrdofy.Provrnce 1 ~ern~~lre Tolal No of Pholos Taken Film Roll No
N o m b r e lolal de pholos N' de la bobrne de film
I
I ream No .N ode Iyquipe
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Slreel - Rue
I
M a p No -N deTcane
I
I
I
I Building No - N-du b8tmenl Building No o n y a p .N e du b&enr sur la carte
I
I
I
! Lo1 No -N de lor Dommtlion Land Survey ~
!
I
I
IO
!
I
I
I
I
i
(. OFFICE USE ONLY
L'USAGE D U BUREAU SEULEMENT
!
I
I
I
* YEAR OF DEMOLITION
ANNEE D E DEMOLITION
Known
Donnees
connues
Estimated
Donnees
estimalives
E
I
OFFICE USE ONLY -A L'USAGE D U BUREAU SEULEMENT
!
I
I
I ARCHITECT
ARCHITECTE
I
I
I
I
I
6 1 1 Code
[z
I
!
C c I Code
[
I
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CONTRACTOR A I 1 Code
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ENTREPRENEUR
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Code n-m]
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I PRESENT USE Primary Use Secondary Use
I USAGE ACTUEL Usage principal Usage secondaire
I
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USAGE INITIAL
Unknown
0 0
lnconnu
Same
Meme
Primary
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Usage
secondaire
I ASSOCIATED OR
OTHER USES
I USAGES APPARENTES
I O U AUTRES I
I
I
!
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ETAT
Not Applicable
Non applicable
Abandoned
Abandonne
Vacant
lnhabite U Occupied
Habile
I
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I
I PC 824 (12-79) 147
Appendix: Canada (CA) I
R
I
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l
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10 I
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17 18 19 20
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OFFICE USE O N L Y - A L'USAGE DU BUREAU SEULEMENT
I
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148 PC 024 112.79)
Appendix: Canada (CA)
PC 464 (12-79)
ClHB RECORDER SHEET 6
EDITION 4
149
1000 1- I
(no m a c h m e )
-
(no microfiche texte)
I c
1010 I- I
(Denomination)
1030 I- _____- I
(Genre d u destinataire)
10 1- I
-
(Titres Appellations .Preclslonssur Ia denomlnatlon)
- _I_ 1
(Destmatoon actuelle precCdee d'actuellement)
1060 1- .___________ _-
(Parties constttuantes)
1070 1- __ I
(Representatmn)
20 1- J
(Precisions concernant la representatton)
1130 I- - I
(Reglon) (no dept)
-
(Canton)
-
( C o m m u ne)
-d
30 1- I
(Lieu-dito u secteur urbain)
40 1- I
(Adresse et / ou numerotalaon arlificlelle)
151
50 L- CAD. I
I- I
ou L I
50 1- 1 - L
(Denommatlon de I'edlfce d e conservatlon) (Son dest inatalre)
- I - I
(son tltre) (L'emplacement precls)
1- XO=l I I L- XE=l I ]
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(Etat O u no dCDt) (Canton)
(Commune)
- - I
(Etat ou no dept) (Canton)
- I
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1310 L- I
(Auteurs)
1390 I- I
(Materrau d u gros ceuvre)
L--- _ _ _ ~ -__I
1400 1- ~________ I
(Matermu de couverture)
1410 I- ETUDIE( )A
(Pour u n bordereau collectof)
1420 J
(Part,d e plan)
1430 I- I
(Vaisseaux et etaqes)
1450 1- A
(TechnrQued e decor)
153
Appendix: France (FR)
1470 I- I
(Type d e couverture)
I I
1480 I- I
(Type d e couvrement)
1500 I- I
(Emplacement et forme des exaliers)
70 1- I
(Typologle regionale)
L I
- I
(Dep6t pouries edcUleS et partles deplacees)
1590 1- A SIGNALER1
80 1- - _I
(Mise b jour d e la microfiche)
154
Appendix:France (FR)
INDICATEUR DU PATRIMOINE
(Architecture)
Dkpartement d e I'Eure
ARRONDISSEMENT
DES
ANDELYS
INVENTAlR E GENERAL
DES MONUMENTS ET DES RICHESSES ARTISTIQUES DE LA FRANCE
R EPE R TO IRE
DES OEUVRES ETUDIEES
ALIZAY
10- M A I S O N S . FERMES. ETUOIEil) REPEREll 1) BATl(291) ( U M B E R T I X0-/5143E/.
XE-151715) YN-118330) YS-/17885/J1 7 E SIECLE 18E SIECLE 19E SIECLE GRANGE. ETABLE
CALCAIRE BRIQUE BOIS PAN DE BOIS MOELLOH TUILE PLATE ARDOISE 1 185. 74548
*U'% Y
TYPO LO GI E-1N D EX
CELLlER LISOAS 55 PONT DE L ARCHE 1002 RADEPONT 1065. 13).
C H A T E A U ArLLY 4 ALIZAY-rr,
14 BMECOURT 18 AMFREVILLE S O U S LES M O N T S 29 ANOELYS(LES1 78
!=. , I, 'P.",:,"E'S"."EnS,d 2.!,flf:"N,C:tlYnsU,R,
155
FR: Composite samplc from Indicateur dir patrimoine architectural,arromfissement des Andelys,
published directly from compurcrizcd data.
Appendix: France (FR)
1 M A T E R I A U X-IN D EX
APPAREIL MlXTE A M E C O U R T 16 AMFREVILLE SOUS LES M O N T S 28 31 ANDELYS(LES) 6 3 A U T H E U I L
AUTHOUILLET
+=-I o c m ,a A
119 BACOUEVILLE
cnncr .-i---eL-.m
130 131 8AZlNCOURT SUR EF-E
- a - - 3 - I-..- .c.
142 BEAUFICEL EN LYONS
3-r e-,,...C. I
149
BOIS
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LES
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---
M O N T S 28 29 ?0,,3!, ,!3,.f,NDE~Y~KES),
IO A M E C O U R T
4!,,25r8:ts5$ -:!J'A,:?
-
ani qqo
119 -
CH RO NO LOG IE-lN D EX
DEBUT 4E QUART 17E SlECLE RENNEVILLE 1070 THlLLlERS EN VEXIN(LES)1200 s.121.
FIN 4E QUART 17E SlECLE AUTHEUlL AUTHOUILLET 119 BEZU LA FORET 178 I PITRES 963
S A I N T EB A R B E S U R GAILLON I 158 VESLY i323.[5l.
- - 127
.IITIIC~-~~.ITC * i s , i o earna~r.,.nor .in
AUTEURS-INDEX
LEQUESNE H O U V I L L EEN VEXlN 71 1. 111.
-k-
LOIS* "?.
14. 111.
--d
LOURME(MATHURIN DE) GISORS 583. 111.
INSCRIT
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127 BEAUFICEL
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nr.l,, , . .-e.-.-- ... ....
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ROULE(LE AUBEVOYE 108
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t ROSAY SUR LIEURE 1106. 121.
156
157
Appendix: India (IN)
0
5
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--s
E
M
UI
m
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L
2
159
IN1 : Original form.
Appendix: India (IN)
N
160
Appendix: India (IN)
c
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161
Appendix: India (IN)
0
E
a
9
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x
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162
Appendix:Italy (IT)
h
!
I
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163
IT1 : Original form.
Appendix:Italy (IT)
a
B
164
Appcndix: Japan UP)
./&I E( ip R EgF<=,?T;icT g
I I
;E 2 o) Causes of Designation
4 ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~
By par. , item of criteriafor Designation
mlm of Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and/or
Natural Monuments
I Explanation
E Ti U 3 3 It ii;
Land in Private Number of lots Acreage
-5
.
-
Lot number
I Acreage Name and address of
Minor Land category Remarks
section Owner and possessor
I- . 1
T
i- Cnrmission for Protection
of Cultural Property
(Now Agency for Cultural Affairs) -
166
Appendix: Mexico ( M X )
CUES710NAKIO No. I.
Contcstr Idj ,i.juierires prqun!x
BBB
2. iSe conservan en buen estado 10s archivos parroquiales? Diganos desde que Cpoca existen documentoj.
3. iEn q u e fechas se acostumbra en esa parroquia celebrar ferias y fiestas tradicionales?
4. iQuC leyendas y tradiciones religiosas o profanas existen en la parroquia a su cargo?
5. Mandar fotografias exteriores, interiores y planos si es posible.
147
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168
MX: Sample print-out from Monumentos y Lugaves de Belleza Natural.
Appendix: Morocco (MA)
@
C
0
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51
169
MA3 : Original form.
Appendix: Morocco (MA)
_.
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170
Appendix: New York City (NYC)
1. Borough 1. - 1
Record No. 1 80
Record No. 2 80
Record No. 3 80
Geocode No. --
--
Record No. 5
172
Appendix: New York City (NYC)
F O L L O W I N G IS S O M E E N G L I S H D A T A P R O V I D E D B Y M A R K I V F O R T H E
MANHATTAN STREET ADDRESS: 3 1 CHAMSERS STREET.
0000031 CHAMSERS STREET MANH ATTA N
+
COURTHOUSE, CITY OR COUNTY
+
BEAUX ARTS, FRENCH
FREE CLASSIC
+
DESIG. E X T 6 INT L A N D M A R K O N N A T I O N A L R E G I S T E R
SURZOGATES COURT
HALL OF RECORDS
t
899
T H O Y A S , J O H N R.
t
t
HORGAN $ SLATTERLY
FACADE: STONE
MAYSARD ROOF
ATTACHED FULLY SCULPTED FIGURATIVE SCULPTURE
PEDIMENTAL DORMER ROOF
PUBLIC INTERIOR SPACE
B U I L D I N G F E A T U R E : C O L U M N OR P I L A S T E R
SINGLE STACK TALL DECORATED CHIMNEY
L I N E S W I T H AN + SHObJ NO D A T A R E C O R D E D F O R T H A T Q U E S T I O N
ANY QUESTION OR COM9INATION OF QUESTIONS CAN B E USED FOR A MARKIV SORT.
F O R E X A M P L E , I F W E W I S H E D T O F I N D S O R E C O U R T H O U S E S IN T H E C I T Y L I S T E D
ONLY BY BOROUGH, STREET ADDRESS, AND DATE THE FOLLOMING DATA WOULD
BE COMPILED:
B O R 0 UGH ADDRESS STREET PRESENT USE DATE
BRONX 0000851 GRAYD CONCOURSE COURTHOUSE, CITY OR COUNTY 934
MAN H A T T A ?I 0000031 CHAMBERS STREET COURTHOUSE, C I T Y OR COUNTY 899
MANHATTAN 0000026 F O L E Y S Q U A R E COURTHOUSE, FEDERAL OR STATE 933
RICHMOND 0000018 R I C H V O N D T E R R A C E COURTHOUSE, CITY OR COUNTY 922
RI C H Y O N D 0000100 RICHMOND TERRACE COURTHOUSE, CITY OR COUNTY 930
U 11IIII11III1lllI11111
COOR 01NATES CATECORV STATUS
22 23 Q 24 25
unuIJs NATURAL/GEQLOGICAL/TRADl~ONAL
DECUREDlPROTECTEDlCONFlRMED FINDSPOT
PERIODS
ARCHAEOLOGlCAL/HlSTORICAL
SITE TYPE
OESTROVEDlUNCONFlRMf D/
UN PR 01fCTED 0
32 33
m
MUSEUM OBJECTS
0
,, ,,, ,, , , ,,
FILE REFS.
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
PUBLICATIONS
EXCAVATIONS
C.14 DATES
POSITION/DIRECTIONS
DESCRIPTION OF SITE
FINDS
SOURCE/INFORMANT
I
ZM: Original form. 179
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ZM: Sample print-out from A classtfiedIndex of Archaeological and Othev Sites in Zarnbta.
ISBN 92-3-1~~080-3