1

MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY
OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT
MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

MATHEMATICS III
CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDY GUIDE

SEMESTER 1 - 2016

Prof A. M. MSOMI

Subject : MATHEMATICS III Civil Engineering

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Subject Codes : MATCI03
Sapse Code : 160404203
Reference books : THERON AND VAN RENSBURG : Differential Equations for
Technikon Students (Theron).
: K. A STROUD: Engineering Mathematics (KAS).
: K. A. STROUD: Further Engineering Mathematics (KAS).

CONTENTS

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1. Introduction.
2. Consultations
3. Absence from lectures and tests.
4. Teaching and learning strategy.
5. Critical outcomes.
6. Pre-requisites.
7. Recognition of prior learning.
8. Assessment.
9. Learning outcomes.
10. Formulae.
11. Examination paper and solutions.
12. Workscheme.

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INTRODUCTION

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-5-
The primary aim of this subject is to provide some of the essential mathematical
techniques used in decision making in a diversity of disciplines. There is an emphasis
on developing understanding and comprehension of the mathematical methods as well
as establishing sound technical proficiency.

Mathematics should then not be viewed as a separate entity which has little to do
with the rest of the diploma course, but use should be made in the other subjects of
the mathematical methods that are going to be taught in this course of mathematics.

In Mathematics III in particular, the emphasis is mainly on the solutions of differential

equations of the first and higher order. There is a variety of methods used to solve
first order equations. For higher order equations we use operator D methods and
Laplace transforms.

Although formal proofs are generally not required for examination purposes, they are
included where necessary to promote understanding and insight. A working
knowledge of and an appreciation for basic concepts dealt with in school
Mathematics, Mathematics I and Mathematics II is encouraged.

CONSULTATIONS

If a learner needs to consult a lecturer outside of lectures, consultation times are

displayed on the lecuturers office doors. Lecturers have their own contact details
and should a learner need these they should request them from their lecturers.

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ABSENCE FROM LECTURES AND TESTS

It is compulsory for learners to attend all lectures. If it is impossible to obtain prior

leave of absence, the reason for absence must be given to the relevant lecturer as
soon as possible. A medical certificate or other satisfactory proof is required for
absence from tests.

TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGY

Three double contact periods are allocated per week and these will be used for
lectures, tutorial work and class tests. During lecture periods learners will be
expected to take notes and do exercises when required to do so. There will be no
time set aside for tutorials and hence each contact period will be treated as a lecture
cum tutorial. At the end of each period problems / exercises relating to the work
covered will be given and learners will be expected to complete them before the next
lecture. Learners are strongly encouraged to participate during lectures by asking
and answering questions and to consult their lecturers outside of lectures whenever
necessary. There is no prescribed book at the moment and learners are expected to
refer to as many books as possible, over and above the recommended books.

Learners are urged to attend all lectures, work hard, regularly, and consistently from
the beginning of the semester in order to be successful.

CRITICAL OUTCOMES

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After completing this subject learners should be able to identify, analyse, model and
solve discipline-related problems using mathematical techniques, and then interpret
the results.

PRE-REQUISITES

Learners must have passed Mathematics II at this institution with a mark of at least
50% before registering for Mathematics III. This shows that learners have shown
competence in the below-listed outcomes, among others. If learners feel they are
not competent in any of these, they are referred to Mathematics I and Mathematics II.

RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING

If a learner has passed Mathematics II or its equivalent or higher at another institution

they must bring their original result document and the syllabus outline to the relevant
programme department. It will then be decided whether they can be accepted int
Mathematics III or be credited with Mathematics III.

ASSESSMENT

COURSE MARK
Learners will write a series of two major tests during the course of the semester.
Each of these tests will cover a different portion of the syllabus. A third score will be
generated through minor class tests and/or projects and/or assignments. All the test
scores will be used in the calculation of the course mark (CM). Each of the major
tests will be multiplied by 40% and the third score is multiplied by 20%.
Note that a candidate whose course mark is below 40% will be refused examination
entry.
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Course marks will be displayed on the Mathematics notice board before the
commencement of examinations and lecturers will inform learners when this will be
done. Learners are urged to present queries regarding their scripts as soon as
possible after getting them back. Test scripts must be kept safely because learners
will be required to produce them as evidence should their marks be incorrectly
captured.

EXAMINATION

A three hour written examination covering the whole syllabus is set internally for the
end of the semester. An external moderator is appointed to ensure that a fair paper
of a satisfactory standard is set, and also that the candidates scripts are fairly
marked. Note that a candidate must obtain an examination mark (EM) of at least 40%
in order to qualify for a pass.

Should learners have any queries regarding examinations, they must direct these to
the examinations office. Examination results are released only by the examinations
office.

FINAL MARK

After the examination, a final mark (FM) is calculated using the formula:
FM = (40% of CM) + (60% of EM)

EXAMINATION RESULT

A candidate passes if their CM is at least 40% and their FM at least 50% (ie 50% or
more).
A candidate fails if:
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 their CM is below 40% (in which case examination entry is refused). OR
their EM is below 40% (even if their FM is at least 50%). OR
their FM is below 50%.

EXAMPLES

CM (%) EM (%) FM (%) RESULT REASON

1 37 - - FA CM < 40%
2 53 45 48 F9 45% FM < 50%
3 71 38 51 F9 EM < 40%
4 48 40 43 F FM < 45%
5 60 32 43 F9 CM 60%
6 54 61 58 P
EM 40% & FM 50%
7 77 86 82 PD
FM 75%
8 58 - - FX
Absent from examination

SYMBOLS
FA : Fail, did not write exam because CM < 40%.
F : Fail
F9 : Fail, qualifies for a supplementary examination.
P : Pass
PD : Pass with distinction
FX : Fail, absent from examination.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEARNING OUTCOME 1: MATRIX ALGEBRA
SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Rank of a Matrix
Solution of Sets of Equations using Inverse Method
Solution of Sets of Equations using Row transformation Method
Solution of Sets of Equations using Gaussian Elimination Method
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Determine the rank of a matrix
Solve the set of equations using inverse method
Solve the set of equations using row transformation method
Solve the set of equations using Gaussian elimination method
Determine the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of Ax=x

LEARNING OUTCOME 2: VECTOR ANALYSIS

SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

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Introduction to Scalar and Vector quantity.
Differentiation and Integration of Vectors.

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Line Integrals.
Double Integrals
Surface Integrals.
Volume Integrals.

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

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Find the scalar and vector product of the vectors.
Determine the unit tangent vector at the point for the curve with parametric
equations.
Find the directional derivative of the function at the point in the direction of
the vector.
Find the unit vectors normal to the surfaces at the point and hence find the
angle between the two surfaces at that point.
Evaluate the surface integral.
Determine the surface area of the plane.
Determine the volume of the solids bounded by the plane.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3: LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

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SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Use the auxiliary equation to solve a non-homogeneous, linear ODE.

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Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find solutions to second and
higher order non-homogeneous, linear ODEs with constant coefficients.

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Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find solutions of simultaneous
ODEs.
Use the method of undetermined coefficients to solve practical engineering
problems.

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

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Find the three types of roots of auxiliary equations.
Write solutions of homogeneous ODEs.
Find particular integrals.
Write general solutions of non-homogeneous ODEs.
Use boundary conditions to find particular solutions.
Use elimination methods and the method of undetermined coefficients to solve
systems of ODEs.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 4: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

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Find the Laplace transforms of continuous functions.
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of continuous functions.

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Solve systems of ODEs using the Laplace transforms.
Use the Laplace transforms to solve practical engineering problems

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

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 Find the Laplace transforms (of continuous and piecewise continuous functions)
from first principles.
Use the table of the standard Laplace transforms.
Use partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transforms.
Complete the square to find the inverse Laplace transforms.
Use the table of the standard Laplace transforms to find the inverse Laplace
transforms.
Solve linear ODEs.
Solve systems of linear ODEs.

SCHEME OF WORK CIVIL ENGINEERING: MATHEMATICS III

Week Period Topic SECT PAGES EX

1 1 Introduction: Scalar and vector Notes on
quantity the
2 board
Vector of triple products of three
3 vectors.
Differentiation of vectors.

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2 1 Integration of vector functions. Notes on
the board
Surface Integrals.
2
Surface in Space

3
3 1 Volume Integrals 7.7 Notes on
the
2 Revision board

3 Revision
4 TEST 1

WEEK PERIOD TOPIC SECT PAGES EX

5 1 Differential equations and their Notes
equations

2 The method of undetermined constant Notes

coefficient

3 The complementary function Notes

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6 1 Different roots of the auxiliary Notes
equation

2 Different roots of the auxiliary Notes

equation

3 General solution of linear differential Notes

equations with constant coefficients
7 1 Application of higher order DEs using the Notes
method of undetermined constant
coefficients (Civil).

Simultaneous differential equations by the

method of constant coefficients.
2 Notes
Simultaneous differential equations by the
method of constant coefficients.
3 Notes
10 1 Introduction: Laplace Transforms 6.1-6.2 185-189 6.2

2 Linear property and the table of Laplace 6.3 190-191 6.3

transforms
6.4
3 General properties of Laplace transforms 192-194
11 1 Laplace transforms of derivatives 6.5 194-196 6.6

2 Laplace transforms of definite integrals 6.6 196-198 6.6

Laplace tranforms of step functions
3 6.7 198-211 6.7
12 1 Laplace transforms of periodic 6.8 213-215 6.8
function.

2 Laplacre transforms of impulse 6.9 216-219 6.9

function.

3 Inverse Laplace transform of 6.11 222-224 6.11

continuous functions.

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13 1 Inverse Laplace transforms of 6.12 225-227 6.12
discontinous

2 Solving differential equations using 6.13 228-231 6.13

tables of Laplace transforms.

3 Simultaneous differential equations 3.7 129-131 3.7

using Laplace transforms
14 1 Applications to electrical circuits and 6.14 233-241 6.14
mechanics using Laplace transforms.

2 TEST 2

Prepared by : Prof A M MSOMI

Acting HoD : Department of Mathematical Sciences
Date : July 2015

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TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES.

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 1
sec x
1. cos x
1
cos ec x
2. sin x
sin x
tan x
3. cos x
cos x
cot x
4. sin x
2 2
5. cos x sin x 1
2 2
6. sec x 1 tan x
2 2
7. cos ec x 1 cot x
8. sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x
2 2
9. cos 2 x cos x sin x
2
10. cos 2 x 1 2 sin x
11. cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1
2 ta n x
tan 2 x
12. 1 ta n 2 x
1
sin 2 x ( 1 cos 2 x )
13. 2
1
cos 2 x ( 1 cos 2 x )
14. 2
15.
sin ( x y ) sin x cos y cos x sin y
16.
sin ( x y ) sin x cos y cos x sin y
17.
cos( x y ) cos x cos y sin x sin y
18.
cos( x y ) cos x cos y sin x sin y
19.
2 sin x cos y sin( x y ) sin( x y )
20.
2 cos x sin y sin( x y ) sin( x y )
21. 2 cos x cos y cos( x y ) cos( x y)

22.
2 sin x sin y cos( x y ) cos( x y )

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23.
sin ( x ) sin x
24. cos( x ) cos x
25. tan( x ) tan x
1
sec h x
26. cosh x
1
coth x
27. tanh x
1
cos ech x
28. sinh x
sinh x
tanh x
29. cosh x
2 2
30. cosh x sinh x 1
2 2
31. sec h x 1 tanh x
2 2
32. cos ech x coth x 1
33. sinh 2 x 2 sinh x cosh x
2 2
34. cosh 2 x cosh x sinh x
2
35. cosh 2 x 1 2 sinh x
2
36. cosh 2 x 2 cosh x 1

STANDARD INTEGRALS

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 f ( x ) f ( x ) dx
n f ( x ) n 1
1.
n 1
C

f ( x )
f (x)
dx ln f ( x ) C
2.

3. f ( x ) e f (x)
dx e f (x)
C
f (x)
a
4.
f ( x ) a f (x)
dx
ln a
C

5. f ( x ) sin f ( x ) dx cos f ( x ) C

6. f ( x ) cos f ( x ) dx sin f (x) C

7. f ( x ) ta n f ( x ) dx ln cos f ( x ) C OR ln sec f (x) C

8. f ( x ) cot f ( x ) dx ln sin f (x) C

9. f ( x ) sec f ( x ) dx ln sec f ( x ) tan f (x) C

10. f ( x ) cos ec f ( x ) dx ln cos ec f ( x ) cot f ( x ) C

11. f ( x ) sec 2
f ( x ) dx ta n f (x) C

12. f ( x ) cos ec 2
f ( x ) dx cot f ( x ) C

13. f ( x ) sec f ( x ) ta n f ( x ) dx sec f (x) C

14. f ( x ) cos ec f ( x ) cot f ( x ) dx cos ec f ( x ) C

15. f ( x ) sinh f ( x ) dx cosh f (x) C

16. f ( x ) cosh f ( x ) dx sinh f (x) C

17. f ( x ) tanh f ( x ) dx ln cosh f (x) C

18. f ( x ) coth f ( x ) dx ln sinh f (x) C

35
19. f ( x ) sec h 2
f ( x ) dx tanh f (x) C

20. f ( x ) cos ech f ( x ) dx coth f (x) C

21. f ( x ) sec h f ( x ) tanh f ( x ) dx sec h f ( x ) C

22. f ( x ) cos ech f ( x ) coth f ( x ) dx cos ec h f ( x ) C

f ( x ) 1 f (x) a
dx ln C
23.
f ( x ) 2 a 2 2a f (x) a

f ( x ) 1 a f (x)
a2 f (x )
2 dx
2a
ln
a f (x)
C
24.
f ( x ) 1 f (x)
dx ta n 1
C
25.
f ( x ) 2 a 2 a a
f ( x ) f (x)
dx sin 1
C
f (x)
2 2 a
a
26.
f ( x ) f (x)
dx sinh 1
C
27.
f ( x ) 2 a 2 a

f ( x ) f (x)
dx cosh 1
C
28.
f ( x ) 2 a 2 a

2
a f (x) f (x)
f ( x ) dx f (x ) C
2 2

29.
f ( x ) a 2
2
sin 1
a

2
a 2

2
a f (x) f (x)
f ( x ) f (x ) 2
a 2
dx
2
sinh 1
a

2
f ( x ) 2 a 2
C
30.
2
f (x) a f (x)
f ( x ) f (x ) 2
a 2
dx
2
f (x ) 2
a 2

2
cosh 1
a
C
31.

32. u dv uv v du

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STANDARD LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

y f (t)

L f (t ) e
st
f ( t ) dt F ( s )
0

1 t 0 1
s
2 t n n!
n 1
n 1 ,2 ,3 , .... and 0! 1
s
3 sin at a
s a2 2

37
4 cos at s
s2 a 2
5 sinh at a
s2 a 2
6 cosh at s
s2 a 2
7 e bt 1
s b
8 tne bt n!
n 1 ,2 ,3 , . .. .
( s b ) n 1
9 e bt
sin at a
(s b)2 a 2

10 e bt
cos at s b
(s b)2 a 2

11 e bt
sinh at a
(s b)2 a 2

12 e bt
cosh at s b
(s b)2 a 2

13 e bt
f (t) F (s b)

14 t sin at 2 as
(s2 a 2) 2

15 t cos at s2 a 2
(s2 a 2) 2

16 t sinh at 2 as
(s a 2)
2 2

17 t cosh at s2 a 2
(s2 a 2) 2

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18 dy sL y y (0)
dt
19 d 2
y s 2 L y sy ( 0 ) y ' ( 0 )
2
dt
20 d 3y s 3 L y s 2 y ( 0 ) sy ' ( 0 ) y ' ' ( 0 )
3
dt
21 d 4
y s 4 L y s 3 y ( 0 ) s 2 y ' ( 0 ) sy ' ' ( 0 ) y ' ' ' ( 0 )
4
dt
22 d n
y s n L y s n 1
y (0 ) s n 2
y ' ( 0 ). . . . .
n
dt
t 1
23
0 f ( t ) dt
s
L f (t )

24 0 , t a e as
H (t a )
1 , t a s

25 f (t a )H (t a ) e as
L f (t )
26 (t a ) e as

27 f (t ) (t a ) e as
f (a )
t. f (t) d
28

ds
L f ( t )
t2 . f (t)
2
d
29
ds 2 L f ( t )
tn . f (t)
n
d
30
1 n

ds n L f ( t )
31 sin ax ax cos ax 2a 3
(s2 a 2) 2

32 f (t) f (t ) 1
w

e
st
ws
f ( t ) dt
1 e 0

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 SCHEME OF WORK ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENG: MATHEMATICS III

Week Period Topic SECT PAGES EX

1 1 Introduction: Periodic functions 7.1-7.2 251-256 7.1

2 Important integrals 7.3 257-260 7.3

3 Fourier series: Periodic functions with 7.4.1 260-269 7.2

periods 2

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2 1 Fourier series: Periodic functions with 7.4.2 272-276 7.3
periods other than 2

2 Even and odd functions and their 7.5 278-282

properties.

3 Half-Range Fourier Series 7.6 282-287 7.4

3 1 Harmonic Analysis 7.7 289-296

2 Revision

3 Revision
4 TEST 1

WEEK PERIOD TOPIC SECT PAGES EX

5 1 Differential equations and their Notes
equations

2 The method of undetermined constant Notes

coefficient

3 The complementary function Notes

6 1 Different roots of the auxiliary Notes
equation

2 Different roots of the auxiliary Notes

equation

3 General solution of linear differential Notes

equations with constant coefficients

41
7 1 Application of higher order DEs using the Notes
method of undetermined constant
coefficients (Electricl, Mechanical &
civil).

Simultaneous differential equations by the

2 method of constant coefficients.
Notes

Simultaneous differential equations by the

3 method of constant coefficients. Notes

10 1 Introduction: Laplace Transforms 6.1-6.2 185-189 6.2

2 Linear property and the table of Laplace 6.3 190-191 6.3

transforms
6.4
3 General properties of Laplace transforms 192-194
11 1 Laplace transforms of derivatives 6.5 194-196 6.6

2 Laplace transforms of definite integrals 6.6 196-198 6.6

Laplace tranforms of step functions
3 6.7 198-211 6.7
12 1 Laplace transforms of periodic 6.8 213-215 6.8
function.

2 Laplacre transforms of impulse 6.9 216-219 6.9

function.

3 Inverse Laplace transform of 6.11 222-224 6.11

continuous functions.
13 1 Inverse Laplace transforms of 6.12 225-227 6.12
discontinous

2 Solving differential equations using 6.13 228-231 6.13

tables of Laplace transforms.

3 Simultaneous differential equations 3.7 129-131 3.7

using Laplace transforms

42
14 1 Applications to electrical circuits and 6.14 233-241 6.14
mechanics using Laplace transforms.

2 TEST 2

Prepared by : Prof A M MSOMI

Acting HoD : Department of Mathematical Sciences
Date : June 2015

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