CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND.

INTRODUCTION

Glass is an ideal material for recycling. In engineering, glass became a relatively new

construction aggregate material, because glass aggregate is strong, durable, easy to place and

easy to compact. It can be used for construction applications including general backfill,

roadways, utility backfill, drainage medium, and in miscellaneous uses such as landfill cover and

underground storage tank backfill. Recent studies include the effect of crushed glass when using

it as an additive to bricks, ceramics and plaster for decoration purposes.

The study aims to evaluate the strength, durability and cost when crushed glasses were

used as an additive, by using different mixing ratios of glass to clay to form the bricks. In the

near future by using the mixing ratios for making decorative brick, we could determine what is

the best percentage of clay to glass to get a high strength, durable and economical material. The

researcher made a study on the effect of crashed glass when mixed with the clay bricks. It is

entitled as EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF DECORATIVE BRICK WITH

CRUSHED GLASS AS AN ADDITIVE.

SETTING OF THE STUDY

Technological Institute of the Philippines Quezon City

CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study in the near future wanted to prove that the mixture of bricks and crushed

glass exhibits a considerably high compressive strength and can be of high durability using

different tests.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/ OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Describe the similarities or differences of clay and glass in terms of particle size distribution

through sieve analysis.

Identify the different independent variables that will affect the strength and durability of

clay bricks with additional content of crushed glass.

Determine the recommended mixing proportion that produces high strength and when

subjected to certain load.

Differentiate the benefit cost ratio of two materials clay bricks with crushed glass or

without crushed glass.

HYPOTHESIS

If there is a higher percentage by mass of the crushed glass as an additive, then there is

a possibility of decreasing the compressive strength of the brick.

There is an effect of adding crushed glass in making clay bricks contributing to its

durability and especially its strength.

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY

The study covers only determination of strength and durability of bricks made of clay

with an additive by testing the material using compressive strength and waste absorption test.

The difficulty in the study is finding the equipment of material to be used in making the clay

bricks.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant endeavor in promoting crushed glass as an additive mixture in

clay bricks. It is also beneficial to the consumers who want to use a decorative but a durable and

economical type of bricks. Moreover this study will provide the evaluation of strength and

durability of a decorative but economical bricks.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Clay - a. A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when

heated, consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks,

tiles, and pottery.

b. A hardening or non-hardening material having a consistency similar to clay and used for

modeling.

Compression - a. The act or process of compressing. b. The state of being compressed.

Compressive strength - is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially directed

pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed.

Glass - is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material. Glasses are typically brittle and

optically transparent.

Durability - Able to perform or compete over a long period, as by avoiding or overcoming

injuries.

Strength - Degree of intensity, force, effectiveness, or potency in terms of a particular property.

Water absorption - is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified

conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic, additives used,

temperature and length of exposure.

 INPUT PROCESS
Materials Preparation of OUTPUTS
Crushed Glass Materials Recommendation for
Water Mixing Ratios of Clay the acceptable
Clay %Clay
to Glass: %Glass mixing proportion
Sand Sample 1 100% 0% obtaining high

Equipments Sample 2 75% 25% strength and

Sample 3 50% 50% endurance of the
Mixer
Sample 4 25% 75% material
Molds
Comparison whether
Weighing Scale/
the mixture of bricks
Triple Beam Test and glass is
Balance -Compressive Strength economical to other
UTM (Universal Test bricks
Testing Machine) -Water Absorption
Water Absorption Test
Materials
Oven
ASTM Procedures
& DPWH BlueBook
if necessary

Figure 1.1 Paradigm