Abstract- The concentrated windings designs are often used systems, where the input resource power varies considerably,
in small BLDC motors as well as in AC servomotors due to their variable-speed generation (VSG) is more attractive than fixed
shorter end windings and smaller packing size. They are not yet speed systems. In these systems, a maximum power point
frequently used in larger electrical machines due to concerns tracker adjusts a system quantity (such as the rotational speed
about torque density. For example, for a design with slot/ pole in the case of wind turbines) to maximize turbine power
ratio of 1.5, the winding factor decreases to 0.866 which the
output.[1-4]
penalty of smaller packaging size is translated to approximately
33.3% more copper losses as compared with a reference The use of windings concentrated around the teeth offer
machine with winding factor of unity. In this paper, a new obvious advantages for the electric machines with radial air
concentrated windings surface mounted permanent magnet gap. With such windings the volume of copper used in the
machine for wind energy application with higher power density
end-windings can be significantly reduced, in particular if the
is proposed. The proposed machine utilizes 48 poles and 45
slots. The analysis shows while the proposed machine enjoys the axial length of motor is small. Furthermore, a significant
privilege of shorter end windings and smaller packaging size, reduction of the joule losses is achieved, and the efficiency of
higher torque density is achieved through the winding factor of the motor is improved as compared to more traditional
0.952. This design with its novel pole and slot configuration, structures with one slot per pole per phase. The windings
poses zero cogging torque and negligible torque ripple which structure is also easier to realize than a lap winding and the
these features make it a promising technology for wind energy number of coils are also reduced. These structures present a
applications. The mathematical model of the proposed machine fractional number of slots per pole and per phase. [5-8]
is developed and is verified with finite element analysis.
In fractional-slot concentrated windings, winding factor
plays an important role in torque production which be
I INTRODUCTION
effected by shorting the coil pitch. A low winding factor in
As environmental & economic concerns increase fractional slot concentrated windings machines, directly
worldwide, high efficiency motor/drive is becoming impacts on torque density and efficiency. Usually, the
increasingly important. Replacing direct current (DC) concentrated windings BLDC and permanent magnet motors
machines and alternating current (AC) induction machines suffer from low winding factor of typically 0.866.
with permanent magnet (PM) machines has recently gained
In this paper a new concentrated windings surface
great interest. PM motors are gaining popularity wide variety
mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine for wind
of reasons. Because the excitation of a PM motor is provided
energy applications with higher power density is proposed.
by permanent magnets, brushes and slip rings are eliminated,
This design utilizes 48 poles and 45 slots. The analysis
resulting in a simple and rugged structure. Permanent
shows that the winding factor for this machine is about 0.952
magnet excitation is current-free and lossless, enabling PM
which is very close to unity while this design enjoys from
motors to rank the highest efficiency and power density
compact packaging and higher efficiency due to shorter end
(kW/kg) as compared to other electric motors. The structure
windings as compared with distributed windings. The main
and unique operation mode of PM motors provide additional
advantage of this design is almost zero cogging torque and
advantages in speed and position control.
maximum of 0.4% torque ripple. This papers details the
The increase rate of depletion of fossil energy resources in analytical and finite element analysis as well as simulation
one hand and growing energy demand on the other hand has results.
initiated considerable research activity worldwide to explore
means for tapping of renewable energy resources. Wind
energy, due to its free availability and its clean and renewable
character, ranks as the most promising renewable energy
resource that could play a key role in solving the worldwide
energy crisis. In the area of wind and other power generation
Figure 1: The proposed system topology
C- A+ A- A- A+ A+ A- A- A+ A+ A- B+ B- B- B+ B+ B- B- B+ B+ B- C+ C- C- C+ C+ C- C- C+ C+
Slot # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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EA1 10
o
E An
12 n =1
-EA2 Kw = = 0.952 (5)
-EA3 10
EA4
EA5
III.2 Proposed Permanent Magnet Machine Design:
-EA6
-EA10 EA8 The geometry of the proposed concentrated windings
-EA7
surface mounted permanent magnet machine for wind energy
EA9
EA system application is shown in fig.4. The proposed machine
has 48 poles and 45 slots. As, it was shown in previous
section, higher torque density is achieved through higher
Figure 3: The winding EMF phasor elements and the resultant winding factor of 0.952. The parameters of the proposed
design are listed in table 1. The finite element analysis has
been conducted on the proposed machine. The phase back-
One of the advantages of the proposed machine is that the
emf at maximum speed of 700 RPM is shown in fig. 5. The
torque ripple is very low so there is no need for skewing;
variation of peak back-emf versus speed is depicted in fig.6.
therefore the skewing factor is unity. A general calculation
As it is clear, the waveform of back-emf is very close to
method that incorporates both the pitch and distribution
sinusoidal.
factors is presented. In this method, the electromagnetic
force resultant that can be built up for one phase is The output torque with current rating of 30 A per phase is
calculated. If the slot pitch is not shortened, all EMF plotted in fig.7. As the figure shows, the torque ripple is less
elements are distributed in the same electrical angles. But in than 0.4%. The performance characteristics of the
fractional-slot concentrated windings configuration which the proposed design are summarized in table 2. The low cogging
coil pitch is shorted, each EMF phasor produced an electrical torque amplitude is expected due to the high value of least
angle. In a three phase system, the phase EMF phasors are common multiple (LCM) of the number of slots and number
symmetrically displaced by 120 from each other. An of poles (720) that determines the cogging torque frequency
important constraint for concentrated windings is of course [11]. As it is shown in table 2 the efficiency of the machine at
that the two closest winding elements next to a tooth belong rated power is about 0.96%.
to the same phase, in order to enable a tooth coil.
Consequently, these two winding elements have opposite
winding directions. The resulting EMF per phase is the sum
of the elements phasors assigned to that phase, as it can be
shown as:
S
E phase = E i (3)
i =1
E phase
Kw = (4)
S
In fig.2 the windings distribution for proposed machine is
shown. The mechanical angle and electrical angle associated
with each EMF phasor elements for all the three phase
windings are depicted. In fig.3 the EMF phasor elements for
phase A are shown. Figure 4 : Geometry of the proposed PM machine
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TABLE 1:
THE DESIGN PARAMETER OF THE PROPOSED PM MACHINE
600
Stator outer diameter 304 mm
TABLE 2:
THE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED PM
MACHINE
Rated power output 25 kW
Rated phase current 30A(rms)
Rated speed 520 RPM
Rated torque 465 N.m
Maximum speed 700 RPM
Torque ripple %0.4
Figure 7: Torque at peak current
Cogging torque 0.01 N.m
Resistance per phase @ 85 C 0.37
Copper loss at peak current 1000 W
III.3 Flux Distribution Paths
Core loss at rated speed 100 W Finite element analysis has been conducted on the
proposed PM machine. The flux distribution paths for the
Efficiency at rated power %96
proposed machine at full load are shown in fig.8. The flux
density distribution in rotor and stator back iron at full load
condition is depicted in fig.9. The maximum of flux density
600 happens in teeth which is about 1.45 T.
400
-200
forces are attractive forces between the stator and the rotor,
-400 while magnestostrictive forces act to stretch iron in the
direction of magnetic field. Maxwells stress tensor equation
-600
Rotor position (Degrees)
gives the magnetic force density in the airgap and it is given
by:
Figure 5: The phase back-emf at 700 RPM
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Figure 8: Flux distribution paths in geometry of the proposed machine
( , t ) =
1
2 0
[B2n ( , t )] (7)
IV CONCLUSIONS:
In this paper a novel fractional slot concentrated windings
permanent magnet machine for wind energy application was
proposed. The proposed machine utilizes 48 poles and 45
Figure 9 : Flux density distribution in geometry of the proposed machine slots. This machine design poses with higher power density
and smaller packaging size. The big advantages of this design
are negligible cogging torque and low torque ripple is 0.4%.
( , t ) =
1
2 0
[ ]
B 2n ( , t ) Bt2 ( , t ) (6) The phase back-emf of the proposed machines seems
sinusoidal thus parasitic effects such as harmonic iron losses
are minimal. Analytical and finite element analyses for this
Where B n ( , t ) and Bt ( , t ) are the radial and tangential machine were presented. Electromagnetic forces on bearing
components of the airgap flux density as function of time t was also investigated and it was shown that
and angular position of and 0 is the permeability of free
space. The permeability of iron material even in saturation
V REFERENCES:
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