5/15/2017 DyepenetrantinspectionWikipedia

Dyepenetrantinspection
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Dyepenetrantinspection(DPI),alsocalledliquidpenetrant
inspection(LPI)orpenetranttesting(PT),isawidelyappliedand
lowcostinspectionmethodusedtolocatesurfacebreakingdefectsin
allnonporousmaterials(metals,plastics,orceramics).Thepenetrant
maybeappliedtoallnonferrousmaterialsandferrousmaterials,
althoughforferrouscomponentsmagneticparticleinspectionisoften
usedinsteadforitssubsurfacedetectioncapability.LPIisusedto
detectcasting,forgingandweldingsurfacedefectssuchashairline
cracks,surfaceporosity,leaksinnewproducts,andfatiguecrackson
inservicecomponents.

Contents
1.Sectionofmaterialwithasurface
1 History
breakingcrackthatisnotvisibletothe
2 Principles
3 Inspectionsteps nakedeye.
4 Advantagesanddisadvantages 2.Penetrantisappliedtothesurface.
5 Standards 3.Excesspenetrantisremoved.
6 Seealso 4.Developerisapplied,renderingthe
7 References crackvisible.
8 Externallinks

History
Theoilandwhitingmethodusedintherailroadindustryintheearly1900swasthefirstrecognizeduseofthe
principlesofpenetrantstodetectcracks.Theoilandwhitingmethodusedanoilsolventforcleaningfollowedby
theapplicationofawhitingorchalkcoating,whichabsorbedoilfromthecracksrevealingtheirlocations.Soona
dyewasaddedtotheliquid.Bythe1940s,fluorescentorvisibledyewasaddedtotheoilusedtopenetratetest
objects.

Experienceshowedthattemperatureandsoaktimewereimportant.Thisstartedthepracticeofwritteninstructions
toprovidestandard,uniformresults.Theuseofwrittenprocedureshasevolved,givingtheabilityfordesign
engineersandmanufacturerstogetthehighstandardresultsfromanyproperlytrainedandcertifiedliquid
penetranttestingtechnician.

Principles
DPIisbaseduponcapillaryaction,wherelowsurfacetensionfluidpenetratesintocleananddrysurfacebreaking
discontinuities.Penetrantmaybeappliedtothetestcomponentbydipping,spraying,orbrushing.Afteradequate
penetrationtimehasbeenallowed,theexcesspenetrantisremovedandadeveloperisapplied.Thedeveloperhelps
todrawpenetrantoutoftheflawsothataninvisibleindicationbecomesvisibletotheinspector.Inspectionis
performedunderultravioletorwhitelight,dependingonthetypeofdyeusedfluorescentornonfluorescent
(visible).

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Inspectionsteps
BelowarethemainstepsofLiquidPenetrantInspection:

1.Precleaning:

Thetestsurfaceiscleanedtoremoveanydirt,paint,oil,greaseoranyloosescalethatcouldeitherkeeppenetrant
outofadefect,orcauseirrelevantorfalseindications.Cleaningmethodsmayincludesolvents,alkalinecleaning
steps,vapordegreasing,ormediablasting.Theendgoalofthisstepisacleansurfacewhereanydefectspresent
areopentothesurface,dry,andfreeofcontamination.Notethatifmediablastingisused,itmay"workover"
smalldiscontinuitiesinthepart,andanetchingbathisrecommendedasapostblastingtreatment.

2.ApplicationofPenetrant:

Thepenetrantisthenappliedtothesurfaceoftheitembeingtested.
Thepenetrantisallowed"dwelltime"tosoakintoanyflaws
(generally5to30minutes).Thedwelltimemainlydependsuponthe
penetrantbeingused,materialbeingtestedandthesizeofflaws
sought.Asexpected,smallerflawsrequirealongerpenetrationtime.
Duetotheirincompatiblenatureonemustbecarefulnottoapply
solventbasedpenetranttoasurfacewhichistobeinspectedwitha
waterwashablepenetrant.

3.ExcessPenetrantRemoval:
Applicationofthepenetranttoapartina
Theexcesspenetrantisthenremovedfromthesurface.Theremoval ventilatedtestarea.
methodiscontrolledbythetypeofpenetrantused.Waterwashable,
solventremovable,lipophilicpostemulsifiable,orhydrophilicpost
emulsifiablearethecommonchoices.Emulsifiersrepresentthehighestsensitivitylevel,andchemicallyinteract
withtheoilypenetranttomakeitremovablewithawaterspray.Whenusingsolventremoverandlintfreeclothit
isimportanttonotspraythesolventonthetestsurfacedirectly,becausethiscanremovethepenetrantfromthe
flaws.Ifexcesspenetrantisnotproperlyremoved,oncethedeveloperisapplied,itmayleaveabackgroundinthe
developedareathatcanmaskindicationsordefects.Inaddition,thismayalsoproducefalseindicationsseverely
hinderingtheabilitytodoaproperinspection.Also,theremovalofexcessivepenetrantisdonetowardsone
directioneitherverticallyorhorizontallyasthecasemaybe.

4.ApplicationofDeveloper:

Afterexcesspenetranthasbeenremoved,awhitedeveloperisappliedtothesample.Severaldevelopertypesare
available,including:nonaqueouswetdeveloper,drypowder,watersuspendable,andwatersoluble.Choiceof
developerisgovernedbypenetrantcompatibility(onecan'tusewatersolubleorsuspendabledeveloperwith
waterwashablepenetrant),andbyinspectionconditions.Whenusingnonaqueouswetdeveloper(NAWD)ordry
powder,thesamplemustbedriedpriortoapplication,whilesolubleandsuspendabledevelopersareappliedwith
thepartstillwetfromthepreviousstep.NAWDiscommerciallyavailableinaerosolspraycans,andmayemploy
acetone,isopropylalcohol,orapropellantthatisacombinationofthetwo.Developershouldformasemi
transparent,evencoatingonthesurface.

Thedeveloperdrawspenetrantfromdefectsoutontothesurfacetoformavisibleindication,commonlyknownas
bleedout.Anyareasthatbleedoutcanindicatethelocation,orientationandpossibletypesofdefectsonthe
surface.Interpretingtheresultsandcharacterizingdefectsfromtheindicationsfoundmayrequiresometraining
and/orexperience[theindicationsizeisnottheactualsizeofthedefect].

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5.Inspection:

Theinspectorwillusevisiblelightwithadequateintensity(100footcandlesor1100luxistypical)forvisibledye
penetrant.Ultraviolet(UVA)radiationofadequateintensity(1,000microwattspercentimetersquaredis
common),alongwithlowambientlightlevels(lessthan2footcandles)forfluorescentpenetrantexaminations.
Inspectionofthetestsurfaceshouldtakeplaceafter10to30minutedevelopmenttime,dependsofproductkind.
Thistimedelayallowstheblottingactiontooccur.Theinspectormayobservethesampleforindicationformation
whenusingvisibledye.Itisalsogoodpracticetoobserveindicationsastheyformbecausethecharacteristicsof
thebleedoutareasignificantpartofinterpretationcharacterizationofflaws.

6.PostCleaning:

Thetestsurfaceisoftencleanedafterinspectionandrecordingofdefects,especiallyifpostinspectioncoating
processesarescheduled.

Advantagesanddisadvantages
ThemainadvantagesofDPIarethespeedofthetestandthelowcost.Disadvantagesincludethedetectionofonly
surfaceflaws,skinirritation,andtheinspectionshouldbeonasmoothcleansurfacewhereexcessivepenetrantcan
beremovedpriortobeingdeveloped.Conductingthetestonroughsurfaces,suchas"aswelded"welds,willmake
itdifficulttoremoveanyexcessivepenetrantandcouldresultinfalseindications.Waterwashablepenetrant
shouldbeconsideredhereifnootheroptionisavailable.Also,oncertainsurfacesagreatenoughcolorcontrast
cannotbeachievedorthedyewillstaintheworkpiece.[1]

Limitedtrainingisrequiredfortheoperatoralthoughexperienceisquitevaluable.Propercleaningisnecessary
toassurethatsurfacecontaminantshavebeenremovedandanydefectspresentarecleananddry.Somecleaning
methodshavebeenshowntobedetrimentaltotestsensitivity,soacidetchingtoremovemetalsmearingandre
openthedefectmaybenecessary.[2]

Standards
InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)

ISO3059,NondestructivetestingPenetrationtestingandmagneticparticletestingViewingconditions
ISO34521,Nondestructivetesting.Penetranttesting.Part1.Generalprinciples
ISO34522,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingPart2:Testingofpenetrantmaterials
ISO34523,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingPart3:Referencetestblocks
ISO34524,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingPart4:Equipment
ISO34525,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingPart5:Penetranttestingattemperatureshigher
than50C
ISO34526,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingPart6:Penetranttestingattemperatureslower
than10C
ISO108934:Nondestructivetestingofsteeltubes.Liquidpenetrantinspectionofseamlessandwelded
steeltubesforthedetectionofsurfaceimperfections.
ISO12706,NondestructivetestingPenetranttestingVocabulary
ISO23277,NondestructivetestingofweldsPenetranttestingofweldsAcceptancelevels

EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN)

EN13711,FoundingLiquidpenetrantinspectionPart1:Sand,gravitydieandlowpressurediecastings
EN13712,FoundingLiquidpenetrantinspectionPart2:Investmentcastings

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EN200216,AerospaceseriesMetallicmaterialstestmethodsPart16:Nondestructivetesting,
penetranttesting
EN102282,NondestructivetestingofsteelforgingsPart2:Penetranttesting

ASTMInternational(ASTM)

ASTME165,StandardPracticeforLiquidPenetrantExaminationforGeneralIndustry
ASTME1417,StandardPracticeforLiquidPenetrantTesting

AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)

ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionV,Art.6,LiquidPenetrantExamination
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionV,Art.24StandardTestMethodforLiquidPenetrant
ExaminationSE165(identicalwithASTME165)

Seealso
Fluorescentpenetrantinspection
Nondestructivetesting

References
1.Kohan,AnthonyLawrence(1997),Boileroperator'sguide(4thed.),McGrawHillProfessional,p.240,ISBN978007
0365742.
2.http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/MethodsTech/materialsmear.htm

Externallinks
andMagneticParticleTestingatLevel2(http://wwwXCITE.org/M
WikimediaCommonshas
TCD/publications/PDF/TCS11.pdf:Liquid),InternationalAtomic
mediarelatedtoLiquid
EnergyAgency,2000(pdf,2.5MB). penetrantinspection.
[1](http://www.cnde.iastate.edu/faacasr/fpi/TechResults.htm)
technicalreportssummarizingfluorescentpenetrantinspectionresearchefforts
[2](http://www.asnt.org/publications/materialseval/basics/nov97basics/nov97basics.htm)anarticleonhow
toperformasensitivevisibledyepenetrantexamination
LiquidpenetranttestingonNDTWiki.com(http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/Liquid_Penetrant_Testing)
DyepenetrantonprofessionalNonDestructiveTestingWiki(NDTWiki.com)
Videoondyepenetrantinspection(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEKc1pkTUI),Karlsruhe
UniversityofAppliedSciences

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Categories: Nondestructivetesting

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