REVISIONONFUNDAMENTAL

REVISION ON FUNDAMENTAL
THEORYRELATEDTOPOWER
SYSTEM
 ComplexPower
If voltage and current are known, complex power can be
calculated. Suppose voltage and current through a load or a
circuit are given by
V = V and I = I
Complex
p p power is ggiven by:
y
S = VI * = V I (2.1)

S is
i also
l referred
f d as apparentt power.
S = V I cos + j V I sin (2.2)
S = V I cos( ) + j V I sin( ) (2.3)
S = P + jQ

Where = is the angle between voltage and current.

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 2
 ComplexPower
The real part of equation i.e P is real power and the imaginary part
is reactive power, Q. The Unit for P is watt or MWatt, and for Q Var
or MVar. Cosine is known as power factor. Equation 2.3 can be
represented in a vector form:

Figure2.1Phasordiagram

S = P 2 + Q 2 = ( V I cos ) 2 + ( V I sin ) 2 = V I (2.4)

From the diagram, tan = Q / P , power factor :

P
cos = cos (tan Q / P)
1
(2.5) cos = (2.6)
P +Q
2 2

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 3
 ComplexPower
For a simple circuit that consists of an element Z = R + jX,
we can substitute V = I Z into Equation (2.3), to yield:
2 2
P = I Z cos (2.7) Q = I Z sin (2.8)

It is known that R = Z cos and X = Z sin , therefore :

2 2
P= I R (2.9) Q= I X (2.10)

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 4
 Example
Twoidealvoltagesourcemachines1and2areconnectedasshownintheFig.
Z = 0 + j5
2.2.If E1 = 1000 V,V,and.Determine
E 2 = 10030
((a)) Whichmachinegenerateorabsorbpowerandtheamount
g p
(b) Whethereachmachinereceiveorsupplyreactivepowerandthewhatis
theamount
(c) Activeandreactivepowerabsorbbytheimpedance.
Active and reactive power absorb by the impedance

Figure2.2

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 5
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
E1 E 2 100 + j 0 (86.6 + j 50)
I 1 2 = =
Z j5

13.4 j 50
= = 10 j 2.68 = 10.35195
j5

S12 = E1 I * = 100(10 + j 2.68) = 1000 + j 268

E 2 E1 (86.6 + j 50) 100
I 2 1 = = = 10 + j 2.68
Z j5

S 21 = E 2 I * = (86.6 + j50)(10 j 2.68) = 1000 + j 268

2
Total Power absorb by impedance: I X = 10 .35 5 = 536 Var
2
TotalPowerabsorbbyimpedance:

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 6
 Example(cont.)
Solution (cont.):
According to solution of power flow from Machine 1 to Machine
2 ( S12),
) P is negative and
d Q is positive. Thus,
h machine
h 1 absorbs
b b
energy with the rate of 1000 W and supply reactive power of 268
Var. Machine 1 is a motor.

According to solution of power flow from Machine 2 to Machine

1 ( S21), P is positive and Q is positive. Thus, Machine 2 is a
generator that generates 1000 W and supply reactive power of
268 Var. All the active p power P ggenerated byy Machine 2 is
transferred to Machine 1.

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 7
 ThreePhaseSystem
Threephase system is widely being used in industry as
compared to single phase system. There are few reasons such as:
1. Power and torque in a 3 phase motor and generator is
constant as compared to single phase machine, which the
torque is
i vibrating
ib i double
d bl the
h system frequency.
f
2. Three phase machine produces huge power.
3 Transmission system based on three phase system able to
3.
deliver more power ac compared single phase system.

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 8
 ThreePhasee.m.f/current
There are two ways of generating three phase e.m.f:
a) A rotating armature coil in magnetic field.
b) A rotating magnetic field in an armature coil.

To understand Three Phase system, consider a single phase

generation consists of 3 winding: a, b, and c that displaced 1200
between each other as shown in Figure 2.3 below:
Y
a

120 120
X X

120

c b

Figure2.3
Y

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 9
 ThreePhasee.m.f/current
In this position, winding b needs to rotate 120o to be in position a, winding c
needs to rotate 240 o to be in position a. The generated e.m.f can be
represented as follows:

Figure2.4

All the generated e.m.f can be written as follows:

(reference) e A = E m sin t (3.1)
e B = E m sin ( t 120) (3.2)
eC = E m sin ( t 240) or eC = E m sin ( t + 120) (3.3)
where
h E m = NBm A = 2fNB
f mA

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 10
 ThreePhasee.m.f/current
Thegeneratede.m.f isabalanceACvoltagebecausehasthesamemagnitude
anddifferentphaseof120o.e.m.f alsocanberepresentedinavectorformas
showninFig.2.5.E isthemagnitudeofthee.m.f:

Figure2.5

Forabalancethreephasee.m.f,itcanbeshownthatthesumofthesethree
e.m.f isequaltozero:
M th d 1
Method1:
ea + eb + ec = E m [sin t + 2 sin ( t 180) cos 60]
= E m [sin t 2 sin t cos 60] = 0

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 11
 ThreePhasee.m.f/current
Method2:

E a = E 0 = E + j 0

Eb = E 120 = E ((0.5 j 0.866))

E c = E 240 = E120 = E ( 0.05 + j 0.866)

E a + E b + E c = ( E + j 0) + E ( 0.5 j 0.866) + E ( 0.05 + j 0.866) = 0

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 12
 PhaseSequence

Phase sequence refers to the order in which the three

phases attain their peak or maximum values.
values
In the generation of e.m.f of Fig. 2.5, the rotation is
assumed to be counterclockwise. Thus,, pphase a attain
the first maximum, followed by b and lastly c.
On the other hand, if the rotation is assumed to be
clockwise,
l k i the th phase
h sequence becomes
b a>> c>> b,
b this
thi
is called negative phase sequence.
In three phase system, only these two sequences are
possible.

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 13
 InterconnectionofThreePhases
To supply voltage/current, armature winding must be connected to a load. If
the three armature coils of the 3phase alternator are not connected but are
kept separate as shown in Figure 2.6 (a), each phase would need two
conductors,
d the
h totall number
b off conductors
d will
ill be
b six.
i Thus,
Th to reduce
d the
h
number of conductors, the general methods of interconnection are:

(a) (b)
Figure2.6

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 14
 Star/Wye Connection
In this interconnection, the similar ends say, start ends of three coils (it could
be finishing ends also) are joined together at point N as shown in Fig. 2.6 (b).
The point N is known as star point or neutral point. The three conductors
meeting
i at pointi N are replaced
l d by b a single
i l conductor
d k
known as neutrall
conductor. Such an interconnected is known as fourwire 3phase system
diagrammatically shown in Fig. 2.7 (a).

Figure2.7(a)Starconnectionfor3Phasealternator

Voltage at each coil is called phase voltage and current at the coil is called
phase current.
current Whereas,
Whereas voltage at the terminal is called Line voltage (VL)V
) Vab,
Vac, Vbc, and current at the terminal is called line current (IL).
FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 15
 Star/Wye Connection
(a) Relationship between Phase and Line

Figure 2 7(b) Vector diagram for 3 Phase alternator

Figure2.7(b)Vectordiagramfor3Phasealternator
Consider a 3phase balance system i.e Ea = Eb = Ec = Vp (r.m.s) as shown in Fig.
2.7 (b). Line voltage and line current is represented as VL and IL respectively.
Vabb = Ea Eb

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 16
 Star/Wye Connection
(a) Relationship between Phase and Line (cont.)

VL Vp
Usingg sin rule,, =
i 120 sin
sin i 30

VL Vp
=
3 / 2 1/ 2

VL = 3 V p (r.m.s)

For the line, it can be seen that IL = Ip

***Note***
Inapractical3phasesystem,theparameterdataforalternatorand
motorisreferredtothelinevoltage,unlessotherwisestated.
Theaboveformulaistrueforabalancedsystemonly.
The above formula is true for a balanced system only.

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 17
 Star/Wye Connection
(b) Power
Thetotalactiveortruepowerinthecircuitisthesumofthethreephase
powers,hence;
Total active power = 3 phase power or P = 3 V p I p cos

VL = 3 V p
Itisknownthatand I p = IL
Hence,intermiflinevalues,

VL
P = 3 I L cos or P = 3 VL I L cos
3
Similarly,thetotalreactivepowerisgivenby, Q = 3 VL I L sin

Note:isanglebetweenphasevoltageandphasecurrentandnot between
thelinevoltageandlinecurrent.

Thetotalapparentpowerofthethreephasesis: S = 3 VL I L

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 18
 DeltaConnection
Fordeltaconnection,thecircuitisshowninFig.2.8:

Figure2.8Deltainterconnectionfor3Phasealternator

Therelationshipbetweenphasecurrentandlineis:
ConsiderthephasordiagraminFig.2.7(b),whichcanalsobeusedtorepresent
current.Hence; I ab = I a Ib
IL Ip
=
Usingsinrule, sin 120 sin 30
IL Ip
=
3 / 2 1/ 2
IL = 3 I p (r.m.s)
FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 19
 DeltaConnection
(a) Power
Total active power for star connection is the sum of power on each phase.

P perphase
h = V p I p cos ; T t l Power
Total P = 3 V p I p cos

For Delta connection, I L = 3 I p and P = 3 V L I L cos

Hence,
I
P = 3 L VL cos or P = 3 V L I L cos
3

Q = 3 V L I L sin
Similary,thetotalreactivepowerisgivenby.Thetotal
apparentpowerofthethreephasesis;
S = 3 VL I L
**It can be seen that the equations for power are the same for star
interconnection

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 20
 Example(Trythisnow)
A threephase line has an impedance of 2 + j4 as shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure1

The line feeds two balanced three

threephase
phase loads that are connected in parallel.
The first load is Yconnected and has an impedance of 30 + j40 per phase.
The second load is connected and has an impedance of 60 j45. The line
is energized at the sending end from a threephase balanced supply of line
voltage 207.85 V. Taking the phase voltage Van as reference, determine:

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 21
 Example(cont.)
a) Thecurrent,realpowerandreactivepowerdrawnfromthesupply.
b) Thelinevoltageatthecombinedloads.
c) The current per phase in each load.
Thecurrentperphaseineachload.
d) Thetotalrealandreactivepowersineachloadandtheline.

R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R1 =
R A RB
RA =
R3 R A + R B + RC
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R A RC
RB = R2 =
R2 R A + R B + RC
R B RC
R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 R3 =
RC = R A + R B + RC
R1

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 22
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
(a)Thecurrent,realpowerandreactivepowerdrawnfromthesupply.
The connected load is transformed into an equivalent Y. The impedance per
phase
h off the
h equivalent
i l Y is
i
60 j 45
Z2 = = 20 j15
3
The phase voltage is
207 .85
V1 = = 120 V
3
The singlephase equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2

1200V

Figure2

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 23
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
(a)(cont.):
Thetotalimpedanceis
p
(30 + j 40)(20 j15)
Z = 2 + j4 + = 2 + j 4 + 22 j 4 = 24
(30 + j 40) + (20 j15)

Withthephasevoltageasreference,thecurrentinphasea is
V1 1200D
I= = =5A
Z 24

Thethreephasepowersuppliedis
p p pp

( )( )
S = 3V1 I * = 3 120 0 D 50 D = 1800 W

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 24
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
(b)Thelinevoltageatthecombinedloads;
Thephasevoltageattheloadterminalis
p g

( )
V2 = 120 0 D (2 + j 4 ) 50 D = 110 j 20 = 111 .8 10 .3D V
The line voltage at the load terminal is
Thelinevoltageattheloadterminalis

V2 ab = 3030 D V2 = 3 (111 .8)19 .7 D = 193 .64 19 .7 D V

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 25
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
(c)Thecurrentperphaseineachload;
ThecurrentperphaseintheYconnectedloadandintheequivalentYofthe
p p q
loadis
V2 110 j 20
I1 = = = 1 j 2 = 2.236 63.4 D A
Z1 30 + j 40
V2 110 j 20
I2 = = = 4 + j 2 = 4.47226.56 D A
Z 2 20 j15
Th h
Thephasecurrentintheoriginalconnectedload,i.e.,isgivenby
t i th i i l t dl d i i i b

I2 4.47226.56D D
I ab = D
= D
= 2 . 582 56 . 56 A
3 30 3 30

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 26
 Example(cont.)
Solution:
(d)Thetotalrealandreactivepowersineachloadandtheline;
Thethreephasepowerabsorbedbyeachloadis
p p y
( )( )
S1 = 3V2 I1* = 3 111 .8 10 .3D 2.236 63 .4 D = 450 W + j 600 var

( )( )
S 2 = 3V2 I 2* = 3 111 .8 10 .3D 4.472 26 .56 D = 1200 W + j 900 var

Thethreephasepowerabsorbedbythelineis

S L = 3( RL + jX L ) I = 3(2 + j 4 )(5 ) = 150 W + j 300 var

2 2

Itisclearthatthesumofloadpowersandlinelossesisequaltothepower
p q p
deliveredfromthesupply,i.e.,

S1 + S 2 + S L = (450 + j 600 ) + (1200 j 900 ) + (150 + j 300 ) = 1800W + j 0 var

FundamentalTheoryRelatedtoPowerSystem| 27
PERUNIT
SYSTEM
 PerUnitDefinition
Quantityinperunit=Actualquantity
Basevalueofquantity
q y

QuantityinperunitmustfollowKirchhofflawandOhmlaw.If
thiscanbedone,allcircuitanalysistechniqueisapplicable.
Thebasicquantityinpowersystemisvoltageandcurrent.The
relationship between voltage and current is:
relationshipbetweenvoltageandcurrentis:

S=VI*, (3.1) andimpedance,Z =VI (3.2)

PerUnitSystem| 29
 PerUnitDefinition
This means if we fix S and V, we can find Z and I using basic circuit
law. The chosen base voltage is according to the rating of the
t
transformer.
f

T r a n s m is s io n lin e

3 3 /1 3 2 k V 1 3 2 /1 1 k V

A B
Figure3.1

In the above figure, base voltage for bus A is 33kV, bus B is

11kV and for transmission line is 132kV.

PerUnitSystem| 30
 PerUnitDefinition
Inpowersystem,perunitisusedbecauseofthefollowingadvantages:
(1) It gives us a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various quantities, such as
voltage, current, power and impedance.

(2) The perunit impedance of equipment of the same general type based on
their own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of the rating of the
equipment. Whereas their impedance in ohms vary greatly with the rating.

(3) The perunit values of impedance, voltage and current of a transformer are
the same regardless of whether they are referred to the primary or
secondary side. This is a great advantage since the different voltage levels
disappeared and the entire system reduces to a system of simple impedance.

(4) The perunit systems are ideal for the computerized and analysis and
simulation of complex power problems.

(5) The circuit laws are valid in perunit systems, and the power and voltage
equations are simplified since factor of and 3 are eliminated in the perunit
system

PerUnitSystem| 31
 PerUnitDefinition
Generalequationtodeterminethebases:
(i) SinglePhaseSystem
base kVA1
Base current, A = (3.3)
base voltage, kVLN
base voltage, VLN (3.4)
impedance =
Base impedance,
base current, A

Base power, kW 1 = base kVA 1 (3.5)

power MW 1 = base MVA 1
Base power,
(3.6)
(base voltage, kVLN ) 2
Base impedance, =
MVA 1 (3.7)
(base voltage, kVLN ) 2 1000
Base impedance, =
base kVA1 (3.8)
actual impedance,
Per unit impedance of an element = (3 9)
(3.9)
base impedance,

PerUnitSystem| 32
 PerUnitDefinition
Generalequationtodeterminethebases:
(ii) ThreePhaseSystem
base kVA3
Base current, A = (3.10)
3 base voltage, kVLL
(base voltage, kVLL / 3 ) 2 1000
Base impedance
i d = (
(3.11)
)
base kVA 3 /3
(base voltage, kVLL ) 2 1000
Base impedance = (3.12)
base kVA 3
(base voltage, kVLL ) 2
Base impedance = (3.13)
base MVA 3

OringeneralEq.(3.13)canberepresentedas Z B =
(VB )
2

SB

PerUnitSystem| 33
 PerUnitDefinition
(ii) ThreePhaseSystem(cont.)

A minimum of four base quantities are required to completely

define a perunit system: voltampere, voltage, current and
impedance Usually,
impedance. Usually the three phase base volt voltampere
ampere (SB in
MVA) and the line to line base voltage (VB in kV) are selected.

PerUnitSystem| 34
 Example1
Calculation of pu for 1 phase and 3 phase system
Three Phase One Phase
30,000
30 000
Base kVA 3 = 30,000 kVA Base kVA 1 = = 10,000 kVA
3
If the power is 18MW Hence power for single phase is 6MW

18,000 6 , 000
Per - unit power = = 0 .6 Per unit power = 0 .6
30,000 10 , 000

120
Base kV LL = 120 kV Base kVLN = = 69 .2 kV
3
If Line to Line Voltage is 108kV Voltage per phase is 62.3kV obtain from
108

3
108 62.3
P.u voltag e = = 0.90 p.u P.u voltag e = = 0.90 pu
120 69.2

From above, perunit quantity is the same for single phase and 3phase
system.
PerUnitSystem| 35
 ChangeofBase
The impedance of individual generators and transformers, as
supplied by the manufacturer are generally in term of
percentage
t or perunit
it quantities
titi based
b d on their
th i own ratings.
ti
The impedance of transmission lines are usually by their
ohmic values.
For power system analysis, all impedance must be expressed
on per unit on a common base.
In order to do this, an arbitrary base for apparent power must
be selected (usually 100MVA). Then, voltage bases must be
determined for the system.
Once, a voltage base has been selected for a point in the
system, the remaining voltage bases no longer independent;
they
h are determine
d b the
by h various transformer
f turns ratios.
PerUnitSystem| 36
 ChangeofBase
old
ld
To convert to a new bases value, suppose Z pu is the perunit
impedance on the power base S Bold and the voltage base V Bold . Thus,
Z actual S Bold
old
Z pu = old = Z actual
( )
2 (3.14a)
ZB VBold
or
Z actual = Z pu
old (V ) B
old 2
(3.14b)
old
S B

Expressing Zactual to a new power base and new voltage base, result in
the new per unit impedance;
Z actual S Bnew
Z new
= new = Z actual
( )
pu 2 (3.15)
ZB VBnew
Substitute Zactual in Eq. (3.14b) into (3.15), yields;
2
S Bnew V Bold
new
Z pu = Z pu
old
new (3 16)
(3.16)
S Bold VB
PerUnitSystem| 37
 Example2
Thereactanceofagenerator,Xisgivenas0.25pu basedonits
nameplate18kV,500MVA.FindthenewperunitXusingnew
basesof20kVand100MVA.
2
18 100
U i (3 16)
Using(3.16), X ' ' = 0.25 = 0.0405 pu
20 500

Orbychangingthegivenperunitintoitsactualohmsquantity
anddividedusingthenewbase,

0.25(18 2 / 500)
X ''= 2
= 0.0405 pu
20 / 100

PerUnitSystem| 38
 PerUnitReactanceforSinglePhaseTransformer

The leakage resistance and reactance (in ohm) for a

transformer depends whether it is referred to Primary or
Secondary. If these values are stated in perunit, the base
power is the rating of the transformer.

Whereas, the referred base voltage could be from the

Primary or secondary. However, the perunit values for
transformer is the same regardless the base voltage is
taken from the Primary or Secondary.
Secondary

(
(Attention: If not stated what the referred side,, byy default,, the
impedance is always referred to the lower voltage)
PerUnitSystem| 39
 Example3
A single phase transformer has a rating of 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. The
leakage reactance measured from the low voltage side is 0.06 .
Determine the leakage reactance in per
perunit.
unit.

0.112 1000
Z base referred to low voltage side = 2.5
= 4.84

0.06
In pu, X = = 0.0124 pu
4.84

If the leakage reactance measured from the high voltage side, the
2
reactance X is: X = 0.06 440 = 0.96
110
0.440 2 1000
Z base referred to high voltage side = = 77.5
2 . 5
pu X = 0.96 = 0.0124 pu
In pu,
77.5

PerUnitSystem| 40
 Example3(cont.)
Note on the relationship between primary and secondary side:
V1 N1 I1 N 2
= ((3.17)) = ((3.18))
V2 N 2 I 2 N1
V2
If the impedance is connected to the secondary, Z 2 = (3.19)
I2
Substituted
b d V2 and
d I2 (in
( Eq. 3.17 and
d 3.18 respectively)
l ) into (3.19),
( )
yields
Z2 =
(N 2 N1 )V1
(3.20)
( N1 N 2 )I1
2
V N
Hence, if impedance is measured from primary side, Z 2' = 1 = 1 Z 2
I1 N 2

Therefore, if impedance connected at the secondary side is referred

to the primary side, it must be multiply to the ratio of primary side
over secondary side.
PerUnitSystem| 41
 Example4
Consider the following simple power system network:

2
S Bnew VBold
new
Z pu = Z pu
old
new
S Bold VB

The threephase power and lineline ratings of the electrical power

system are as follows:
follows

G1: 60MVA 20kV X=9%

T1: 50 MVA
50MVA 20/200 kV
20/200kV X 10%
X=10%
T2: 50MVA 200/20kV X=10%
M: 43.2 MVA
43.2MVA 18kV X =8%
X 8%
Line: 200kV Z=120+j200
PerUnitSystem| 42
 Example4(cont.)
Question:
(a) Drawanimpedancediagramshowingallimpedancesinper
unitona100MVAbase.Choose20kVasthevoltagebase
it 100 MVA b Ch 20 kV th lt b
forgenerator.

(b) Themotorisdrawing45MVA,0.80powerfactorlaggingata
linetolineterminalvoltageof18kV.Determinetheterminal
voltageandtheinternalemf
l d h i l f ofthegeneratorinperunitand
f h i i d
inkV.

PerUnitSystem| 43
 Example4(cont.)
Solution(a):
ThebasevoltageVBG1 ontheLVsideofT1 is20kV.Hence,thebaseon
its HV side is:
itsHVsideis: 200
VB1 = 20 = 200kV
20

ThisfixesthebaseontheHVsideofT2 atVB2 =200kV,andonitsLV

sideat 20
VB1 = 200 = 20kV
200

Thegeneratorandtransformerreactances
The generator and transformer reactances inperuniton100MVA
in per unit on 100 MVA
baseis:

100 100
G: X = 0.09 = 0.15 pu T2 : X = 0.10 = 0.2 pu
60 50
2
100 100 18
T1: X = 0.10
0 = 0.2 pu M: X = 0.08 = 0.15 pu
50 43.2 20

PerUnitSystem| 44
 Example4(cont.)
Solution(a)(cont.):
Thebaseimpedanceforthetransmissionlineis:
(200) 2
Z BL = = 400
100
Theperunitimpedanceis
p p
120 + j 200
Line: Z line = = 0.3 + j 0.5 pu
400

Theperunitequivalentcircuitisshownbelow:

PerUnitSystem| 45
 Example4(cont.)
Solution(b):
4536.87
Themotorcomplexpowerinperunitis S m = = 0.4536.87 pu
100
andthemotorterminalvoltageis:
180
Vm = = 0.900 pu
20
0.45 36.87
I = = 0.5 36.87 pu
0 .9 0
V g = 0.90 + (0.3 + j 0.9)( 0.5 36 .87 ) = 1.31795 11 .82 pu

Thus,thegeneratorlinetolineterminalvoltageis
V g = 1.31795 ( 20 ) = 26 .359 kV
E g = 0.90 + (0.3 + j1.05)( 0.5 36 .87 ) = 1.375 13 .88 pu

Thus,thegeneratorlinetolineinternalemf is: E g = 1.375 ( 20 ) = 27 .5 kV

PerUnitSystem| 46
 Example5
A simple power system consisting of one synchronous generator and
one synchronous motor connected by two transformers and a
transmission line is shown in Fig. 3. Create per phase, per unit circuit
for this power system using a base apparent power of 100 MVA and a
base line voltage at generator G1 of 13.8 kV.

Figure3
g

PerUnitSystem| 47
 Example5(cont.)
Solution:
To create a perphase, per unit equivalent circuit, we must first
calculate the impedances of each component in the power system in
perunit to the system base. The system base apparent power is
SB=100 MVA everywhere in the power system. The base voltage in the
three regions will vary as the voltage ratios of the transformers that
delineate the regions. The base voltages are:

Region1: Vbase,1 =13.8kV

110 kV
Region2: Vbase,2=Vbase,1 =110kV
13.8 kV

14.4kV
Region3: Vbase,3=Vbase,2 =13.2kV
120 kV

PerUnitSystem| 48
 Example5(cont.)
Solution:
The corresponding base impedances in each region are:
( )
2
( )
2
R i 1
Region1: Zbase,1= LL ,base =
V 13
13.8
8 kV
= 1.904
S3 ,base 100 MVA
(V )
2
(110kV )
2
g
Region2: Zbase,2
base 2 =
LL ,base
= = 121
S3 ,base 100 MVA

Zbase,2= ( )
2
(13.2kV )
2
VLL ,base
Region3: = = 1.743
S3 ,base
b 100 MVA

Theperunitimpedanceforeachcomponent:
G1:
: Unchanged R =0.1pu,X
UnchangedR 0.1 pu, Xs =0.9pu
0.9 pu
T1: UnchangedR =0.01pu,Xs =0.05pu
15 75
L1: RL = = 0.124 pu , XL =
= = 0.62 pu
121 121

PerUnitSystem| 49
 Example5(cont.)
Solution:
T2: The impedance of T2 is specified in perunit on a base of 14.4kV
and 50 MVA in region 3.
3 Therefore,
Therefore the perunit resistances and
reactance of this component on the new system base is:
2
14.4 kV 100 MVA
R = (0.01) = 0.238 p
pu
13.2 kV 50 MVA
2
14.4 kV 100 MVA
X = (0.05) = 0.119 pu
13.2 kV 50 MVA

M2: The perunit initially is base on 13.8 kV and 50 MVA. Thus, the
new perunit values:
2
13.8 kV 100 MVA
R = (0.1) = 0.219 pu
13.2 kV 50 MVA
2
13.8 kV 100 MVA
X = (1.1) = 2.405 pu
13.2 kV 50 MVA

PerUnitSystem| 50
 Example5(cont.)
Solution:
Perphase, perunit equivalent circuit is:

PerUnitSystem| 51
 Example6 Trythis
Aoneline diagramofasimplepowersystemisshowninFigure3.Thegeneratorsare
runningonnoloadattheirratedvoltageandratedfrequencywiththeiremfs inphase.
Createperphase,perunitcircuitforthispowersystemusingabaseapparentpower
of100MVAandabaselinevoltageatgeneratorG
f 100 MVA d b li lt t t G1 of15kV.
f 15 kV

PerUnitSystem| 52
 Example6 Trythis
Equipment Rating:

Synchronous Generators:
G1 : 1000 MVA 15 kV X 1 = X 2 = 0.18 pu, X 0 = 0.07 pu
G2 : 1000 MVA 15 kV X 1 = X 2 = 0.20 pu, X 0 = 0.10 pu
G3 : 500 MVA 13.2 kV X 1 = X 2 = 0.15 pu, X 0 = 0.05 pu, Xn =0.05 pu
G4 : 750 MVA 13 8 kV
13.8 X 1 = X 2 = 0.30 pu X 0 = 0.10 pu
0 30 pu,
Transformers:
T1 : 1000 MVA 15kV /765 kV Y X1 = X2 = 0.1 pu dan X0 = 0.05 pu
T2 : 1000 MVA 15kV /765 kV Y X1 = X2 = 0.1 pu dan X0 = 0.02 pu
T3 : 500 MVA 15kV Y/765 kV Y X1 = X2 = 0.1
0 1 pu dan X0 = 0.06
0 06 pu
T4 : 750 MVA 15kV Y/765 kV Y X1 = X2 = 0.1 pu dan X0 = 0.08 pu

Transmission lines:
12 765 kV X1 = X2 = 50 , X0 = 150
13 765 kV X1 = X2 = 40 , X0 = 100
23 765 kV X1 = X2 = 40 , X0 = 100

PerUnitSystem| 53