Fasteners

Screw threads - Bolts, studs and screws - Locking devices - Aircraft rivets
Screw threads
Screw Nomenclature - Thread forms - Dimensions - Tolerances - Measuring
screw threads
Screw Nomenclature
Screw Nomenclature
Thread forms
Thread forms
Dimensions
Tolerances and Allowance

Thread Identification An intentional clearance is created

between mating threads when the nut
Proper Annotation and bolt are manufactured. This
- 20 x 2.5 UNC 2B clearance is known as the Allowance.
Tolerance is the difference between
Class Fit
the maximum and minimum permitted
1 - Loose limits.
2 - Standard
3 - Close
How to read bolt specs

Thread Identification

Proper Annotation UNC - Unified Coarse thread

- 20 x 2.5 UNC 2B UNF - Unified Fine thread
- Major Diameter A - External thread
20 - threads per inch B - Internal thread
2.5 length of the bolt
Measuring screw threads
Measuring screw threads
Fasteners
Screw threads - Bolts, studs and screws - Locking devices - Aircraft rivets
Bolts, Studs and Screws
Specification, identification and marking of Aircraft Bolts - Aircraft Nuts - Aircraft
Washers - Screws - Studs - Dowels
Aircraft Bolts

Material used - Cadmium, zinc plated corrosion resistant steel, unplated

corrosion resistant steel, anodized aluminum.

Specification standards - AN, NAS, MS, Special type (S)

Head styles - AN: hex head, clevis, eyebolt

NAS: hex head, internal wrenching, countersunk head
MS: hex head, internal wrenching
Aircraft Bolts - Head Styles
Aircraft Bolts - Materials
Aircraft Bolts - Identification

AN3 to AN20 - general purpose

bolts

AN21 to AN36 - clevis bolts

AN42 to AN49 - eyebolts

Aircraft Bolts - Identification

Series number indicates bolt

diameter in sixteenth of an inch.
for instance, AN20 2 is a whole
inch plus . (refer table)
Aircraft Bolts - Identification

dash indicates that the bolt is

made of carbon steel.
C - corrosion resistant steel
D - 2017 aluminum alloy
DD - 2024 aluminum alloy
Aircraft Bolts - Identification

Dash Number - bolt grip 2 1/32

inches long
Safety precautions - A - cotter
pin safetying not drilled, H -
drilled for safetying
Close tolerance/ Internal wrenching bolts
CLOSE TOLERANCE BOLTS
Machined more accurately than general
purpose bolts.
May be hex headed (AN-173 to AN-186) or
100 countersunk head (NAS-80 to
NAS-86).
Used in application where a tight drive fit
is required. the shank is ground to a
tolerance of +0.000, -0.0005 inch.
Identified by a triangle around the mark on
the bolt head that identifies the material of
which the bolt is made.
INTERNAL WRENCHING BOLTS
Made from high strength steel.
Suitable for tension and shear
applications.
The head of the internal wrenching bolt is
recessed to allow the insertion of an
internal wrench when installing or
removing.
Special high strength nuts are used.
Close tolerance/ Internal wrenching bolts
Close tolerance/ Internal wrenching bolts
Special purpose bolts

CLEVIS BOLTS

Slotted round head to receive common or

a crosspoint screwdriver
Used where shear loads occur never in
tension.
Often inserted as a mechanical pin in
control system
Special purpose bolts

CLEVIS BOLTS

Slotted round head to receive common or

a crosspoint screwdriver
Used where shear loads occur never in
tension.
Often inserted as a mechanical pin in
control system
Special purpose bolts

CLEVIS BOLTS

Slotted round head to receive common or

a crosspoint screwdriver
Used where shear loads occur never in
tension.
Often inserted as a mechanical pin in
control system
Special purpose bolts

EYE BOLT

Used where external tension loads are to

be applied.
An eye bolt is a bolt with a loop at one end.
They are used to firmly attach a securing
eye to a structure, so that ropes or cables
may then be tied to it.
Special purpose bolts

EYE BOLT

Used where external tension loads are to

be applied.
An eye bolt is a bolt with a loop at one end.
They are used to firmly attach a securing
eye to a structure, so that ropes or cables
may then be tied to it.
Special purpose bolts

JO-BOLT

Known as three piece rivet. They are

permanent structures.
Not to be used in areas where it could be
drawn into the engine air.
They have excellent resistance to
vibration, weight saving and fast
installation by one person.
Special purpose bolts

JO-BOLT

Known as three piece rivet. They are

permanent structures.
Not to be used in areas where it could be
drawn into the engine air.
They have excellent resistance to
vibration, weight saving and fast
installation by one person.

Video - JO-Bolt installation

Special purpose bolts

LOCKBOLTS

Combine the features of high strength bolt

and rivet.
Used in wing splice fittings, landing gear
fittings, fuel cell fittings, longerons, beams,
and other major structural attachments.
Require a pneumatic hammer or pull gun
for installation

Video - LOCKBOLTS installation

Special purpose bolts
LOCKBOLTS TYPES

PULL TYPE - Used in primary and secondary

structures - Installed rapidly - appr. One half
the weight of equivalent AN steel bolts and
nuts.
STUMP TYPE - do not have extended stems.
Used where clearance will not permit
pull-type lock bolts.
BLIND TYPE - have exceptional strength and
sheet pull-together characteristics - used
where one side of the work is accessible and
when difficult to drive a conventional rivet.
Special purpose bolts
LOCKBOLTS TYPES

PULL TYPE - Used in primary and secondary

structures - Installed rapidly - appr. One half
the weight of equivalent AN steel bolts and
nuts.
STUMP TYPE - do not have extended stems.
Used where clearance will not permit
pull-type lock bolts.
BLIND TYPE - have exceptional strength and
sheet pull-together characteristics - used
where one side of the work is accessible and
when difficult to drive a conventional rivet.
Bolts, Studs and Screws
Specification, identification and marking of Aircraft Bolts - Aircraft Nuts - Aircraft
Washers - Screws - Studs - Dowels
Aircraft Nuts

Made of cadmium plated carbon steel, stainless steel or anodized 2024T

aluminum alloy.
Left handed or right handed threads.
No identifying marking or lettering
Two general groups
Non-self-locking nuts - safetied by cotter pins, safety wire or locknuts
Self-locking nuts - integral locking feature
Non-Self-Locking
Nuts
PLAIN NUT - CASTLE NUT -
CASTELLATED SHEAR NUT - PLAIN
HEX NUT - LIGHT HEX NUT - PLAIN
CHECK NUT

CASTLE NUT

AN310 used in AN hex bolts,

clevis bolts, eye bolts, drilled
head bolts,or studs.
Fairly rugged - can withstand
large tensional loads
Slots (castellations)
accommodate cotter pins
Non-Self-Locking
Nuts
PLAIN NUT - CASTLE NUT -
CASTELLATED SHEAR NUT - PLAIN
HEX NUT - LIGHT HEX NUT - PLAIN
CHECK NUT

CASTELLATED SHEAR NUT

AN320 used in drilled clevis

bolts and threaded taper pins
Can withstand only shearing
stress
Castellated for safetying
 Non-Self-Locking
Nuts
PLAIN NUT - CASTLE NUT - CASTELLATED
SHEAR NUT - PLAIN HEX NUT - LIGHT HEX
NUT - PLAIN CHECK NUT

PLAIN HEX NUT & LIGHT HEX NUT

AN315 & AN335 has rugged

construction
Suitable for carrying large tensional
loads
Use on a/c structure is limited since it
requires auxiliary locking devices
AN340 & AN345 lighter than plain hex
nut. Uses auxiliary locking devices
Used for miscellaneous light tension
requirements
Non-Self-Locking
Nuts
PLAIN NUT - CASTLE NUT -
CASTELLATED SHEAR NUT - PLAIN
HEX NUT - LIGHT HEX NUT - PLAIN
CHECK NUT

PLAIN CHECK NUT & WING NUT

AN316 employed as locking

device for plain nuts, set
screws, threaded rod ends, and
other devices.
AN350 is used where desired
tightness is obtained by fingers
and assembly is frequently
removed.
Non-Self-Locking Nuts
Self-Locking Nuts

Safetying feature included as an integral part.

Common application - attachment of antifriction bearings and control
pulleys, attachment of accessories; anchor nuts around inspection holes
and small tank installation opening and attachment of rocker box covers
and exhaust stacks.
Two general types
All-metal type - Boots self-Locking Nuts, Stainless steel self-locking nuts
Fiber lock type - Elastic stop nuts
Self-locking nuts
ALL METAL TYPE

BOOTS SELF-LOCKING NUT

STAINLESS STEEL SELF LOCKING
NUTS

Video 1 : Bolt gripping device

Video 2 : Nut and washers
Video 3 : Thread locking
Self-locking nuts
ALL METAL TYPE

BOOTS SELF-LOCKING NUT

STAINLESS STEEL SELF LOCKING
NUTS
Self-locking nuts
FIBER LOCK TYPE - ELASTIC STOP NUT

Increased height to accommodate

fiber locking collar
Fiber is tough, durable and unaffected
by hot or cold water or ordinary
solvents.
Can be used many times with
complete safety
Used on aircraft engines and
accessories when their use is
specified by the engine manufacturer.
Screws

Most commonly used threaded fastening device

Made of lower strength materials than bolts
Commonly used screws
Structural screws - same strength as equal size bolts
Machine screws - used for general repair
Self tapping screws - used for attaching lighter parts
Drive screws - nails driven into metal parts with a mallet or hammer
Structural Screws

Made of alloy steel and properly heat

treated
Found in NAS204 to NAS235 and AN509
to AN525 series
Round, brazier or countersunk heads
Recessed head screws are driven by
Philips or Reed & Prince screwdriver.
Structural Screws

Made of alloy steel and properly heat

treated
Found in NAS204 to NAS235 and AN509
to AN525 series
Round, brazier or countersunk heads
Recessed head screws are driven by
Philips or Reed & Prince screwdriver.
Machine Screws

Made of low carbon steel, brass, corrosion

resistant steel and aluminum alloy.
Flat, round or washer heads
Round head - AN515, AN520; Countersunk
head - AN505, AN510, AN507; Fillister
head - AN500, AN503, AN502
Self-tapping Screws
Used for attaching removable parts such
as nameplates.
Screw cutis its own threads into castings
and parts
AN530 and AN531 are self-tapping metal
screws are used in temporary attachment
of metal for riveting.
Parker-Kalon Z-type sheet metal screw
corresponds to the above series.
Drive Screws - nails
AN535 corresponds to parker-kalon U-type
Plain head self tapping screws used for
attaching name plates in castings
Not intended to be removed after
installation
Studs

Metal rods threaded at both ends

Use where a desirable bolt cannot be used
Security of the stud depends upon the friction between its thread and that
of the tapped hole.
Types - standard, waisted, stepped, shouldered studs
Studs

Standard stud Standard stud Waisted stud

Shouldered stud
Stepped stud
Dowels

Used in machinery to precisely locate two adjoining parts or assemblies

One end of the dowel is secured in place and the other end protrudes such
that it can be inserted into a reamed hole in the mating part.
Sections of turbine engines bolt together axially and often use dowels to
achieve the close tolerance requires for proper orientation
Dowels
Dowels
Locking Devices
Tab and spring washers - Locking plates - Split pins/Cotter pins - Pal nuts - wire
locking - quick release fasteners - keys - circlips
Tab and Spring washers

Tab washers are a type of lock washer, round

in shape and often manufactured with a single
tab or multiple tabs and notches that can be
formed to shape around bolts/nuts or
designed to lay flat. Ideal for use in harsh
environments, tab washers effectively lock a
part into place in applications requiring
extreme heat conditions or heavy vibrations.
Tab and Spring washers

Spring washers, sometimes called disc springs, are a

subtype of washers. Spring washers are employed in
applications where assemblies need a part to take up
play, eliminate rattle, maintain assembly tension,
compensate for expansion or contraction in materials after
assembly, or to absorb intermittent shock loads and
provide a controlled reaction under dynamic loads.
Locking plates
Locking plates
Split pins/ cotter pins
Pal nuts
Pal nuts
Wire locking
Quick release fasteners
Quick release fasteners
Keys
Keys
Circlips
Fasteners
Screw threads - Bolts, studs and screws - Locking devices - Aircraft rivets
Aircraft rivets
Types - specification and Identification - Heat treatment
Solid rivets
Solid rivets - Types

Video - solid rivets

Blind rivets
Blind rivets - Types
Rivet Materials

A - aluminum alloy, 1100 or 3003 composition

AD - aluminum alloy, 2117-T composition
D - aluminum alloy, 2024-T composition
D - aluminum alloy, 2024-T composition
B - aluminum alloy, 5056 composition
C - copper
M - Monel
Rivet Specifications
Rivet Identification
Rivet Identification
Heat Treatment of Rivets - Annealing
Fasteners
Screw threads - Bolts, studs and screws - Locking devices - Aircraft rivets