DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. D.M, A.S. Buist. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future Trends.
Lancet. 2007: 370; 765-73.
2. Dahlan Z, Z. Amin dan A.Y.Soeroto. Respirasi dan Kritis Paru. Perhimpunan Respirologi
Indonesia. 2012. Hal. 43 - 52
3. Duvoix Annelyse, Dickens Jenny, Haq Imran, Mannino David, Miller Bruce,Tal-Singer
Ruth, Lomas David A. Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. BMJ Journal on February 2, 2014
4. Karin H. Groenewegen, Dirkje S. Postma, Wim C. J. Hop, Pascal L. M. L. Wielders,
Noel J. J. Schlo ser, Emiel F. M. Wouters, for the COSMIC Study Group. Increased
Systemic Inflammation Is a Risk Factor for COPD Exacerbations. CHEST 2008;
133:350357.
5. Larson K. Inflammatory markers in COPD. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2:
84 87.
6. Agusti AGN, Noguera A, Sauleda J, Sala E, Pons J, Busquets X. Systemic effect of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EurRespi J. 2003;21:347-60.
7. Benjamin L. Nicholas. Search for biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
current status. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19:103108
8. Yunita Arliny, Faisal Yunus, Wiwien H Wiyono, Rochsismandoko. Kadar Fibrinogen dan
Faktor-faktor Risiko Sindrom Metabolik pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik
(PPOK) Stabil. J Indon Med Assoc, Volum: 61, Nomor: 4, April 2011.
9. Dahl Morten, Anne T, Jrgen V, Peter L, And Brge G. N. Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen
Associated with Reduced Pulmonary Function and Increased Risk of Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001: Vol 164. pp 1008
1011.
10. Sin DD, Man SFP. Commentary: fueling the fire-systemic inflammation and
development of lung disease in the general community. Int J Epid. 2006;35:1108-1110.
11. Fattouh Mona, Ola Alkady. Inflammatory biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. The Egyptian Society of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, 17 June 2014, 1 -6.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
12. Zhang Yonghong, Shaojun Li, Guizuo Wang, Dong Han, Xinming Xie, Yuanyuan Wu,
Jing Xu, Jiamei Lu, Fengjuan Li, Manxiang Li. Changes of HMGB1 and sRAGE during
the recovery of COPD exacerbation. Journal of Thorac Disease. 2014; Volume 6: No
6:734-741.
13. Polatli Mehmet, Aysel Cakir, Orhan Cildag, A. Zahit Bolaman, Cigdem Yenisey, Yavuz
Yenicerioglu. Microalbuminuria, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen levels as markers
of the severity in COPD exacerbation. Journal Thromb Thrombolysis (2008) 26:97102.
14. Thomsen Mette, Truls Sylvan Ingebrigtsen, Jacob Louis Marott, Morten Dahl, Peter
Lange, Jrgen Vestbo, Brge G. Nordestgaard. Inflammatory Biomarkers
andExacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. JAMA, June 12, 2013:Vol
309, No. 22 2353-2361.
15. Valipour Arschang, Martin Schreder, Michael Wolzt, Sleman Saliba, Sonja Kapiotis,
Philipp Eickhoff, and Otto Chris Burghuber. Circulating vascular endothelial growth
factor and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with stable and exacerbated
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biochemical Society 2008.1 21.
16. Mitra Samareh-Fekri, Syed Abdol-Rahim Khorasani, Maliheh Shadkam-Farokhi.
Correlation of CRP and Serum Fibrinogen Levels with Disease Severity, Clinical
Factors and Pulmonary Function Tests in COPD Patients. Tanaffos (2010) 9(1), 28-33.
17. Deepa V. David M. M., Hana M. dan Ruth T. Fibrinogen, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) and outcomes in two United States cohorts. International Journal of
COPD 2012:7 173182.
18. Decramer, M. Vestbo, J. et al. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
Update 2013.
19. Robert A. S. Biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease confusing or useful.
International Journal of COPD 2014:9 163177.
20. Jrgen V., Suzanne S. H., Alvar G. A., Paul W. J., Claus V., Antonio A., Peter J. B.,
Leonardo M. F., Fernando J. M., Masaharu N., Robert A. S., Don D. S., and Roberto
R.R. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease GOLD Executive Summary. American Journal Of
Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2013: Vol 187.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
21. Sudoyo, A.W., B. Setiyohadi, I. Alwi, M. Simadibrata dan S. Setiadi. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Ed.V. Jilid II. 2009.
22. Barnes P.J., S.D. Shapiro dan R.A. Pauwels. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
molecular and cellular mechanisms. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 672688.
23. Manuel G. Cosio, M.D., Marina Saetta, M.D., and Alvar Agusti, M.D. Immunologic
Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2445-54
24. Deepti M, Rajesh T, Ana N.A, Andrew S, Mark E, Anju S, Linan C, Xiaoxi Z, James H,
Peter P, Rubin M. T,and Shyam B. Decline in NRF2-regulated Antioxidants in Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Lungs Due to Loss of Its Positive Regulator, DJ-1. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med Vol 178. pp 592604, 2008
25. John L. Hankinson, John R. Odencrantz, And Kathleen B. Fedan. Spirometric Reference
Values from a Sample of the General U.S. Population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1999;159:179187.
26. Jiang R, Gregory L. B, Paul L. E, Anne B. N, Helene G. M, Mary C, Russell P. T,
Yuanjia W, Richard A. K, and R. Graham B. Inflammatory Markers and Longitudinal
Lung Function Decline in the Elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008: Vol.
168; 602-610.
27. Francisco G.R., Marc M., Joan B. S., Luis M., Enric D.T., Guadalupe S.,Victor S., Julio
A. dan EPI-SCAN Steering Committee. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: a population-based study. Garcia-Rio et al. Respiratory Research
2010, 11:63
28. Vctor I. P., Sandra P. dan Joan A.B. Pulmonary Vascular Involvement in COPD.
CHEST 2008; 134:808814
29. C.M. Parker, C.M., N. Voduc, S.D. Aaron, K.A. Webb dan D.E. ODonnell.
Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of
COPD. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 420428.
30. Kessler, R.,, M.R. Partridge, M. Miravitlles, M. Cazzola,C. Vogelmeier, D. Leynaud dan
J.Ostinelli. Symptom variability in patients with severe COPD: a pan-European
crosssectional study. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 264272.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
31. Mara J. E. de los M., Carolina Pena, Enrique J. S. H.,Javier Jare no, Marc M.
Variability of Respiratory Symptoms in Severe COPD. M.J. Espinosa de los Monteros et
al. / Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(1):37.
32. Kesten S. dan K.R. Chapman. Physician Percepsions and Management of COPD. Chest
1993. 104: 254-58.
33. Claudio Tantucci, Denise Modina. Lung function decline in COPD. International Journal
of COPD 2012:7: 9599
34. Franciosi Luigi G, Page Clive P, Celli Bartolome R, Cazzalo Mario, Walker Michael J,
Danhol Meindert, Rabe Klaus F, Pasqua Oscar E Della. Markers of disease severity in
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Elsevier; 2006; 19: 189 199.
35. Anzueto A. Impact of exacerbations on COPD. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19: 116, 113118
36. Rodriguez-Roisin R. Toward a Consensus Definition for COPD Exacerba tions. CHEST
2000; 117:398S401S.
37. Celli B.R. dan P.J. Barnes. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur
Respir J 2007; 29: 12241238.
38. Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK), Pedoman Diagnosis & Penatalak sanaan di
Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia 2003,
39. Nicholas A. Z., Guy B.M., Oshana H., Sandy M.,Elizabeth J. C., Iqbal H., Sanjyot V.
dan Stephen F. W. Predictors of accuracy of diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease in general practice. MJA 2011; 195: 168171
40. S. Kamath S. dan G.Y.H. Lip. Fibrinogen: biochemistry, epidemiology and determinants.
Q J Med 2003; 96:711729
41. Cother H., Kate T., Judy A. S., Nada L.S. dan Charles D.A.W. Ethnic Differences in

Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: A EuropeanControlCase Study. Stroke. 2004;35:1562-

1567.
42. Cornelia Barbu, Mihaela Iordache, M. G. Man. Inflammation in COPD: pathogenesis,
local and systemic effects. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2011, 52(1):2127
43. Sanjay Sethi, Donald A. Mahler, Philip Marcus, Caroline A. Owen, Barbara Yawn,
Stephen Rennard. Inflammation in COPD: Implications for Management. The American
Journal of Medicine (2012) 125, 1162-1170.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44. Emiel F. M. W., Karin H. G., Mieke A. D. dan Juanita H. J. V, Systemic Inflammation in
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; The Role of Exacerbations. Proc Am Thorac
Soc Vol 4. pp 626634, 2007.
45. Esmon, C.T. The interactions between inflammation and coagulation. British Journal of
Haematology, 2005, 131, 417430
46. Suil Kim and Jay A. Nadel. Fibrinogen binding to ICAM-1 promotes EGFR-dependent
mucin production in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol
Physiol, 2009: 297; L174L183.
47. Liam Heaney and Izhaq Masih. Inflammation in COPD and New Drug
Strategies.Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology,
Immunology and Clinical Bases, March 2012: 334 356.
48. Mac Callum, P.K., Markers of Hemostasis and Systemic Inflammation in Heart Disease
and Atherosclerosis in Smokers. Proc Am Thorac Soc Vol 2. pp 3443, 2005.
Universitas Sumatera Utara