2016 IEEE 4th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud
Robust Uplink Resource allocation in LTE
Networks With M2M Devices as an Infrastructure
of Internet of Things
Mohammad Reza Mardani , Salman Mohebi , Hossein Bobarshad
School of ECE, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran
Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Iran
Email: {m.mardani, s.mohebi, hossein.bobarshad}@ut.ac.ir
AbstractMachine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is an
emerging technology for communication between machines with-
out human intervention. The main issue for cellular operators
and service providers is to nd a way to manage the high volume
of these machine type communications and current human type
communications for allocating network resources. An overall
solution for large access management issues is to use application
prioritization and priority class based trafc scheduling. In
order to enhance the system efciency and to reduce waste of
resources, this paper investigates a creative type based dynamic
priority scheduling mechanism for M2M/H2H coexistence trafcs
in LTE-A networks. Dynamic resources allocation is a signicant
challenge due to the uncertainty introduced by the network,
QoS and energy efciency requirements. The proposed solution
is based on type-2 fuzzy logic controller expert system to
anticipate and manage uncertainties. The performance of the
proposed algorithm is evaluated by various metrics such as delay,
throughput, and bandwidth utilization.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term
Evolution and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network referred to as
4G, use Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) [1] in uplink transmission, in order to enhance
the transmit power of the mobile nodes [2]. 3GPP LTE and
LTE-A systems are very promising due to their high capacity
and data access management exibility.
Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M) which are
also known as machine-type communications (MTC), is part
of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology that provides
sharing data among a large number of MTC devices with
distinct QoS requirements. Some of the main applications of
M2M/IoT include smart meters, automated health management
systems, infrastructure management, city automation, real-time
monitoring and control like video surveillance (see, e.g., [3]).
Most of the existing resource allocation works are based on
OFDM and are designed for Human-to-Human trafc which
is not applicable to H2H/M2M coexistence systems, as M2M
trafc types differ signicantly from H2H trafc. In parallel to
this, due to the increasing rate of machine type communication
(MTC) devices along with currently used human type com-
munication (HTC); it is important to guarantee the quality-of-
service (QoS) requirements for various types of delay sensitive
services [4], [5]. Unfortunately, the policies of current third
generation (3G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular
978-1-5090-4052-0/16 $31.00 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/FiCloud.2016.34
networks are not supporting MTC devices. Thus, there we
need an intelligent solution for efcient resource management
between coexistence MTC and HTC demanded services, with
attention to their QoS requirements so that none of the human-
based services are sacriced for machine-based services.
A. Research Literature
In the literature, a lot of work has been done in the eld
of resource allocation for the LTE uplink transmission. The
authors in [6] present an LTE uplink packet scheduler for M2M
communication that dynamically adjusts the network level of
congestion based on the current trafc information of each
device to i) satisfy QoS requirements, ii) ensure fair resource
allocation and iii) control the impact H2H performance. The
Class-Based Overall Priority (CBOP), is a M2M scheduling
algorithm which is designed to improve the uplink scheduling
for a massive number of MTC devices in LTE networks [7].
This algorithm was specically designed to support uplink
M2M communications over LTE networks. The work done in
[8], evaluates the performance of some scheduling algorithms
for M2M communication regarding the aspects of service
requirements, fairness, energy efciency and their impact on
the system performance of current LTE trafc. An energy-
aware scheduling and power control for M2M communication
in LTE is presented in [9]. Then, they proposed a scheme
with low-complexity distributed clustering, to simplify the
scheduling problem and prolong the network lifetime. The
works done in [10] and [11] propose a class-based dynamic
priority scheduling algorithm for uplink transmission of M2M
and H2H trafc in LTE, considering delay tolerance and
minimum guaranteed bit rate of applications and preference
of H2H ows over M2M ows to schedule resource blocks
(RBs). They classied and prioritized all H2H and M2M ows
based on their QoS requirements and allocate resources to
classes based on their priorities. To ensure the QoS of H2H
ows, a threshold is dened for the maximum number of radio
RBs to be assigned to M2M ows in a scheduling interval. An
uplink resource and power allocation problem, for the energy
conservation in LTE-A relay networks to minimize the total
energy consumption of machines, while guaranteeing their
QoS is done in [12]. In [13], the authors describe an LTE
uplink scheduling algorithm, named M2M Aware Scheduling
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Algorithm (M2MA-SA) under massive M2M and H2H arrivals
that differentiate between M2M and H2H services. A two-
phase scheduling mechanism is presented for massive M2M
services combining the maximum-utility scheduling and round
robin scheduling. Also, for H2H services, Iterative Maximum
Expansion (IME) is used to satisfy the contiguity constraint of
LTE uplink resource allocation. Furthermore, [14] presents a
M2M-aware time domain hybrid scheduler, which proportion-
ally allocates the radio resources between human users and
M2M devices to protect the quality of experience (QoE) of
the H2H communication in the presence of a large number
of M2M terminals. The authors in [15], address the issue
of energy efcient radio resource allocation for M2M/H2H
co-existence scenarios in LTE networks, considering different
QoS requirements. They proposed a resource allocation algo-
rithm for an uplink resource allocation while the M2M devices
generate uplink trafc. Their proposed algorithm assigns radio
resources in a way that minimizes the overall transmit power,
while satisfying users QoS requirements.
B. Contributions
One of the main strengths of the fuzzy logic is the capability
to design a human knowledge based theoretical structure, as a
set of intuitive rules. Furthermore, interval type-2 fuzzy logic
can control uncertainty in a system such as unexpected events,
noise, etc. However, all existing algorithms described above
are not capable of handling system uncertainties. In this paper,
we use an interval type-2 fuzzy logic for an uplink bandwidth
scheduling that uses type-2 fuzzy logic controller to guarantee
QoS and energy efciency requirements by considering their
uncertainties. The main contributions of this paper can be
summarized as follows:
We analyze the performance of M2M communication
under uncertain system parameters. We use type-2 fuzzy
logic-based solution to manage the high volume of the
machine type communications.
We analyze the cost of the proposed robust resource allo-
cation by obtaining the waste of the available bandwidth.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section
IIPreliminariessection.2 gives the preliminary concepts, chal-
lenges and motivates the work. Section IIIResource Assign-
ment Using IT2FAsection.3 describes the mechanisms of our
solution. Section IVSimulation Resultssection.4 discusses the
experimental results. Finally, Section VConclusionsection.5
concludes the paper.
II. P RELIMINARIES
In this section, the system model of 3GPP LTE-Advanced
network is introduced; followed by the M2M/H2H challenges
and requirements. Then, a general denition of the uplink
resource allocation problem in 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks,
under uncertainty condition is provided. Finally, the interval
type-2 fuzzy logic controller system is introduced.
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TABLE I: Simulation Parameters
No Parameters Value
1 Operating frequency 2 GHz
2 Channel bandwidth 10 MHz
3 Gain of eNB 16 dB
4 Gain of UE 4 dB
5 Transmission Time Interval(FTI) 1ms
6 HTC maximum allowed access delay -
7 MTC maximum allowed access delay -
8 Noise power density -174 dBm
9 Number of HTC nodes 100
10 Number of MTC nodes 100-6,100
11 Number of BS 1
12 User distribution Uniform
13 Mobility model Random
14 Propagation model Two ray
A. System Model
Consider the model of a single cell and multiple
users in 3GPP LTE-Advanced system. The scenario is a
H2H/M2M co-existence uplink mode under different QoS
requirements which are requested by many users and
devices. Fig.1A LTE-A network architecture with M2M
communicationgure.caption.1 shows an architecture for sup-
porting M2M communication. The LTE-A network is com-
posed of two parts: 1) core network, which controls mobile
devices (user equipment) and IP packet ows, and 2) radio
access network (eNB) which enables access to radio resources
[16]. In direct path or through the MTC gateway (MTCG), the
M2M devices can connect to eNB and they also can connect to
each other directly. The MTCG establishes a local controlling
for MTC devices. Table ISimulation Parameterstable.caption.2
presents the simulation parameters for modeling a typical LTE-
A system, which shows the system evaluation conditions. In
the simulation, various H2H and M2M service classes have
different ow rates. In order to focus on the performance of
the proposed expert scheduling algorithm, wireless channel
conditions have been considered ideal, which means that the
system is designed to solve congested networks problems.
Therefore, it can be said that the failure of any access request
can only occur as a result of its collision with other application
requests and not due to channel conditions such as fading.
B. M2M/H2H Challenges and Requirements
The IEEE and 3GPP are two standards that dene the
technical characteristics for Machine Type Communication
[17], [18]. The research reports [18], [19] have analyzed
some challenges and requirements in M2M communication
that should be considered in the system design and are as
follows:
1) Power Efciency : Due to battery limited M2M devices
and lack of access to power sources such as smart metering
sensors, it is required to provide an efcient power consump-
tion mechanism to improve transmission scheme.
 Fig. 1: A LTE-A network architecture with M2M communication
2) Access Priority: In M2M communication like H2H
many use cases requires a higher priority over the other devices
to transmit messages immediately such as signaling messages
and alarm reporting.
3) Different Trafc Types Handling: Unlike M2M com-
munication, the most trafc which is used in human type
communications are voice and Internet-based communications.
However, an M2M system must be designed in such a way
that should be able to handle bursty and regular trafcs
with various size of packets such as smart meters and video
monitoring, respectively.
4) Managing Massive Dense devices: The another reason
which distincts M2M communication from H2H communica-
tion is that, the number of M2M devices that connected to a
cell are very large, in some use cases.
5) Managing time-tolerant services: In some M2M use
cases, devices can apply time-tolerant algorithms in trans-
mission mode, in order to improve energy consumption and
avoiding congestion to the base station assessment.
One can study many other requirements and challenges of
M2M communication such as low latency are addressed in
[18], [19].
C. Problem Denition
The OFDM systems uplink resources allocation and
scheduling requires complex algorithms which the complexity
is increased when the further new M2M applications added
for access to resources.
Nowadays, radio resource allocation and scheduling in
OFDM systems has become a fascinating issue that one can
access to a rich literature on this problem in [20] for uplink
transmission mode. The main motive of related works is
to support a large number of M2M communication devices
in next generation 5G wireless systems that its feasible by
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improving performance of radio resources utilization and
minimizing power consumption in all connected devices [21].
The main goal of this paper, as we discussed above, is to
design an algorithm to calculate and allocate bandwidth for
various types of ows by employing an adaptive and dynamic
method. The algorithm guarantees QoS of delay sensitive
applications and defers the battery depletion of M2M devices
such as remote metering devices.
D. Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System
Nowadays, fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have been applied
for control of various systems to achieve an optimum response.
Fuzzy logic has many different kinds based on the order of
fuzzy sets. Type-1 fuzzy is a simple type of fuzzy sets with
well dened and exact degree of membership functions.
However, real-world applications have large amount of
uncertainties, where the exact membership functions of tradi-
tional fuzzy approach (e.g. type-1 FLCs) is unable to handle
them. In particular, many network parameters, like jitters,
packet losses, etc., even if measured accurately, at the point
of application may not be exact. The type-2 fuzzy sets can be
used to alleviate this problem, since its membership functions
contain fuzziness, via the so called fuzzy- fuzzy sets.
Fig. 2agure.caption.3 represents a T1 fuzzy set which
covers [0.25,0.75] ranges for input scaled parameter and [0, 1]
interval to give a crisp value for a certain input; for example,
when the input value is 0.4, then the output is 0.68. This crisp
output may not be precise; this is because the middle and end
points of the T1 fuzzy set due to uncertainty is precise. Fig.
2bgure.caption.3 shows an interval type-2 fuzzy set whose
output is an interval instead of a crisp value, for example, when
input value is 0.4, the output interval is between [0.6,0.75].
this is because T2FLC considers effect of uncertainty on input
values.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 2: (a) T1 fuzzy set. (b) T2 fuzzy set
The structure of type-2 FLS and its relation to Type-1
illustrated in Fig.3Structure of the type-2 FLSgure.caption.4.
IT2FLS is composed of a Fuzzier, Inference Engine, Rule
Base, Type-reducer and Defuzzier. In the rst step, the crisp
inputs are fuzzied into input type-2 fuzzy sets then in the
next part the inference engine, by using interval type-2 fuzzy
sets rules to generate desired outputs based on an input. The
output of this step is used as an input for the third step (Type-
reducer).
Here the type reducer performs a processing on the input
sets in order to reduce its order. In this step many types
of type-1 reducer methods can be used. For example, the
center of sets that has appropriate complexity can be used as
a type-1 reducer in the type-reduction computations. Finally
in Defuzzier, after the defuzzifying, the output type-1 fuzzy
sets convert to crisp outputs. For more information, see [22],
[23].
III. R ESOURCE A SSIGNMENT U SING IT2FA
In the near future, new applications with different QoS
requirements will be presented. The author in [24], with
regard to quality parameters such as latency, priority, accuracy,
have addressed a classication of all applications (both H2H
and M2M). In the meantime, the most important point that
has a direct role in the prioritization of applications is how
much the application is tolerant to delay. Therefore, it can be
generally described as two categories of applications: (1) Type
1: Realtime (RT) applications which are sensitive to delay such
as live streaming video, VOIP, and IP enabled surveillance
cameras, emergency alerting, signaling messages. (2) Type 2:
189
Non-Realtime (NRT) applications which are delay tolerant and
need a minimum guaranteed bit rate as well as energy saving in
some M2M devices. For example, le downloads, environment
monitoring M2M applications.
A. Decision Making factors
Here, we strike an optimal balance among all services in or-
der to ensure quality of service and increase energy efciency
for many MTC devices. Thus, the mechanism considers some
data for best assigning resource blocks (RBs) as follow:
Maximum latency (ML) of both H2H/M2M real-time
ows.
Power level (PL) of MTC devices for non real-time ows.
Required throughput (Thru) of HTC non real-time ows.
To avoid waste of resources, the designed system should
be able to handle uncertainties of the gathered data from
ows. Thus, we design an expert system based on the interval
type-2 fuzzy logic controllers (IT2 FLCs). This is due to the
outstanding performance as well as the low implementation
complexity of IT2 FLCs in uncertain systems.
B. Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Adaptive (IT2FA) Scheduler
Fig.4A schematic of the rst layer of IT2FA
schedulergure.caption.5 shows the proposed embedded
fuzzy system which is composed of two stages:
1) First stage: Data Evaluation:
a) Real-Time Flows: Suppose that ML1 and ML2 are
maximum latency of HTC and MTC ows, respectively. In
practice, the minimum of ML1, ML2 is important; Because,
it is possible that some applications are in emergency mode
while others have sufcient time. Thus, the one of necessary
data for decision is maximum latency of all real-time ows,
to meet the following equation:
M L = M in(M L1, M L2) (1)
b) Non Real-Time ows: The scenario of resource allo-
cation among NRT ows is a type-2 fuzzy based estimation
system. The system uses the power level of MTC devices
and the required data rate of HTC services to specic the
output value (2 ). The output value (2 ) which is named NRT
Fig. 3: Structure of the type-2 FLS
 Fig. 4: A schematic of the rst layer of IT2FA scheduler

TABLE II: Simulation Fuzzy Rules TABLE III: Simulation Fuzzy Rules
Rules no Throughput Power level Output(2 ) Rules no NRW(2 ) Max Latency Output(1 )
1 Very low Low Very high 1 Very low Low Very high
2 Low Low Very high 2 Low Low Very high
3 Medium Low Very high 3 Medium Low Very high
4 High Low Very high 4 High Low Very high
5 Very high Low Very high 5 Very high Low Very high
6 Very low Medium High 6 Very low Medium Very high
7 Low Medium High 7 Low Medium High
8 Medium Medium High 8 Medium Medium High
9 High Medium Medium 9 High Medium Medium
10 Very high Medium Medium 10 Very high Medium Low
11 Very low High Medium 11 Very low High Medium
12 Low High Low 12 Low High Low
13 Medium High Low 13 Medium High Low
14 High High Low 14 High High Low
15 Very high High Very low 15 Very high High Very low

ow conditions such as maximum latency of RT ows, MTC

weight (NRW) indicates NRT ows weight to get of RBs in
competition with RT ows. The inference system rules for
designed fuzzy system as represented in Table IISimulation
Fuzzy Rulestable.caption.6.
Membership functions for inputs are modeled in triangular
product because of its exibility and low complexity of
implementation. Due to space limitation it is not possible to
extend this part.
2) Second Stage: Decision Making Scenario: As discussed
above, IT2 FLCs help us to handle uncertainties of input
data in decision making mechanism for RBs allocation. Thus,
in order to avoid hard decisions in resource allocation, we
use a type-2 fuzzy logic adaptive expert system which is
named IT2FA scheduler. The decision framework is rep-
resented in g.4A schematic of the rst layer of IT2FA
schedulergure.caption.5.
The system to allocate RBs for each service type evaluates
power level and HTC Throughput of NRT trafcs. The output
(1 ) of IT2FA indicates the ratio of resources that is assigned
to RT type active ows and the rest of the RBs will be granted
to the active NRT type ows. Table IIISimulation Fuzzy
Rulestable.caption.7 represents the fuzzy rules for IT2FA.
Therefore in general case, it can be said in each round
of resource allocation, at rst, the proposed system evaluates
gathered data from ows. In the next step, most applicable
RBs are assigned to each ow. The NRW output is also used
as bandwidth ratio allocating required RBs among non real-
time H2H/M2M services.
In case of real-time ows, in a rst step, the algorithm tries
to serve ows whose deadline constraints will be expired.
C. Pseudo-code of IT2FA Algorithm
In order to schedule the available RBs in the system,
The IT2FA scheduling algorithm provides a QoS guaran-

190
tee and power-aware approach. The fuzzy system calculates
gamma1 ,gamma2 values dynamically and applies intelligent
strategy to allocate the applicable RBs to every ow in the
system. The pseudo-code of IT2FA is presented in Algorithm
1IT2FA algorithm for uplink bandwidth allocationalgorithm.1
running in uplink mode at BS to allocate uplink bandwidth to
ows. IT2FA algorithm keeps an active list of ows. The list
is composed of each ow which has packets waiting in the
queue. A ow is deleted from the active list when it has no
packet waiting in the queue.

Pseudocode 1 IT2FA algorithm for uplink bandwidth alloca-

tion
1: Convert the bandwidth to RBs
2: Verify the bandwidth requests at the BS
3: Set RTActivelist of all active real-time ows and
N RTActivelist of all active Non real-time ows.
4: for all Reqi in Same ID in Activelist do
5: while RBs = 0 do Fig. 5: Queue average delay for real-time ows
6: if bandwidthrequesti = rts then
7: Set HM L of Maximum latency of HTC ows
in RTActivel ist IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
8: Set MM L of Maximum latency of MTC ows In this section, the performance of the proposed interval
in RTActivel ist type-2 fuzzy logic based adaptive algorithm is evaluated by
9: Di M in(HM L , MHL ) using the MATLAB simulator.
10: if MHL HM L then Fig.5Queue average delay for real-time
11: Allocate RBs to RT H2H ows owsgure.caption.8 shows the queue of the average
12: Allocate RBs to RT M2M ows delay for the H2H/M2M real-time services. It can be seen in
13: else the gure that when the number of M2M ows increase, the
14: Allocate RBs to RT M2M ows H2H trafcs dont suffer in term of delay. In this simulation
15: Allocate RBs to RT H2H ows we have been using 100 H2H ows and the number of
16: end if M2M ows which was increased from 100 to 6,100. It can
17: end if observed that the proposed IT2FA algorithm is able to control
18: if bandwidthrequesti = nrs then massive dense M2M devices in besides supposed number of
19: Set HT hru of maximum throughput of HTC H2H users without any signicant affect on delay of H2H
ows in N RTActivelist real-time services. This shows that the IT2FA algorithm can
20: Set MP L of minimum power level of HTC allocate available resources exactly by considering existence
ows in N RTActivelist uncertainty in system and processing so that H2H services
21: 2i N RW P rediction(HT hru , MP L ) have not suffering.
22: Allocate RBs to NRT M2M ows Fig.6Queue average delay for non real-time
23: Allocate RBs to NRT H2H ows owsgure.caption.9 shows the queue average delay for
24: end if the H2H/M2M non real-time services. We can see that the
25: if Number of free RBs  0 then delay of non real-time services increases as the function of
26: Allocate RBs to all unsatised or partially the numbers of MTC devices. This is because the base station
satised ows in order scheduler algorithm gives higher priority to real-time ows
27: end if to satisfy the real-time ows by handling a certain latency
28: end while constraint. But this does not mean that the non real-time
29: end for ows will be starved, because we consider the minimum
30: Return U plinkM AP reserved rate in IT2FA algorithm. On other hand, this is not
31: Update the uplink M AP matter to the non real-time applications because they are not
32: Allocate granted data to uplink subf rame sensitive to delay.
33: BS updates the active list status 2i Fig.7Average throughput for M2M servicesgure.caption.10
34: BS updates the 1 compares throughputs for the M2M real-time and non real-
time ows based on the various number of MTC devices. The
high level throughput is attributed to the real-time ows that

191

Fig. 6: Queue average delay for non real-time ows
Fig. 7: Average throughput for M2M services
means the evaluated system gives high priority to real-time
services in order to prevent loss of sensitive data. On the other
hand, throughput of the M2M non real-time ows is limited.
This is due to non real-time services that are delay tolerant
and the proposed fuzzy scheduler tries to ensure minimum
guaranteed bit rate and avoiding of getting starved of this ows
for battery limitation or in other words the system served M2M
delay tolerant in best effort manner that they compete with
H2H non real-time ows for access to network.
In g.8Average waste of bandwidth per number of MTC
devicesgure.caption.11, the average waste of bandwidth for
different number of MTC devices have been shown for pro-
posed interval type-2 fuzzy logic based dynamic scheduler.
The meaning of bandwidth wastage is that amount of RBs
192
Fig. 8: Average waste of bandwidth per number of MTC
devices
which are not used in data transmission process. This graph
shows the performance of proposed algorithm in bandwidth
utilizing when the system has heavy loads. Thus, it can be
said that this graph is the most important which shows the
algorithm which has an efcient mechanism to utilize network
resources.
V. C ONCLUSION
The support of massive M2M/IoT devices is one of the main
challenges of next generation 5G communication networks. In
this paper, we described a new algorithm for highly dense
4G networks bandwidth allocation in the uplink transmission
for the H2H/M2M co-existence called IT2FA. The algorithm
applied type-2 FLC fuzzy logic for the control of uncertainties.
The intelligent type-2 fuzzy algorithm, in BS, determined the
optimal bandwidth ratio for each service ow. The solution
used the M2M/H2H requirements such as maximum latency
for RT services, throughput of HTC and power level of MTC
devices for NRT services while the system maintains fairness.
In this work, IT2FA has been evaluated in term of delay,
bandwidth utilization, throughput.
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