Flexure strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam

with FRP laminates

w
L

d h

Length of beam L (ft) 24

Width of beam w (inc.) 12
d (inc.) 21.5
h 24
fc'(psi) 5000
fy(ksi) 60
Mn without FRP(ksi) 266
Bars # 9
Number of bars 3
Area of one bar (inc.2) 1

Input : for increment in live loads(%) = 50 = 0.5

Loading and moments:

Loading moments Existing loads Anticipated loads

Dead loads wdl (k/ft) 1 1

Live loads wLL (k/ft) 1.2 1.8
Unfactored loads (LL + DL) 2.2 2.8
Unstrengthened load limits(1.1wdL + 0.75wLL) N/A 2.45
Factored loads (1.2DL+ 1.6LL) 3.12 4.08
Dead load moments MdL(k-ft) 72 72
Live load moments MLL (k-ft) 86.4 129.6
Service load moments Ms (k-ft) 158.4 201.6
Unstrengthened Moment limits(1.1MdL + 0.75MLL) N/A 176.4
Factored moments Mu 224.64 293.76

FRP Reinforcement Inputs:

The existing reinforced concrete beam should be strengthened with plies bonded to soffit of beam
using wet layup technique.
Manufacturer's FRP system properties:

Thickness per ply tf (inc.) 0.04 Number of FRP plies 2

Ultimate tensile strength ffu (ksi) 90 Width of ply (inc.) 12
Rupture strain fu 0.015 Length of ply (meter) 7
Modulus of elastisity Efu (ksi) 5360

Step 1: Calculate the FRP system design material properties

* Environmental Reduction Factor = CE = 0.95

ffu= Ceffu 85.5 ksi
fu= Cefu = 0.01425 inc./ inc.

Step 2: Preliminary Calculations

1 from ACI 318-05, section 10.2.7.3

1 = 1.05-0.05*fc'/1000 = 0.8
Es = 29000 ksi
Ec = 57000* (fc') 0.5 = 4030508.65 psi = 4030.51 ksi
properties of existing reinforcing steel
As = 3 inc.2
Steel Ratio = 0.01162791
FRP Ratio = 0.00372093
Af = n. tf .wf = 0.96 inc.2

Step 3: Determine the existing state of Strain on Soffit

Assuming the beam is cracked and the only loads action on the beam at the time of
FRP installation are dead loads. By cracked section analysis of beam
K = 0.334
Icr = 5937 inc.4
bi = MDL.(df - kd) / Icr. Ec = 0.00061

Step 4: Determine the design Strain of FRP System

The design strain of FRP accounting for debonding failure mode fd is calculated using :
fd = 0.083 . [ fc' /( n.Ef.tf ) ] < 0.9 . fu
= 0.009 < 0.0128
So, fd = 0.0090
NOTE:
Because the design Strain is smaller than the rupture strain, Debonding will control the FRP
System.
Step 5: Estimate c , the depth to neutral axis
A reasonable Initial Estimate of " c " is 0.20xd
c = 0.20 x d = 4.30 in
c = 5.17 in (Modified value of c = 5.17 in )

Step 6: Determine the Effective Level of Strain in FRP reinforcement

Effective level of strain in FRP

fe = 0.003x [(df - c) / c ] - bi fd
= 0.0103 > 0.0090
So, fe = 0.0090
NOTE:
FRP debonding will be in failure mode because second expression in this equation controls

Because FRP control the failure the concrete strain at failure may be less than 0.003 and
can be calculate by the formula:
c = ( fe + bi ).( c /df - c) = 0.0026

Step 7: Calculate the strain in existing Reinforcing Steel

s = ( fe + bi ).( d - c / df -c) = 0.0083

Step 8: Calculate the Stress level in Reinforcing Steel and FRP

fy = 60 ksi
Steel > fs = Es .s fy = 240.68 ksi = 60 ksi

FRP > ffe = Ef . fe = 48.04 ksi

Step 9: Calculate the internal Force Resultants and check Equilibrium

calculation for approximate stress block factors:

Strain = c'= 1.7 x fc' / Ec = 0.0021

1 = 4c' - c / 6 c' - 2 c = 0.785

1 = 3c'. c - c2 / 3.1.c'2 = 0.928

c = As.fs +Af.ffe /1. fc.'1.b = 5.17 in

Revise step 6 through 9 untill equilibrium is achieved

Step 10: Adjust "c " untill Force Equilibrium is satisfied

Take the values of " c " from above formula to itrate the value till you get the same values of c.

so, take c = 5.17 in

step 11: calculate the flexure strength components

Steel contribution to bending:

Mns=Asfs(d-1c/2) = 3504.485 k-in = 292.04 k-ft
FRP contribution to bending:
Mnf=Afffe(df-1c/2) = 1013.186 k-in = 84.43 k-ft

Step 12: Calculate the Design Flexure Strength of Section

Strength Reduction Factor = 0.9 As s > 0.005

Mn = (Mns + f .Mnf ) = Mu = k-ft

327.43 k-ft > 294
NOTE
Therefore, the strengthened section is capable of sustaining the new required moment strength

step 13: calculate the service stresses in the reinforcing steel and FRP

Calculate the elastic depth to the cracked neutral axis:

= 0.343

kd = 7.37 in
calculate the stress level in reinforcing steel:

= 40.35 ksi 0.8 * fy = 48 ksi

fs.s = 40.35 ksi

Step 14: Check Creep Rupture limit at Service of FRP

Calculate the stress level in FRP and verify that it is less than Creep-Rupture stress limit:

= 5.52 ksi

for a Carbon FRP system the sustained plus cyclic stress limit is obtained by:
 Sustained plus cyclic stress limit = 0.55* ffu = 49.5 ksi

The stress level in FRP is within the recommended sustained plus cyclic stress limit