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THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE AVAILABLE AND THE LATEST

DEVELOPMENT IN ICT

Mohd Noor Shafiq Bin Noor Saidan (940729-09-5105)


Mohd Zuhairy Bin Osman (940611-09-5185)
Amirul Asyraf Bin Mohd Azam (940804-09-5093)
1.0: INTRODUCTION
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is concerned with the use of technology
managing and processing information. ICT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information. Open
Source Software (OSS) can be defined as computer software for which the human-readable
source code is made available under a copyright license (or arrangement such as the public
domain) that meets the Open Source Definition. This permits users to use, change, and improve
the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. Application software can be
mainly classified under few categories which are Enterprise software, Enterprise infrastructure
software, Information worker software, Media and entertainment software, Educational software,
Media development software, and Product engineering software.

2.0: THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM


2.1: Meaning of Open Source OS

Open Source Operating System is the most important program that runs on
a computer that is free to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it
in modified or unmodified forms. Every general-purpose computer must have an
operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such
as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping
track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such
as disk drives and printers.

2.2: Examples of Open Source OS

2.2.1: Window 7

Windows 7 is a version of Microsoft Windows, a


series of operating systems produced by Microsoft
for use on personal computers, including home and
business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs,
and media center PCs.[4] Windows 7 was released
to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached
general retail availability on October 22, 2009, less
than three years after the release of its predecessor,
Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart,
Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the
same time. Windows 7 will be succeeded by
Windows 8, which has no release date as of yet.

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features,
Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with
the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista is
already compatible. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, a
redesigned Windows Shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking
system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some standard applications that
have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar,
Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in
Windows 7; most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Live
Essentials suite.

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to


Windows XP (codename Whistler) and Windows Server 2003. Major features were planned for
Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage
system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed
"Longhorn," was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.By the middle of
2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb.
After three major viruses exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time
period in 2003, Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major
development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows
Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in
August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.

2.2.2: Mac OS X

Mac OS X (pronounced /mæk ,oʊ ,ɛs ,tɛn/ mak


oh es ten) is a series of Unix-based operating
systems and graphical user interfaces
developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc.
Since 2002, Mac OS X has been included with
all new Macintosh computer systems. It is the
successor to Mac OS 9, the final release of the
"classic" Mac OS, which had been Apple's
primary operating system since 1984.

Mac OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for


10 and is a prominent part of its brand identity, is a Unix-based graphical operating system, built
on technologies developed at NeXT between the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase
of the company in late 1996. From its sixth release Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" and onwards,
every release of Mac OS X gained UNIX 03 certification while running on Intel processors.

The first version released was Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and a desktop-oriented version,
Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah" followed on March 24, 2001. Releases of Mac OS X are named after
big cats: for example, Mac OS X v10.6 is usually referred to by Apple and users as "Snow
Leopard". The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop
counterpart, and includes tools to facilitate management of workgroups of Mac OS X machines,
and to provide access to network services. These tools include a mail transfer agent, a Samba
server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others. It is pre-loaded on Apple's Xserve
server hardware, but can be run on almost all of Apple's current selling computer models.

Apple also produces specialized versions of Mac OS X for use on four of its consumer devices:
the iOS for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, as well as an unnamed version for the Apple TV.

Mac OS X's core is a POSIX compliant operating system (OS) built on top of the XNU kernel,
with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this
family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin,
Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete
the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X.

Mac OS X introduced a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable
platform than its predecessor, Mac OS 9. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory
protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without
them interrupting or corrupting each other.Many aspects of Mac OS X's architecture are derived
from Openstep, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to
another. For example, Nextstep was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to
x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,and OpenStep was later ported
to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

The most visible change was the Aqua theme. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and
pinstripes – similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs – brought more texture and color to
the user interface when compared to what OS 9 and OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance
had offered. According to John Siracusa, an editor of Ars Technica, the introduction of Aqua and
its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks." Bruce Tognazzini (who
founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X
v10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS
interface.Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications for Mac
and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has
used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal
action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company claims is
derived from its copyrighted design.
3.0: THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
3.1: Meaning of open source application software.

Application software is designed to handle specific type of information and


achieve useful results, answer problems and suit a user’s particular needs. Application
software can be mainly classified under few categories. The categories is enterprise
software, Enterprise infrastructure software, Information worker software, Media and
entertainment software, Educational software, Media development software and product
engineering software.

3.2: Examples of Open Source Application Software

3.2.1: Autodesk 3ds Max

Autodesk 3ds Max, formerly 3D Studio MAX, is a


modeling, animation and rendering package developed
by Autodesk Media and Entertainment. It has modeling
capabilities, a flexible plugin architecture and is able to
be used on the Microsoft Windows platform. It can be
used by video game developers, TV commercial studios
and architectural visualization studios. It is also used
for movie effects and movie pre-visualization.

In addition to its modeling and animation tools, the latest version of 3ds Max also features
shaders (such as ambient occlusion and subsurface scattering), dynamic simulation, particle
systems, radiosity, normal map creation and rendering, global illumination, an intuitive and
fully-customizable user interface, and its own scripting language.

The original 3D Studio product was created for the DOS platform by the Yost Group and
published by Autodesk. After 3D Studio Release 4, the product was rewritten for the Windows
NT platform, and re-named "3D Studio MAX." This version was also originally created by the
Yost Group. It was released by Kinetix, which was at that time Autodesk's division of media and
entertainment. Autodesk purchased the product at the second release mark of the 3D Studio
MAX version and internalized development entirely over the next two releases. Later, the
product name was changed to "3ds max" (all lower case) to better comply with the naming
conventions of Discreet, a Montreal-based software company which Autodesk had purchased. At
release 8, the product was again branded with the Autodesk logo, and the name was again
changed to "3ds Max" (upper and lower case). At release 2009, the product name changed to
"Autodesk 3ds Max".
3.2.2: Pro Tools

Pro Tools is a Digital Audio Workstation


platform for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows
operating systems, developed and manufactured
by Digidesign, a division of Avid Technology.
It is widely used by professionals throughout
the audio industries for recording and editing in
music production, film scoring, film and
television post production. Pro Tools has three
types of systems; HD, LE, and M-powered. HD
is the high-end package and is an integration of
hardware and software. The hardware includes
an external A/D converter and internal PCI or
PCIe audio cards with onboard DSP.

Fundamentally, Pro Tools, like all Digital Audio Workstation software, is similar to a multi-track
tape recorder and mixer, with additional features that can only be performed in the digital
domain. The high-end version supports sample rates of up to 192 kHz and bit depths of 16 and
24 bit, opens WAV, AIFF, mp3, SDII audio files and QuickTime video files. It features time
code, tempo maps, automation and surround sound capabilities. Order of products from lowest to
highest are as follows: Essential, M-Powered, LE, HD, HD2 & HD3.

Pro Tools was developed by UC Berkeley graduates Peter Gotcher and Evan Brooks. Both
majored in electrical engineering and computer science at Berkeley. The first incarnation of Pro
Tools started life in 1984 as Sound Designer, while the pair were creating and selling drum
sound chips under their Digidrums label. Sound Designer was originally designed to edit sounds
for the E-MU Emulator sampling keyboard . Gotcher and Brooks discussed with E-MU Systems
the possibility of integrating their renamed 'Sound Tools' software into the Emulator III keyboard
released in 1987. E-MU rejected this offer and Gotcher and Brooks started Digidesign.

Sound Tools was debuted on January 20, 1989 at NAMM (National Association of Music
Merchandisers). At this stage Sound Tools was a simple computer based stereo audio editor.
Although the software had the possibility to do far more it was limited by the hard drive
technology, which was used to stream the audio and allow for the non-destructive editing that
Sound Tools offered.

The first version of Pro Tools was launched in 1991, offering 4 tracks and selling for $6000USD.
Digidesign continued to improve Pro Tools, adding a sequencer and more tracks, with the system
offering recording at 16bit 44.1 kHz. In 1997 Pro Tools reached 24bit, 48 track versions. It was
at this point that the migration from more conventional studio technology to the Pro Tools
platform took place within the industry.
4.0: THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN ICT

4.1: Hardware

4.1.1: Radeon

ATI Radeon is a brand of graphics processing units (GPU)


that since 2000 has been manufactured by ATI Technologies
and subsequently AMD and is the successor to their Rage
line. There are four different groups, which can be
differentiated by the DirectX generation they support. More
specific distinctions can also be followed, such as the HyperZ
version, the number of pixel pipelines, and of course, the
memory and processor clock speeds.

AMD no longer sells Radeon cards directly at the retail level.


Instead, it sells Radeon GPUs to third-party manufacturers,
who build and sell the Radeon-based video cards to the OEM and retail channel. Card
manufacturers of the Radeon include Diamond Multimedia, Sapphire Technology, AsusTek, HIS
– Hightech Information System Limited, Micro-Star International, PowerColor, Gigabyte,
VisionTek, and, recently, XFX, and Gainward.

At current, ATI names each card by generation, series, and by performance. The first number is
the generation number, for example, 5000, and this is related to the chipset used by the video
card. The second number indicates the series quality in the generation, starting from 0400 to
0600 at entry level, for media and home theatre, 0700 for low intensity video games (typically
using older graphics engines, or widespread games, such as Starcraft and World of Warcraft) or
high-intensity games with lowered settings, and 0800 for high-intensity games, such as Crysis or
Far Cry 2. 0900 is a special denotation, first used on the Radeon 5970, relating to a dual chip or
internal Crossfire card. The third digit is the relative quality, within a series- a 5850 is less
powerful than a 5870. Typically, a card of a higher series will always have more processing
power than a card in a lower series, even if the relative quality is better (a 5770 will be trumped
by a 5850).

Since ATI's first DirectX 9-class GPU, the company has followed a naming scheme that relates
each product to a market segment.
4.2: Software

4.2.2: Software (Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4)

Adobe Photoshop CS3 is marketed with three


main components of

improvement over previous versions. Adobe


Creative Suite 3 (CS3) was announced
on March 27, 2007. It introduced universal
binaries for all major programs for the
Apple Macintosh. It work more productively, edit
with unrivalled power, and
composite with breakthrough tools. New features propagating productivity include
streamlined interface, improved Camera Raw, better control over print options,
enhanced PDF support, and better management with Adobe Bridge. Editing tools new
to CS3 are the Clone Source palette and nondestructive Smart Filters, and other
features such as the Brightness/Contrast adjustment and Vanishing Point module were
enhanced. The Black and White adjustment option improves users control over
manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer.
Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine Edge tools
and improved Image Stitching Technology. CS3 Extended contains all features of CS3
plus tools for editing and importing some 3D graphics file formats, enhancing video,
and comprehensive image analysis tools, utilizing MATLAB integration and DICOM
file support.

Adobe Photoshop CS4 was announced on September 23, 2008 as the

successor to Adobe Creative Suite 3. It was officially released on October 15, 2008.
CS4 features additions such as the ability to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D
images around 3D shapes, convert gradient maps to 3D objects, add depth to layers
and text, get print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine, and enjoy
exporting to supported common 3D formats, the new Adjustment and Mask Panels,
content-aware scaling, and Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options. On 30
April, Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which includes all the same features
of Adobe Photoshop CS4 with the addition of capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D,
and high end film and video users. The successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4,
is the first 64-bit Photoshop on consumer computers.

5.0: PERVASIVE COMPUTING

5.1: Meaning of pervasive computing

The idea that technology is moving beyond the personal computer to everyday
devices with embedded technology and connectivity as computing devices become
progressively smaller and more powerful. Also called ubiquitous computing,
pervasive computing is the result of computer technology advancing at exponential
speeds - a trend toward all man-made and some natural products having hardware and
software. Pervasive computing goes beyond the realm of personal computers.

It is the idea that almost any device, from clothing to tools to appliances to
cars to homes to the human body to your coffee mug, can be imbedded with chips to
connect the device to an infinite network of other devices. The goal of pervasive
computing, which combines current network technologies with wireless
computing, voice recognition, Internet capability and artificial intelligence, is to
create an environment where the connectivity of devices is embedded in such a way
that the connectivity is unobtrusive and always available.
5.2: Example of pervasive computing

5.2.1: Smartphone

A smartphone is a mobile phone offering advanced


capabilities, often with PC-
like functionality. There is no industry standard definition of a
smartphone. For some,
a smartphone is a phone that runs complete operating system
software providing a
standardized interface and platform for application developers.
For others, a
smartphone is simply a phone with advanced features like e-
mail, Internet and e-book
reader capabilities, and/or a built-in full keyboard or external USB keyboard and
VGA connector. In other words, it is a miniature computer that has phone capability.

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer, also known as a palmtop


computer. Newer PDAs also have both color screens and audio capabilities, enabling
them to be used as mobile phones, web browsers, or portable media players. Many
PDAs can access the Internet via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWANs).
Many PDAs employ touch screen technology.
5.2.2: Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc


storage medium designed to supersede the standard DVD
format. Its main uses are for storing high-definition video,
PlayStation 3 video games, and other data, with up to
25 GB per single-layered, and 50 GB per dual-layered disc.
Although these numbers represent the standard storage for
Blu-ray Disc drives, the specification is open-ended, with
the upper theoretical storage limit left unclear. The discs
have the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and
CDs.

The name Blu-ray Disc derives from the "blue laser" used
to read the disc. While a standard DVD uses a
650 nanometer red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a shorter
wavelength 405 nm laser, and allows for almost ten times more data storage than a DVD. The
laser color is called "blue," but is violet (purple) to the eye, and is very close to ultraviolet
("blacklight").

During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD
format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008, and
the format war came to an end. In late 2009, Toshiba released its own Blu-ray Disc player.

Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of
consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than
1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 2,500 in
Japan, the United States and Canada.

Blu-Ray Discs can be clustered together in systems such as optical jukeboxes to increase data
storage. This increase of storage can span multiple terabytes and utilize hundreds of Blu-Ray
Discs. These systems are currently the largest storage units using Blu-Ray technology.

Commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market around 1998, but there was no
commonly accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no
medium with the storage required to accommodate HD codecs, except for JVC's Digital VHS
and Sony's HDCAM. Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths
would enable optical storage with higher density. Shuji Nakamura invented the practical blue
laser diode; it was a sensation among the computer storage-medium community, although a
lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.

Sony/Philips started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical), and
DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become
Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE). The core technologies of the formats are essentially
similar.
The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000. On
February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc
Founders was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer device was in stores on April 10, 2003. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77, a
BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800;
however, there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this
player. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away, as a newer, more secure Digital Rights
Management (DRM) system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it—not
wanting to repeat the failure of the Content Scramble System used on standard DVDs. On
October 4, 2004, the Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc
Association (BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.

6.0: CONCLUSION

Open Source can be used by anyone and because it has no copyright claims, so users
are free to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or
unmodified forms. Pervasive Computing is to make our lives easier because we can interact
with computers. Besides that, we can easily give the computer commands and the computer
will grant your wish.

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