RELIGION LT REVIEWER

3/14/16

I. The Age of Enlightenment

o Happened during the scientific revolution
o The rising of strong monarchs
o Helocentric model: the earth is at the middle of the solar system
o Intellectuals -> focused on humanity and reason, challenged the traditional
philosophy and the Church (basically let faith and reason contradict, ur not
supposed to do that), lead to heresies such as Gallicanism & Deism
o DEISM was religion based on how people wanted it, they didnt follow
and respect the rules of religion and practiced it in their own way
- people were independent and did not need sacraments -> violated
divine revelation
- in Christianity, we should not make up our own rules or practice just
how we want it
o GALLICANISM came during the time of Louis XIV (the sun king, the dude who
was vain af lol)
- Louis XIV gathered all Bishops and said to rule the church of France,
and told them not to listen to the pope -> denial of the papal
supremacy
- Originated in France, wanted independence from papal control for
the Roman Catholic Church in each nation
o THOMAS HOBBES said man was a selfish beast -> man needed absolute
authority
- a solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short life
- book: Leviathan -> had political views on society
o KING LOUIS XIV (the Sun King) Gallicanism happened during his time, was
vain af and thought of himself as a high priest, subject to only God
- Reigned as king of France & Navarre
- Had extremes of powers & vanity
 o FREDERICK II (the Great) enlightened despot
- Turned Prussia from a large German state -> major European power
- Strengthened power through giving territorial princes positions in his
government
- Established programs of religious toleration & ensured freedom of the
press
- was spiritualistic and didn't threaten governments or established churches
(naz one Frederick)

II. The French Revolution

o DENIS DIDEROT wrote the encyclopedia -> a force for a change to overturn
all monarchies while at the same time destroying the Catholic Church
- toppled theological theories and Church teachings, wasnt afraid to
show his disagreement with the Church
- ENCYCLOPEDISTS: authority was their enemy (Gods or kings) ->
resulted to declaimed monarchies, the Church was taken away from
her property, respect for the concept of objective truth was denied,
motivated general revolt
o ROUSSEAU said that Man is good. It is the society that makes him bad.
- disapproved of Christianity because it separated Church and state
- was for a complete overlap of the church and state (with the best
civil religion being one completely used as a tool for political
stability)

III. Our Lady of Lourdes

o Mother Mary appeared to St. Bernadette through apparitions that reportedly
occurred in 1858 in Lourdes, France
o St. Bernadette told her mother that a "lady" spoke to her in the cave of
Massabielle (a mile from the town) while she was gathering firewood with her
sister and a friend
 o Similar apparitions of the alleged "Lady" were reported on seventeen occasions
that year, until the climax revelation of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
took place

IV. Our Lady of Fatima

o The Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, appeared six times to three
shepherd children near the town of Fatima, Portugal between May 13 and
October 13, 1917
o Mother Mary told them that She had been sent by God with a message for
every man, woman and child living in our century -> promised that Heaven
would grant peace to all the world if Her requests for prayer, reparation and
consecration were heard and obeyed
o Happened during a time when civilization was torn asunder by war and bloody
violence

V. Pope St. Pius X

o Cared for the poor and destitute (extremely poor)
o Pope of the Eucharist allowed frequent and daily communion, allowed
children to receive communion at 7 years old (age of reason, before his rule
people received their 1st communion at a much older age)
o supported seminary life and the reception of the Eucharist as foundations of
the renewal of the church

VI. Pope Saint John XXIII

o started the second Vatican council -> for the Church to contribute more to
the solutions of the problems of the modern age (the youth), the urgency to
call Gods people together

VII. The First Vatican Council

o opened by Pope Pius IX
o attended by three-fourths of the worlds bishops
 o the fundamental (basic) truths of Christianity were put into condition,
denounced the errors of pantheism, atheism, materialism, and rationalism
o portrays papal infallibility (a Pope cannot fail in heading the church)

VIII. The Second Vatican Council

o the Church in the modern world, opened by Pope John XXIII
o The Call to Holiness all members of the church are called to be saints
(people thought before that the only people who were called to be saints
were the priests, bishops, etc.)
o Incorporates the teachings of the Catholic church to the modern world,
church should be more active in solving the problems of the modern world