Electrical Power

Systems Quality

Yiting Zhao
yitingzh@buffalo.edu
Chapter 1

Introduction
What Is Power Quality?

Power Quality = Voltage Quality

Why are we concerned about power quality?

The Power Quality Evaluation Procedure

What Is Power Quality?

Any power problem manifested in voltage,

current, or frequency deviations that results in
failure or misoperation of customer equipment.
What Is Power Quality?
Power Quality = Voltage Quality

P=VI
V--consistent
controled by power supply system
I --varied by partivular load

Therefore, the standards on the power quality are

maintaining the supply voltage within certain limits.
Why are we concerned about
power quality?

Utilities
Economic Customers
Suppliers of load equipment
Chapter 2

Terms and Definitions

General Classes of Power Quality Problems
Transients
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Voltage Imbalance
Waveform Distortion
Voltage Fluctuation
Power Frequency Variation
Power Quality Terms
General Classes of Power Quality Problems
For steady-state phenomena, the following
attributes can be used:
Amplitude
Frequency
Spectrum
Modulation
Source impedance
Notch depth
Notch area
For non-steady-state phenomena, other
attributes may be required:
Rate of rise
Amplitude
Duration
Spectrum
Frequency
Rate of occurrence
Energy potential
Source impedance
Transients
Part of the change in a variable that disappears
during transition from one steady state operating
condition to another.

Surge
 Impulsive Transients
An impulsive transient is a sudden, non
nonpower
frequency change in the steady-state condition of
voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional in
polarity (primarily either positive or negative).

For example
1.2 50-
50-ss 2000-volt
1.250-
(V)
 Oscillatory Transients
An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non
nonpower
frequency change in the steady-state condition of
voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive
and negative polarity values

high-frequency transient
medium-frequency transient
low-frequency transient
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Long-duration variations encompass root-mean-
square (rms) devia-tions at power frequencies for
longer than 1 min.

Overvoltages
Undervolt-ages
Overvoltages
An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage
greater than 110 percent at the power frequency for a
duration longer than 1 min.

Overvoltages are usually the result of load switching

Undervolt-ages
An undervoltage is a decrease in the rms ac voltage to
less than 90 per-cent at the power frequency for a
duration longer than 1 min.

A load switching on or a capacitor bank switching

off can cause an undervoltage until voltage
regulation equipment on the system can bring the
voltage back to within tolerances.
Sustained interruptions
When the supply voltage has been zero for a
period of time in excess of 1 min, the long-duration
voltage variation is considered a sustained
interruption.

Voltage interruptions longer than 1 min are often

per-manent and require human intervention to
repair the system for
restoration.
Short-Duration Voltage Variations

Interruption--aa complete loss of voltage

Interruption--
Sags (dips)-- temporary voltage drops
(dips)--temporary
Swells-- voltage rises
Swells--voltage
Interruption
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or
load current decreases to less than 0.1 pu for a period
of time not exceeding 1 min.

P21
P21
Sags (dips)
A sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms
voltage or current at the power frequency for durations
from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
Swells
A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8
pu in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.

2.8
2.8
Voltage Imbalance
The maximum deviation from the average of the
three-phase volt-ages or currents, divided by the
average of the three-phase voltages or
currents, expressed in percent.
Waveform Distortion
A steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of
power frequency principally characterized by the
spectral content of the deviation.
There are five primary types of waveform
distortion:

DC offset
Harmonics
Interharmonics
Notching
Noise
Voltage Fluctuation
Systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series
of random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does
not normally exceed the voltage ranges
Voltage Imbalance (voltage
unbalance)
The maximum deviation from the average of the
three-phase volt-ages or currents, divided by the
average of the three-phase voltages or
currents, expressed in percent.
Flicker
Pst--short-term flicker sensation
Plt--long-term flicker sensation
Power Frequency Variations
Power frequency variations are defined as the deviation
of the power system fundamental frequency from it
specified nominal value (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz)
Power Quality Terms
Thank you~