Tamil Nadu TRB Tet TNPSC - Class 12 - Bio-Zoology-Zoology - English Medium - Possible 10 Mark Questions With Answer.

HIGHER SECONDARY - SECOND YEAR
Bio-Zoology
&
Zoology
10
mark collections
(MARCH 2006 - SEPTEMBER 2013)
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)
2013-2014
by
K.K.DEVADOSS
M.Sc.,M.A.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,M.B.A,
PGT in Zoology
www.kalvisolai.com
E.mail : kalvisolai.com@gmail.com
2013-2014 PLUS TWO - BIO ZOOLOGY 5,10 MARKS
UNIT 5. UNIT 6.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE APPLIED BIOLOGY
1. What is Energy Crisis? What are the steps to 1. Explains the stages involved in the rearing of
be taken to solve enery crisis. poultry /chickens.write any two factors involved
(S-06, J-08, S-08, S-12, M-13) in brooding of chickens
(M-07, S-07, S-10, J-13)
2. Explain the management of hazardous
wastes. 2. Write an essay on common diseases of cattle.
(J07, M-08, J-11, S-11) (J-07, M-08, J-08)
3. Give a detailed account of ECG and PQRST

3. Give an account on poverty .
wave
(S-07, J-10, J-12)
(S-09, M-11, J-12)
4. Discuss Ozone - a natural sun block. 4. Describe the preparation of fish pond and
(M-06,M-07, J-13) management of fish farm.
5. Write an essay on freshwater management. (M-09, J-11)
(J-06, M-09)
5. How will you classify cattle based on their
6. Give an account of green house gases and purpose? Give two examples for each.What are
their impacts on the environment. the various techniques adopted in cattle
(J-08, S-08) breeding?
(M-06)
7.Global warming is the result of greenhouse
6. Give an account of the structural aspects of
effect. Discuss the statement. What related
fish farm and explain any two edible fishes of
problems do we foresee?
Tamil Nadu.
(J-09) (J-06)
8. Give an account on importance of 7. Give an account on dairy breeds. Give an
biodiversity conservation/consequences of losing account on Gir and Sindhi dairy breeds.
biodiversity and strategies that are adopted to
conserve biodiversity? (S06, M-13)
(S-09) 8. What are the techniques adopted in cattle
breeding? Write a short note on the exotic
9. Write an essay on non hazardous solid waste breeds of cattle.
management. (M-10)
(M-10)
9. Write about the instruments used to detect
10. Write about the fresh resources and the the heartbeat and to measure the blood
reasons for fresh water shortage. pressure?
(J-10) (J-10)
10. What are the categories of fish farming?

11. How are reuse and recycling techniques Explain the characters of cultivable fish.
useful in managementof solid wastes? Add a (S-11)
note on waste water treatment and
management. 11. Describe the working method and uses of
(M-11) sphygmomanometer
(M-12)
12.List out the effects of global warming and
efforts to control global warming. 12. What is C.T Scan?Mention its advantages
(M-12) and uses in medical field?
(J-09, S-12)
K.K.DEVADOSS M.Sc.,M.A.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,M.B.A, PGT in Zoology, www.kalvisolai.com - Page - 1 -

UNIT 1. UNIT 1.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
[PART-1] [PART-2]
1. Digestive process taking place in small 1. Write an essay on Menstrual Cycle
intestine. (S-06, S-08, S-10, S-11, M-12)
(J-07, J-08, J-10, J-11, S-11, M-12, )
2. Mechanism of Formation of Urine.
2.Mechanism of Respiration/breathing (M-06,M-07, S-12)
/inspiration and expiration.
(S-06, M-07, S-07, S-08) 3. Give an account of Parathyroid glands
(J-10,J-11)
3. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle.
(M-09, M-11) 4.What is Diabetes mellitus?Describe its
Symptoms,types and causes for diabetes.
4.What is myocardial infarction? Write its (S-09, J-12)
causes, symptoms and risk factors
(M-06, M-13) 5. Essay on Eye defects and their corrective
measures.
5. Essay on Vitamin deficiency ailments (S-06, M-11)
(S-12)
6.Describe the role of rods and cones in visual
6. Composition of Blood perception.
(J-12) (M-13)
7. What is meant by dental carries? Write its 7. Explain the types of hearing loss and the
cause,symptoms and root canal treatment. correcting measures adopted.
(S-10) (M-10)
8. Essay on Vitamins 8.Explain the structure and functions of thyroid

(S-09) gland with diagram.
(J-09)
9. Explain the process of pulmonary respiration 9. Explain how adrenal medulla functions as an
with the help of diagram. endocrine gland.
(J-09) ( M-09)
10.Define bone fracture and explain the 10. Explain the physiological effects of insulin
different types of bone fracture? and glucagon.
(M-08) (S-07)
11. Functions of Adrenal Secretions.
11.Enumerate the events involved in the (S-07)
function of the human heart.
(M-08) 12. Comment on various schemes suggested by
the National Family Welfare Programmes and
12. Describe the origin and conduction of their importance.
heartbeat and cardiac cycle? (J-06)
(M-10) 13. Explain the importance of Pancreas as an
13. List out the "several processes of Respiration. endocrine gland.
Explain them with suitable diagram. (J-08)
(J-13)
14. Describe the Hormones and its function of.
anterior pituitary gland.
(J-13)

UNIT 5. Advantages of wind power :

i.Power generation is cheaper. Power is procured
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
at 40 paise per unit
1. What is Energy Crisis? What are the steps to ii. free from pollution and environmental
be taken to solve enery crisis. degradation,
(S-06, J-08, S-08, S-12, M-13) iii. Since generation is continuous unlike in diesel
Energy crisis power, investment is never idle.
Energy crisis is due to the increase in population (b) Geothermal Energy

accompanied by rapid urbanization and
industrialization. Geothermal energy is fast emerging as a
significant source of electricity in several island
Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis nations, mainly in the Indian oceans and the
Pacific regions.
1.Reduce the consumption of fuels : Geothermal plants make use of naturally heated
steam drawn to the surface through a series of
The principal target areas are heating and boreholes.
transportation, which account for about 18% and
25% respectively, of our total energy Hot Rocks for energy generation
requirements. The Hot Dry Rock (HDR) technology is
The consumption of fuel in these areas can be especially suitable for countries like India, where
reduced by the geological pattern favours easy exploitation
(a) proper insulation of existing buildings and of this source.
design changes in new constructions Tapping of energy involves drilling of holes
(b)improving the fuel economy of automobiles, several km deep into the earth where the
(c) using more efficient means of transportation. temperature of rocks ranges form 200 250oC.
Water is pumped into these bore holes and
2. Develop new sources of energy: allowed to circulate through the source rocks
fracture net work, which may have fissures
(a)Wind Energy :
barely a few millimeter wide.
In India, the wind power is of great
This water is then ejected under pressure from
significance as there are large coastal, hill and
a second hole in the form of steam. The steam is
desert areas where wind energy can be usefully
used to power turbines for electricity generation,
exploited for generation of electricity and water
after which it is condensed back to water that
pumping.
can be used again.
The harnessing technology of wind energy is
simple. The strike of the blowing wind on a
(c) Mini hydel generation
specially designed blades of a windmills rotor
Energy generation from small water source is
causes it to rotate.
probably the most cheapest and reliable of all
This rotation, which is the mechanical energy,
renewable energy sources.
when coupled to a turbine, drives the power
It can be harnessed conveniently from nearby
generator.
canal or stream in a most environmentally benign
The wind energy thus delivers on the spot small
manner.
quantities of energy.
Nature has been very generous and bounteous
The Indian subcontinent is a high wind zone
in providing a vast hydro electric potential to the
with energy potential estimated at about 20,000
Indian subcontinent.
MW. Wind farms are already located in Tamil
Nadu, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh.

(d) Ocean energy In nuclear fusion, light nuclei such as deuterium
The various methods of extracting energy from (21H) and tritium (31H) combine to form heavier
oceans are as follows. stable nuclei.
1.Ocean winds, Moreover, the products of fusion are not
2.Ocean waves, radioactive and so safety hazards associated with
3.Ocean tides, fission reactors are greatly reduced.
4.Ocean currents, The light isotopes needed for fusion are
5.Ocean geothermal, sufficiently common to supply all of our energy
6.Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, needs for hundreds of years.
7.Salinity gradient Unfortunately, the above fusion reaction has
8.Bioconversion of sea weeds. not been perfected to sustain flow of energy.
Indias first power plant generating electricity (g) Bio gas or Gobar gas:
from ocean energy is commissioned at Vizhinjam Gobar gas plants are based on anaerobic
fishing harbour in Kerala to provide energy of 150 fermentation of organic wastes in the absence of
MW in a year. air.
Through gaseous stage the heating efficiency
(e) Solar energy: of the cattle dung increased production by about
Solar energy is another energy source. Each 20%. There is a production of an organic
year the earth receives from the sun an manure which is about 43% better than dry
enormous total of 5 1020 k.cals of energy. cattle dung itself.
Solar energy, which is the primary source of all This manure can also reduce pressure on
energy forms on the earth, is the renewable form naptha-based fertilizers.
of energy. It has been estimated that 10m3 of biogas has
energy equivalent of 6.0 m3 of natural gas, 3.6
Advantages of solar energy: litres of butane, 7.0 litres of gasoline or 6.1 litres
of diesel fuel.
(a) Solar energy is a kind of universal,
decentralized and non-polluting energy (h) Hydrogen Source of power for future
(b) it helps considerably in maintaining the The hydrogen has been found to be a good
ecological balance through the process of choice among all the alternative fuel options.
photosynthesis and green house effect. It can be produced in virtually unlimited
(c) it has none of the disadvantages found in the quantities with on hand production technologies.
combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil or gas.. It has been established that hydrogen can
meet all the energy needs of human society,
(f) Nuclear energy : including power generation more efficiently and
Nuclear energy is the only energy source, known more economically than petro fuels, and with
to be economically feasible in the present and for total compatibility with the environment.
the near future. In addition, hydrogen is non-toxic, reasonably
It can replace fossil fuels. In nuclear fission, a safe to handle, distribute and use as a fuel.
heavy atom splits under neutron bombardment Hydrogen has the highest mass energy content
into smaller fragments, with the evolution of its heat of combustion per unit weight is about
huge amount of energy. 2.5 times that of hydrocarbon fuel, 4.5 times
In spite of this advantage the problem of that of ethanol and 6.0 times that of methanol.
disposal of nuclear wastes remains. Its thermodynamic energy conversion
Nuclear fusion is expected to be an ideal efficiency of 30-35% is greater than that of
energy source for the future. gasoline (20-25%).

2.Explain the management of hazardous Surface impoundments are simple excavated

wastes. depressions (ponds) into which liquid wastes are
(J07, M-08, J-11, S-11) drained.
Hazardous wastes may remain dangerous for
Solid wastes settle and accumulate while water
thousands of years.
evaporates.
The hazardous waste include radioactive
If the pond bottom is well sealed and if
refuse, metallic compounds, organic solvents, acid
evaporation equalsninput, wastes may be stored in
asbestos, organic cyanides, pathological hospital
the impoundment indefinitely.
wastes, disposable medical equipments and tools.
4. Incineration :
The hazardous biomedical wastes are usually
1. Land fills :
disposed off by means of incineration.
There are permanent storage facilities for
Human anatomical wastes, discarded medicines,
military related liquid and radioactive waste
toxic drugs, blood, pus, animal wastes,
materials in secured lands.
microbiological and biotechnological wastes etc
High level radio active wastes are stored in
are called Bio-medical wastes.
deep underground storage.
5. Bioremediation :
Wastes are carefully contained to prevent
This is another rapidly developing clean up
cross mixing of reactive substances.
technology.
The land fill is capped with impervious clay to
Cleaning the environment with biological options
prevent infiltration and percolation of water
such as microbes and plants is called
through the fill.
bioremediation.
Fill bottom is lined and provided with drainage
Some naturally occurring bacteria and other
system to contain and remove any leakage that
microorganisms have the capability to degrade or
occurs.
absorb or detoxify the wastes such as heavy
Monitoring the wells provides a final check.
metals.
Many plant materials are successfully used as
2. Deep well injection :
adsorbents for xenobiotics (phytoremediation).
It involves drilling a well into dry, porous
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMS)
material below groundwater.
are currently produced in large scale to remove
Hazardous waste liquids are pumped into the
the hazardous radionuclides and heavy metals
well.
such as mercury, chromium, cadmium etc.
They are soaked into the porous material and
Certain plants such as Gibberella fusarium were
made to remain isolated indefinitely.
able to breakdown cyanide and reduce it to a non-
However fractures in the impermeable layer
toxic form.
may permit the injected wastes to escape and
The bacteria Pseudomonas, nicknamed as super
contaminate ground water.
bug are capable of degrading variety of toxic
3. Surface impoundments :
compounds and also degrade oil.
This method is used to dispose large amounts
of water carrying relatively small amounts of
chemical wastes.

3. Give an account on poverty . shortages of food, clean water, materials for

(S-07, J-10, J-12) shelter, and other essential resources.
Poverty is a condition of having insufficient As forests, land, air and water are degraded;
resources or income. people who depend upon these natural resources
It is a lack of basic human needs such as are adversely affected.
adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, As we know, global environmental degradation
clean water and health services. Extreme poverty may result from a variety of factors, including
can cause terrible suffering and death. over population and the resulting over use of land
The worlds poorest people many of whom live and other resources.
in developing areas of Africa, Asia, Latin Drastic environmental degradations may result
America, Eastern Europe struggle for daily in poverty.
food, shelter and other necessities. Poverty alleviation
They often suffer from severe malnutrition, Various measures to eradicate poverty in human
epidemic disease outbreaks, famine and war. society include the following:
In wealthier countries such as United States, a) Achieving self sufficiency by intensifying
Canada, Japan and those in Western Europe the agriculture, augmenting green revolution,
effects of poverty may include poor nutrition, increasing crop productivity through modern
mental illness, drug dependence and crime. genetic and bio technological approaches.
Extreme poverty, which threatens peoples
health or lives, is known as destitution or b) Increasing land and water resources.
absolute poverty. Expanding the area of able cultivable lands,
A condition of having fewer resources or less transforming dry lands into productive lands
income than others within a society or country through irrigation water sheds development.
when compared to worldwide averages is known as
the relative poverty. The cycle of poverty, c) Prevention of land and water pollution by
illness and limited opportunities becomes a minimizing the usage of chemical pesticides and
selfsustaining process that passes from one adopting biological control strategies for pest
generation to another. eradication.
Poverty and Environmental issues

d) Establishment of industries and technologies
Some favour the argument that poverty leads
and creating more avenues for employment and
to environmental degradation while others argue
man power utilization.
that environmental degradation will lead to
poverty.
e) Anti- poverty programmes and social security
The increase in population and poverty has
scheme by the Governments.
made an impact on natural resources and the
environment in many regions.
f) Establishing more primary health centres,
In many parts of the world, environmental
hospitals and orphanages for destitutes and
degradation the deterioration of the natural
diseased.
environment, including the atmosphere, bodies of
water, soil and forests is an important cause of
g) Enforcement of strict family planning methods.
poverty. Environmental problems have led to

4. Discuss Ozone - a natural sun

Reasons for the Antarctic Ozone hole:
block.
(M-06,M-07, J-13)
Scientific observations prove that the ozone
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from
hole formed over Antarctic is due to compounds
the sun includes ultraviolet radiation, which is
of chlorine and bromine formed in the
potentially harmful to most living things since it
atmosphere. Nearly all of the chlorine and half
can damage DNA.
of the bromine in the stratosphere comes from
The ozone layer screens out the suns harmful
human activities, the chlorofluocarbons released
ultraviolet radiation. Even 1% reduction in the
due to human activities transported up into the
amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere
upper stratosphere.
causes a measurable increase in the ultraviolet
The most common Ozone depleting substances
radiation that reaches the earth surface.
(ODS) are chloroflurocarbons (CFC) or freon
If there was no ozone at all, the amount of
gases, bromine compounds on halons, nitrogen
ultraviolet radiation reaching us would be
oxides and methyl bromide.
catastrophically high.
These compounds are liberally released from
All living things would suffer radiation burns,
air-conditioners, freezers, foam insulations,
unless they were underground, or in the sea.
aerosol products, industrial solevents, fire
In the stratosphere, small amount of ozone are
extinguishers and pesticides.
constantly being made by the action of sunlight
on oxygen.
Effect of Ozone depletions:
At the sametime, ozone is being broken down by
natural processes.
If the ozone is depleted more ultraviolet
The total amount of ozone usually stays
radiations (especially ultraviolet B (UVB) will
constant because its formation and destruction
reach the earths surface.
occur at about the same rate.
Effect on plants:- will affect crop yield and
But unfortunately human activity has recently
forest productivity.
changed that natural balance. Some
Effect on animals:- will cause damage to fish
manufactured substances such as
larvae and other small animals
chloroflurocarbons and hydrochloroflurocarbons
Effect on human health:- Results in non-
can destroy stratosphere ozone much faster than
melanoma skin cancer and melanoma, acute
it is formed.
erythem a (sun burn), ocular abnormalities,
cataract, affect immune responses.
Ozone hole
Ozone loss was first detected in the
Preventing ozone depletion:
stratosphere over the Antarctic.
The part of the atmosphere where ozone is
1. CFC should be replaced by HCFC.
most depleted is referred as Ozone hole but it
2. Production, use and emission of ozone
is not a real hole just a vast region of the upper
depleting chemicals should be controlled.
atmosphere where there is less ozone than
3. Recycling of these chemicals should be
elsewhere.
increased.
Ozone-poor air can spread out from the Polar
4. Servicing of refrigerators and air-conditioners
regions and move above other areas.
should be regulated.
In addition, direct ozone depleted are is also
5. Refrigirants should be recaptured and used.
slowly increasing.
6.Adopt protection measures from suns
radiation.

5. Write an essay on freshwater c) Dams, Reservoirs, Canals and

management. Aqueducts
(J-06, M-09)
It is common to trap run off with dams and
On a human time scale, the amount of water on
storage reservoirs and transfer water from areas
the earth is fixed, for all practical purposes.
of excess to areas of deficit using canals, tunnels
and underground pipes.

There is little we can do to make more water.
However, there are several ways to increase local
supplies.
d) Watershed management
A series of small dams or tributary streams can
hold back water before it becomes a great flood.

a) Seeding clouds
Ponds formed by these dams provide useful
Seeding clouds with dry ice or potassium iodide
wildlife habitat and stock-watering facilities.
particles sometimes can initiate rain if water
Small dams can be built with simple equipment
laden clouds and conditions that favour
and local labour, eliminating the need for massive
precipitation are present.
construction projects and huge dams.
b) Desalination
e) Rain water harvesting
Desalination of ocean water is a technology that
The activity of collecting rainwater directly or
have great potential for increasing fresh water.
recharging it into ground to improve ground water
storage in the aquifer is called rain water

The common methods of desalination are
harvesting.
distillation (evaporation and recondensation) or
reverse osmosis (forcing water under pressure

By rainwater harvesting the ground water can
through a semipremeable membrane whose tiny
be conserved, water table depletion can be
pores allow water to pass but exclude most salts
reduced and also sea water intrusion in coastal
and minerals).
areas can be arrested.
Although desalination is still three to four

To recharge the groundwater rainwater that
times more expensive than most other sources of
falls in the terrace of the buildings and in the
freshwater, it provides a welcome water supply in open space around the buildings may be
such places like Dubai, Oman and Bahrain where harvested. Roof top rain water can be diverted to
the existing open / bore well.
there is no other access to fresh water.

Rainwater available in the open spaces around By installing dry cooling systems, this could be
the building may be recharged into the ground by avoided.
the following simple but effective methods.
Cooling water can be recharged, some industrial
The Government of Tamilnadu leads the nation wastewater may be treated, recycled and reused.
in implementing rain water harvesting programme.
i) Saving water -an individuals role

It has made it mandatory for all houses and
buildings in the State to install rain water
Take shorter showers.
harvesting facility.
Dont wash car and two wheelers often

f) Better agricultural practices
Dont allow tap run while washing hands, dishes,
Sound farming and foresting practices can food or brushing your teeth unnecessarily.
reduce runoff.
In your lawn consider planting native plants, a
Retaining crop residues on fields reduces rock garden or some xerophytic landscaping.
flooding.
Use water conserving appliances : low flow
Minimizing ploughing and forest cutting on showers and low -flush toilets.
steep slopes protects watersheds.
Use recycled water for lawns, house plants and
Wetlands conservation preserves natural water car washing Check taps for leaks.
storage capacity and aquifer recharge zones.
g) Domestic conservation
We could save as much as half of the water we
now use for domestic purposes without great
sacrifice or serious changes in our lifestyles.
The use of washing machines, dish washers and

low volume shower heads can reduce water loss.
h) Industrial conservation
Nearly half of all industrial water use is for
cooling of electric power plants and other
industrial facilities.

6. Give an account of green house gases By doing so, these gases conserve heat as the
and their impacts on the environment. glass in a green house does.
(J-08, S-08)
Global warming refers to an average increase in Normally all life on earth depends on this green
the earths temperature, which in turn causes house effect.
changes in climate. If it does not exist, earth would be cooled, and
During the past 4.65 billion years of its history, ice would cover earth from pole to pole.
earth has warmed many times. But if the greenhouse effect becomes strong it
But at present it is facing a rapid warming could make the earth warmer than usual.
mainly due to human activities. Even a little extra warming may cause problems
The average temperature of earth is about for humans, plants and animals.
590F (150C).
During the last century this average has risen Types of Greenhouse Gases :-
by about 10F. In the environment, greenhouse gases occur (i)
By the year 2100, it is believed that the rise naturally or (ii) from human activities.
would be between 2.5 and 10.40F. The most abundant greenhouse gas is carbon
This will cause dramatic changes such as rise in dioxide.
sea level, changes in rainfall patterns, wide range It reaches the atmosphere due to volcanic
of impacts on plants, wildlife and humans. eruptions, respiration of animals, burning and
decay of organic matter such as plants.
Green house gases and Green house effect :- Normally carbon-dioxide is removed by the
The trapping of energy from the sun by certain plants by photosynthesis.
gases in the atmosphere leading to the rise in Carbon-dioxide is also absorbed into ocean
earths temperature is known as Green house water.
effect. But humans by their activities increase the
Hence these gases are known as green house release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere .
gases. Such activities include burning of fossil fuels,
Some gases such as water vapour, carbon solid wastes, wood and wood products to drive
dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane act as the vehicles, generate electricity etc.
trap. At the same time due to deforestation, the
These gases absorb and reflect infra-red waves number of trees available to absorb carbon-
radiated by earth. dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly
reduced.

Human activities have caused carbon-dioxide to The saddest part of it is that the industrial
be released to the atmosphere at rates much source of the gas is not yet identified.
faster than that at which earths natural Effects of Global warming :-
processes can recycle this gas. 1. Due to the warming of oceans, sea level will
rise. Glacier ice will also melt, causing further
There were about 281 molecules of carbon- rise in sea level. As a result in the 21st century
dioxide per million molecules of air (i.e., parts per sea level will rise from 9 to 88 cm. Such a rise
will submerge many parts of countries.
million or ppm) in 1750.
Today atmospheric carbon-dioxide 2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.
concentrations are 368 ppm, a 31% increase. 3. The warmed world will be generally more humid
Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon- and greater humidity will increases the rainfall.
dioxide. 4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and

It is emitted during the production and intense.
transport of coal, natural gas and oil. 5. Some regions of the world would become dry.
It is also emitted from rotting organic waste in
6. Wind blows will be harder and in different
sand fills, by the cows as a by product of patterns. Hurricane would be more severer.
digestion.
7. Weather patterns would be less prediclable
Since 1750, the amount of methane in the and more extreme.
atmosphere has more than doubled.

8. Crops and forests may be affected by more
Nitrous Oxide traps 300 times more heat than insects and plant diseases.
carbon-dioxide. burning fossil fuels and ploughing

9. Animals and plants will find it difficult to
farm soils releases nitrous oxide. adjust to the changed environment. Animals will
Since 1750 its level increased by 17%. tend to migrate toward the poles and toward
higher elevations.
Hydrocarbons formed from the manufacture of
foams, coolants such as chlorofluorocarbons used 10. Some types of forests may disappear.
in refrigerators are the other gases responsible 11. More people will get sick or die from heat
for global warming. stress.
In 2000, scientists discovered an alarming 12. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue
increase in the level of a new gas called fever, yellow fever and encephalitis will spread to
other parts of the world.
trifluoromethyl sulphur penta fluoride.
Eventhough the gas is rare, it traps more
effectively than all other greenhouse gases.

7. Give an account on importance of

biodiversity conservation/consequences Conservation of Biodiversity
of losing biodiversity and strategies that
are adopted to conserve biodiversity? The conservation of biodiversity and the
(S-09) growing human population are the two great
challenges facing our generation and those to
Importance Biodiversity conservation? follow.
Biodiversity is the backbone for agriculture,
aquaculture, animal husbandry, forestry and a The following strategies are adapted to
host of other applied branches of biology. conserve biodiversity.
Biodiversity is fast becoming the fundamental a. International Conservation Strategies

requirement on which the new industrial
developments and innovations are going to be Biodiversity should be preserved as the
based. common heritage of all humans.
Biodiversity will offer in the coming years, new All species have a right to exist; one strategy
sources of food, medicine and other human considered as a priority is conserving hotspots
requirements. around the globe.
To save the races of endangered and endemic These are areas characterized by high
species the bio resources should be identified concentrations of endemic species and
and the hotspots in each country should be given experiencing unusually rapid rate of habit
prior importance to conservation. modification loss.
Only then the remaining species at the verge There are around 25 hotspots identified from
of extinction could be saved. all over the world.
Consequences of Losing Biodiversity b. National Conservation Strategies
Many species have already become extinct and Several measures like legal measures, in situ
we do not know really what we are losing when we and ex situ conservation efforts, documenting of
lose species. indigenous knowledge and the application of
science and technology have been taken by Indian
In future we might lose a keystone species, a government legislations.
species whose role is absolutely vital for the
survival of many other species in an ecosystem. India is one of among the 12 Mega biodiversity
countries of the world.
For example, the Orchid bees play a vital role
in tropical forests by pollinating trees. If they India was a party to the International
disappear, the eventual fall of that ecosystem is Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in May
evident. 1994.
This loss may remove and constrict the natural The Union Ministry of Environment and
habitats in which wild species live. Forests is co-ordinating an effort to formulate
National Biodiversity Action Plan.
Recreational, aesthetic and commercial losses
will also be inevitable. This is being carried out with the help of
several other Government and Non-governmental
organizations, and individuals.

8. Write an essay on non hazardous solid

waste management. Glass (20% recovery) can be crushed, remelted
(M-10) and made into new containers or crushes used as
a substitute for gravel or sand in construction
1.Sanitary land fills : materials such as concrete and asphalt.
The refuse is spread in a hollow land or in a Some forms of plastics (2.2 % recovery) can be
trench and compacted with a layer of clear sand remelted and fabricated into carpet fibre, fill
fill. for insulated apparel, irrigation drainage, tiles
and sheet plastics.
The sanitary land fills are far more desirable
than open dumps but the ground water Metals can be melted and refabricated (39%
contamination is always a potential problem. recovery).
Once a land fill operation has been completed Food wastes and yard wastes (leaves, grass
the site must be inspected periodically. etc.) can be composted to produce humus soil
conditioner.
This land fill is suitable for recreational
activities such as parks and play ground. Textiles can be shredded and used to
strengthen recycled paper products.
2.Incineration :
Old tyres can be remelted or shredded and
Municipal incinerators burn combustible solid incorporated into highway asphalt.
waste and melt certain non-combustible
materials. Waste water treatment and management
Since the high temperature destroys pathogens The main steps in typical water treatment
and their vectors, it is a good method of disposal plants are coagulation, settling and filtration to
from health point of view. remove suspended particles, aeration to remove
the volatile substances most responsible for
The incineration can reduce the volume of solid taste and odour, and chlorination to kill
waste by 80 to 90 percent. pathogenic organisms.
3.Reuse and recycling techniques : For the treatment of sewage, primary

treatment consists of mechanical filtration,
Resource recovery is a broad term that is used screening, and settling, followed by chlorination.
for the retrieval of valuable materials or energy
from a waste. It removes 50 to 65% of the suspended solids.
The separating out of materials such as In secondary treatment the organic wastes are
rubber, glass, paper and scrap metal from refuse transformed by bacteria in the treatment plant,
and reprocessing them for reuse is named as where oxygen is provided by aeration, instead of
reclamation of waste or recycling. depleting dissolved oxygen in the receiving
waters.
Paper (54% recovery) can be repulped and
reprocessed into recycled paper, cardboard, and The sludge from this process, consisting
other paper products; finally ground and sold as largely of bacterial masses, is concentrated and
cellulose insulators or shredded and composted. processed further in an anaerobic digester.

9. Write about the fresh resources and the 2. Human causes
reasons for fresh water shortage. Include increased population, rapid urbanization,
(J-10) over grazing by cattle, improper cultivation
methods, poor sewage systems, inadequate
Freshwater resources finances for providing infra structures.
1. Glaciers, ice and snow :
Of the 3 percent of all water that is fresh, 3. Depleting ground water
about three fourths is tied up in glaciers, ice Ground water is the source of nearly 40 %
caps and snowfields. water for agricultural and domestic use in most
They occur only at high altitudes or high of the countries.
latitudes. Nearly 95% of rural population depends on
groundwater for drinking and other domestic
2. Ground water :
purposes.
After glaciers, the next largest reservoir of
Over use of the supplies causes several kinds
fresh water is held in the ground in ground water.
of problems, including drying of wells, natural
Water held in the lower soil layers is known as
springs and disappearance of surface water
water table. Porous- water bearing layers of sand,
features such as wetlands, rivers and lakes.
gravel and rock are called aquifers.
In many parts of the world, groundwater is
being withdrawn from aquifers faster than
3. Lakes and Ponds :
natural recharge can replace it.
Lakes are inland depressions that hold standing
On a local level this causes a level of
fresh water year around.
depression in the water table.
Ponds are small temporary or permanent bodies
A heavily pumped well can lower the ground
of shallow water.
water table so that nearby shallower wells go dry.
While lakes contain nearly one hundred times
On a broader scale, heavy pumping can deplete
as much water as all rivers and streams combined,
a whole aquifer.
they are still a minor component of total world
Many aquifers have slow recharge rates, so it
water supply.
will take thousands of years to refill them once
they were emptied.
4. Wet lands :
Bogs, swamps, wet meadows and marshes play a
4. Salt water intrusion
vital and often a minor role.
Many parts of the world are losing freshwater
sources due to saltwater intrusion.
Freshwater shortages Over use of under ground freshwater
At least one billion people or nearly 20 percent reservoirs often allows salt water to intrude into
of the worldspopulation, lack safe drinking water. aquifers and affect the water table.
The W.H.O. considers 53,000 gallons of good
water per year to be the minimum for a healthful 5. Loss of free flowing rivers
life. Loss of free flowing rivers that are either
Some forty countries (including island nations, drowned by reservoir impoundments or turned
Middle East countries) in the world fall below into linear, sterile irrigation channels is yet
this level. another cause for freshwater crisis.
Reasons for freshwater shortages
1. Natural forces 6. Evaporations, leakage and siltation
Deficits are caused by natural forces such as It happens in freshwater lakes, ponds and dams.
poor rain fall and hot winds, rivers changing
courses.

10. How are reuse and recycling Waste water treatment and management
techniques useful in managementof solid
wastes? Add a note on waste water The main steps in typical water treatment
treatment and management. plants are coagulation, settling and filtration to
(M-11) remove suspended particles, aeration to remove
Reuse and recycling techniques : the volatile substances most responsible for
taste and odour, and chlorination to kill
Resource recovery is a broad term that is used pathogenic organisms.
for the retrieval of valuable materials or energy
from a waste. Primary treatment
The separating out of materials such as For the treatment of sewage, primary
rubber, glass, paper and scrap metal from refuse treatment consists of mechanical filtration,
and reprocessing them for reuse is named as screening, and settling, followed by chlorination.
reclamation of waste or recycling.
It removes 50 to 65% of the suspended solids.
Paper (54% recovery) can be repulped and
reprocessed into recycled paper, cardboard, and Secondary treatment
other paper products; finally ground and sold as
cellulose insulators or shredded and composted. In secondary treatment the organic wastes are
transformed by bacteria in the treatment plant,
Glass (20% recovery) can be crushed, remelted where oxygen is provided by aeration, instead of
and made into new containers or crushes used as depleting dissolved oxygen in the receiving
a substitute for gravel or sand in construction waters.
materials such as concrete and asphalt.
The sludge from this process, consisting
Some forms of plastics (2.2 % recovery) can be largely of bacterial masses, is concentrated and
remelted and fabricated into carpet fibre, fill processed further in an anaerobic digester.
for insulated apparel, irrigation drainage, tiles
and sheet plastics.
Metals can be melted and refabricated (39%

recovery).
Food wastes and yard wastes (leaves, grass

etc.) can be composted to produce humus soil
conditioner.
Textiles can be shredded and used to

strengthen recycled paper products.
Old tyres can be remelted or shredded and

incorporated into highway asphalt.

11.List out the effects of global warming 12. Tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue
and efforts to control global warming. fever, yellow fever and encephalitis will spread to
(M-12) other parts of the world.
Efforts to control Global warming:-

Effects of Global warming :-
Two major ways are there to control global
1. Due to the warming of oceans, sea level will
warming:
rise. Glacier ice will also melt, causing further
1. to keep the carbon-dioxide out of the
rise in sea level. As a result in the 21st century
atmosphere by storing the gas or its carbon
sea level will rise from 9 to 88 cm. Such a rise
component somewhere else, a strategy called
will submerge many parts of countries.
carbon sequestration.
2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.

2. to reduce the production of green house gases.
3. The warmed world will be generally more humid

Carbon sequestration :-
and greater humidity will increases the rainfall.
The simple technique is to preserve trees and

4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and
plants more.
intense.
Trees, take up carbon-dioxide, break it down in

5. Some regions of the world would become dry.
photosynthesis, and store carbon in new wood.
6. Wind blows will be harder and in different

It need massive reforestation. Carbon-dioxide
patterns. Hurricane would be more severer.
can also be sequestrated directly into deep ocean
water or into oil wells or some aquifer form which
7. Weather patterns would be less prediclable
it cannot escape.
and more extreme.
Usage of alternate fuels such as nuclear

8. Crops and forests may be affected by more
energy, solar power, wind power and hydrogen
insects and plant diseases.
fuel cells which emit no greenhouse gases are
being considered.
9. Animals and plants will find it difficult to
adjust to the changed environment. Animals will
tend to migrate toward the poles and toward
higher elevations.
10. Some types of forests may disappear.
11. More people will get sick or die from heat

stress.

12.Environmental impacts 4. Solar energy

(TO BE EXPECTED)
The use of solar energy, from the
1. Thermal Power
environmental viewpoint, is a completely safe
operation.
The air, water and soil pollution caused by
these plants in terms of fly ash, CO2, SO2, NO2
However, the sites for larger installations of
and particulates etc. is becoming unacceptable in
solar power plants should be selected without
the environmentally conscious society.
reducing the forest cover.
2.Hydel power
Cadmium, used in fabricating thin film solar
Hydro-electric power generation is associated cells, is both poisonous and a possible carcinogen.
with displacement and resettlement of human
population from the site of hydel plant to other Carbon dioxide produced while forming silicon
places. from silica may increase the atmospheric
temperature causing green house effect.
This leads to considerable human problems
causing considerable delay in the implementation Silicon dust is also an important occupational
of the project and escalation of its cost. hazard.
New dams built may affect the ecosystem of 5.Fossil fuels

the locating sites.
The burning of coal, oil, wood, dung cakes and
3.Nuclear power petroleum products would cause environmental
problems.
Radioactive pollutants released form nuclear
power plants are chronically hazardous. (1)The increase in CO2 concentration is largely
responsible for green house effect and global
The commissioning of boiling water power warming, while
reactors (BWRS) have resulted in the critical
accumulation of large number of long lived (2) disposal of fly ash requires large ash ponds
radionuclides in water. and may pose a severe problem
Environmentalists argue that thermal effluents (3)The smoke produced by burning of wood,
from nuclear reactors have acutely affected the agricultural by-products or animals dung cake
aquatic eco system. causes respiratory and digestive problems and
may also lead to eye and lung diseases.
The dangerous radioactive waste cannot be
buried in land without the risk of polluting soil (4) Nitrous oxide, Sulphur di-oxide and CO2 can
and under ground water. cause acid rain.
Several well publicised accidents (Ex.

Chernobyl disaster at former U.S.S.R.) and
radiation episodes have given a lot of fear in the
mind of general public regarding the radiation
hazards.

UNIT 6. 1. Selection of eggs:-

APPLIED BIOLOGY Eggs meant for hatching and rearing must be
1. Explains the stages involved in the rearing of selected very carefully. The following points
poultry /chickens.write any two factors involved should be considered during selection of eggs.
in brooding of chickens
(M-07, S-07, S-10, J-13)
Poultry farming has now become very popular. (1)The egg should be fertile
It is recoginzed as an organised and scientifically
based industry with tremendous employment (2) Over-sized and small sized eggs should
potential. not be selected instead medium sized should be
preferred
It plays an important part in the rural economy
of India. (3) Dark-brown shelled eggs hatch earlier than
light-brown shelled eggs
It provides a ready source of income to the

cultivator. (4) Freshly laid eggs are preferred for rearing.
Besides meat and eggs, poultry supplies 2. Incubation and hatching:

feathers and rich manure. The fertilized hens egg undergoes
development during incubation and hatching
The following factors are being taken into processes.

consideration for the growth of poultry farming
The fully formed bird emerges out of egg
1) small initial investment after a hatching period of 21-22 days. During
2) availability of quality chicks this period the egg must obtain
3) short generation interval optimumtemperature, humidity and ventilation
4) quick, assured and better returns compared to etc.

other livestock species
5) availability of trained man power The maintanance of newly laid eggs in optimum
6) better understanding and knowledge of the condition till hatching is called incubation.
improved and scientific methods of feeding
7) management and health control. The incubation is of two types namely natural
incubation and artificial incubation.
Rearing involves the following stages:-

In the natural incubation method, the eggs are
1. Selection of eggs, subjected to the care of mother.
2. incubation and
3. hatching of eggs, Only a limited number of eggs can be incubated
4. brooding or care of new borns, by a mother hen. In artificial incubation the eggs
5. housing of poultry, are maintained in a chamber(incubator) which
6. feeding of poultry stimulates the optimum environmental condition.

In artificial incubation more number of eggs Litter :-
can be incubated than natural incubation. The floor of the brood house is layered by
beds of hay, rice husk or saw dust and this is
3. Brooding :- called litter.
Brooding is the care and management of young
chickens for four to six weeks immediately after The litter bed should be 5 to 7.5cm thick
hatching. and it must be kept dry.
Like incubation, brooding also has the natural Light :-

and artificial methods. To keep the brood house free from infectious
germs, the brood house must be well ventilated.
In the former, day-old chickens are left to the
care of mother and in the latter temperature Evenly distributed sunlight promotes proper
controlled artificial brooder is used. growth of the birds and formation of vitamin D.
Factors involved in brooding :
Temperature :- 4. Housing of poultry :-
The hatched chicks are kept inside the Open sided poultry is popular in our country.
incubator for about 36 hours and then
transfered to artificial brooder. The primary objective of providing housing to
poultry is to protect them from sun, rain and
The optimum temperature is 330c during the predators and to provide comfort.
first 3 days.
Poultry house should be well ventilated.
During the subsequent weeks of brooding the
temperature is reduced by 30c each week till it It should be kept cool in summer and warm in
reaches 210c. winter.
Ventilation :- The floor of the poultry house should be

Fresh air movement is important for good moisture-proof, rat proof, free from cracks,
health and proper growth of the chicks. easily cleanable and durable.
Poor ventilation results in the accumulation of 5. Poultry feeding :-

carbon monoxide, ammonia and water vapour Feeding of poultry bird is an important part of
which may lead to microbial infection. rearing.
Floor space :- The diet of chickens must contain adequate

Adequate floor space is to be provided for the amount of water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
proper development of chicken. vitamins and minerals.
Minimum 500sq.cm of floor space per chickens The food stuffs such as maize, barley,
is to be provided. sorghums, wheat, oil cake, rice etc are to be given
in standard requirements.
Crowding of chickens leads to poor growth and
induces cannibalistic tendencies amongst the
birds.

2. Write an essay on common diseases of change posture frequently with a drop in milk
cattle. yield.
(J-07, M-08, J-08)
Contagious diseases :
Common diseases and control :
The diseases which spread easily by various
A.Contagious diseases : modes are called contagious diseases.
1.bacterial diseases
1. anthrax,
1.bacterial diseases
2. haemorrhagic 1. anthrax,
3. septicemia, 2. haemorrhagic
4. mastitis 3. septicemia,
5. tuberculosis. 4. mastitis
2.Viral dieases
5. tuberculosis.
1. Cow pox,
2. Foot and mouth disease 2.Viral dieases
3. Rinderpest. 1. Cow pox,
3. External parasitic diseases : 2. Foot and mouth disease
1. flies,
3. Rinderpest.
2. ticks,
3. mites,
1. Anthrax :
4. fleas
5. lice. Anthrax, a bacterial disease is due to b
4. Internal parasitic diseases :
anthracis which causes sudden death in cattle.
1. Hook worm,
2. round worm,
Symptoms :
3. tape worm
High temperature (41-41.50c), swelling of the
4. flukes
neck, thorax, flanks and lumbar regions which are
B.Non-contagious diseases :
neither hot nor painful.
1. Milk fever :
2. Constipation : Blood discharges from natural openings, the
affected animal dies in 10 to 36 hrs.
INTRODUCTION:
Cattle are subjected to a large number of Control :
diseases. Vaccination with spore vaccine at the age of 6
month and then annually.
Cattle in normal health appear bright, alert and Affected animals are to be segregated,
active in their movements with a shiny coat. contaminated place to be disinfected and the
carcasses to be burried deep.
They also enjoy normal appetite and sleep.
Cattle in ill health appear dull, restless and

2. Cow pox 1. Milk fever :
Cow pox is a contagious viral disease attacking Milk fever is common in high milk producing
cows and buffaloes. cows and buffaloes during the early part of the
lactation.
Symptoms :
It is due to inability of the animal to assimilate
1. Retarded rumination. calcium from the feed, leading to
2. swelling of udder and teats. demineralization in the bone.
3. rise in temperature. The serum Ca and P levels become low and the
4. eruptions on skin and udder and teats sugar level gets increased.
developing into vesicles.
5. pustules and scabs by stages ultimately Symptoms :
leading to mastitis and loss of milk.
Staggering, loss of appetite, temperature
Prevention : becoming below normal, pulse rate becoming high,
restlessness and become inactive.
Segregation of affected animal, giving sloppy
food for swallowing and digestion, fomenting Precaution and first aid :
udder with warm disinfectant solution, giving
saline laxative and diuretics, treating lesions with Feeding jaggery along with lime water, few
mild antiseptic ointment. days prior to calving and giving soft nutritious
and easily digestible food for a few days after
Cow shed should be kept clean. calving prevents milk fever.
Cleaning the udder with warm cloth and

3. External parasitic diseases :
preventing infection from the floor.
Common ectoparasites are flies, ticks, mites,
fleas and lice.
Pumping clean air into the udder and massaging
are other measures to be adopted.
They are directly involved by sucking the blood
from cattle and become an irritant.
2. Constipation :
They are also indirectly involved in transmitting

Constipation is severe due to over eating of
bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases.
coarsefibrous roughages, inadequate intake of
water and lack of exercise.
4. Internal parasitic diseases :
Hook worm, round worm, tape worm and flukes Which leads to lack of appetite, lack of
are some of the intestinal parasites causing rumination or chewing and dull appearance.
diarrahoea, dysentry and some other Precaution and first aid :
complications.
The affected animals can be given wheat bran
Non-contagious diseases : meal or rice gruel and succulent fodder.
The diseases which does not spread by external Plenty of drinking water with jaggery or salt,
modes but are caused by physiological or evacuating the rectum by giving warm soap water
genetical means is known as non contagious enema and massaging the abdomen are the other
diseases. measures of treatment.

3. Give a detailed account of ECG and Its duration is 0.1 second and it occurs just
PQRST wave before the atrial systole.
(S-09, M-11, J-12) Its amplitude is about 0.1 to 0.3 mv.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a record of The cardiac impulse reaches the sinu-auricular
the electric potential changes that occur in the node at about the summit of the Pwave.
heart during the cardiac cycle. The P wave is a guide to the activity of atria.
It is recorded from the surface of the body.
The instrument used to record the ECG is called Q,R and S Waves :
Electrocardiogram. After the completion of P wave, the isoelectric
The waves of the ECG are due to interval occurs.
depolarization and not due to contraction of the
Following this, QR and S waves begin. Q wave
heart.
is a small negative downward deflection.
This wave of depolarization occurs first
before the contraction of the cardiac muscle It is mostly indistinct.
begins. It represents atrial septal depolarization. R
The electrical activity of the heart was first wave is a prominent positive wave and S wave is a
recorded by Waller in 1887 with a capillary small negative wave.
electrometer.
R and S are due to depolarization of the
But the work of Einthoven who recorded the
ventricular muscle.
ECG with a strong galvanometer only lead to the
development of modern electrocardiography. The duration of the QRS complex is about
Einthovan was awarded Nobel Prize in 1924. A 0.08 second and usually does not exceed
normal ECG is composed of five waves designated 0.1second.
from left to right with the letters P,Q,R,S and T. The average amplitude to R wave is about 1 mv.
P,R and T are normally upward or positive Lot of diagnostic information can be gained
waves while Q and S are downward or negative
from alteration in the QRS complex.
waves.
ECG-PQRST wave T wave

When the cardiac impulse (originating in sinus Following S wave there is an isoelectric
interval.
node which is the primary pace maker) passes
T wave begins after that. It is due to
through the heart, electrical currents spread in
ventricular repolarization.
the tissues surrounding the heart. It is a broad wave.
A small amount of this current spreads to the Its average duration is about 0.27 second and
surface of the body. amplitude 0.15 to 0.5 mv.
If electrodes are placed on the skin on
opposite sides of the heart, electric potentials
generated by these currents can be recorded.
This recording is known as electrocardiogram
(ECGorEKG).
P.Wave:
It occurs in the auricles.
It is an atrial wave.
It is due to the spread of depolarisation in the
atria (auricles).

4. Describe the preparation of fish pond and Management of fish farm
management of fish farm.
Feed and water quality are the two major
(M-09, J-11)
factors governing the productivity of the fish
Preparation of fish pond : culture pond.
1. Conditioning
A layer of lime (calcium hydroxide) is spread Besides, seed quality, stocking and other
over the bottom, for two weeks. management measures also determine the extent
of fish production.
It removes the acidity of the soil, facilitates
desirable geochemical cycles and kills unwanted Water quality involves the regulation of
soil organisms. Temperature at 25-33oC, dissolved oxygen, pH
(6.5 9.0 ), hardness, alkalinity, turbidity and
Water may be let in slowly after two weeks plankton culture etc..
and filled to the desired depth.
Feeding Apart form natural food, most
The quality parameters such as temperature, cultured species take artificial feeds.
oxygen content, pH,turbidity, hardness, alkalinity
and plankton growth should be checked for their In general artificial feed should contain 30-
optimal levels, before stocking the fish. 40% protein, 5-10% fat, 50-60% carbohydrate,
less than 5% cellulose, 10% water, vitamins and
2. Manuring minerals.
After 15 days of liming, the fertilization is to
be done in order to develop the fish food Animal and vegetable ingredients can be used
organisms (phytoplankton and the zooplankton: in formulating feed pellets.
macro and micro).
Fishmeal, prawn meal, soybean meal, silkworm
Manure may be of organic or chemical nature. pupa, wheat, tapioca, slaughter house wastes, rice
Organic manure may be urine or sewage rich in bran, aquatic weeds, oilcakes etc are good feed
nitrogenous matter,cow dung, pig dung, poultry ingredients.
manure and plant manure such as green manure,
compost, oil cake etc. Usually Indian farmers give rice bran and oil
cakes in powder form to major carps.
If the organic carbon is less, cow dung for the
stocking pond is applied at the rate of 2-3 tonnes Carnivorous fishes such as murrels and
/ ha. Poultry manure at the rate of 5000 kg / ha catfishes may be provided with trash fishes.
is known to enhance zooplankton induction.
For adult fish, daily supplementary feeding can
Use of chemical fertilizers should vary be at 2% of its body weight.
according to the concentration of phosphorus and
nitrogen in the soil.
The standard combination of NPK as 18 : 10 : 4

is generally recommended for freshwater ponds.
For a production pond of medium fertile soil;
urea at the rate of 200 kg / ha / yr or ammonium
sulphate at the rate of 450 kg / ha / yr may be
applied in split up dozes, alternating with organic
manure.

5. How will you classify cattle based on their B. Cross breeding :
purpose? Give two examples for each.What are Cross breeding is mating of animals of
the various techniques adopted in cattle
breeding? different breeds.
(M-06)
Dairy purpose It is valuable as a means of introducing
cows are high milk yielders, with extended desirable characters into new breed in which
lactation. they have not existed formerly.
1. G-Gir Sahiwal
The cross breeds exhibit increased growth
2. U-Umblachery
and vigour by the blend of desirable dominant
3. S-Sahiwal genes from two breeds in the first
4. S-Sindhi generation.
5. K-Karan swiss C. Artificial insemination :
Dual purpose Artificial insemination is the deposition of

cows are meant for milk and bullocks are male reproductive cells (spermatozoa) in the
meant for Draught. female reproductive tract by mechanical
1. H-Hariana means rather than by natural mating.
2. O-Ongole
3. TTharparker The semen is collected from the male by
artificial means.
4. K-Kankrej
The semen is inseminated into the female
Draught purpose by placing a portion of it either in a collected
Bullocks are good draught animals while the or in a diluted form into the cervix of the
cows are poor milk yielders. uterus by mechanical methods at the proper
1. H-Hallikar time and under most hygienic condition.
2. A-Amritmahal
It helps to eliminate the need for
3. M-Malvi maintenance of herd sire, permits long
4. S-Siri distance transport of semen by air, avoids
spreading of genital diseases, and increase
5. K-Kangayam the rate of conception.
Techniques adopted in cattle breeding Further this method helps better

recording, permits use of semen from injured
A. Out breeding : and old bulls and provides a chance of
Out breeding is mating of less closely detecting any genital abnormalities or
related or unrelated animals. pathological infection and inflammation in
cows.
The individuals involved do not have a
common ancestor in the preceeding 4-6
generations.

6. Give an account of the structural aspects of The standard combination of NPK as 18 : 10 : 4
fish farm and explain any two edible fishes of is generally recommended for freshwater ponds.
Tamil Nadu.
(J-06) For a production pond of medium fertile soil;
urea at the rate of 200 kg / ha / yr or ammonium
Preparation of fish pond :
sulphate at the rate of 450 kg / ha / yr may be
1. Conditioning
applied in split up dozes, alternating with organic
A layer of lime (calcium hydroxide) is spread
manure.
over the bottom, for two weeks.
Management of fish farm
Feed and water quality are the two major
It removes the acidity of the soil, facilitates
factors governing the productivity of the fish
desirable geochemical cycles and kills unwanted
culture pond.
soil organisms.
Besides, seed quality, stocking and other

Water may be let in slowly after two weeks
management measures also determine the extent
and filled to the desired depth.
of fish production.
The quality parameters such as temperature,

Water quality involves the regulation of
oxygen content, pH,turbidity, hardness, alkalinity
Temperature at 25-33oC, dissolved oxygen, pH
and plankton growth should be checked for their
(6.5 9.0 ), hardness, alkalinity, turbidity and
optimal levels, before stocking the fish.
plankton culture etc..
2. Manuring
Feeding Apart form natural food, most
After 15 days of liming, the fertilization is to
cultured species take artificial feeds.
be done in order to develop the fish food
organisms (phytoplankton and the zooplankton:
In general artificial feed should contain 30-
macro and micro).
40% protein, 5-10% fat, 50-60% carbohydrate,
less than 5% cellulose, 10% water, vitamins and
Manure may be of organic or chemical nature.
minerals.
Organic manure may be urine or sewage rich in
nitrogenous matter,cow dung, pig dung, poultry
Animal and vegetable ingredients can be used
manure and plant manure such as green manure,
in formulating feed pellets.
compost, oil cake etc.
Fishmeal, prawn meal, soybean meal, silkworm

If the organic carbon is less, cow dung for the
pupa, wheat, tapioca, slaughter house wastes, rice
stocking pond is applied at the rate of 2-3 tonnes
bran, aquatic weeds, oilcakes etc are good feed
/ ha. Poultry manure at the rate of 5000 kg / ha
ingredients.
is known to enhance zooplankton induction.
Usually Indian farmers give rice bran and oil

Use of chemical fertilizers should vary
cakes in powder form to major carps.
according to the concentration of phosphorus and
nitrogen in the soil.

Carnivorous fishes such as murrels and The maximum size attained is 1m.
catfishes may be provided with trash fishes.
For adult fish, daily supplementary feeding can It is fairly fast growing species and first year
be at 2% of its body weight. growth is 35 40 cm and 900 g.
Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu
a) Catla catla (catla) :
Catla has a deep body with prominent head,

large upturned mouth, non-fringed lips, devoid of
barbels and a broad dorsal fin with 14-16
branched rays are the identifying features.
It feeds on zooplankton of the pond surface

using large gill rakers; however, young ones (15-
20 mm) feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton.
It grows to a maximum size of 1.8 m (45 kg). It

is a fast growing species among the Indian major
carps.
First year growth is 35-45 cm and about 1.5

2.0 kg.
It matures in the second year.
b) Labeo rohita (Rohu) :
Of all the carps, this is considered as the

tastiest fish.
It has a small and pointed head, terminal small

mouth with fringed lower lip.
A dorsal fin with 12-13 branched rays and full

reddish scales are its identifying features.
It is a column feeder on phytoplankton, plant

debris or decaying debris of aquatic plants;
however, the young feed on zooplankton.

7. Give an account on dairy breeds. Give an Milk production :-
account on Gir and Sindhi dairy breeds.
(S06, M-13) Yields as high as 5,443 kg per lactation period.
The cows of this group are high milk yielders
with extended lactation periods.
2. Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) :-
The bullocks are of poor draught qualities.
Origin and distribution :
These cattle are well built with strong limbs.
The breed originated from the Gir forest of
e.g Deoni, Gir, Sindhi and Sahiwal.
South Kathiawar.
The cows in domestic usage for milk are non-
Impure forms of Gir breeds are found in
descriptive types.
Baroda and some parts of Maharastra.
1. Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi) :

Origin and distribution : Distinguishing characters :
The home of this breed is Karachi and
Hyderabad. The colour is not always entire.
Most of these cows have spotted skin.
Distinguishing characters :
Medium size and compact body. It is usually red, black and red, red and white
or white with red spots.
Thick horns emerging laterally and ending in
blunt points. The body is well built with clear cut lines. The
pure breed has a majestic appearance.
They have intelligent facial expression.
Ears are long like a leaf.
Deep dark red colour.
Tail is long and whip like.
Bulls are darker than the cow.
Legs are long and well built.
They have hump and the udder is large with
medium sized teats. Udder is large with matching teats.
The animals are docile and quiet. Bullocks are heavy, powerful and good for
draught.
Bullocks are steady workers, suited for road
and field work. Milk Production :
Sindhi cows are hardy and have high degree of Gir cows are good milk yielders.
resistant to heat and ticks.
In some, the maximum yield is 3,715 Kg per
These are the most economical milk producers lactation period.
among the dairy breeds of India.

8. What are the techniques adopted in cattle detecting any genital abnormalities or
breeding? Write a short note on the exotic pathological infection and inflammation in
breeds of cattle. cows.
(M-10)
Techniques adopted in cattle breeding Exotic breeds of cattle :
A. Out breeding : Many milk yeilding breeds of cattle are

imported and reared in India.
Out breeding is mating of less closely
related or unrelated animals. The exotic breeds are successfully
The individuals involved do not have a crossed with indigenous breeds to obtain
common ancestor in the preceeding 4-6 cross breeds, which have sufficient desirable
generations. characters.
B. Cross breeding : European breeds are the first kind of

exotic breeds introduced in India about 90
Cross breeding is mating of animals of years back.
different breeds.
Important ones are short horns Ayreshire,
It is valuable as a means of introducing Jersey, Brown swiss, Holstein Friesean,
desirable characters into new breed in which Guernsy and Red Dane.
they have not existed formerly.
Jersey :
The cross breeds exhibit increased growth
and vigour by the blend of desirable dominant Jersey is one of the oldest dairy breed.
genes from two breeds in the first
generation. It originated from Jersey island adaptable
to wide range of climatic conditions and heat.
C. Artificial insemination :
The colour of the breed ranges from white
Artificial insemination is the deposition of to dark grey, and it is broken and found as
male reproductive cells (spermatozoa) in the patches.
female reproductive tract by mechanical
means rather than by natural mating. Jerseys are nervous and sensitive animals.
The semen is collected from the male by Jerseys have good udders with large teats.
artificial means.
The lactational yield is 4,950 kg with milk
The semen is inseminated into the female
fat 5% .
by placing a portion of it either in a collected
or in a diluted form into the cervix of the The milk has a characteristic yellow colour
uterus by mechanical methods at the proper because of high carotene content.
time and under most hygienic condition.
The bulls are vicious than other breed.
It helps to eliminate the need for
maintenance of herd sire, permits long Cross breeding of Jersey and indigenous
distance transport of semen by air, avoids Sindhi and Hariyana produced excellent cross
spreading of genital diseases, and increase breeds with more than 2000 kg of milk yield
the rate of conception. per lactation period.
Further this method helps better
recording, permits use of semen from injured
and old bulls and provides a chance of

9. Write about the instruments used to detect The cardiac cycle is defined as the cycle of
the heartbeat and to measure the blood events that take place during one systole and
pressure? diastole of the heart.
(J-10)
Stethoscope Systole refers to contraction and diastole the
A stethoscope is used to hear the heart beat relaxation.
sounds, sound due to inhalation and exhalation of
air in the lungs and the respiratory pathways During ventricular systole, when the left
andalso the stomach movement. ventricle is forcing blood into the aorta the
pressure rises to a peak which is referred to as
It is a very useful diagnostic tool to help systolic pressure.
localize problems and to diagnose disease.
During diastole the pressure falls and the
Stethoscopes are also used along with the lowest value reached is referred to as diastolic
sphygmomanometer. pressure.
The first usable binaural stethoscope was The blood pressure depends partly on the
invented in 1855. force and volume of blood pumped by the heart
and partly on the contraction of the muscles in
The modern electronic stethoscopes are high the wallsof the arterioles.
precisioned instruments.
Blood pressure changes during physical
These can be used to hear a patients heart exercise, during anxiety and emotion and in sleep
and lung clearly even in high noisy environments etc.
and even through layers of clothing.
However a prolonged or constant elevation of
The electronic stethoscopes also make it blood pressure, a condition known as hypertension
possible to hear the foetal sounds in mothers can increase a persons risk for heart attack,
womb. stroke, heart and kidney failure and other health
Uses: problems.
1. Stethoscope helps to find normal (lub-dub)
It is always suitable to measure blood pressure
versus abnormal heart sounds (heart murmurs)
when a person is in a relaxed and in resting
and also to diagnose valve functions.
condition.
2. Stethoscopes can indicate fluid in lungs in case
of pneumonia and pulmonary edema. It can The normal blood pressure value is 120/80mm
Hg, in which 120 denotes the systolic pressure
diagnose airway diseases like bronchitis and
and 80 the diastolic pressure.
pleuritis.
3. Stethoscopes are also used to compare the There are two types of sphygmomanometer
movements in the normal versus overactive or viz., 1.Monometric type
2. Digital (modern) type.
underactive intestinal tract.
2. Sphygmomanometer: Uses:
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to 1. Sphygmomanometer helps to estimate the
measure blood pressure. state of blood circulation and the working of
heart.
The word is derived from the Greek sphygmus
(pulse) plus the scientific (physical) term 2. Sphygmomanometer helps to diagnose
manometer. pathological conditions such as hypertension
Arterial blood pressure is the force of (increased BP) and hypotension (reduction in BP).
pressure, which the blood is exerting on the walls
of the blood vessels in which it flows.
The blood pressure in the artery varies during

the cardiac cycle.

10. What are the categories of fish farming? diets. The fish should show ready preference for
Explain the characters of cultivable fish. these feeds.
(S-11)
Categories of fish farming
Resistance:
Fish farming is the raising of fish for personal

It is desirable that the cultured fish is hardy
income or profit.
enough to resist the common diseases and attack
Based on the environment in which culture is
of parasites.
done, fish farming may be categorized
as
Amiability and compatibility:
1. freshwater fish farming,
2. brackish water fish farming,
The fishes proposed to be cultured together
3. saltwater or marine fish farming
(poly culture) should be able to live together
(mariculture).
without interfering or attacking the other.
Characters of cultivable fish Conversion efficiency:

The following criteria should be considered
before selecting a fish for farming purpose. The species of fish which give more edible flesh
per unit of food consumed, is preferred.
Rate of growth :
Fish which grow to a larger size in shorter period

are suitable for culture.Eg. Carps.
Adaptation to climate:
The cultured species of fish should be able to

adapt to the local climatic conditions of the farm.
Tolerance:
The fish should have the capacity to tolerate

wide fluctuations in the physico chemical
conditions such as oxygen, salinity, temperature
etc of the water.
Acceptance of artificial feed :
When more number of fish is to be

accommodated in a limited space, there is the
need for supplementary feeding on compounded

11. Describe the working method and uses of However a prolonged or constant elevation of
sphygmomanometer blood pressure, a condition known as hypertension
(M-12)
can increase a persons risk for heart attack,
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to
stroke, heart and kidney failure and other health
measure blood pressure.
problems.
The word is derived from the Greek sphygmus

It is always suitable to measure blood pressure
(pulse) plus the scientific (physical) term
when a person is in a relaxed and in resting
manometer.
condition.
Arterial blood pressure is the force of
pressure, which the blood is exerting on the walls
The normal blood pressure value is 120/80mm
of the blood vessels in which it flows.
Hg, in which 120 denotes the systolic pressure
and 80 the diastolic pressure.
The blood pressure in the artery varies during
the cardiac cycle.
There are two types of sphygmomanometer
1.Monometric type
The cardiac cycle is defined as the cycle of
2. Digital (modern) type.
events that take place during one systole and
diastole of the heart.
Uses:
Systole refers to contraction and diastole the 1. Sphygmomanometer helps to estimate the
relaxation. state of blood circulation and the working of
heart.
During ventricular systole, when the left
ventricle is forcing blood into the aorta the 2. Sphygmomanometer helps to diagnose
pressure rises to a peak which is referred to as pathological conditions such as hypertension
systolic pressure. (increased BP) and hypotension (reduction in BP).
During diastole the pressure falls and the

lowest value reached is referred to as diastolic
pressure.
The blood pressure depends partly on the

force and volume of blood pumped by the heart
and partly on the contraction of the muscles in
the wallsof the arterioles.
Blood pressure changes during physical

exercise, during anxiety and emotion and in sleep
etc.

12. What is C.T Scan?Mention its advantages Uses of CT.
and uses in medical field?
(J-09, S-12)
1. CT is an invaluable tool in the cancer diagnosis
The imaging technology or machine vision has
process and is often the preferred method for
revolutionized the medical world. It enables the
diagnosing lung, liver and pancreas cancer.
doctors to watch vital organs, identify blockages
and growths and diagnose signs of diseases
2. CT imaging and CT angiography are finding a
without doing surgery.
greater role in the detection, diagnosis and
treatment of heart disease, acute stroke and
Computed tomography scan or (CT) scan :
vascular diseases, which can lead to stroke,
gangrene or kidney failure.
Comupted Tomography (CT) or CAT scanning
combines the use of a digital computer together
3. CT can be used to measure bone mineral
with a rotating X-ray device to create detailed
density for the detection of osteoporosis.
cross sectional images or slices of the different
organs.
4. CT has excellent application in trauma cases
and other internal bleeding in patients.
Advantages of CT over other imaging
techniques Among the various imaging techniques
5.CT is used extensively for diagnosing problems
CT has the unique ability to image a combination
of the inner ears and sinuses. The anatomy of the
of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels.
inner ear and sinuses is made up of delicate soft
tissue structures and very fine bones. CT is
For example, conventional x-ray image of the
excellent for imaging tumors or polyps in the
head can only show the dense bone structures of
sinuses and disease that cause degeneration of
the skull. X-ray angiography of the head depicts
the small bones in the inner ear.
only the head and neck and not the soft brain-
tissue.
6. CT has been the basis for interventional work
like CT guided biopsy and minimally invasive
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging does an
therapy. CT images are also used as basis for
excellent job of showing soft tissue and blood
planning radiotherapy cancer treatment. CT is
vessels, but MRdoes not give as much details of
also often used to follow the course of cancer
bony structures such as the skull.
treatment to determine how the tumor is
responding to treatment.
CT images of the head allow physicians to see
soft-tissues, anatomic structures like the brains
ventricles, of grey and white matter.
CT can provide detailed cross sectional images

and diagnostc information for nearly every part
of the body.

UNIT 1. During emulsification, the bile salts convert

bigger fat particles into smaller fat globules.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Pancreatic juice :-
[PART-1]
1. Digestive process taking place in small
It is an alkaline fluid (pH 7 to 8).
intestine.
(J-07, J-08, J-10, J-11, S-11, M-12, )
It is transported to the duodenum through the
pancreatic duct.
It contains water, mineral salts and a variety

of enzymes like : trypsin, chymotrypsin which are
secreted in the form of inactive precursors
trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.
The precursors are activated by enterokinase

of the intestinal juice, the amylytic enzyme
The small intestine :- amylase, the pancreatic lipase (steapesin),
carboxypeptidase and nuclease.
It is about 5-7 metres long. It is divided into
three segments namely the initial short segment The enzyme trypsin hydrolyses proteins into
the duodenum, the jejunum and the longest polypeptides and peptones.
segment the ileum. trypsin
Proteins polypeptides + peptones
The food is propelled down into the duodenum
due to peristaltic action of stomach wall. Chymotrypsin hydrolyses peptide bonds
associated with specific amino acids like
The pyloric sphincter located at the junction phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan.
of stomach and duodenum regulates movement of
chyme. It results in large peptides.
The food in the small intestine is mixed with chymotrypsin

three juices namely bile juice, pancreatic juice Proteins large peptides
and intestinal juice.
Carboxypeptidase is an exopeptidase.
Bile juice :- It attacks the peptide bonds at the carboxyl
It is a brownish green, alkaline secretion of end of the polypeptide chain resulting in di-,
the liver. tripeptides and amino acids.
It is stored in the gall bladder and poured into The pancreatic amylase converts starch into
the duodenum via the bile duct. maltose.
The bile contains water, mucus, inorganic salts, The lipase acts on emulsified fat
cholesterol and bile salts. (triglycerides) and hydrolyses them into free
fatty acids and monoglycerides.
The bile salts emulsify fats and help enzymes
like lipase to act upon fats. Monoglycerides may be further hydrolysed to
fatty acid and glycerol.

Absorption and assimilation

Intestinal juice: (Succus entericus) As a result of digestion, all macromolecules of
maltase food are converted into their corresponding
1.Maltose glucose + glucose monomeric units.
sucrase
2.Sucrose glucose + fructose Carbohydrates are broken into
lactase monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose.
3.Lactose glucose + galactose Proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids.
peptidase
4.Di, Tripeptides aminoacids Lipids get broken into glycerol and fatty acids.
nucleotidase
5.Nucleotides nucleoside + The simpler organic molecules along with
phosphoric acid minerals, vitamins and water enter into body
nucleosidase fluids through the villi.
6.Nucleoside nitorgenous base +
sugar The villi are small microscopic finger-like
projections.
Each villus is an absorbing unit consisting of a

lacteal duct in the middle surrounded by fine
network of blood capillaries.
While the fatty acids are absorbed by the

lymph duct, other materials are absorbed either
actively or passively by the capillaries of the villi.
From the lumen of the alimentary canal

absorbed food materials are carried to the liver
through hepatic portal vein.
From the liver, materials are transported to all

other regions of the body for utilisation.
This conversion of food into energy and cellular

organisation is called as assimilation.

2.Mechanism of Respiration/breathing As a result of these muscular movements, the
/inspiration and expiration. volume of the thoracic cavity is increased.
(S-06, M-07, S-07, S-08)
This causes the air pressure within the lungs
The process of inspiration and expiration to fall below the atmospheric pressure.
happens due to pressure changes in the thoracic
cavity. So air (tidal air) from outside passes through
the air passage into the lungs to equalize the
The thorax is an airtight compartment pressure.
bounded by the sternum in front, the vertebral
column at the back, the ribs encircling the sides
Expiration:
and the diaphragm found below.
The rib bones are provided with the two sets

of muscles namely external and internal
intercostal muscles.
By the contraction and expansion of these

muscles the volume of the thoracic cavity is
reduced or increased. Inspiration is followed by expiration.
The floor of the thoracic cavity is completely It is a passive process.

closed by the diaphragm.
Expiration is the process by which air is
The act of breathing is performed by exhaled or blown out from the lungs.
expansion and contracton of the thoracic cavity.
The expiration results when the volume of the
thoracic cavity is decreased and air pressure in
Inspiration:
the lung is increased.
The expiratory process involves the following

movements.
1. The diaphragm relaxes and rises to resume the

original dome shape.
2. The ribs take their original position as a result

Inspiration is the process by which fresh air is
of contraction of the internal intercostal
drawn into the lungs.
muscles.
It is an active process.
The muscles participating in the inspiration

process are external - intercostal muscles
present in between the ribs and the diaphragm.
The contraction of radial muscles of the

diaphragm leads to flattening of inelastic, dome
shaped central part of the diaphragm.

3. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle. It may range upto 110 Ao in diameter and 1.5
(M-09, M-11) micron in length.
A striated muscle is composed of many fibres The second set of thin filaments ( 50 Ao
arranged in bundles. diameter) overlap the long filaments in A band.
The diameter of each fibre varies from 10 to The second set of filaments extend partly in I
100 microns. band and partly in A band.
Thelength of fibres ranges from 1 to 20mm. These filaments are formed of a substance
called Actin.
Each fibre is surrounded by a membrane, called
the sarcolemma. Myosin, actin, tropomyosin and troponin are
the four major proteins which constitute the
Each muscle fibres is made up of 4 to 20 contractile machinery of muscle fibre.
thread-like structures called myofibrils.
The energy for muscle action is provided by
They are parallel to each other. ATP molecules.
The myofibrils are 1 to 3 micron in diameter.
In between the myofibrils, the sarcoplasm is

present.
A small segment of the myofibril is called as

the sarcomere.
Structure of sarcomere :
When a sarcomere is observed under a

microscope, we could see alternative dense ( A
band ) and light bands ( I band).
The central region of the A band is often less

dense and is known as the H Zone.
The I band is bisected by a dense narrow line,

the Z line. Thus each sarcomere includes
repeating units between two Z lines in linear
order as Z line, I band, A band, I band and next Z
line.
Electron microscopic studies have shown that

the striations are due to the regular arrangement
of 2 types of protein filaments.
A band contains a set of thick filaments

formed of the contractile protein myosin.

4.What is myocardial infarction? Write its people with diabetes mellitus or those with
causes, symptoms and risk factors elevated blood pressure.
(M-06, M-13)
Myocardial infarction is a coronary artery
Risk factors of myocardial infarction :
disease which involves sudden death of part of
the heart muscle due to blockage in the coronary
1. Habitual cigarette smokers have a substantially
artery.
increased risk of dying from myocardial
infarction.
It may cause severe unremitting chest pain.
2. High blood pressure is a major risk factor and
Causes of myocardial infarction : the risk increases with higher pressure.
The coronary arteries that supply the heart 3. The risk of atherosclerosis and coronary
muscle with fresh oxygenated blood become artery disease increases dramatically in those
narrowed. who are more than 30 percent overweight.
This narrowing is usually due to an 4. A raised blood cholesterol level increases the
accumulation of droplets of fatty substances, like risk. A high fat diet is also a factor.
cholesterol.
5. Physical inactivity is also a major factor.
The fibrous cover of the fat deposit
sometimes rupture, triggering the formation of a
blood clot.
If this blood clot blocks the artery, blood flow

to an area of the heart muscle stops, causing
myocardial infarction and leads to death of
tissue.
Symptoms of myocardial infarction :
(1) Severe heavy crushing pain may spread up to

the neck and in to the arms especially the left
arm.
(2) Sweating
(3) Shortness of breath
(4) Nausea and vomiting
(5) Anxiety sometimes accompanied by fear of

dying. About one in five people experience no
chest pain in myocardial infarction. However,
there may be fainting, sweating and pale skin.
This pattern of symptom is known as silent
infarction. This type of infarction is common in

Vitamin B2 :
5. Essay on Vitamin deficiency ailments
(S-12) Loss of appetite and other gastro-intestinal
Vitamin A symptoms, soreness and burning of lips, mouth
and tongue.
1. Atrophy of lacrymal glands of the eye and Fissures appear at edges of the mouth.
reduction in tear secretion
Vitamin Niacin :
2. Corneal epithilium becomes red and dry
(xerosis). It may also become wrinkled and
Its deficiency leads to pellagra.
Keratinised (xeropthalmia). Appearance of Bitots
spot in the cornea might happen.
The principal symptoms of pellagra include
mental changes, (dementia) dermatitis and
3. Cornea may get necrosed and get infected
stomatitis.
(keratomalacia).
The tongue becomes smooth, red and painful.
4. May cause night blindness (nyctalopia).
Vitamin B6: (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin D :-
In human pyridoxine deficiency causes
Defective calcification of bone, deficiency of
dermatitis around eyes, nose and behind the ears.
vitamin-D,
Fissures appear above the lips and angles of

It causes rickets in growing children and
the mouth.
osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin B12 :-
Vitamin E :-
Its deficiency causes pernicious anaemia,
Rare in human, sterility in experimental
typical sore tongue and several neurological
animals.
problems related to the spinal cord.
Vitamin K :-
Vitamin C :-
Lack of vitamin K leads to defect in blood
Its deficiency in the body leads to scurvy, a
coagulation.
diseses charaterised by bleeding gums, loosening
and falling out of teeth and intra muscular
In humans, vitamins K deficiency leads to
haemorrages.
haemorrhagic manifestations.
In the absence of this vitamin the collagen and

Vitamin B1:- connective tissue proteins are not synthesised
properly.
Gross deficiency of vitamins B1, leads to a
condition known as beri beri.
Beriberi affects nervous and cardiovascular

systems.
In children and infants the onset is acute.

6. Composition of Blood
(J-12)
The blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood cells or formed elements
It consists of liquid plasma and cells. There are three types of blood cells or
corpuscles. They are
The plasma makes up 55% of the total volume
and 45% of cells or formed elements. 1. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes
2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Leucocytes
The total blood volume in human female is 3. Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes
about 4-5 litres and 5-6 litres in males.
Plasma :- 1. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes
The blood plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid. It These are circular, biconcave and non-
is straw coloured. Composition of plasma nucleated cells.
Components Functions
Males have about 5.2 million erythrocytes per
1. Water - as a slovent and suspending medium cubic millimeter of blood (range : 4.2-5.8 million).
for blood components.
Females have about 4.5 million/mm3 (range
2. Plasma proteins- 3.6-5.2 million).
Albumin - Osmotic pressure.
Globulins - Antibody formation Each disc shaped RBC is about 7.5 m in
Fibrinogen - Blood clotting. diameter.
3. Ions - Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl 2 , Fe, PO 4 , H and Their main component is a pigmented protein,
HCO 3 for Osmosis, acid-base balance, buffer haemoglobin.
etc.,
It gives red colour to the blood. The
4. Nutrients Glucose, amino acids, haemoglobin transports O2.
triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamins. - source of
energy, building blocks enzyme activity. The oxygenated form of haemoglobin is called
oxyhaemoglobin.
5. Waste products
Urea, uric acid - excreted by the kidneys. Erythrocytes stay in circulation for about 120
Creatinine, ammonia Bilirubin - breakdown days in males and 110 days in females.
product of erythrocytes
Lactic acid - product of anaerobic They are manufactured in the marrow of bones
respiration. such as ribs and vertebrae.
6. Gases They disintegrate in the spleen and liver.

Oxygen - for aerobic respiration
CO2 - waste product of respiration
Nitrogen - inert gas.
7. Regulating substances Hormones and Enzymes

- body functions

2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Lymphocytes, called B-cells can produce
Leucocytes proteins called antibodies that can get attached
to the bacteria and destroy them.
These are clear cells lacking haemoglobin. They
are nucleated cells exhibiting amoeboid T-cells protect us against viruses by attacking
movement. and destroying cells in which viruses are
reproducing.
They protect the body against invading micro-
organisms and remove dead cells from the body.
e). Monocytes (1-4%)
There are five types of leucocytes.
These are largest leucocytes.
a). Neutrophils
They destroy bacteria, dead cells and cell
These are the most common type of leucocytes fragments.
(60-70%) in the blood.
During chronic infection their number
Their nuclei can occur in more than one form. increases.
Hence they are called polymorphonuclear

neutrophils (PMN).
b). Eosinophils (0.5-3.0%)
They are motile cells that leave the circulation

to enter the tissues during an inflammatory
reaction.
During allergy reaction their number increases.
c). Basophils (0.1%) 3. Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes
They play a role in allergic and inflammatory These are minute fragments of cells that play
reaction. a very important role in coagulation of blood.
They contain heparin which inhibits blood Their life expectancy is 5-9 days.
clotting.
d). Lymphocytes (20-30%)
These are smallest leucocytes.
They are more common in lymphatic tissues

namely the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and
thymus.

7. What is meant by dental carries? Write its Treatment :
cause,symptoms and root canal treatment.
(S-10) Treatment consists of the drilling away the
area of decay and filling the cavity with either
dental amalgam (a mercury alloy) or cement (a
composite resin that matches the colour of the
tooth).
In cases of advanced decay, it may be

necessary to remove the infected pulp (the
Tooth decay is the gradual erosion of enamel
central, living part of a tooth) and replace it with
(the protective covering of the tooth) and
a filling or to extract the tooth.
dentine (the substance below the enamel).
Root Canal Treatment
Plaque formation is the main cause of tooth
decay.
It is a modern dental procedure to save a
tooth in which the pulp (the living tissue within a
The most common sites of initial decay are
tooth) has died or become untreatably diseased,
areas where plaque easily becomes trapped, such
usually as a result of extensive dental caries.
as the grinding surfaces of the back teeth (which
have minute grooves in them), the lateral (side)
Steps involved in Root Canal Treatment
edges of adjacent teeth, and near the gum line.
Plaque consists of food remains, salivary mucus
(1) A hole is drilled into the crown to remove all
by-products, and the bacteria that live in the
material from the pulp chamber. The root canals
mouth.
are then cleaned with fine-tipped instruments.
The procedure is usually monitored by X-rays.
The bacteria feed mainly on the fermentable
carbohydrates (simple sugars and starches) in
(2) The cavity is washed out, and antibiotic paste
food, and in breaking them down, create an acid
and a temporary filling are packed into it. Some
that gradually destroys enamel, forming a cavity.
days later, the filling is removed and the canals
are checked for sterlity.
If the process is not checked, the dentine gets
eroded.
(3) When no infection can be detected, the cavity
is filled with a sealing paste and/or tapering solid
The cavity gets enlarged enabling the bacteria
point made of gutta - percha resin mixed with
to invade the pulp at the centre of the tooth and
zinc and bismuth oxides. The mouth of cavity is
causes infection.
then sealed with cement.
Symptoms :
Early decay does not usually cause any

symptoms.
The chief symptom of advanced decay is tooth

ache, which may be aggravated by eating very
sweet, hot or cold food.
Decay may also cause bad breath.

8. Essay on Vitamins 2. Maintenance of body tissues :
(S-09)
Vitamins are complex organic compounds, whose The epithelial tissues of the body are
presence in trace amount in the food is essential maintained by vitamin A and B2.
for growth and other physiological activities.
The growth of bones is ensured by vitamin D.
Vitamins do not have any energy value. However Vitamin E plays a role in the rejuvenation of
they are essential for controlling energy yielding tissues.
processes.
Nourishment to nerve cells is provided by
The identified vitamins are classified as vitamin B1.
A,B,C,D,E and K.
The process of maturation of erythrocytes is
Of these, vitamin B and C are water soluble in due to vitamin B12.
nature.
3. Metabolic processes :
Vegetables and fruits containing these vitamins
if washed in water as cut pieces would loose them
The process of calcium and phosphorus
easily.
metabolism happens due to the presence of
vitamin D.
Vitamin A,D,E and K, if consumed beyond
required level may cause defects, commonly
Vitamin E remains an antioxidant.
referred to as vitaminosis.
Vitamin B1 remains as a co-enzyme in tissue

Of the various vitamins, vitamin D or calciferol
metabolism and it is found useful in the process
on exposure to sunlight can be synthesised by our
of oxidation of glucose in CNS.
body through the lipid compound called
ergosterol, found below our skin.
Vitamin B2 is essential for carbohydrate
metabolism.
Hence it is known as sunshine vitamin. The
most important functions of vitamins include.
Niacin (vitamin B) plays a role as a co-enzyme
and is essential for oxidation-reduction reactions.
1. Physiological processes :
Normal metabolism of amino acids and fat are
Vitamin A plays a very important role in visual
due to vitamin B6.
perception.
Biotin (vitamin B) serves as a co-enzyme and co-
Vitamin E might ensure fertility in animals.
factor in oxidative metabolism.
The clotting of blood is aided by vitamin K.

Vitamin C activates certain intra-cellular
enzymes.
Vitamin C provides immunity against infections
and it may also support processes of growth.

9. Explain the process of pulmonary respiration (iv) Distribution
with the help of diagram. Distribution of oxygen by various arteries
(J-09)
and their capillary network to all cells of the
body.
As the blood passes through tissue

capillaries, it gives up oxygen (and nutrients
such as glucose) to the body, tissues and
picks up the waste products of cellular
respiration (Carbon-dioxide and water).
(v) Exchange
Exchange of the oxygen and carbon-di-

oxide between the blood and body cells.
With in body cells glucose and oxygen take

part in a complex series of reactions which
provide energy to power the cells.
During this cellular repiration glucose is

converted to carbon-di-oxide and water.
(Enzymatic oxidation).
(vi) Transporting
Respiration includes several processes which Transporting blood with carbon-di-oxide.
are listed below Carbon-di-oxide is carried back in the
(i) Ventilation blood to the heart then to the lungs where it
diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out
Ventilation is the breathing in of air with
of the body (External respiration).
more oxygen into the lungs (inspiration).
It is followed by expulsion of air with more
(vii) Exchanging
of carbon-di-oxide (expiration).
Exchanging of carbon-di-oxide with oxygen
(ii) Diffusion
at the alveolar surface.
(ii). Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into

(viii) Expiration
the blood inside
surrounding capillaries.
Expiration of air with carbon-di-oxide from
the lungs.
(iii) Transport
(iii). Transport of oxygen by the blood to the

heart through the pulmonary vein.

10.Define bone fracture and explain the
different types of bone fracture? 3. Open fracture (Compound fracture ) :-
(M-08)
Fracture is defined as a break or crack in
the bone.
Trauma or injury to the bones of human

body is getting increased with the
development of industry and transportation.
Trauma is the biggest killer and maimer of

human beings all over the world.
Hippocrates in the 14th century B.C.

described the treatment of fractures and
injuries to limbs.
In India, the treatment of fractures to

limbs is still carried out by traditional In this type, the fracture haematoma
bonesetters. communicates with the outside through an
open wound.
Modern methods of treatments are It is a serious injury through which
available. They are more scientific and
appropriate. infectious germs may enter into the body.
Types of fractures : 4. Pathological fracture :-
1.Green stick fracture : - This type of fracture occurs, due to

pathological lesions after a trivial violence in
This fracture occurs in the young bones of a weak bone.
children.
It may be due to hyperparathyroidism.
This fracture break is incomplete leaving
one side of the cortex intact. 5. Stress fracture :-
2. Closed fracture :- It is a fracture occurring at a site in the

bone, due to repeated minor stresses over a
A closed fracture is the one where the long period of time.
haematoma (blood clot)does not communicate
with the outside. 6. Birth fracture :-
It is a fracture occuring in the newborn

babies due to injury during delivery.

11.Enumerate the events involved in the 12. Describe the origin and conduction of
function of the human heart. heartbeat and cardiac cycle?
(M-08) (M-10)
Origin and conduction of heart beat
(J-06, J-07, J-11)
Heart is a pumping organ. It receives blood

from different parts of the body through the
veins that open through inferior and superior
vena cavae and pulmonary veins.
While the right atrium receives deoxygenated

blood, the left atrium receives the oxygenated
blood from the lungs.
During pumping action of heart, the heart
When the wall of the atria contract the right muscles cause rhythmic contraction and
and left atria pump the blood into the right and relaxation of the heart chambers in a specific
left ventricles respectively. sequence.
The rhythmic, sequential functioning of the
A pulmonary trunk arising from the right
ventricle takes away the blood to the lungs for cardiac chamber is maintained by
oxygenation. 1. sino-atrial node (SA node),
2. atrio-ventricular node (AV node),
The left ventricle gives rise to an aorta, from 3. bundle of His
which oxygneated blood is supplied to the 4. Purkinje fibres.
coronary arteries and the systemic circulation of
The SA node situated in the upper, lateral wall
the body.
of the right atrium is a small, flattened strip of
The blood flow between the right atrium and muscle fibre that is 1.5cm x 3mm in size.
the right ventricle is regulated by the tricuspid The fibres of the SA node are closely
valve. associated with the muscles of auricles.
SA node is capable of generating action
The bicuspid or mitral valve regulates the flow potential that can travel throughout the auricles.
on the left chambers of the heart.
The velocity of conduction is 0.3m/sec.
The excitation from the SA node stimulates
In the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, back
flow of blood is prevented by a set of semilunar the AV node.
valves. The AV node in turn conducts the stimulus to
bundle of His and Purkinje fibres.
These myocardial fibres are found all over the
wall of the ventricles.

In the conduction of stimulus through the AV It causes contraction of the ventricular wall.
node and the fibrous system there is a delay in
transmission. Thus ventricular pressure results.
The very strong ventricular pressure pumps the

Cardiac cycle blood into respective arteries by causing the
semilunar valves to open.
The sequential events occuring from the
initiation of one heartbeat to the commencement Ventricular diastole :
of the next is called as one cardiac cycle.
Soon after the blood leaves the ventricles
In this cycle, the contraction phase is called
there is a fall in the ventricular pressure.
systole.
The semilunar valves close and the atrial valves
The relaxation phase is the diastole.
open to begin the next cycle.
A single heart beat comprises a systole and

diastole in both atria and ventricles.
Atrial systole :
There is a continuous flow of blood into the

right atrium through superior and inferior vena
cava and coronary sinus.
Simultaneously the left atrium receives blood

from 4 plulmonary veins.
There is a passive movement of nearly 70% of

the blood.
The remaining 30% is pumped into the

ventricles by atrial contraction.
Ventricular filling :
When the valves in between atria and ventricles

open nearly two-third of the ventricle is filled.
Remaining space gets filled up by atrial

contraction.
Ventricular systole :
As the atrial systole ends, the action potential

generated by the SA node reaches the AV node
and rest of the fibrous system.

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HIGHER SECONDARY - SECOND YEAR

3. Give a detailed account of ECG and PQRST

10. What are the categories of fish farming?

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8. Essay on Vitamins 8.Explain the structure and functions of thyroid

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UNIT 5. Advantages of wind power :

Energy crisis is due to the increase in population (b) Geothermal Energy

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2.Explain the management of hazardous Surface impoundments are simple excavated

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3. Give an account on poverty . shortages of food, clean water, materials for

Poverty and Environmental issues

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4. Discuss Ozone - a natural sun

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5. Write an essay on freshwater c) Dams, Reservoirs, Canals and

and underground pipes.

However, there are several ways to increase local

hold back water before it becomes a great flood.

storage in the aquifer is called rain water

reverse osmosis (forcing water under pressure

Although desalination is still three to four

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i) Saving water -an individuals role

Dont wash car and two wheelers often

The use of washing machines, dish washers and

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the earths temperature, which in turn causes house effect.

by about 10F. In the environment, greenhouse gases occur (i)

This will cause dramatic changes such as rise in dioxide.

decay of organic matter such as plants.

The trapping of energy from the sun by certain plants by photosynthesis.

earths temperature is known as Green house water.

effect. But humans by their activities increase the

gases. Such activities include burning of fossil fuels,

trap. At the same time due to deforestation, the

radiated by earth. dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly

K.K.DEVADOSS M.Sc.,M.A.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,M.B.A, PGT in Zoology, www.kalvisolai.com - Page - 10 -

faster than that at which earths natural Effects of Global warming :-

Today atmospheric carbon-dioxide 2. Seasons will be longer in some areas.

dioxide. 4. Storms are expected to be more frequent and

atmosphere has more than doubled.

carbon-dioxide. burning fossil fuels and ploughing

for global warming. stress.

Eventhough the gas is rare, it traps more

effectively than all other greenhouse gases.

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7. Give an account on importance of

Biodiversity is fast becoming the fundamental a. International Conservation Strategies

Consequences of Losing Biodiversity b. National Conservation Strategies

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8. Write an essay on non hazardous solid

3.Reuse and recycling techniques : For the treatment of sewage, primary

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Metals can be melted and refabricated (39%

Food wastes and yard wastes (leaves, grass

Textiles can be shredded and used to

Old tyres can be remelted or shredded and

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