Telecomunicaciones - MANUAL de INGLÉS - Nivel 2

INGLS-ESPAOL
T CNICAS DE T RADUCC IN
IES 9-008 Manuel Belgrano
TELECOMUNICACIONES
MARA ISABEL MELI
MENDOZA ARGENTINA
IES 9-008 Manuel Belgrano
MARA ISABEL MELI
Prof/Lic/Tr adPubl M.140
ENGLISH-SPANISH
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES HANDBOOK
Telecommunications
Level 2
Mendoza Argentina
2016
Language is the most massive and inclusive art we know,
a mountainous and anonymous work of unconscious generations.
EDWARD SAPIR
LANGUAGE (1921)
Este Manual de Ejercitacin es un aporte a la Ctedra de INGLS del

INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIN SUPERIOR 9-008 MANUEL BELGRANO.
Tiene un enfoque abierto al conocimiento, lo que permite el agregado de
los trabajos especializados de otros profesores que deseen colaborar con
esta iniciativa, para seguir desarrollando la educacin de nuestros
jvenes dentro de esta prestigiosa institucin, el MANUEL BELGRANO.
Este Manual no habra sido posible sin las formadoras enseanzas de

mis profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo en el terreno de la
traduccin Estela Lafi, Mara Susana Chambouleyron, Vctor Castel,
Mara Nieves Riartes de Romero. Tambin valoro las importantes
contribuciones de los profesores Leal Rffolo y Luis Martn (UTN Regional
Mendoza), a quienes conoc a travs de sus escritos.
Dedico un recuerdo muy especial a nuestras por siempre admiradas Mrs.

Dobson y Mrs. Rankin, cuya tica educativa marc un modelo en la
enseanza del ingls como lengua extranjera.
Mara Isabel Meli

Profesora de Lengua y Literatura Inglesa para Enseanza Media y Superior
Licenciada en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa para Enseanza Media y Superior
Traductora Pblica Mat. 140
Obra del pintor mendocino Fernando Hocevar
Mendoza, Argentina
2016
ii
La piedra de Rosetta
Primer texto bilinge conocido.
La piedra de Rosetta es parte de una antigua estela egipcia (especie

de lpida) con texto grabado que provey la clave para el entendimiento
moderno de los jeroglficos egipcios. La inscripcin registra un decreto
que fue expedido en Menfis en el ao 196 antes de Cristo, en favor del rey
Ptolomeo V. En el decreto aparecen tres textos: El Superior consta de 14
renglones escritos en antiguos jeroglficos egipcios, el texto medio consta
de 32 renglones en egipcio demtico y el texto inferior consta de 53
renglones en griego antiguo. Sus dimensiones son: 112,3 cm de alto
(mximo), 75,7 cm de ancho, 28,4 cm de grosor, y pesa 756 kg.
Originalmente expuesta dentro de un templo, la estela fue

probablemente movida durante el cristianismo primitivo o el perodo
medieval, para luego ser usada como material de construccin de un
fuerte en el pueblo de el-Rashid (Rosetta) en el delta del Nilo. Fue
redescubierta en 1799 por un soldado de la expedicin francesa a Egipto.
Como el primer texto bilinge conocido, la piedra Rosetta despert amplio
inters pblico por su potencial para descifrar el idioma egipcio antiguo
que hasta entonces no haba sido traducido. Copias litogrficas y moldes
en yeso empezaron a circular entre los museos europeos y estudiosos.
Mientras tanto tropas britnicas derrotaban a los franceses en Egipto en
1801, y la piedra original cay en posesin britnica bajo la Capitulacin
de Alejandra. Transportada a Londres, ha sido exhibida pblicamente en
el Museo Britnico desde 1802. Es el objeto ms visitado en el museo
britnico.
iii
iv
LEVEL 2
TRANSLATION
ASSIGNMENTS
Trabajos Prcticos
1-70
Asignatura: ................................................... Carrera: ..................................................... Ao: .. Sede: ................. Alumno: .....
Profesor de la asignatura: ................................................................................................. Colaboracin: Prof. Mara Isabel Meli Fecha: .................
ASSIGNMENT 1 Ver Apndice: GLOSARIO.
OBSERVAR Y TRADUCIR
o Qu palabras puede traducir a simple vista?
SATELLITE TELEVISION RADIO INTERNET NETWORKING TELEMETRY TELEPHONY

Antenna
AC Alligator :// 802.11 Alarm ACD
Alignment
Access Addons or Ambient
Availability AM AAA ADSL
Channel Add-ons Temperature
Ambient Blogs and Analogue (UK) Alternative
Azimuth Analog Access Point
sound Blogging Analog (US) Carriers
Band Automated Data Analogue
Cannon Announcer Browser Bluetooth
Switching Collection Lines
Cloud Computing
Auto
Beacon Carrier Call letters and Software-as- Bridge Battery
Attendant
a-Service (SaaS)
BSS CATV Cans Domain Name Channel BPL Bandwidth
Data Cable and Call
C/I Digital Clutter Download
Transmission Connectors Forwarding
Clarke Belt DSL Commercials E-commerce dBm Calibration Carrier
DBS Equalization Contest pig Email Edit Detection Range Channel
Earth-Space
Flare Credits Gateway Ethernet Digital CLI
Link
EBU Gaffer Crossfade HTML Hotspots GSM DDI
FSS Grip DeeJay (DJ) http IP address GSM Telemetry DECT
Gain
Impedance Feedback https LAN HAN DSL
(antenna)
Network Hydrostatic Level
HPA Master FM Internet Hosted
Adapter Sensor
Network
LHC(P) Multiplexer Headphones IP Address Address Hysteresis IP Telephony
Translation
On Demand IP/VoIP
MCPC Pan Jingle ISP IN4MA
Audio Gateway
Keywords and
Noise Figure Pot Level RADIUS Internet of Things ISDN
Tags/Labels
Malware Receive
Outage RF MIKE Log Interval IVR
Sensitivity
Pay-Per- Multicasting/
Sibilance P2P Router M2M PBX (or PABX)
View Multiplexing
Shaped On the Service Set
Synthesizer Phishing Macrocell Pots vs. Pans
Beam beach Identifier
Signal-to-Noise
SMATV VTR Podcast Plugins Microcell PSTN
Ratio
Wi-Fi Protected Network
Telemetry Wide Shot Queue Protocol QoS
Access Operation Centre
Thermal Wi-Fi Protected
Zoom ratio Streaming Router Nominal Flow SIP Trunking
Noise Access 2
Wireless
Stream Social
Distribution Pulse Smartphone
Jockey Engineering
System
Wireless Unified
Texting/Chatting Radio Telemetry
Ethernet Bridge Messaging
Wireless LAN
URL SCADA /skay-dah/ Voicemail
Repeater
Wired
World Wide Web Equivalent Telematics VoIP /vip/
Privacy
Wireless
XML VPN
Telemetry
T e l e c o m |-3-
ASSIGNMENT 2
OBSERVAR Y TRADUCIR
o Qu palabras puede traducir a simple vista?

o Qu funciones tienen las diferentes terminaciones de las palabras?
Cloud Telephony Features List
Active Call Reporting

After Hours Greetings
Alerts Management
Analog Terminal Adapter (FXS) Support
Auto-dialer Support
Automatic Call Distribution (ACD)
Automatic Redial
Black List/White List Calling
Block Surcharge Calls
Bridge Call Appearance
Bulk Dialer Feature
Call Blocking
Call Custom Routing
Call Forwarding
Call Handing Rules
Call History- Real-time
Call Queue Destination Statistics
Call Queue
Call Queue-Supervisor Barge In
Call Queue-Supervisor Silent Monitoring
Caller ID Block
Caller ID Routing
Click to Call API
CNAM Support
Conference Bridge Auto Invite
Conference Bridge Dial In
Conference Bridge Listen Only
Custom Menu Options
Custom Messages on Hold
Dial-By-Name Directory
Direct Inward Dial (DID) Numbers
Direct Transfer to Voicemail
Distinctive Ring (Alternative Numbers)
Distinctive Ring (Internal vs. External)
Do Not Disturb
Enhanced 411
http://totelvoip.com/services-and-features/
-4-| T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 3
TELECOM VOCABULARY
o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES (cognados) en el texto. Verifique con su diccionario.
N. = Noun (sustantivo) V. = Verb (verbo)
Carrier N. A company which provides telephone service.
N. When several companies in an industry sell the same

Competition product or service resulting in lower prices and better
customer support.
N. The act of taking a government-controlled industry and

Deregulation opening it up to private companies for the purpose of
introducing competition.
Fee N. A charge for a professional service.
V. To make the electrical connections required for a

To hook up
machine or information service.
V. 1) To put in or add a piece of equipment or hardware.

To install
2) To add (new software or hardware) to a computer.
N. When one company (or the government) has control

Monopoly
over an industry and does not allow competition.
To place a call V. To make a telephone call.
N. The industry or technology of sending and receiving

messages by electronic means. It refers to all types of
voice, data and video transmission. This is a broad term
Telecommunications that includes a wide range of information transmitting
technologies such as telephones (wired and wireless),
microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio
and television broadcasting, the Internet and telemetry.
T e l e c o m |-5-
ASSIGNMENT 4 Apndice: Cognados. Falsos Cognados.
1- COGNADOS INGLS-ESPAOL (ENGLISH-SPANISH COGNATES)

Los cognados son palabras que tienen la misma raz y la misma etimologa (origen y
evolucin). Son palabras que existen en dos idiomas, que se escriben igual o casi igual,
y que tienen el mismo significado. Descienden de una misma raz ancestral.
Ejemplos:
A
accident - accidente adoption - adopcin appetite - apetito
accidental - accidental African - africano area - rea
accompany (to) - acompaar agent - agente arithmetic - aritmtica
acrobatic - acrobtico(a) air - aire artist - artista
active - activo (a) alarm - alarma association - asociacin
activities - actividades allergic - alrgico (a) astronomer - astrnomo
admire (to) - admirar anaconda - anaconda atmosphere - atmsfera
adult - adulto animal - animal attention - atencin
adventure - aventura announce (to) - anunciar August - agosto
adopt (to) - adoptar appear (to) - aparecer autograph - autgrafo
2- COGNADOS FALSOS (FALSE FRIENDS)

Un cognado falso es una palabra que, debido a similitudes fortuitas de apariencia
y significado, parece guardar parentesco con otra palabra de un idioma diferente, pero
que en realidad no comparte su mismo origen etimolgico (no son
verdaderos cognados).
Ingls Significado en Espaol Espaol Significado en Ingls
ACTUAL REAL, VERDADERO ACTUAL CURRENT

TO ASSIST AYUDAR ASISTIR TO ATTEND, TO BE PRESENT
SENSIBLE SENSATO SENSIBLE SENSITIVE
DISGUST ASCO, REPUGNANCIA DISGUSTO DISPLEASURE, MISFORTUNE
TO RECORD ANOTAR, GRABAR RECORDAR TO REMEMBER
ROPE CUERDA ROPA CLOTHING
BIZARRE EXTRAO, ESTRAFALARIO BIZARRO BRAVE
CARPET ALFOMBRA CARPETA FOLDER
TO VACUUM ASPIRAR VACUNAR TO VACCINATE
CONSTIPATED ESTREIDO CONSTIPADO HAVING A COLD
EMBARRASSED AVERGONZADO EMBARAZADA PREGNANT
EXIT SALIDA XITO SUCCESS
o TRADUCIR AL CASTELLANO. DETERMINAR SI SON COGNADOS O COGNADOS FALSOS.

carpeta / carpet ......................................................................................................
contestar / contest ..................................................................................................
varios / various .......................................................................................................
chocar / choke .........................................................................................................
-6-| T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 5
Telecom Technicians
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom
technicians, set up and maintain devices or equipment that carry communications
signals, connect to telephone lines, or access the Internet.
Telephone, computer, and cable telecommunications systems rely on equipment to
process and transmit vast amounts of data. Telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers install and service this equipment.
www.vocationary.com/career-profile/telecommunications-equipment-
installer-or-repairer-except-line-installer
Observacin
o Hay un ttulo? Hay prrafos? Cuntos?
o Cuntas oraciones hay en cada prrafo?
o Hay comas, punto y comas?
o Hay palabras entre parntesis, guiones o barras?
o Hay maysculas, smbolos o siglas/acrnimos?
Identificacin
o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES.

Usted sabe si significan lo mismo en ambos idiomas?
o Hay terminaciones de palabras que orientan con respecto a su funcin y significado.

Usted identifica algunas de estas terminaciones?
o Haga un detalle del patrn de comas, punto y coma, dos puntos, guiones, puntos, etc. que
contenga este texto. Incluya tambin las palabras and/or. Ejemplo:
----------------------------------------------------------------------. -------------------------------------
------------; ---------, ---------, ------ and/or --------.
Primer prrafo:
Segundo prrafo:
o La estructura de puntuacin que usted acaba de marcar permite identificar enumeraciones

(unin de elementos equivalentes), una secuencia de acciones, clusulas adjetivas
explicativas, aposicin, etc.
o Identifique la estructura Sujeto + Verbo + Predicado.

Subraye los verbos que funcionen como ncleo del predicado.
o Intente dar una traduccin. Busque en el diccionario las palabras que no conozca.
T e l e c o m |-7-
ASSIGNMENT 6
TELECOM VOCABULARY
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Standard land-line, twisted-pair copper wire, dial-up telephone service provided to homes
and business for basic communications, without features such as call waiting, call
forwarding, caller ID, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), etc. From the telephone
companys point of presence (POP) up to the telephone exchange it is an analog service
(with a bandwidth of 56-64 kilobits per second or kbps) and very high speed (usually
fiber-optic) lines between exchanges and networks.
www.businessdictionary.com/definition/plain-old-telephone-service-POTS.html
Observar
o Hay un ttulo? Hay prrafos? Cuntos?
o Cuntas oraciones hay en cada prrafo?
o Hay comas, punto y comas?
o Hay palabras entre parntesis? Hay guiones o barras?
o Hay maysculas, smbolos o siglas/acrnimos?
Identificar
o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES.

Usted sabe si significan lo mismo en ambos idiomas?
Subrayar o resaltar
o Las palabras unidas por un guin.
o Las palabras terminadas en -ING, -S, 'S.
Traducir
o Este trabajo prctico reaparece ms adelante como Prctico Nro. 19.
Resuelva los prcticos 7-18 para despus poder resolver el 19.
o Traduzca al espaol los nombres de los signos de puntuacin.
PUNCTUATION MARKS SIGNOS DE PUNTUACIN
: colon , comma
- hyphen ? questions mark
______ underline . full stop
( ) brackets ! exclamation mark
apostrophe ; semi-colon
... ellipsis / slash (forward slash)
[ ] square brackets --- dash
" ' double or single quotation marks / inverted commas
-8-| T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 7 Ver: Material de Referencia 6.

RECONOCIMIENTO DE CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES.
Traducir: This chapter will give you a real understanding of what "digital" means.
Significado
Vocabulario Categora/s gramatical/es elegido
1 this this1 = (adj.) este, esta.

this2 = (pron.) ste, sta, esto
this3 = (adv.) tan
2 chapter chapter1 = (n.) captulo.
chapter2 = (n.) seccin.
chapter3 = (n.) etapa, perodo, captulo.
chapter4 = (n.) cabildo (cuerpo eclesistico)
3 will will + Verbo1 = (v. aux.) Verbo en Futuro.
will2 = (n.) voluntad, deseo.
will3 = (n.) testamento.
4 give give1 = (v.) dar, ofrecer, conceder, proporcionar,
emitir, aparecer, mencionar, incluir. [Verbo irregular:
pasado gave, participio given]
give2 = (v.) ceder. [Verbo irregular: pasado gave, participio
given]
5 you you = (pron.) t, usted, vosotros, ustedes, a ti, a

usted, a vosotros, a ustedes.
6 a an (a) = (art. indef.) un, una
7 real real = (adj.) real, autntico.
8 understanding understand = (v.) comprender, entender. [Verbo
irregular: pasado y participio understood]

understanding1 = (n.) conocimiento, comprensin,
versin.
understanding2 = (n.) acuerdo, entendimiento.
understanding4 = (adj.) comprensivo.
9 of of = (prep.) de.
10 what what1 = (pron.) qu, cul.
what2 = (pron.) lo que.
11 digital digital = (adj.) digital.
12 means means: (n.) medio/s, recursos, ingresos.

mean [meaner -comp., meanest -sup.]1 = (adj.)
mezquino, miserable, ruin, bajo.
mean2 = (n.) media.
mean3 = (v.) significar, implicar, suponer, acarrear,
dar lugar a. [Verbo irregular: pasado y participio meant]
mean4= (v.) querer decir. [Verbo irregular: pas. y part. meant]
mean5= (v.) estar hecho para, tener la intencin
de. [Verbo irregular: pasado y participio meant]
T e l e c o m |-9-
CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES
1- DETERMINAR A QU CATEGORA GRAMATICAL PERTENECEN ESTOS GRUPOS DE PALABRAS:
a, an, my, some, the, this, these, those, each, two

and, but, or, so, nor
if, because, although, unless, in order that
at, in, on, under, behind, of, over, with, after, out
be, drive, grow, sing, think, win, speak
big, foolish, happy, talented, tidy, new
telemetry, transponder, David, sun, London
happily, recently, soon, then, here, there, fast
he, we, they, she, one, I, you
Oops! Oh no! Hey! Ouch! My gosh! Yahoo!
1 Pronombres
2 Verbos
3 Sustantivos
4 Adjetivos
Determinativos
5 Adjetivos
6 Adverbios
7 Preposiciones
Coordinantes
8 Conjunciones
Subordinantes
9 Interjecciones
2- CLASIFICACIN DE LAS CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES: CLASES ABIERTAS Y CERRADAS
Categoras Gramaticales
Clases Abiertas Clases Cerradas
Sustantivos
Conjunciones
Adjetivos Preposiciones
Pronombres
Verbos Interjecciones
Determinativos
Adverbios
- 10 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 9 Ver: Material de Referencia 3, 4 y 5.
PRE Y POST MODIFICACIN EN LAS FRASES NOMINALES
Elementos de la frase nominal
Pre-modificacin Ncleo Post-modificacin
technicians
the technicians
the young technicians
all the young technicians
all the energetic young technicians in the company
all the energetic young technicians in the company who work on the project
1- FRASES NOMINALES CON PRE Y POST MODIFICACIN.

TRADUCIR AL CASTELLANO. SUBRAYAR EL NCLEO.
1. The voice (ncleo)

2. The operators voice
3. Multiplexers, switches and routers
4. Satellite communications
5. Communication services
6. A public telephone
7. The digital circuits
8. The present technicians
9. Public coin telephone service

.
10. Current voiceband modem standards
.
11. An overview of satellite communications
.
12. Telecom Circuits from the Phone Company's Point of View
.
13. The rate of growth of the telecommunications industry
.
14. The best person available for the post
.
15. A solid understanding of the key concepts of IP packets and LAN frames
.
T e l e c o m | - 11 -
FRASES NOMINALES
1- USO DEL GUIN EN LA FRASE NOMINAL
two footstools vs. two-foot stools
"a small appliance industry": a small industry producing appliances

"a small-appliance industry": an industry producing small appliances
o The long-distance call

o Satellite-Based Services
o Bandwidth-on-demand services
o Point-to-Point Circuits
o Two-way Communications
o You'll need a two-metre run of cable.
o An in-depth overview of high-capacity or "broadband" technologies: DSL and Cable

modems, and the age-old question: which is faster?

o The technician is thirty years old. Hes a thirty-year-old technician.

2- LOS VERBOIDES EN LA FRASE NOMINAL

Verboides: Infinitivo (presidir) - gerundio (presidiendo)
participio presente (presidente) - participio pasado (presidido).
Formacin del gerundio: work / working, write / writing, swim / swimming,
lie / lying, travel / travelling (Br) / traveling (Am).
Infinitivo To steal is dishonest.
Gerundio The thieves are stealing his car! (gerundio)

Participio Presente A stealing disorder is dangerous. (participio presente)
Participio Pasado It was a stolen bike.
1- VERBOIDES CON FUNCIN SUSTANTIVA

o Cyclic Redundancy Checking
o Negotiation and Handshaking
o Coding, Framing and Error Control
2- VERBOIDES CON FUNCIN ADJETIVA

o Extended ASCII
o The stolen copper wires
o The provided circuits
o Unloaded circuits
o Local measured service
o The billing plan
o Factors limiting the process
- 12 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 11 Ver: Material de Referencia 1 y 5.
ANALIZAR LA COMPOSICIN DE ESTAS FRASES NOMINALES

The installation - The cable The company - Its outstanding products
Mikes installation The companys outstanding products
Mikes cable installation The LCDs manufacturer
The fiber optic cables jacket (LCD: Liquid Crystal Display)
The fiber optic cables length
The applications wavelengths
The key The resistance - The wire

The key element The varying resistance of the wire
The key element in the installation
The basic elements of the fiber optic communication system
The best transmission medium/media The twisted pair

A technical tip The broken cable
An ordinary copper wire The contracted electrician
A new mobile device The insulated copper wire
This four-part Telecom guide The chosen tower installation location
A tall dark handsome technician

A basic voice telephone conversation
A beautiful long hot summer weekday
A basic system - A communication system

A basic communication system
Our office
Our installation
Our personnel
Our installation office personnel
The control
The long-distance circuits
The control of all the long-distance circuits
The control of all the long-distance circuits that belonged to AT&T
The equipment
A piece of equipment (to show singular, just a unit)
The business
A couple of businesses
The news
A piece of news
T e l e c o m | - 13 -
1- IDENTIFICAR EL NCLEO Y SUS PRE / POST MODIFICADORES
an easy task the new material the same controls
a file cabinet a file-cabinet drawer other additional hardware
a function key your graphics program a reusable storage device
data base valid mathematical expressions Random Access Memory
a document window of any kind every step of the problem
software instructions from a disk to RAM mistakes in any language
the files for normal everyday use only two choices with this type of system
the development of all the resources necessary for the various divisions of a corporation
2- DETERMINAR SI LAS PALABRAS RESALTADAS A CONTINUACIN SON SUSTANTIVOS O NO.

DETERMINAR SI LAS SIGUIENTES SON FRASES NOMINALES U ORACIONES.
Data transfers between the various input and output devices.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Most computer operating systems provide a default MTU value that is suitable
for most users. (MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
- 14 - | T e l e c o m
1- TRADUCIR ESTAS VARIANTES VERBALES EN VOZ ACTIVA.

1- CUL ES EL INFINITIVO (O FORMA BASE) DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE CADA GRUPO?
2- EN QU LETRAS TERMINAN ESOS INFINITIVOS? ESCRIBIRLAS AC. ch - _______________________
3- DE QU TIEMPO VERBAL SE TRATA EL PUNTO a? __________________________________________
Nick takes photos.
a) The technician watches the telephone line. INFINITIVO: watch

doesnt watch
does watch
carries his tools. INFINITIVO: ________

doesnt carry
does carry
fixes the problem. INFINITIVO: ________

doesnt fix
does fix
does his best. INFINITIVO: ________

doesnt do
does do
goes to the meeting. INFINITIVO: ________

doesnt go
does go
misses his previous job. INFINITIVO: ________

doesnt miss
does miss
2- EXTRAER LOS VERBOS SUBRAYADOS A CONTINUACIN. DAR SU INFINITIVO EN INGLS.

A computer is an electronic device that executes the instructions in a program. A computer
has four functions:
a. accepts data Input
b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
Storage
The Information Processing Cycle
d. stores results
3ra. Persona singular

Infinitivo
Presente Simple
1 It executes EXECUTE
2 It has HAVE
3 It accepts ACCEPT
4
5
6
T e l e c o m | - 15 -
ASSIGNMENT 14 Ver: Material de Referencia 1, 3, 5 y 12.

Apndice: Verbos. Cognados. Cognados Falsos.
What is a Computer?
Line
A computer is an electronic device that executes the instructions 1
in a program. A computer has four functions. First, it accepts 2
data. Then, it processes data. After that, it produces an output. 3
Finally, it stores results. 4
1- IDENTIFICAR Y EXTRAER:
o Encuentre PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES (cognados) en el texto. Verifique con su

diccionario. Clasifquelas segn categoras gramaticales.
computer: computadora. (sustantivo)
o Marque con un crculo las palabras A, AN, THE, SOME y cualquier NMERO.
Observe qu categora de palabras aparecen a continuacin de estos adjetivos
determinativos. Escriba las frases nominales integradas por esas palabras.
A computer .
AN electronic device

o Qu significa THE en espaol? Busque en su diccionario bilinge.

the:
o Qu indican First, Then, After that, Finally? Finalidad, comparacin, ordenamiento?
o Traduzca y observe la terminacin de Finally. Cmo se denomina la terminacin -ly?

Finally:
- 16 - | T e l e c o m

1- IDENTIFICAR LAS PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES (COGNADOS)

2-TRADUCIR ESTAS VARIANTES VERBALES EN VOZ ACTIVA.
A) CUL ES EL INFINITIVO (O FORMA BASE) DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE CADA GRUPO?
Nick can take photos.
a) The technician can describe the network. INFINITIVO: describe

cant describe
describes
does not describe
will describe
will not (wont) describe
b) The company can develop a protocol. INFINITIVO: ________

cant develop
develops
does not develop
will develop
will not (wont) develop
c) The transmission can carry data. INFINITIVO: ________

cant carry
carries *
doesnt carry
will carry
will not (wont) carry
d) The kid can play with the cell phone. INFINITIVO: ________
cant play
plays *
doesnt play
will play
will not (wont) play
B) OBSERVAR Y SACAR UNA CONCLUSIN.

Observe las terminaciones de carries* y plays*.
3- TRADUCIR.
Cul es la funcin de DOES/DO en estas oraciones? Coincide con las oraciones de arriba?
I DON'T SEE VERY MUCH OF MY OLD FRIENDS NOW, BUT I DO STILL EMAIL THEM.
SIMILARLY PRICED MOTHERBOARDS ARE VERY SIMILAR IN PERFORMANCE. THEY DO
HOWEVER DIFFER IN COLOR SCHEME.
T e l e c o m | - 17 -

What is the Cloud?

The Cloud is a bunch of servers that talk to each other and to all your smart devices.
These servers can retrieve your information super fast from anywhere in the world.
You can communicate from anywhere from any device in the Cloud.
http://totelvoip.com/about-totel/
RESOLVER
1) Subraye PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES (cognados) en el texto. Bsquelas en su diccionario.

Verifique si lo que aparentan significar y la versin del diccionario coinciden.

2) Marque con un crculo las palabras: A, AN, THE y THESE.

Tambin marque con un crculo las palabras: EACH, ALL, YOUR, OUR y ANY.
Estas palabras anticipan la presencia de verbos o sustantivos?
3) Marque con un tringulo todas las terminaciones de palabras que lleven S.

Determine si estn en plural.
4) Identifique y escriba aqu las FRASES NOMINALES que encuentre.

5) Pluralice y traduzca estas cinco frases. Cul es el significado de THE?
Ingls SINGULAR PLURAL Espaol SINGULAR PLURAL

The cloud
The server
The device
The inspector
The news The pieces of
news
- 18 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
What is the Cloud?

The Cloud is a bunch of servers that talk to each other and to all your smart devices.
These servers can retrieve your information super fast from anywhere in the world.
You can communicate from anywhere from any device in the Cloud.
http://totelvoip.com/about-totel/
RESOLVER
1) Marque con un rectngulo las palabras IS y CAN. Observe qu funcin cumplen

en estas oraciones. Busque el significado en su diccionario bilinge.

2) En qu MODO y TIEMPO VERBAL est el verbo can en ingls?

Conjugue CAN en ingls y en espaol, a continuacin.
Ingls Espaol
CAN MODO: ___________________ MODO: ____________________
(infinitivo) TIEMPO:__________________ TIEMPO: ___________________
I can Yo puedo
__________ You T / Vos / Usted
..
(significado) .. ...
You .......... Vosotros / Ustedes ..........
.. can .. pueden
3) Traduzca al espaol las siguientes variantes semnticas de IS.
He is Tom. He is here. He is early. He is to go. It is $20. She is 19.
. . . . . .
4) Conjugue el TIEMPO VERBAL correspondiente a IS en ingls.

Ingls
MODO: ___________
_________ TIEMPO:__________
(infinitivo)
_________ I .
_________ you .
_________ ...... is
_________ ... .
_________ .
_________ .
(significados)
5) Busque THAT en su diccionario. Anote sus significados. Qu significa THAT en este texto?

T e l e c o m | - 19 -
TELECOM VOCABULARY
An assembly of one or more insulated conductors, or optical fibers,

Cable
or a combination of both, within an enveloping jacket.
1. In communications, the frequency spectrum between two

defined limits.
Band 2. A set of frequencies authorized for use in a geographical area
defined for common carriers for purposes of communications
system management.
E&M In telephony, an arrangement that uses separate leads, called the

Signaling E lead and M lead, for signaling and supervisory purposes.
www.tiaonline.org/resources/telecom-glossary
1- OBSERVAR Y DEDUCIR
a) Marque con un crculo las palabras: A, AN y THE y cualquier NMERO.

Qu anticipan estas palabras?
b) Qu significan las palabras: IN - OF - WITHIN - BETWEEN - FOR?
A qu categora de palabras pertenecen?
c) Qu significan las palabras: AND - OR?
A qu categora de palabras pertenece?
Para qu se usan?
d) Identifique y escriba aqu las FRASES NOMINALES que encuentre.
2- COMPARAR: BETW EEN AMONG

Competition between two telecommunications providers.
Competition among telecommunications providers.
It is important to know the principles of communication within a computer system and
among computers.
- 20 - | T e l e c o m
TELECOM VOCABULARY
1- IDENTIFICAR Y SUBRAYAR VERBOS Y FRASES NOMINALES.
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Standard land-line, twisted-pair copper wire, dial-up telephone service provided to homes
and business for basic communications, without features such as call waiting, call forwarding,
caller ID, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), etc. From the telephone companys point
of presence (POP) up to the telephone exchange it is an analog service (with a bandwidth of
56-64 kilobits per second or kbps) and very high speed (usually fiber-optic)
lines between exchanges and networks.
www.businessdictionary.com/definition/plain-old-telephone-service-POTS.html
TRADUCIR
Ttulo: ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
T e l e c o m | - 21 -

Apndice: Verbos.
TELECOM VOCABULARY
THE FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
For gigabits and beyond gigabits transmission of data, the
fiber optic communication is the ideal choice. The fiber
optics transmission involves transmission of signals in the
form of light from one point to the other.
Fiber Optic Cable
GAP LOSS
The power loss that occurs when an optical signal is transferred from one fiber to another that is
axially aligned with it, but longitudinally separated from it.
Note: The gap allows light from the transmitting
fiber to spread out as it leaves the fiber end face.
When it strikes the receiving fiber, some of the
light will enter the cladding, where it is quickly lost.
www.tiaonline.org/resources/telecom-glossary
1- OBSERVAR. TRADUCIR.
a) Traducir las palabras resaltadas, a partir del contexto, si fuera posible.
Luego hacer bsqueda en el diccionario. Indique su categora gramatical.
b) Qu tienen en comn las siguientes palabras? Indique su categora gramatical.

AXIALLY .
LONGITUDINALLY .
QUICKLY .
2- CONJUGAR
a) En qu MODO y TIEMPO VERBAL est el verbo allows en ingls?
Conjugue ALLOW en ingls y en espaol, a continuacin.
Ingls Espaol
TO ALLOW MODO: ___________________ MODO: ____________________
(infinitivo) TIEMPO:__________________ TIEMPO: ___________________
I allow Yo permito
__________ You T/Vos/Usted
..
(significado) .. ...
You .......... Vosotros/Ustedes ..........
.. allow .. permiten
- 22 - | T e l e c o m
TELECOM VOCABULARY
GAP LOSS
The power loss that occurs when an optical signal is transferred from one fiber to another that is
axially aligned with it, but longitudinally separated from it.
Note: The gap allows light from the transmitting fiber to spread out as it leaves the fiber end
face. When it strikes the receiving fiber, some of the light will enter the cladding, where it is
quickly lost.
a) Busque las palabras TRANSMITTING, RECEIVING y CLADDING en su diccionario.

Es posible encontrarlas?
Qu palabras las anteceden? Qu palabras siguen a continuacin?
Escriba las frases nominales de las cuales forman parte, a continuacin. Traduzca.

b) Ahora busque las siguientes palabras en su diccionario. Es posible encontrarlas?
Escriba todos los ingresos y significados que encuentre.
OCCURS
LEAVES
STRIKES
SPREAD OUT
WILL ENTER
c) Cmo traduce la siguiente oracin?

En qu MODO y TIEMPO VERBAL est el verbo to spread out en ingls y en espaol?
THE GAP ALLOWS LIGHT FROM THE TRANSMITTING FIBER TO SPREAD OUT.
d) Qu observa usted en la composicin de las siguientes palabras?

Cules terminaciones o SUFIJOS indican INFLEXIN?
Cules terminaciones o SUFIJOS indican DERIVACIN?
Puede haber SUFIJO de inflexin y de derivacin en una misma palabra?
o optical
o occurs
o leaves
o strikes
o cladding
o transmitting
o receiving
o transferred
o aligned
o separated
o lost
o axially
o longitudinally
o quickly
T e l e c o m | - 23 -
ASSIGNMENT 22 Ver: Material de Referencia 1, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES
A. Traducir las Siguientes Oraciones.
INDIQUE LA CATEGORA GRAMATICAL DE LAS PALABRAS SUBRAYADAS.
1. A light flashes when the machine is operating.
2. It gets light very early these summer mornings.
3. Even a light element can damage the surface.
4. The indicator lights when it is operating.
CATEGORA GRAMATICAL:
1)___________ 2)___________ 3)___________ 4)___________
5. The road branches at the bottom of the hill.
6. They cut several branches from the tree last weekend.
7. The company opened several branches in different cities.
8. He is a branch manager.
CATEGORA GRAMATICAL:
5)___________ 6)___________ 7)___________ 8)___________
- 24 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 23
TRADUCIR LAS VARIANTES VERBALES CON TO BE.
1) The technician is about to take a new job.

was about to take
may be about to take
must be about to take
2) The technician is late/early/on time/delayed/punctual.

was
will be
may be
may not be
might be
must be
mustnt be
could be
should not be
is not to be
3) The technician is wrong/right/accurate.

was
will be
may be
may not be
must be
mustnt be
4) The technician is 2 metres tall.

was
may be
must be
5) The technician is 30 years old.

was
may be
must be
6) The technician is cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/angry/happy/sad

was
may be
must be
7) The technician is not to smoke in this room.

is not to be back late.
is to catch the train in 30 minutes.
is to arrive soon.
is to receive a pay rise in September.
8) The laptop is $23,000.
T e l e c o m | - 25 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- TRADUCIR LAS VARIANTES VERBALES EN VOZ ACTIVA.

2- CUL ES EL INFINITIVO (O FORMA BASE) DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE CADA GRUPO?
Nick could take a photo.
a) The technician could take an update course. INFINITIVO: take

couldnt take
was able to take
wasnt able to take
took
did not take
did take
would take *
wouldnt take *
used to take
b) The technician could develop his skills. INFINITIVO: ________

couldnt develop
developed
didnt develop
did develop
would develop *
wouldnt develop *
c) The boy is playing in virtual worlds. INFINITIVO: ________

isnt playing
was playing
wasnt playing
played
didnt play
did play
has played
hasnt played
had played
hadnt played
is going to play
isnt going to play
was going to play
wasnt going to play
used to play
* would/nt + Infinitivo: Condicional Simple, o tambin accin repetida con insistencia en el pasado.
- 26 - | T e l e c o m
TO BE
VARIANTES VERBALES
1- UNIR CON UNA FLECHA EL SUJETO CON LA FORMA CORRECTA DEL VERBO Y TRADUCIR.
were
was
He will be a good installer.
is Es un buen instalador.
are
is going to be
are
was
were
They is working hard.
will
arent
2- TRADUCIR PONIENDO ESPECIAL ATENCIN EN LOS DISTINTOS SIGNIFICADOS

DEL VERBO BE.
a lot of money. La computadora cuesta mucho dinero.

about to start. ..
The computer is there. ..
to start at 08:00. ..
twenty inches long. ..
wrong. ..
cold. ..
He isnt thirty years old. ..
processing data. ..
late. ..
T e l e c o m | - 27 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- TRADUCIR VARIANTES VERBALES EN VOZ ACTIVA.
He/She
is an efficient technician.
isnt
_______________________________________
has good practical skills.
doesnt have
_______________________________________
has two new job opportunities.
doesnt have any job opportunity right now.
_______________________________________
has uploaded his resume/Curriculum Vitae/ onto the Internet.
hasnt uploaded
_______________________________________
must remember that safety comes first.
mustnt forget
_______________________________________
has a fiber optic installation for next week.
doesnt have
_______________________________________
likes having his/her photo taken.
doesnt like
_______________________________________
has to know how to interface with the multiple server systems.
doesnt have to know
_______________________________________
2- COMPLETAR EL SIGUIENTE PARADIGMA VERBAL

USAR LAS FORMAS CORRESPONDIENTES A LAS 3RAS.PERSONAS DEL SINGULAR: HE SHE - IT
PRESENTE SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO SIGNIFICADO GERUNDIO
3RA. PERSONA SINGULAR SIMPLE PASADO
SER - ESTAR
(To) be TENER (FRO) - COSTAR
is isnt been being
(To) have HABER has-hasnt had had
Can PODER can-cant ______ ______
(To) upload uploaded
(To) have TENER has-doesnt have had having
has to
(To) have to TENER QUE had to
doesnt have to
Must DEBER must-mustnt ______ ______ ______
RECORDAR remembered
TOMAR-LLEVAR took taking
(To) like likes-doesnt like liked
- 28 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 27
VERBOS MODALES.
1- TRADUCIR.
The IT technician must be 40 years old, I think. INFINITIVO: be
must have encryption knowledge. INFINITIVO: have

has to have
had to have
ought to have
should have
may be self-employed. INFINITIVO: _______

might have to work long hours. INFINITIVO: _______
can overcome a tech addiction. INFINITIVO: _______

could overcome a tech addiction.
2- SUBRAYAR EL VERBO MODAL (O DEFECTIVO). TRADUCIR.
1. There must be a new program.

2. There should be more reference tables.

3. There can be a data collecting system.

4. The character can be changed into a 12-bit word.

5. The information must be transmitted to the computer.

6. These columns should be numbered from left to right.

7. The solution may be found in Chapter 7.

8. As an analyst, you may find this type of problems.

9. They can buy and install networks.

10. They must house computers in dry places.

11. He could do the calculations.

12. An error might damage the main storage.

T e l e c o m | - 29 -
ASSIGNMENT 28
1- VERBOS MODALES.
EQUIVALENTES DE VERBOS MODALES EN OTROS TIEMPOS.
Pasado Simple Presente Perfecto Futuro Simple
Can - was/were able to. Can - have/has been able to. Can - will be able to.
May - Was/were allowed to. May - have/as been allowed to. May - will be allowed to.
Must - had to. Must - have had to. Must - will have to.
2- COMPLETAR CON EL PRESENTE, PASADO O FUTURO. TRADUCIR.
........
She had to make a powerpoint presentation on networking devices. (Pasado)
........
can work it out. (Presente)

The CEOs ........
........
........
The employees ........
will be allowed to request flexible working hours . (Futuro)
3- MUST USADO COMO SUSTANTIVO
o What is a must-have for me? My laptop, of course.

..
o A solid computer repair tool kit is a must-have for any tech.

..
o Being a proficient computer user (or computer literate) is a must nowadays.

..
..
o Fire-resistant-rated walls are a must-have for the room to be classified as an IT

equipment room.
..
..
o The Louvre is a must for visitors to Paris.

..
- 30 - | T e l e c o m
Verbo de Existencia: THERE BE (haber)

(Existential THERE or Introductory THERE)
A- OBSERVAR Y SACAR UNA CONCLUSIN

1- CON QU INTENCIN EL HABLANTE O EL ESCRITOR USARA LAS OPCIONES B?
A B
1 (+) There is a tester in the bag. (-) There is no tester in the bag.
(-) There isnt a tester in the bag.
(+) There can be a tester there. (-) There can be no tester there.
2
(-) There cant be a tester there.
3 (+) There will be a tester there. (-) There will be no testers there.
(-) There wont be a tester there.
(+) There are two testers

4 (-) There arent two testers in the office. (-) There are no testers in the office.
(-) There arent any testers
B- TRADUCIR
1. There are analog communication systems and digital communication systems.

2. There is a company on the second floor. ..
3. There will be a Japanese visitor next month. ........
4. There are five mice in that box. Open it. ......
5. There isnt an integrated electric equipment manufacturing company in this city.

o There is a significant drawback. ..........

o There is no such a significant drawback. ........
o There can be a long process. ......

o There can be no such a long process. ......
o Take it easy. There is no hurry. ......
Telecoms is a national business. There isn't a European

market. There's no Telecom Italia in France.
- Xavier Niel
OBSERVAR:
a. There was a large fountain in the garden. (There en posicin inicial. Uso habitual.)
b. In the garden (there) was a large fountain.
(Frase adverbial en posicin inicial, se puede omitir there. Uso literario.)
T e l e c o m | - 31 -
THERE BE
(HABER, EN SENTIDO DE EXISTENCIA)
1- TRADUZCA LAS VARIANTES VERBALES A MEDIDA QUE LAS COMPRENDA
There is _________________ There has been _______________

There are _________________ There have been _______________
There was _________________ There had been _______________
There were _________________ There will have been _______________
There will be _________________ There would have been_______________
There would be_________________
There is going to be _________________ There can be ______________

There are going to be _________________ There may be ______________
There was going to be _________________ There could be______________
There were going to be _______________ There might be______________
There must be ______________
There has to be _______________ There should be _____________

There doesnt have to be _____________ There shouldnt be ___________
There have to be _______________ There ought to be ____________
There dont have to be _______________ There ought not to be _________
There had to be _______________ There needs to be ____________
There didnt have to be _______________ There doesnt need to be
___________________________
There used to be ______________
There didnt use to be
_____________________________
There can have been _______________ If there is ________________

There may have been _______________ If there are ________________
There could have been _______________ If there was ________________
There might have been _______________ If there were ________________
There must have been _______________ If there has been _______________
There should have been_______________ If there might be _______________
There ought to have been _____________ If there should be ______________
Should there be _______________
- 32 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 31
THERE BE + VERBOS MODALES
In 1970, there was a single telephone

company in the United States called AT&T,
and its technology was called circuit
switching, and that was all any telecom
engineer worried about. - Vinton Cerf
The technician knows that there is always room for creative solutions.
there will always be
there has always been
there may always be
there should always be
there must always be
there always has to be
There is better staff education.
There should be
There can be more reference tables.
There could be
There may be a reform soon.
There might be
There must be regulations.
There have to be
T e l e c o m | - 33 -
ASSIGNMENT 32
THERE BE + VERBOS MODALES
1- TRADUCIR
There can be many elements that go into making a good website.
There can no longer be any doubt on this point.
There could be nothing after this.
There should be more transparency in comparing the offers of different

telecoms providers
There should not be any distracting noises when people are at work.
There must be a clear recognition of operating costs.
I think there mustnt be any files left in that cabinet.
There ought to be a picture of Tim Berners-Lee somewhere.
There ought to have been a uniform tower strategy for all telecoms firms.
There appears to be a problem with the payment method you are trying to use.
In the telecom research community,

there seems to be little interest for information theory, as based on
the valid perception that there is nothing new to worry about.
From: Classical and Quantum Information Theory. An Introduction for the Telecom Scientist. 2009.
There could no longer be any doubt about the essential platform for the Wired
World: It was going to be the Internet. By 1996, 36 million people were using the
Web regularly, more than double the total from one year before.
From: Idea Man: A Memoir by the Co-founder of Microsoft. Paul Allen. 2011.
Paul Allen
- 34 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
VOZ PASIVA
RECONOCIMIENTO DE CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES
Traducir: Windows 10 can be used on different kinds of personal computers.
Significado
Vocabulario Categora/s gramatical/es + significado/s elegido
1 window window = (n.) ventana, pantalla, apertura.
2 can can1 = (n.) lata.

can2 = (v.) poder. [Verbo irregular: pasado could]
can3 = (v.) enlatar.
3 be be = (v.) ser, estar, existir. [Verbo irregular: presente is/are,
pasado was/were, participio been]
4 use use1 = (n.) uso, utilizacin, empleo.

use2 = (n.) costumbre.
Use3 = (v.) sese.
use4 = (v.) usar, utilizar.
5 on on1= (prep.) en, sobre

on2 = (adv.) encendido.
on3 = (adv.) sin parar
6 different different = (adj.) diferente, diverso, distinto.
7 kind kind [kinder -comp., kindest -sup.]1 = (adj.) amable,

atento, bueno, carioso, tierno.
kind2 = (n.) tipo, clase, especie.
8 of of = (prep.) de.
9 personal personal = (adj.) personal, de persona, privado.
10 computer computer = (n.) ordenador, computadora
T e l e c o m | - 35 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- TRADUCIR LAS VARIANTES VERBALES EN VOZ PASIVA.

2- CUL ES EL INFINITIVO PASIVO (O FORMA BASE) DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL DE CADA GRUPO?
a) Screenshots can be taken easily. INFINITIVO PASIVO: be taken
cant be taken
couldnt be taken
are taken
Nick can take photos.
arent taken
are being taken
arent being taken
were taken
werent taken
were being taken
werent being taken
Photos can be taken. (by Nick.)
will be taken
wont be taken
have been taken
havent been taken
had been taken
hadnt been taken
have to be taken
dont have to be taken
had to be taken
didnt have to be taken
would be taken
wouldnt be taken
used to be taken
b) Computers can be assembled in this lab. INFINITIVO PASIVO: ________

cant be assembled
could be assembled
couldnt be assembled
are assembled
arent assembled
are being assembled
arent being assembled
were assembled
werent assembled
have been assembled
havent been assembled
would be assembled
wouldnt be assembled
used to be assembled
- 36 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
VOZ PASIVA
PASSIVE VOICE
1- LEER LOS SIGUIENTES EJEMPLOS. INDICAR LA MEJOR TRADUCCIN.

1. A present is given to me
a) Un regalo es dado a m. b) Me es dado un regalo. c) Me dan un regalo.
2. I am called Peter
a) Yo soy llamado Peter. b) Me llaman Peter. c) Se llama Peter.
3. Dogs are not allowed

a) Los perros no son permitidos. b) No se permiten perros.
4. I was given a book

a) Yo era dada un libro. b) Me dieron un libro. c) Me fue dado un libro.
5. He has been seen in London

a) El ha sido visto en Londres. b) Se le ha visto en Londres. c) Lo han visto en
Londres.
2- VOZ PASIVA IMPERSONAL CON SE
TRADUCCIN LITERAL TRADUCCIN CON SE
English is spoken. Ingls es hablado. SE habla ingls.

American food can be eaten here.
The program has been run.
The next image will be shown.
The project is being developed.
3- PASAR A VOZ PASIVA (TURN TO PASSIVE VOICE). TRADUCIR.
1. People speak English here.

English is spoken here. / Se habla ingles.
2. You can eat American food here.

American food can be eaten here. / Se puede comer comida norteamericana aqu.
3. The Egyptians never used the pyramids for human sacrifice.

4. The operators sent messages from one radio station to another.

T e l e c o m | - 37 -

Apndice: Verbos.
VOZ PASIVA
PASSIVE VOICE
1- PASAR A VOZ ACTIVA (TURN TO ACTIVE VOICE)
1- The formula has been applied to calculate the resistance.
They have applied the formula to calculate the resistance.
2- Machines are adapted to different uses.

3- The operators are given the results.

2- PASAR A VOZ PASIVA (TURN TO PASSIVE VOICE)
1- We must write instructions on cards.

Instructions must be written on cards.
2- The supervisor has just controlled the machines.

3- Students are using laptops in universities.

4- Somebody built this bridge last year.
This bridge was built last year.
5- Somebody has invited you to lunch tomorrow.

6- People mustnt take these books away.
These books mustnt be taken away.
7- They had given my co-worker a ticket for the match.

8- They will take the manager to hospital tomorrow.

3- TRADUCIR
BT TELECOM TOWER, LONDON.
A FAMOUS LONDON LANDMARK FROM THE COLD WAR DAYS OF THE 1960S.
The British Telecom Communication Tower in London's West End was the first purpose-built
tower to transmit high frequency radio waves, and it serves as a functional telecommunications
centre designed to relay broadcast, Internet and telephone information around the world. It was
built to cater for the UKs growing telecommunications requirements.
..
..
..
..
- 38 - | T e l e c o m
VOZ PASIVA IMPERSONAL CON SE

1- TRADUCIR
TRADUCCIN LITERAL TRADUCCIN CON SE
A circuit is created.
Information was transmitted.
A service may be provided.
A program has been run.
2- TRADUCIR
is stored
An operating system was stored on disk.
will be stored
are transformed
Instructions written in a high-level language have been transformed into machine code.
must be transformed
3- SUBRAYAR VOZ PASIVA. TRADUCIR.
1. The character can be changed into a 12-bit word.

2. The information must be transmitted to the computer.

3. These columns should be numbered from left to right.

4. The solution may be found in Chapter 7.

5. When a document arrives in the mail room, the envelope is opened by a machine.

6. Two systems are described to show how similar problems use different approaches to
a solution.
.
.
7. Heat-sealing provides a strong bond between two materials, usually plastic, and can
be used to assemble products, like corrugated cardboard boxes or pallet sleeves.
..
..
8. New revenue is needed and it is needed fast.
...
T e l e c o m | - 39 -
VOZ PASIVA CON COMPLEMENTO AGENTE
Great things in business are never done by one person.

Theyre done by a team of people. - Steve Jobs
TRADUCCIN LITERAL Y TRADUCCIN COMUNICATIVA

This list is maintained by the Administrator.
Traduccin Literal: Esta lista es mantenida por el administrador.
Traduccin Comunicativa: Esta lista la mantiene el administrador.
It must be kept away from light.

Literal: Debe ser mantenido lejos de la luz.
Comunicativa: (Cualquiera de estas alternativas a continuacin es posible)
a) Debe mantenerse lejos de la luz.
b) Se debe mantener lejos de la luz.
c) Mantngase alejado de la luz.
1- SUBRAYAR VOZ PASIVA. TRADUCIR.

1- The first digital computer was built by the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.

2- In the star configuration, all processing and control functions are performed by the central
computer.

3- Windows was developed by Microsoft.
4- Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergui Brin while they were Ph.D. students at
Stanford University, California. They met in 1995. After considering calling their site "The
Whatbox," inspiration was found in the word googol (the term for a number with one hundred
zeros). With a slight change in spelling, Google.comwhich Page deemed easy to type and
memorablewas born in 1997.

- 40 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
1- ELEGIR LA FORMA ADECUADA PARA FORMAR VOZ PASIVA. COMPLETAR. TRADUCIR.
1. The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and
output devices ................................................................................. the control unit.
( is calling was called is called called )
2. Microsoft .............................................................................. by Bill Gates in 1975.

( will be founded has been founded was founded is founded )
3. C language ............................................................................ in the 1970s.

( be developed was developed should be developed developed )
4. During that period, enormous advances ...............................................in computer

technology. ( was made were made will be made are being made )
2- DAR LA VOZ PASIVA DE LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES.

TRADUCIR CON SE CUANDO NO EST EL AGENTE DE LA ACCIN.
1. We find silicon chips in many products. (VA)

Encontramos chips de silicio en muchos productos. (VA)
Silicon chips are found in many products. (VP)

Se encuentran chips de silicio en muchos productos. (VP)
2. Computers are creating new jobs.

..
New jobs are being created by computers.
..
3. Computers are rapidly changing the world we live in.
..

..
4. Computers are making old jobs unnecessary.
..

..
5. Doctors and scientists use computers.
..

..
T e l e c o m | - 41 -

Apndice: Verbos.
VOZ PASIVA IMPERSONAL CON SE

1- COMPARAR INGLS Y ESPAOL
It is assumed Se supone
It is said Se dice
It is known Se sabe
It is supposed Se supone
It is considered Se considera
It is reported Se informa
It is thought Se piensa
It is decided Se decide
2- COMPLETAR EL CUADRO
PASIVA EN PRESENTE PASIVA EN PASADO PASIVA EN FUTURO
It is said Se dice It was said . Se dir
It is known Se sabe Se supo It will be known
3- OTRA FORMA DE VOZ PASIVA

a) He is said to be rich. Se dice que es rico.
b) He is believed to be dead. Se cree que est muerto.
4- IDENTIFICAR Y SUBRAYAR VOZ ACTIVA Y VOZ PASIVA

1- People believe that the best laptops are made in California. (VA)
It is believed that the best laptops s are made in California. (VP)
The best laptops are believed to be made in California. (VP)
2- BCE, Canadas largest communications company today

announced that it will acquire Manitoba Telecom Services. (VA)
It was announced that BCE would acquire Manitoba Telecom Services. (VP)
3- The police reported that there was a bomb on the plane.

It was reported that there was a bomb on the plane.
A bomb on the plane was reported by the police.
4- My boss offered me an important promotion.

An important promotion was offered to me.
I was offered an important promotion.
5- Weve already established that the telecom department is not very well understood,
particularly voice. Its also obvious that telecom managers dont get the recognition that they
deserve for keeping this critical infrastructure running. Since phones always work, it is
assumed that its no trouble to keep them going. Everybody has a phone at home, and one on
their desk. Every time you pick it up, it works!
6- Parity A term used in binary communication

systems to indicate whether a number of 1s in a
transmission is even or odd. If the number of 1s is
even, the parity is said to be even; if the number of
1s is odd, the parity is said to be odd.
- 42 - | T e l e c o m

TRADUCIR
RECEIVING AND INSPECTING FIBER OPTIC CABLE

Following is a list of recommendations for the handling and installation of fiber optic
communications cable. These same general procedures can also be followed when
installing coaxial or twisted pair cable. Reels of optical fiber cables are shipped on their
rolling edges not stacked flat on their sides.
Let your cable manufacturer or distributor customer service representative know of any
special packaging or delivery requirements (no shipping dock available, call before
delivery, etc.). Put this information in the specifications so that contractors will be aware
of these requirements.
Make certain that personnel with test equipment are available. When the shipment arrives,
make sure the cable types and quantities match the bill of lading.
Inspect every reel and pallet of material for damage as it is unloaded. Suspect cable
should be set aside for a more detailed inspection before the shipping documents are
signed.
Optical fiber cable reels are typically very heavy and, therefore, they must be
loaded and unloaded using a crane, special lift truck or forklift.
Optical fiber cable reels are always stored on the rolling edge
Notify the general contractor and the manufacturer/distributor that there are damaged
cable reels before signing for the cable. Follow-up the telephone call with a written notice
via e-mail or fax.
Receipt of the cable does not imply acceptance!

You may be pressured (by the distributor) to accept the cable by being told that
you will have to wait 18 months for new cable.
Remind the person applying the pressure that they won't get paid until the order is
complete.
Some additional points to consider:
Reels of optical fiber cables are shipped on their rolling edges not stacked flat on
their sides. Make sure you note the orientation and condition of the reel in your
inspection.
If any cable damage is visible or suspected and if it is decided to accept the
shipment, note the damage and the reel number on ALL copies of the bill of lading.
If the damage is too extensive to accept the shipment, advise the carrier's driver
that the shipment is being refused because of the damage. Immediately notify the
cable manufacturer/distributor, Customer Service Department so that
arrangements can be made for a replacement shipment.
Cable performance test results taken at point of manufacture and reel loading are
provided with each reel. Compare them to your own tests using the methods
outlined in the cable testing section.
All reels are marked with an arrow indicating the direction in which the reel must be rolled
Manufacturers test the cable for continuity at the factory once it has been loaded onto the
reel. This is your assurance that there are no breaks in any of the fiber (or copper) strands
that make up the cable. The results are published and added to tags on the cable reel and
to the paperwork that accompanies each cable reel. Do not accept any cable reels that
lack the testing documentation.
Telecommunications Handbook for Transportation Professionals: The Basics of Telecommunications. 2004.

http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/telecomm_handbook/telecomm_handbook.pdf
T e l e c o m | - 43 -
ASSIGNMENT 42 Ver: Apndice: Cognados. Cognados Falsos.
AMIGOS FALSOS
(FALSE FRIENDS)
1- HAY UN COGNADO FALSO EN CADA UNA DE LAS ORACIONES SIGUIENTES. CUL ES?
CUL ES LA VERSIN CORRECTA?
1. English is an easy idiom to learn.
2. It was a tramp. They were waiting for him so he couldn't escape.
3. When you make a sauce, remove it slowly.
4. She couldn't go to the party as she already had a prior compromise.
5. It was good notice. Sheila had twins.
6. They went to the bar for a vase of wine.
7. The film was a great exit. It won 8 Oscars.
8. He put the papers inside the carpet.
9. They have a reunion every morning at 10 am.
10. There is a fault in each of the sentences.
An swe rs to E xe rci se 1 :
1 id iom /language 2 tramp /se t up 3 remo ve /sti r 4 co mp rom i se /comm i tmen t 5 good no ti ce /good new s
6 va se /g la ss 7 e xi t/su cce ss 8 ca rpe t/fi le 9 reun ion /mee ting 10 fau l t/mi sta ke
- 44 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 43
ANTICIPATORY IT - SUBJUNTIVO
1- TOME LA SIGUIENTE ORACIN DE REFERENCIA PARA TRADUCIR LAS RESTANTES:
When giving a presentation its important + (for us) + to be + accurate, informative

and complete.
Al hacer una exposicin, es importante ser preciso, informativo y completo.
Al hacer una exposicin, es importante que sea precisa, informativa y completa.
Al hacer una exposicin, es importante que seamos precisos, informativos y completos.
Cmo traduce usted lo siguiente? Observe sus elementos constitutivos.
accurate, informative and

Its important to be
complete.
It's impossible for us to do this project in 24 hours.
It's important to take a break twice a day.
It's possible for you to work on your own project.
It's exciting for us to be here.
Its difficult to find the answer.
Esta funcin del pronombre IT se denomina en ingls ANTICIPATORY IT.
2- LAS MISMAS IDEAS SE PUEDEN EXPRESAR DE ESTA OTRA MANERA:
Being acurate, informative and complete is important.
3- COMPLETE EL SIGUIENTE CUADRO, EN BASE A ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS DEL CUADRO 1.
Doing this project is important for us.
Taking a break twice a day is important.
Working
is exciting
the answer
T e l e c o m | - 45 -

Apndice: Verbos.
TIEMPOS VERBALES CON ING
1- EXPLICAR ESTE PARADIGMA VERBAL Y SU SIGNIFICADO EN ESPAOL.
RA
3RA PERSONA SING
INFINITIVO SIGNIFICADO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO GERUNDIO*
PRESENTE SIMPLE
(to) process procesar processes processed processed processing*

(to) run correr runs ran run running*
2- OBSERVAR Y TRADUCIR
He is processing data right now.
He likes processing digital photos.
Processing statistics data comes first.
The operator is running the program.
He wants to do a course on processing digital photos.
.
My boss doesnt like your calling me at the office at any time.
.
Your boss resented your leaving early.
.
I need some more help in translating English into Spanish.
.
3- COMPLETAR ESTOS TTULOS
CHOOSING A CELL PHONE Cmo elegir un celular. La eleccin de un celular.
PROCESSING DIGITAL PHOTOS Cmo procesar fotos digitales
INTRODUCING SOMEONE La presentacin de una persona a otros
NO SMOKING No fumar Prohibido fumar
. Prohibido estacionar
NO TRESSPASSING No pasar Prohibido pasar
4- OBSERVAR Y TRADUCIR
EN SLO UNO DE LOS TRES CASOS, LAS DOS ORACIONES VERTICALES SIGNIFICAN LO MISMO.
I like to work outdoors. I stopped to smoke. I remembered to lock the door.

I like working outdoors. I stopped smoking. I remembered locking the door.
VERBOS CON SIGNIFICADO DIFERENTE, DE ACUERDO A SI SON INFINITIVO O -ING:

forget / go on / mean / regret / remember / stop / try
* En ingls, el Gerundio funciona como sustantivo, y el Participio Presente como verbo en los tiempos continuos. En
castellano, el Gerundio se refiere al verbo con terminacin -ando, -endo, -iendo, y el Participio Presente se ve en palabras
como: presidente (el que preside), cantante (el que canta), informante (el que informa). Ejemplos para el sistema ingls:
Drink only running water. (Gerund) - Running is good. (Gerund) - He was processing information. (Present
Participle) - I saw him processing information. (Present Participle)
- 46 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
NOMINALIZACIN Y ADJETIVACIN DE -ING
1- LEER Y COMPARAR.
Sustantivos con -ING Adjetivos con -ING
on-site training on-site training solution

learning & teaching existing bottlenecks in telecoms infrastructure
cloud-based teaching a streaming media server
web conferencing the average selling price of a smartphone
our administrative building on campus a training facility
online learning leading-edge computing facilities
connection blocking a mailing list
live-streaming open source network computing platforms
2- SUBRAYAR -ING. DETERMINAR NOMINALIZACIN Y ADJETIVACIN DE ING. TRADUCIR.

The University Center is host to four collaborative learning spaces
designed especially for student project meetings and work sessions.
VERBOS
3- USO DE BY + VERBO CON -ING
SOME WAYS TO LEARN

We learn
by doing by seeing by reading
by reasoning by facing challenges by experimenting
VERBOS
4- COMPARAR TRADUCCIONES
Espaol Ingls
Recuerdas haber ido a Espaa? Do you remember going to Spain?
Despus de haber comido, fui al parque. After eating, I went to the park.
Quera viajar despus de haber terminado mis I wanted to travel after finishing my
estudios. studies.
Gracias por habernos ayudado. Thank you for helping us.
Gracias por haber venido. Thanks for coming.
Despus de haberte visto... After seeing you...
Gracias por haberme ayudado. Thanks for helping me.
T e l e c o m | - 47 -
MULTIPLICIDAD DE SIGNIFICADOS DE -ING

1- TRADUCIR
INSTALLATION OF A DATA PROCESSING CENTRE
(1) When you consider the installation of a computer you should consider the development of
all the resources necessary for the data processing centre as a whole, including the
hardware, software, the buildings, air conditioning equipment, office furniture and specialized
cabinets and furniture for the storage and handling of input / output media. (2) The
recruitment and training of new staff and the education of existing personnel must also be an
integral part of any installation plan, and the timing of these activities must be considered
carefully.
Ttulo:
(1)
(2)
2- ESCRIBIR LA RAZ DE ESTAS PALABRAS FORMADAS CON SUFIJOS. (TRADUCIR LAS PALABRAS RAZ)
a. installation install (instalar) e. buildings ..................................
b. computer compute (calcular) f. specialized ..................................
c. development .................................. g. handling ..................................
d. storage .................................. h. education ..................................
3- PALABRAS TERMINADAS EN ING. DAR SU TRADUCCIN. EXPLICAR SU FUNCIN GRAM ATICAL.

(VERBO, SUSTANTIVO, ADJETIVO, ADVERBIO, PREPOSICIN). DICHAS PALABRAS ESTN RESALTADAS EN EL TEXTO.
a. buildings b. handling c. conditioning d. timing e. including
edificios ....................... ......................... ..................... .......................
(sustantivo) ....................... ......................... ..................... .......................
4- IDENTIFICAR EL / LOS SUSTANTIVOS NCLEO DE LAS SIGUIENTES FRASES NOMINALES.

a. the recruitment and training of new staff. b. the education of existing personnel.
5- TRADUCIR LAS SIGUIENTES VARIANTES VERBALES

You should consider ... Ejemplo: Usted debera considerar...
could consider podra considerar
can consider .............................................
considered ............................................
are considering ............................................
will consider .............................................
- 48 - | T e l e c o m
1- SUBRAYAR LAS PALABRAS CON TERMINACIN ING

TRADUCIR EL TEXTO.
THE 10 BEST ANDROID PHONES 2016 - WHICH SHOULD YOU BUY?

Apple may have kickstarted the smartphone revolution when it launched its
very first iPhone back in 2007, but it was Google's Android operating
system that truly took it mainstream.
With an open platform and multiple manufacturers using the operating

system, Android was always destined for greatness. Today, Android is
easily the biggest mobile OS in Australia.
With only a couple of exceptions (thanks Nokia), all the companies that
were making mobile phones before iOS was launched now run Android.
Samsung, Sony, LG, HTC and Motorola all wave the Android flag proudly
on their devices. What's more, more and more companies are joining them,
with the likes of Oppo, Huawei and Acer bringing Android smartphones to
market at a wide range of price points.
Even Google itself has joined the fray, partnering with manufacturers to
release flagship Nexus devices.
Still, the many variations in screen size, processing power, software

features and design makes finding the best Android phone for you
extremely tough.
By Nick Broughall and Stephen Lambrechts

www.techradar.com/au/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-
phones/best-android-phone-which-should-you-buy-717819
T e l e c o m | - 49 -
ADJETIVOS
1- TRADUZCA LAS SIGUIENTES FRASES. CUL ES SU FUENTE FAVORITA?
My favourite fonts Mis tipos de letras favoritas
My best fonts ____________________________
My least favourite fonts ____________________________
The most impressive font ____________________________
The most difficult fonts to use ____________________________
The strangest fonts ____________________________
2- FORMACIN DE ADJETIVOS. OBSERVE Y SAQUE UNA CONCLUSIN. TRADUZCA.

a) thin thinner the thinnest b) difficult more difficult the most difficult
clean cleaner the cleanest vital more vital the most vital
quick quicker the quickest
silly sillier the silliest
1 sad 1 intelligent
2 big 2 irresponsible
3 fat 3 jagged
4 fast 4 terrifying
5 cheap 5 terrified
6 busy 6 disappointing
7 angry 7 disappointed
8 juicy 8 interesting
9 shallow 9 interested
10 gentle 10 tiring
11 clever 11 tired
3- COMPLETE CON COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
1 good My house is (big) ..................... than yours.

2 bad This flower is (beautiful) ............................than that one.
3 little This is the (interesting) .................................. book I have ever read.
4 nice Non-smokers usually live (long) ...................... than smokers.
5 large Which is the (dangerous) ....................................... animal in the world?
6 lucky A holiday by the sea is (good) .............than a holiday in the mountains.
7 cheeky It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ....................... than a beer.
8 abundant Who is the (rich) ................................ woman on earth?
9 expensive The weather this summer is even (bad) ..................... than last summer.
10 melted He was the (clever) ...................................... thief of all.
One of the most feared expressions in modern times is ''The computer is down''.
- Norman Ralph Augustine
Life is so much easier when you just chill out.

- Annimo
- 50 - | T e l e c o m
ADJETIVOS
1- COMBINAR Y TRADUCIR
amazing guiltier (than) the guiltiest (of all)

guilty slower the slowest
mechanical more mechanical the most mechanical
far more amazing the most amazing
unfriendly more unfriendly the most unfriendly
slow farther / further the farthest / furthest
mad madder the maddest
red noisier (than) the noisiest (of all)

noisy cheaper the cheapest
safe more elementary the most elementary
unhealthy safer the safest
elementary redder the reddest
cheap unhealthier the unhealthiest
dim dimmer the dimmest
2- TRADUCIR LOS SIGUIENTES TEXTOS.
A- IDENTIFICAR CASOS DE COMPARACIN DE ADJETIVOS

B- RESALTAR LAS PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES
My favorite things in life don't cost any money. It's really clear that the most precious
resource we all have is time. - Steve Jobs
It's funny how the smallest things I've done speak the loudest about me, but I like that.
- Xavier Niel
Our goal is to make the best devices in the world, not to be the biggest. - Steve Jobs
The EU Telecoms Reform will ensure that 500 million EU citizens get easier and
cheaper access to a variety of innovative telecoms services and will have, as a
result of more effective competition, more freedom of choice between different
operators. Citizens will also get, throughout Europe, wherever they are, better
access to emergency services, freephone numbers and benefit from increased
price transparency and greater security when using communications networks.
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-07-458_en.htm?locale=en Nov. 2007
T e l e c o m | - 51 -
ASSIGNMENT 50
1- COMPARATIVO ESPECIAL: THE + COMPARATIVO, THE + COMPARATIVO
"The harder I work, the luckier I get." - Sam Goldwyn
+ + The more you use this application, the more youll like it.
+ - The more you think, the less you act. / The smarter you become, the less you speak.
- + The less you talk, the more you are listened to.
- - The less you sleep, the worse you feel.
RESOLVER
1. The ____ you study for these exams, the ____ you will do.
a. hard - better
b. harder - more successfully
c. much - better
d. more - good
2. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that the ____ it is at night, the ____ he plays his music!
a. later - more loud
b. late - louder
c. later - louder
d. more late - loud
3. He spent a year in India and loves spicy food. The ____ the food is, the ____ he likes it.
a. hotter - more
b. hot - much
c. hotter - much
d. hot - more
4. Of course you can come to the party! The ____ the ____.
a. most - best
b. more - good
c. many - better
d. more - merrier
2- COMPARATIVO ENFTICO: MORE AND MORE + ADJETIVO / SUSTANTIVO
More and more employers are offering their employees the option to
telecommute, that is, to carry out their work from home via the Internet as
opposed to working in the office.
Organizations need telecommunications solutions that provide more and more

bandwidth.
Social networking sites are becoming more and more useful.
- 52 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 51
TRADUCIR
The harder you #work, the more you sell

The more you #learn, the more you sell
The smarter you work, the more you #sell
Cansoy(John) Gurocak
@CansoyGurocak
Award Winning #Sales Telecom Manager | Electrical and
Electronics #Engineer | The World Has Gone Mobile -
#Telecommunications. Vancouver,BC
The worse services provided by the large telecoms are, the more
incentive there will be for entrepreneurs to create new technologies.
www.forbes.com/sites/joshsteimle/2014/05/14/am-i-the-only-techie-against-net-
neutrality/#7b37031c352e
S/ N
Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
A measure of the quality of an electrical signal, usually at the receiver
output. It is the ratio of the signal level to the noise level, measured
within a specified bandwidth (typically the bandwidth of the signal). It
is usually expressed in decibels. The higher the ratio, the better quality
of the signal.
http://www.eutelsat.com/en/support/glossary/satellite-terminology.html
Early Transcontinental Voice Calls

In the first part of the twentieth century, long-distance calls were noisy
at best. Transcontinental voice calls were not common at all. Why?
Because the farther down the line a caller's intended receiver was, the
more often the voice signal needed to be amplified, and the more
distortion of the voice signal occurred due to increasing resistance.
Source: Harold S. Black, negative feedback amplifier.
www.fiercetelecom.com/special-report/harold-s-black-negative-feedback-amplifier
T e l e c o m | - 53 -

Apndice: Phrasal Verbs.
UPS
(Uninterruptible Power Supply) A device that provides battery backup when the electrical power
fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Small UPS systems provide power for a few
minutes; enough to power down the computer in an orderly manner, while larger systems have
enough battery for several hours. In mission critical datacenters, UPS systems are used for just a
few minutes until electrical generators take over.
1- TRADUCIR
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2- IDENTIFICAR Y TRADUCIR
a) CULES TERMINACIONES O SUFIJOS INDICAN INFLEXIN O DERIVACIN?
b) QU INDICA EL PREFIJO UN-?
o Uninterruptible
o Provides
o Fails
o Drops
o Unacceptable
o Voltage
o Minutes
o Orderly
o Larger
o Generators
c) PUEDE ENCONTRAR ESTAS PALABRAS EN EL DICCIONARIO BILINGE?
o Backup
o Power down
o Take over
- 54 - | T e l e c o m
AFIJOS
USO DE VOCABULARIO.
ELEGIR LAS PALABRAS ADECUADAS Y COMPLETAR.
1. imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary
a. A computer is limited in its ability by the ____________ of man.

b. Some people are good at inventing _____________ stories.
c. It is practically impossible to _____________ the speed at which a computer
calculated numbers.
2. addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additive
a. Many terminals can be _____________ to a basic system if the need arises.

b. _______________ and subtraction are two basic mathematical operations.
c. When buying a system there is often no ________________ charge for the
programs.
3. complication, complicate, complicated, complicating, complicatedly
a. There can be much ______________ involved in setting up a computer in an old

building.
b. It is sometimes a very ________________ process getting into a computer
installation for security reasons.
c. It is sometimes very ______________ to explain computer concepts.
4. difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate
a. There isn't a very big ______________ in flowcharting for a program to be written

in Cobol or Fortran.
b. There are many _______________ computer manufacturers today, and a buyer
must be able to ___________________between the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
c. The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problems often
_________________ greatly.
5. reliably, rely on, reliable, reliability
a. Computers are ______________ machines.

b. If you don't know the meaning of a computer term, you cannot always
________________ an all-purpose dictionary for the answer.
c. Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and ________________.
T e l e c o m | - 55 -

Apndice: Verbos.
TIEMPOS PERFECTOS
You dont make a photograph just with a camera. You bring to the act of photography all the
pictures you have seen, the books you have read, the music you have heard, the people you
have loved. - Ansel Adams
RD
INFINITIVO SIGNIFICADO 3RD P SING PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO GERUNDIO
PRESENTE SIMPLE
(to) speak hablar speaks spoke spoken speaking
(to) interview entrevistar interviews interviewed interviewed interviewing
1- TRADUCIR
1. We have already spoken to some electrical engineers.

Traduccin literal: Nosotros hemos ya hablado con algunos ingenieros electricistas.
Traduccin comunicativa: Ya hemos hablado con algunos ingenieros electricistas.
2. We had already spoken to some engineers when the president arrived.

Trad. comunicativa: .
3. We will have already interviewed five engineers by 5 oclock.

Trad. comunicativa: .
2- TRADUCIR E IDENTIFICAR EL INFINITIVO PRINCIPAL DE LA FRASE VERBAL.
a) Digital technology has penetrated all aspects of our everyday lives, INFINITIVO
creating a digital society.
.
.
. PENETRATE
b) When he retired, the technician had had a 5-day 40-hour-week job for 30
years.
. ___________
.
c) The expert will have been travelling for 3 hours to reach his clients
location by 11 tomorrow morning.
. ___________
.
.
d) Hell have to stay overnight.

. ___________
- 56 - | T e l e c o m
ASSIGNMENT 55
1- DETERMINAR EL SIGNIFICADO DE 'S / ' / SS
EJEMPLOS:
IS What's important now is our project.
HAS Its taken some time to achieve results.
US Lets go to the bank tomorrow morning.
POSESIVO (DE) Stefanies artistic and creative skills are great.
POSESIVO (DE) Our customers requests are important.
FRASE TEMPORAL Do you have yesterdays paper?
PLURAL Can you buy two CDs /CDs for me please?
1- Its only the beginning. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
2- Find information on CPUs and HOW-TOs on the web. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
3- Pay attention to this customers request. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
4-Hes already purchased a laptop. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
5- Whats laptop? (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
6- Look into those customers complains, please. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
7- These are some of the technicians toughest tasks. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
8- Am I altering the managers understanding of the facts? (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
9- Lets concentrate on todays issues. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
10-It is three days drive to the mountains. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
11- Its taken some time to get all these changes done. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
12- A great group of people attended last weekends event. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
13- Always remember to dot your is and cross your ts. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
14- "The V.I.P.s" is actually quite a good film. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
15- The music we like is from the 1980s. (also1980s.) (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
16- You need to give one weeks notice before you leave. (is / has / us / de / temporal / plural)
.............................................................................................................
T e l e c o m | - 57 -

Apndice: Verbos.
PASADO SIMPLE
1- TRADUCIR EL TEXTO
RD
INFINITIVO SIGNIFICADO 3RD P SING PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO GERUNDIO
PRESENTE SIMPLE
ser - estar
(to) be tener - llegar
is was-were been being
(to) own ser dueo de owns owned owned owing
(to) name nombrar names named named naming
(to) learn aprender learns learnt/learned learnt/learned learning
(to) work trabajar works worked worked working
(to) graduate graduarse graduates graduated graduated graduating
(to) begin empezar begins began begun beginning
(to) have tener-haber has had had having
(to) include incluir includes included included including
(to) provide proveer provides provided provided providing
(to) go ir goes went gone going
(to) dedicate dedicar dedicates dedicated dedicated dedicating
(to) protect proteger protects protected protected protecting
(to) undergo sufrir,soportar undergoes underwent undergone undergoing
(to) pass pasar passes passed passed passing
CARLOS SLIM
Carlos Slim is a Mexican-born billionaire investor and famous philanthropist. He currently owns over 200
businesses in a wide variety of industries and has been named by 'Forbes' magazine, as the richest man in
the world, several years in a row. He learned basic business practices from his father, from a very early age,
and worked in his family's business as a teenager. After he graduated from college, he began investing in
earnest and slowly began building a multi-industry empire of conglomerates and corporations; both
developed and purchased by him. Today, he has holdings in Latin American and international companies, in
industries ranging from construction and manufacturing to dry goods, and tobacco. His most famous and
influential holdings include his near complete monopoly over the mobile phone market, in Mexico, which at
one point provided over 80% of the mobile services used in that country. Part of his vast wealth goes
towards many different philanthropic projects, dedicated to preserving the environment, providing
dependable and affordable health care, protecting culture and the arts, and many other humanitarian
causes. He is honorary chairman for life, of his parent company, Grupo Carso, but after he underwent heart
surgery, many of the daily responsibilities in the company have been passed to his children.
www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/carlos-slim-5531.php
TRADUCIR VERBO HAVE (CAUSATIVE USE)

I fixed the car. She cut her hair.
I had John fix the car. She had her friend cut her hair.
I had the car fixed. She had her hair cut.
We cleaned our windows. Her brother did his homework.
We had our windows cleaned. She had her brother do his homework.
We had it done by our employees. She had him do it.
- 58 - | T e l e c o m
What is a Remote Administration Tool (RAT)?

Ever felt like your computer was possessed? Or that you arent the
only one using your tablet? I think I smell a rat. Literally, a RAT.
A RAT or remote administration tool, is software that gives a person

full control of a tech device, remotely. The RAT gives the user access
to your system, just as if they had physical access to your device.
With this access, the person can access your files, use your camera,
and even turn on/off your device.
RATs can be used legitimately. For example, when you have a

technical problem on your work computer, sometimes your
corporate IT guys will use a RAT to access your computer and fix the
issue.
Unfortunately, usually the people who use RATs are hackers (or
rats) trying to do harm to your device or gain access to your
information for malicious purposes. These types of RATs are also
called remote access as they are often downloaded invisibly without
your knowledge, with a legitimate program you requested such as
a game.
www.itspecialist.com/Home/Blogs/TabId/207/PostId/88/what-is-
a-remote-administration-tool-rat.aspx
T e l e c o m | - 59 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- TRADUCIR
2- ASOCIAR LOS MENSAJES CON LAS IMGENES.
a) Correct punctuation can save a persons life.

b) Man: What is the meaning of life? Guru: "I dont know. The computers are down.
c) Dear BT customer, this is to inform you that the Number of the Beast is due to
change again..
d) If I knew how to take a good photograph, Id do it every time. Robert Doisneau.
2
1
3 4
3- TRADUCIR. DETERMINAR EL TIEMPO VERBAL DE READ Y SAID.
ONE IN FOUR ADULTS READ NO BOOKS LAST YEAR

One in four adults (1) read no books at all in the past year, according to an Associated
Press-Ipsos poll released Tuesday. Of those who did (2) read, women and older people
were most avid, and religious works and popular fiction were the top choices.
I just get sleepy when I (3) read, (1) said Richard Bustos of Dallas, a habit with which
millions of Americans can doubtless identify. Bustos, a 34-year-old project manager
for a telecommunications company, (2) said he had not (4) read any books in the last
year and would rather spend time in his backyard pool.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20381678/ns/us_news-life/t/poll-one-four-adults-read-no-books-last-year/#.V8NK6NThDDc
- 60 - | T e l e c o m
TRADUCIR
1- Conjunciones Coordinantes
Las conjunciones coordinantes unen dos estructuras gramaticales similares;
por ejemplo, dos palabras, dos frases o dos oraciones.
My friend and I will attend the meeting.

Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people.
The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
and: y/e She tried and succeeded.
but: pero They tried but did not succeed.
yet: pero The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
or: o/u Did you go out or stay at home?
nor: ni She could not play the piano, nor could she sing
very well.
for: porque She slammed the door, for she could no longer
tolerate the loud music.
He spent hours studying math, so now hes ready for
so: por lo tanto
his exam.
Copulativas (and, nor),

adversativas (but, yet),
disyuntivas (or),
causa y efecto (for, so).
2- Conjunciones Correlativas
both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.

either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if ... then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely ... when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
whether ... or Have you decided whether you will come or not?
T e l e c o m | - 61 -
1- TRADUCIR
Conjunciones Subordinantes (Parte 1)
1) I hope (that) you will enjoy your holidays.
They admitted (that) they had made a mistake.
I had a funny feeling (that) something was wrong.
Im sorry (that) you cant come.
2) The engineer bought a networks test set. The engineer was Mr. Jones.
The engineer who / that bought the test set is Mr. Jones. (Clusula Adjetiva Restrictiva)
The engineer, who bought that test set, is Mr. Jones. (Clusula Adjetiva No Restrictiva)
He bought a networks test set. The test set was a Fluke.

The test set (that) he bought was a Fluke.
what he wants.
where he is.
who he is.
We know why he has come.
how often he comes.
how much he spent on it.
We know the reason why he bought it.
3) She is about to come. I will wait.

Ill wait until she comes.
I was taught to use the application. I will use it.

I will use it as I was taught.
I was in the computer business. I learned a lot on programming.

I learned a lot on programming while I was in the computer business.
so that I could work in the computer business.

in order that I could work in the computer business.
4) I studied programming so as to work in the computer business.

in order to work in the computer business.
-----------------
not to be left behind.
I worked for two weeks. I got my wages.

I worked for two weeks, so that I could get my wages.
He spoke in a low voice. Nobody could hear him.

He spoke in a low voice, so that nobody could hear him.
- 62 - | T e l e c o m
1- TRADUCIR
Conjunciones Subordinantes (Parte 2)
5) He works hard. He can't make a good flow chart.
Although he works hard,

Even though he works hard,
However hard he tries, he can't make a good flow chart.
No matter how hard he tries,
Though hardworking,
6) This work is not easy. You think it is easy.
This work is not as easy as you think.

This work is more difficult than I thought.
7) You work. You earn money.

The more you work, the more money you earn.
Finish your work soon. Go home early.

The sooner you finish your work, the earlier you will go home.
if they ask me.

unless they ask me not to.
whether they ask me or not.
8) I'll go as long as they ask me.
provided (that) they ask me.
providing they ask me.
on condition that they ask me.
Comparar: I wont go unless they ask me to.
9) He ran fast. I could not catch him.

He ran so fast that I could not catch him.
It was a warm day. I took off my jacket.

It was such a warm day that I took off my jacket.
Would you be so kind as to carry my bag?

As many as 23 telecom operators globally have deployed this solution.
T e l e c o m | - 63 -

1- TRADUCIR
Conectores en General
1- EL GRUPO AND
The handbook was both comprehensive and easy to read.
The handbook was comprehensive as well as easy to read.
The handbook was comprehensive and also easy to read.
Not only was the handbook comprehensive but it was also easy to read.
Not only was the handbook comprehensive; it was also easy to read.
The handbook was comprehensive; furthermore, it was easy to read.
besides,
moreover,
2- EL GRUPO BUT
The car was quite old, but it was in an excellent condition.
The car was quite old; yet, it was in an excellent condition.
still ,
however,
nevertheless,
In spite of its age,

Despite its age, the car was in an excellent condition.
Notwithstanding its age,
Although the car was quite old, it was in an excellent condition.

Though the car was quite old, it was in an excellent condition.
The car was quite old; it was in an excellent condition, though.
3- EL GRUPO OR
Would you like cake or biscuits with your coffee?
Youre going to either love your work or hate it.
Either youre going to love your work, or youre going to hate it.
The data must be completed, or else the job cant be done.
The date must be completed; otherwise, the job cant be done.
4- EL GRUPO NOR
He doesnt eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.
Your answer is not right, nor is mine.
Neither your answer nor mine is right.
5- EL GRUPO SO
The job was done, so we went home.
The job was done; therefore, we went home.
accordingly, AND BUT SO
thus, also however accordingly
hence, besides nevertheless consequently
furthermore nonetheless hence
consequently, likewise still therefore
moreover thus
Observe esto:
En algunos casos, BUT se usa como except All but Section M has to be read.
- 64 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
Oraciones Condicionales Tipo CERO (Zero Conditional)
o If you freeze water, it turns into ice. (Presente Simple + Presente Simple)
o If you drink, dont drive. (Presente Simple + Imperativo)
o When you get home, call me. (Presente Simple + Imperativo)
o Once you get home, call me. (Presente Simple + Imperativo)
o Unless you know about business administration, dont accept that job.
o If you dont know about business administration, dont accept that job.
(Unless = If not / Excepting if...)
o If you do know about business administration, accept that job.
TRADUCIR
If you press this button, you get black coffee.

When Im sad, I go shopping.

Unless you need a lot of leg-room, don't pay the extra for first class.

If you back up your files to the cloud, remember that even though you delete
them on your computer, theyre still stored in your cloud account.

I cant drive if I dont have my glasses.

Oraciones Condicionales Tipo UNO (First Conditional)
If you walk alone, you will go faster. (Presente Simple + Futuro Simple)
You will go faster if you walk alone. (Futuro Simple + Presente Simple)
TRADUCIR COMPLETAR
A man meets a frien d when he is going to work. He says to his friend:
1- If I ___________ (talk) to you now, I _____________ (miss) the bus.

2- If I ___________ (miss) the bus, I _____________ (be) late for work.
3- If I ___________ (be) late for work, my boss ____________ (be) angry with me.
4- If my boss ____________ (be) angry with me, I _____________ (lose) my job.
FAMOUS QUOTES
"If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough. "
- Albert Einstein
"If life is discovered on Mars, it will come as news to you. On CBS Radio."
- CBS
T e l e c o m | - 65 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- SUBRAYAR E IDENTIFICAR EL TIPO DE ORACIN CONDICIONAL.
TRADUCIR.
If I knew in 1986 how much it was going to cost to keep Pixar going, I doubt if I would
have bought the company. - Steve Jobs. On Toy Story as quoted in Fortune (18 September 1995)
If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?
- A. Einstein
What great thing would you attempt if you knew you could not fail? - Robert H. Schuller
WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR COMPUTER IF THE POWER GOES OUT?

If you live in a building or location that frequently experiences outages, surges, or both, a
UPS will be a strong investment. If you need help picking one, we have a guide to buying
uninterruptible power supplies.
www.makeuseof.com/tag/effects-power-outages-can-computer
UNLOADING, MOVING, AND STORING FIBER OPTIC CABLE

When unloading the cable reels from the delivery truck, exercising care is important. The
reels may look like two wheels on an axle, but they should never be rolled off the back-
end of the truck. The reels are heavy and may contain from 5,000 to 15,000 meters of
cable.
DO NOT drop reels off the back of the truck onto a stack of tires, onto the
ground or any other surface. If you do, the impact may injure personnel and
will damage the cable.
Telecommunications Handbook for Transportation Professionals: The Basics of Telecommunications. 2004.

http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/telecomm_handbook/telecomm_handbook.pdf
IMPROVE YOUR HOMES WI-FI SIGNAL IN FIVE MINUTES

If youre in an area with many different Wi-Fi networks such as an apartment complex
or even just a house close to other homes your neighbors Wi-Fi networks are probably
interfering with yours.
But the best thing you can do is switch to a different Wi-Fi channel. You access this option
on your routers settings page check your routers instruction manual for instructions on
how to do that. (If you dont have the instruction manual, you can almost certainly find
the instructions online.) Locate the Wi-Fi channel option in the routers web interface and
change it to a different channel with less interference.
www.ehow.com/ehow-tech/blog/quick-tips-for-improving-your-wi-fi-signal-
strength/?utm_source=zergnet.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=zergnet_1088157
- 66 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Verbos.
Oraciones Condicionales Tipo DOS FUTURAS - IMAGINARIAS
POSIBILIDAD FUTURA (Pasado Simple + Condicional Simple)
o If they won the lottery, they might buy a larger house.

o If it were not raining, we could go out.
o If they spoke English, we would understand them.
o If I were you, I wouldnt buy that car.
o Were she a bit older, she could travel by herself.
Oraciones Condicionales Mixtas UNO y DOS
FORMALIDAD - EVENTUALIDAD
o Should you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
TRADUCIR
If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. Einstein

Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces,
I would still plant my apple tree. Martin Luther King.

Backup and recovery procedures protect your database
against data loss and reconstruct the data, should loss occur.

Oraciones Condicionales Tipo TRES PASADAS - IMAGINARIAS
IMPOSIBILIDAD PASADA (Pasado Perfecto + Condicional Perfecto)
If I had worked harder at school, I would have had a better job.

If we had looked at the map, we wouldnt have been lost.
Oraciones Condicionales Mixtas DOS y TRES
IMPOSIBILIDAD PRESENTE (Pasado Perfecto + Condicional Simple)
If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.

If we had looked at the map, we wouldnt be lost now.
TRADUCIR
Thank goodness for computer networks! If they'd never been

invented, you wouldn't be reading this now (using the Internet)
and I wouldn't be writing it either (using a wireless home network
to link up my computer equipment).
T e l e c o m | - 67 -

Apndice: Verbos.
1- IDENTIFICAR TIPOS DE ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
FACEBOOK TURNS 10:

WHAT IF IT HAD NEVER BEEN INVENTED?
IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE THE WORLD WITHOUT IT -- BUT LET'S TRY.
On the afternoon of Wednesday, February 4, 2004, Harvard sophomore Mark Zuckerberg

launched a website he called The Facebook. It was designed to help people share information
about themselves with their friends at first, just people who happened to attend Harvard
University. The idea proved quite popular, and the rest is history.
But what if it werent history? What if Zuckerberg hadnt created Facebook, and then rolled it out to
other colleges, finally opening membership up to anybody over 13 in September of 2006? What if
the sites competitors hadnt needed to compete with the hyper-ambitious phenom that Facebook
turned out to be? What if there were no such thing as the Like button? What if 1.23 billion people a
month didnt sign into the social network on a computer, phone or tablet?
In short: What if Facebook had never been invented?
Theres no way to know for sure what would have happened, of course. But trying to imagine life
without Facebook is still a useful way to reflect upon all the ways its changed the world in its first
decade, from the most obvious ones to those which are easier to overlook. So Im going to do it.
What follows are some of my best guesses about what a world sans Facebook would be like.
Youre welcome to disagree with me; if you do, I hope youll sound off in the comments.
If Facebook didnt exist
Friendster wouldnt have ruled the Internet. Its easy to forget that social networking was a
hot category well before Zuck hacked together the earliest version of Facebook in his dorm. The
basic idea dates at least back to 1997, when they appeared in a pioneering-but-not-particularly-
successful site called SixDegrees.com.
And then there was Friendster, founded in 2002, which brought the concept to a big audience, and
looked like it had the potential to grow into one of the webs biggest properties. Its name has been
a punchline for years: shorthand for a company that had a big opportunity but blew it. Was it done
in by Facebook? Not really. It was focused on dating, was notoriously unreliable and seems to
have peaked before anyone outside Harvard had a Facebook account. Even Jonathan Abrams, its
founder, blames the services own missteps rather than Facebook for its downfall.
MySpace would have eventually flagged, Facebook or no Facebook. For the first few years
of Facebooks rise, it played Avis to MySpaces Hertz a hard-working, second-place player. As
late as 2008, believing that MySpace would win the social-networking wars wasnt a nutty stance.
So would MySpace have basically become Facebook a web-dominating, world-changing social

network if Facebook hadnt been around to surge past it? It seems unlikely. The service, owned
by Rupert Murdochs News Corp. since July of 2005, always skewed towards music and music
fans. It allowed its users to deeply customize the look and feel of their pages via HTML mods, and
- 68 - | T e l e c o m
it turned out that plenty of MySpace users had really garish taste. The visual cacophony was a
turnoff for prospective members, especially grown-up types. (Facebook, by contrast, imposed the
same low-key template on every user.)
Also as you might expect of a site owned by an old-school media company MySpace
aggressively stuffed itself with ads at a time when Facebook wasnt worrying about monetization at
all.
As Facebook was thinking big and growing rapidly, MySpace didnt rise to the competitive
challenge. Instead, it didnt change much, which eventually led to its collapse. Even if Facebook
didnt exist to lure away MySpace fans, its hard to envision a scenario in which MySpace was
something more than what it was at its highpoint: a very popular site for young people who were
interested in music.
Twitter would probably exist, in some form. When the service initially known as Twittr
debuted in July 2006, it was intended as a way to use text messaging to send on-the-go updates
to friends. It didnt look much like Facebook which was, at that point, still available exclusively to
students or the thing Twitter itself eventually became.
As Twitter started to catch on, the fact that Facebook existed may have actually helped its cause:
The ways in which it was like Facebook and unlike Facebook both helped shape its identity.
Maybe it would have done even better if Facebook hadnt been in the picture; maybe it wouldnt
have evolved in the highly successful direction that it did. But I dont think Twitter required the
existence of Facebook to be born.
Google+ wouldnt exist in the form that it does. I dont have to explain this one, do I?
FriendFeed might have flourished. Of all the services Facebook has competed with, the one it
cribbed the most ideas from was FriendFeed a startup, founded in 2007, which had a Like
button before Facebook did, plus various other features Facebook later borrowed. Then, in 2009,
Facebook simply bought FriendFeed. It didnt shut the service down I just discovered that my
account is still active but it allowed it to sit there, dormant. Im not entirely sure that FriendFeed
could have been born without Facebooks example in the first place, but Im still sorry it went away.
Today, the most influential content sites on the Internet are aggressively viral outfits such as
BuzzFeed, Upworthy and the Huffington Post. They might all exist in the absence of Facebook, but
its hard to imagine that theyd provide a model for the entire industry.
O.K., one more point, and then Im done speculating on what a world without Facebook might be
like: Im pretty sure that its made the last decade more interesting. Not just because it exists, but
because it never reaches any state of predictable, calming equilibrium. Which means that as hard
as it is to imagine life without Facebook, its harder still to predict where itll take us over
the next 10 years.
Harry McCracken @harrymccracken
Feb. 4, 2014
T e l e c o m | - 69 -

Apndice: Verbos.
MODO SUBJUNTIVO
1- SUBJUNTIVO. TRADUCIR.
(May God) Bless you! Qu Dios te bendiga!
He suggested (that) we (should) be on time tomorrow. l sugiri que llegramos a tiempo maana.
I wish you were here. / If only you were here. Ojal estuvieras aqu!
I wish it were the weekend. Ojal fuera ya el fin de semana!
1- Long live the Queen!

2- God bless America!
3- Heaven help him!
4- The judge requested that he be present at the hearing.

5- If I were seven feet tall, I'd be a great basketball player.
6- If you were rich, we wouldn't be in this mess.
7- He acted as if he were guilty.
8- If Juan were more aggressive, he'd be a better hockey player.
9- If they had been faster, we could have won that race.

10- We would have passed if we had studied harder.
11- Its good that shes doing more exercise.

12- Its quite likely that we shall be late, so please do start without us.
13- Do you really expect me to believe you?
14- I wish you wouldn't leave your clothes all over the floor.
15- I wish I were taller.
16- I wish you had been able to arrive before they left.
17- The President sat by the phone, wishing it wouldnt ring.

18- Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
19- House prices are expected to rise sharply.
20- I didnt expect him to become a successful writer.
21- It was decided that we should all swim across the lake before breakfast.
22- It is accepted that research into cancer has advanced considerably in the last few years.
2- FORMAS SUSTITUTAS DE SUBJUNTIVO. COMPLETAR ESTAS TRADUCCIONES.
Is it too late for me to do anything? Es demasiado tarde para que yo haga algo?
What do you want me to do? Qu quieres que yo ...
Would it be appropriate for me to do? Sera apropiado que yo
This is too heavy for me to carry. Esto es ..
It is difficult for them to provide for their families. Es difcil
The time has come for me to do a little researching. Ha llegado la hora de que ..
- 70 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Phrasal Verbs. Verbos.
PHRASAL VERBS
(Verbos de dos o ms palabras)
1- BUSCAR EN EL DICCIONARIO. TRADUCIR LAS SIGUIENTES ORACIONES.

DETERMINAR SI HELD EST SEGUIDO DE PREPOSICIN O PARTCULA ADVERBIAL.
I held up my hand. I held up a bank.

I held my hand up. *I held a bank up.
*I held a bank up. (Forma inexistente)
2- BUSCAR EN EL DICCIONARIO LAS TRADUCCIONES DE LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS.

DETERMINAR SI ESTN SEGUIDOS DE PREPOSICIN O PARTCULA ADVERBIAL.
on ..
to carry
out ..
after ..
to look for ..
at ..
off ..
to turn on ..
up ..
o When will you give up smoking?

o She always puts off going to the dentist.
o He kept on asking for money.
o Jim ended up buying a new TV after his old one broke down.
4- OBSERVAR PREPOSICIONES EN POSICIN FINAL. TRADUCIR.

Most of these things you do not have to worry about.
Provide the links to the contents people are interested in.
Give the users what they are searching for.
These cartridges will work just fine in the printers they were designed for.
The results obtained during the technical audit are the basis for the interpretation of the
state the production facility is in.
T e l e c o m | - 71 -

Apndice: Verbos.
SUBJUNTIVO
1- TRADUCIR. SUBRAYAR SUBJUNTIVO.
Subjuntivo Norteamericano Subjuntivo Britnico
The president is insisting that pollution The president is insisting that pollution
be reduced. should be reduced.
The manager recommended that Mary The manager recommended that Mary
join the company. should join the company.
It is essential that we decide today. It is essential that we should decide

today.
It was necessary that everyone arrive on It was necessary that everyone should
time. arrive on time.
PHRASAL VERBS
2- BUSCAR EN EL DICCIONARIO LAS TRADUCCIONES DE LOS SIGUIENTES VERBOS.

DETERMINAR SI ESTN SEGUIDOS DE PREPOSICIN O PARTCULA ADVERBIAL.
in (hotel) ..
to check out (hotel) ..
out (informal) ..
after ..
to call off ..
up ..
in ..
to break down ..
up ..
- 72 - | T e l e c o m

Apndice: Phrasal Verbs. Verbos.
(TO) GET + Preposicin / Adverbio

Phrasal Verb Meaning in English Significado en castellano
get at try to express tratar de expresar
get away with escape punishment for a crime or bad quedar impune, salirse con la suya
action
get by manage (financially) arreglrselas para subsistir
get down descend; depress bajarse a
get off leave a form of transport bajarse de un vehculo
(train, bus, bicycle, plane)
get on enter/sit on a form of transport subirse a un vehculo;
(train, bus, bicycle, plane); llevarse (bien o mal) con alguien
have a relationship with someone;
manage
get out of avoid doing something, especially a duty evitar hacer alguna obligacin
get over recover (from an illness, a surprise) recuperarse
get through use or finish the supply of something acabar con algn insumo
get up leave your bed levantarse
get up to do - usually something bad hacer, por lo general, algo malo

1. He got on his bicycle and rode down the street.

2. He gets up at 6.00 a.m. every morning.

3. We got off the train just before the bomb exploded.

4. We've got through all the sugar. Can you buy some more?

5. The children are very quiet. I wonder what they're getting up to.

6. More than a billion people have to get by on less than one euro a day.

7. For them, it is time to get down to work.

8. How can they get away with it?

9. Employers look for people who are Smart and Get Things Done.

10. Learn how to get the most out of your PC.

11. Learn how to get started in programming.

12. Lets get started!

13. And please dont get offended!

T e l e c o m | - 73 -
I E S 9 - 0 0 8 MA N UE L B E LG R A N O
Telecommunications
Level 2
ENGLISH-SPANISH
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
HANDBOOK
Background Material
English & Spanish Grammar
Appendix
Mendoza Argentina
2016
BACKGROUND
Material
Material de Referencia
MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA 1 (PARTE 1)
RESUMEN VERBAL
MODO INDICATIVO MODO IMPERATIVO
Los verbos se usan en formatos llamados MODOS.
Imperativo una orden. (Tom, come to the office!)
Indicativo una oracin declarativa. (Tom comes to the office.)
Subjuntivo una oracin declarativa de duda, deseo o mandato. (I request that Tom come to the office.)
El Modo Imperativo se usa para expresar pedidos, ruegos u rdenes; el Indicativo para afirmar hechos o
condiciones; y el Subjuntivo para expresar dudas, expectativas o mandatos.
1- CUADRO DE LAS FORMAS VERBALES EN INGLS EN VOZ ACTIVA (VERBAL SUMMARY)

VERBO EN INFI NI TI VO: TO TAKE (TO MAR-LLEVAR)
Afirmativo
Afirmativo Simple Continuo Perfecto Perfecto Continuo
Presente take/s am/is/are taking have/has taken have/has been taking

(tomo) (estoy tomando) (he tomado) (he estado tomando)
Pasado took was/were taking had taken had been taking

(tom) (estaba tomando) (he tomado) (haba tomado)
Futuro will/shall take will be taking will have taken will have been taking
(tomar) (estar tomando) (habr tomado) (habr estado tomando)
Condicional would take would be taking would have taken would have been taking
(tomara) (estara tomando) (habra tomado) (habra estado tomando)
Imperativo Take. Lets take.

(Toma. Tomemos.)
Interrogativo
Interrogativo Simple Continuo Perfecto Perfecto Continuo
Presente Do you take? Are you taking? Have you taken? Have you been taking?
Does he take? Is he taking? Has he taken? Has he been taking?
Pasado Did you take? Were you taking? Had you taken? Had you been taking?
Was he/I taking?
Futuro Will you take? Will you be taking? Will you have taken? Will you have been taking?
Condicional Would you take? Would you be taking? Would you have taken? Wouldyouhavebeentaking?
Negativo
Negativo Simple Continuo Perfecto Perfecto Continuo
Presente I am not taking You havent taken

You dont take You havent been taking
He doesnt take You arent taking He hasnt taken He hasnt been taking
He isnt taking
Pasado You didnt take You werent taking You hadnt taken You hadnt been taking
I/He wasnt taking
Futuro You wont take You wont be taking You wont have taken You wont have been taking
Condicional You wouldnt take You wouldnt be taking Youwouldnthavetaken Youwouldnthavebeentaking
Imperativo Dont take.

Lets not take.
(No tomes.)
(No tomemos.)
T e l e c o m | - 77 -
RESUMEN VERBAL DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES DEL INGLS
2- VERBOIDES (VERBAL FORMS OR VER BALS)
Los verboides son formas verbales no personales, no conjugadas. A diferencia

de los verbos, no tienen persona, ni tiempo, ni nmero, por eso no pueden conjugarse.
Slo tienen aspecto, el cual es una posibilidad expresiva de los verbos que nos indica
si la accin est terminada o en proceso, en sus formas simples o compuestas.
To love is the greatest achievement. (Presente Simple)

(Amar es el mayor de los logros.)
To be repairing the lock is what he has to do now. (Presente Continuo)

(Estar arreglando la cerradura es lo que l tiene que hacer ahora.)
Infinitivos To have played so well awarded him a medal. (Presente Perfecto)

(Haber jugado tan bien le dio una madalla.)
To have been swimming for hours is the reason why you are so tired!
(Presente Perfecto Continuo)
(Haber estado nadando durante horas es la razn por la cual ests tan cansado!)
The running water was a picturesque view. (Participio Presente)

(El agua que corra era una vista pintoresca.)
Participios
The broken lock was a nuisance. (Participio Pasado)
(La cerradura rota fue un inconveniente molesto.)
The man is swimming. (Presente)

(El hombre est nadando.)
Being working for two hours and not having finished! Incredible!
(Presente Continuo)
(Estar trabajando durante dos horas y no haber (habiendo) terminado! Increble!
Gerundios Having reorganized the office administration was good.

(Presente Perfecto)
(Haber reorganizado la administracin de la oficina fue bueno.)
Having been swimming for hours is no longer for him.

(Presente Perfecto Continuo)
(Haber estado nadando durante horas ya no es para l.)
Must have something to do with wireless technology.
- 78 - | T e l e c o m
RESUMEN VERBAL DE LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES DEL INGLS
3- PARADIGMA VERBAL
Paradigma Verbal es el patrn del conjunto de desinencias (o terminaciones)

verbales posibles, las cuales son limitadas. Es un conjunto de alternativas posibles para una
opcin. Los hablantes de una lengua recuerdan los elementos que pertenecen a cada paradigma,
y son esos elementos los que utilizan al momento de expresarse.
VERBOS IRREGULARES
INFINITIVO PASADO PARTICIPIO PASADO GERUNDIO PARTICIPIO /

1 columna 2 columna 3 columna PRESENTE
to run (correr) ran (corr) run (corrido) running (corriendo)

to drive (manejar) drove (manej) driven (manejado) driving (manejando)
to break (romper) broke (romp) broken (roto) breaking (rompiendo)
to swim (nadar) swam (nad) swum (nadado) swimming (nadando)
VERBOS REGULARES
INFINITIVO PASADO PARTICIPIO PASADO GERUNDIO PARTICIPIO /

1 columna 2 columna 3 columna PRESENTE
to love (amar) loved (am) loved (amado) loving (amando)

to repair (arreglar) repaired (arregl) repaired (arreglado) repairing (arreglando)
to attach (adjuntar) attached (adjunt) attached (adjuntado) attaching (adjuntando)
to organize (organizar) organized (organic) organized (organizado) organizing (organizando)
to stop (detener-se) stopped (me-detuve) stopped (detenido) stopping (deteniendo)
T e l e c o m | - 79 -
Tiempo Afirmativo/Negativo/Interrogativo Palabras Indicadoras
Presente A: He speaks. (I speak) always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,
Simple N: He does not speak. (I do not speak.) rarely, hardly ever, never, normally, every
I: Does he speak? (Do I speak?) day, every other day,
if sentences type 1 (If I talk, )
Presente A: He is speaking. (I am speaking.) at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!,
Continuo N: He is not speaking. (I am not speaking) now, right now, these days, at present,
I: Is he speaking? (Am I speaking?) currently
Pasado A: He spoke. (I spoke) last Friday, 2 minutes ago, yesterday, in

Simple N: He did not speak. (I did not speak.) 1990, the other day, long ago, all day long,
I: Did he speak? (Did I speak?) if sentence type 2 (If I talked, )
Pasado A: He was speaking. (We were speaking) when, while, as

Continuo N: He was not speaking. (We were not sp.)
I: Was he speaking? (Were we speaking?)
Presente A: He has spoken. (I have spoken.) already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till
Perfecto N: He has not spoken. (I have not spoken.) now, up to now, for 4 years, since 1993,
I: Has he spoken? recently, lately, these days, over the last 3 years
Simple (Have I spoken?)
Presente A: He has been speaking.(I have been sp.) all day, the whole day, for 4 years, since
Perfecto N: He has not been speaking. (I have not) 1993, how long?, the whole week, these
Continuo I: Has he been speaking? (Have I been?) days, over the last 3 years
Pasado A: He had spoken. (I had spoken.) already, just, never, not yet, once,
Perfecto N: He had not spoken. (I had not spoken.) until that day
Simple I: Had he spoken? (Had I spoken?) if sentence type 3 (If I had talked, )
Pasado A: He had been speaking. (I had been) for, since, the whole day, all day
Perfecto N: He had not been speaking. (I had not)
Continuo I: Had he been speaking? (Had I been?)
Futuro A: He will speak. (I will speak.) in a years time, next Tuesday, tomorrow, if
Simple N: He will not speak. (I will not speak.) sentence type 1 (If you ask her, she will
I: Will he speak? (Will I speak?) help you.)
assumption: I think, probably, perhaps
Futuro con A: He is going to speak. (I am going to ) next week, tomorrow, soon, tomorrow
Going To N: He is not going to speak. (I am not) evening, next Monday, next July, in one
I: Is he going to speak? (Am I going to?) year,
Futuro A: He will be speaking. (I will be speaking.) next week, this time tomorrow, for over an
Continuo N: He will not be speaking. (I will not be) hour, at 5 pm tomorrow, tomorrow, in 2060,
I: Will he be speaking? (Will I be ?) in one year
Futuro A: He will have spoken. (I will have) by Monday, by the time Im 30, by the end
Perfecto N: He will not have spoken. (I will not) of this school year, in a week
I: Will he have spoken? (Will I have?)
Futuro A: He will have been speaking. (I will) for 2 hours, for the last couple of hours, all
Perfecto N: He will not have been speaking. day long, for years, all morning, by the time
Continuo I: Will he have been speaking? you arrive
Condicional A: He would speak. (I would speak.) for 2 hours, if sentences type 2

Simple N: He would not speak.(I would not speak.) (If I were you, I would go home.)
I: Would he speak? (Would I speak?) when he was a kid (habit in the past)
Condicional A: He would be speaking. (I would be) for 2 hours , for 2 hours by 5 oclock, by the
Continuo N: He would not be speaking. (I would not) time you arrived, for 2 hours by then,
I: Would he be speaking? (Would I be?)
Condicional A: He would have spoken. (I would have) for 2 hours by then, if sentences type 3 (If I
Perfecto N: He would not have spoken. had seen that, I would have helped.),
I: Would he have spoken?
Condicional A: He would have been speaking. for 2 hours by then, for 30 years by next
Perfecto N: He would not have been speaking. July, for 10 years by then, when he graduates,
Continuo I: Would he have been speaking? for over an hour by the time they arrive
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MULTIPLICIDAD DE TRADUCCIONES DEL INFINITIVO CON TO
A- INFINITIVO -AR, -ER, -IR
1. INFINITIVO CON/SIN TO - ESPAOL: INFINITIVO AR ER IR

To err is human, to forgive divine. errar / perdonar
(Errar es humano, perdonar divino.)
Knowing is not enough; we must apply. aplicar
(Saber no es suficiente; debemos aplicarlo.)
We must insist. (Debemos insistir.) insistir
2. SUSTANTIVO/ADJETIVO/VERBO + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: PREPOSICIN + INFINITIVO AR ER IR

English is the language of the world; we must learn it to succeed. a- PARA + infinitivo
(El ingls es la lengua mundial; debemos aprenderla para tener xito.) Infinitivo de Propsito*
They discovered the way to reduce the stress. b- DE + infinitivo

(Descubrieron el modo DE reducir el stress.)
It is easy to learn and easy to use. (Es fcil DE aprender y DE usar.)
Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.
(Los hechos no dejan DE existir porque se los ignore.)
The tendency to use digital photography is great. c- A + infinitivo

(Es grande la tendencia A usar la fotografa digital.)
One of the first researchers to produce photographic images d- EN + infinitivo

using silver halide chemistry was Schultze, in 1727.
(Uno de los primeros investigadores EN producir imgenes fotogrficas
usando la qumica del haluro de plata fue Schultze, en 1727.)
In years to come this material will be extendedly used. e- POR + infinitivo

(En los aos POR venir este material se usar mucho.)
* Make your photo stickers to match the size you need. Infinitivo de Propsito
Haga sus stickers para que / de modo tal que / combinen con el tamao que usted necesita.
* Make your photo stickers match the size you need. Forma Causativa (Causative Use)
Haga que sus stickers combinen con el tamao que usted necesita.
3. BE + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: HABER DE + INFINITIVO AR ER IR
We are to smoke only in the designated areas. We are not to smoke Hemos de fumar
anywhere else.
(Hemos de fumar solo en los lugares designados. No hemos de fumar
en ningn otro lado.)
A little tiredness after taking these drugs is to be expected. Ha de esperarse

(Ha de esperarse un poco de cansancio despus de tomar estos medicamentos.)
4. ADJETIVO + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: ADJETIVO + INFINITIVO -AR -ER -IR

It is possible to work on your own project some day. (Anticipatory IT) Es posible trabajar
(Trabajar en tu propio proyecto algn da es posible.) Trabajar es posible
It was nice to talk with them again. Fue lindo charlar

(Fue lindo charlar con ellos otra vez.)
T e l e c o m | - 81 -
B- QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO EN MODO INDICATIVO
1. SUSTANTIVO + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: SUSTANTIVO + QUE + VERBO
The first company to adopt the assembly line is QUE + Presente Simple
Ford Motor. QUE + adopta
(La primera compaa que adopta la lnea de montaje es
Ford Motor.)
The first company to adopt the assembly line was QUE + Pretrito Imperfecto
Ford Motor, in 1908. QUE + adopt
(La primera compaa que adopt la lnea de montaje fue
Ford Motor, en 19089.)
2. VOZ PASIVA + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: SE + SUPONE/PIENSA/CREE + QUE
IT jobs are assumed to grow fast in the next 10 years.

(Se supone que los trabajos relacionados con la informtica crecern rpido en los prximos 10 aos.)
IT jobs were assumed to grow fast in the last 10 years.

(Se supona que los trabajos relacionados con la informtica creceran rpido en los ltimos 10 aos.)
IT jobs ARE assumed to grow Presente Simple + QUE + Futuro Simple

Se supone + QUE + crecern
are thought to grow (Se piensa que crecern...)
are said to grow (Se dice que crecern...)
are known to grow (Se sabe que crecern...)
IT jobs WERE assumed to grow. .. Pretrito Imperfecto + QUE + Condicional Simple

Se supona + QUE + creceran
were supposed to grow (Se supona que creceran...)
were believed to grow (Se crea que creceran...)
were considered to grow (Se consideraba que creceran...)
C- QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO EN SUBJUNTIVO

1. VERBO EN VOZ ACTIVA + OBJETO + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: QUIEREN QUE + VERBO
VOZ ACTIVA
The engineers want the wall to resist the extra load. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Los ingenieros quieren que la pared resista el peso extra.) QUE + resista
We are expecting him to arrive at any moment. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo

(Estamos esperando que l llegue en cualquier momento.) QUE + llegue
They wanted the wall to resist the extra load. QUE + Pretrito Imperfecto Subjuntivo
(Queran que la pared resistiera el peso extra.) QUE + resistiera
We were expecting him to arrive yesterday. QUE + Pretrito Imperfecto Subjuntivo

(Estbamos esperando que l llegara ayer.) QUE + llegara
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C- QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO EN SUBJUNTIVO (CONTINUACIN)
2. VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: SE (ESPERA) QUE
VOZ PASIVA
We are expected to work on Saturdays. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Se espera que trabajemos los sbados.) QUE + trabajemos
IT jobs are expected to grow fast in the next 10 years. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Se espera que los trabajos relacionados con tecnologa QUE + crezcan
informtica crezcan rpido en los prximos 10 aos.)
We were expected to work on Saturdays. QUE + Pretrito Imperfecto Subjuntivo

(Se esperaba que trabajramos los sbados.) QUE + trabajramos
3. ADJETIVO + (FOR SB/STH) + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: ADJETIVO + QUE
It will be NECESSARY to rebuild the economy. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo

(Ser necesario que reconstruyan la economa.) QUE + reconstruyan
It is possible FOR you to work on your own project some day. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Es posible que trabajes en tu propio proyecto algn da.) QUE + trabajes
It is necessary FOR this door to be locked. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo

(Es necesario que esta puerta quede cerrada con llave.) QUE + quede
It looked impossible FOR me to finish on time. QUE + Pretrito Imperfecto Subjuntivo

(Pareca imposible que yo terminara a tiempo.) QUE + terminara
It is essential (THAT) the software be revised. QUE + Presente Subjuntivo

(Es fundamental que revisen el software.) QUE + revisen
It is reasonable to assume (THAT) the economy QUE + Presente Subjuntivo + Gerundio

will continue to improve. QUE + contine + mejorando
(Es razonable suponer que la economa contine mejorando.)
4. TOO + ADJETIVO + FOR SB + INFINITIVO CON TO - ESPAOL: DEMASIADO + ADJ + PARA QUE
It is too difficult a question for me to answer. Demasiado + PARA QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Es una pregunta demasiado difcil Demasiado + PARA QUE + responda
para que yo la responda.)
It was too difficult a question for me to answer. Demasiado + PARA QUE + Presente Subjuntivo
(Era una pregunta demasiado difcil Demasiado + PARA QUE + respondiera
para que yo la respondiera.)
T e l e c o m | - 83 -
ADJETIVOS DETERMINATIVOS
DETERMINERS
Son palabras que se usan con sustantivos para restringir o aclarar su significado.
Anticipan la presencia de sustantivos.
Artculos: a, an, the
Demostrativos: this, that, these, those, which etc.
Posesivos: my, your, our, their, his, hers, whose, my friend's, our friends', etc.
Cuantificadores: few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc.
Nmeros cardinales: one, two, three, twenty, forty
Nmeros ordinales: first, second, 1st 2nd, 3rd, last, next, etc.
Por ejemplo:
Artculos: a boy / an uncle / the girls
Demostrativos: this tape / those books
Posesivos: my job / their friends
Cuantificadores: some coffee / few tickets
Nmeros cardinales: two cars
Nmeros ordinales: the first day
ADJETIVOS, FRASES, O CLUSULAS POST-DETERMINATIVAS
La post determinacin se usa para una variedad de funciones comunicativas:

determinar, modificar, categorizar y complementar.
DETERMINACIN MODIFICACIN SUSTANTIVO POST DETERMINACIN
the little girl with the shy smile

an old friend from London
an old cousin of mine
no additional staffing, academic or secretarial
my best student, who left school early, ...
La post determinacin puede contener frases preposicionales encabezadas por

preposiciones como, por ejemplo, of / at / in / on / under / behind / after / over /
with / without / by, etc.
SUSTANTIVOS NO PRECEDIDOS POR DETERMINADORES

EJEMPLOS: Matter and volumen.
Knowledge and wisdom.
Medicine is a branch of science.
Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.
- Albert Einstein
- 84 - | T e l e c o m
ADJETIVOS DETERMINATIVOS
DETERMINERS
Artculo indefinido a / an
Artculo definido the
Adjetivos demostrativos this / that / these / those
Adjetivos posesivos my / your / his / her / its / our / your / their / ones
Adjetivos cardinales one (of) / (the) two (of) / (the) three (of)...
Adjetivos ordinales (the) first / second / third... /(the) last / (the)latter/
(the) next / (the) previous / (the) subsequent /
(the) following / (the) latest
Adjetivos / Frases adjetivas new / interesting / long-distance / 35-year-old
Alternativos other / another
Caso genitivo s -
Caso genitivo con frase nominal the tall employees (coat)
Caso genitivo dentro de otro (doble) the mans daughters car
Cuantificadores some/ any / no / a lot of / plenty (of) / lots (of) /
a good deal (of) / a great deal (of) / half (of) /
many (of) / much (of) / few / little / a little / a few/
a bit (of) / more / (the) most (of) / less /
(the) least (of) / enough / several / both / all /
a couple (of) / none (of)
De igualdad (the) same
De unicidad (the) only
Distributivos every / each (of) / either (of)
Evaluativos such / such a / so
Exclamativos What (a) (an)...!
Frase preposicional behind-the-scenes / out-of-the-way...
Intensificadores (the) very
Interrogativos and relativos what / which / whatever / whichever
Negativos no / neither (of) / none (of)
Participio presente (-ing) -ing
Participio pasado (-en) controlled / broken / understood...
Pronombres personales you (guys)
Sustantivos cell (phone)
This como artculo indefinido this (man)
I saw this man in the street. (V un hombre en la calle)
T e l e c o m | - 85 -
PLURAL DE SUSTANTIVOS
1- Plurales Regulares
La regla general del plural en ingls es el agregado de s a la forma singular.
Patrn El plural agrega... Singular Plural
1 -s camera (cmara) cameras
spoonful (cucharada) spoonfuls
house (casa) houses
Otros casos de formacin de plural requieren observar la terminacin de la forma singular.

El plural si el sustantivo
Patrn Singular Plural
agrega... termina en...
2 -es /iz/ -s bush (arbusto) bushes /iz/
-ss glass (copa) glasses /iz/
-z buzz (zumbido) buzzes /iz/
-sh brush (cepillo) brushes /iz/
-ch switch (interruptor) switches /iz/
-x fax (fax) faxes /iz/
3 -es -o tomato (tomate) tomatoes
potato (papa) potatoes
negro (negro) negroes
hero (hroe) heroes
echo (eco) echoes
e optativa:
buffalo (bfalo) buffalo(e)s
cargo (carga) cargo(e)s
motto (lema) motto(e)s
volcano (volcn) volcano(e)s
Slo -s
piano (piano) pianos
solo (solo) solos
kangaroo (canguro) kangaroos
bamboo (bamb) bamboos
zoo (zoolgico) zoos
studio (estudio-sala) studios
4 -ies -y country (pas) countries
(precedidad por lady (dama) ladies
consonante) spy (espa) spies
bully (matn) bullies
Pero precedida por vocal:
(day) (boy) (days) (boys)
5 -ves -f / -fe calf (ternera) calves
half (mitad) halves
knife (cuchillo) knives
leaf (hoja) leaves
life /laif/ (vida) lives /laivz/
loaf (trincha de pan) loaves
self (mismo) selves
shelf (estante) shelves
thief (ladrn) thieves
wife (esposa) wives
wolf (lobo) wolves
2- Plurales Irregulares
Patrn El plural ... Singular Plural
1 agrega -EN ox (buey) oxen
child (nio/a-hijo/a) children
2 cambia vocal man (hombre) men
woman (mujer) women
foot (pie) feet
tooth (diente) teeth
goose (ganso) geese
mouse (ratn) mice
louse (piojo) lice
3 cambia palabra person (persona) people
die (dado) dice
- 86 - | T e l e c o m
PLURAL DE SUSTANTIVOS
3- Plurales Invariables
Patrn El plural... Singular Plural

1 no cambia deer (ciervo) deer
sheep (oveja) sheep
cod (bacalao) cod
fish (pez) fish
moose (alce) moose
offspring (cra) offspring
4- Plurales de Palabras Latinas y Griegas
-US > -I -UM ON -US > -A

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
alumnus alumni bacterium bacteria
cactus cacti corpus corpora
focus foci/focuses criterion criteria
fungus fungi/funguses curriculum curricula
nucleus nuclei datum data
radius radii genus genera
stimulus stimuli medium media
-IS > -ES memorandum memoranda
SINGULAR PLURAL phenomenon phenomena
axis axes stratum strata
analysis analyses -A > -AE
basis bases SINGULAR PLURAL
crisis crises antenna antennae/antennas
diagnosis diagnoses formula formulae/formulas
ellipsis ellipses nebula nebulae
hypothesis hypotheses vertebra vertebrae
oasis oases vita vitae
paralysis paralyses -IX > -ICES
parenthesis parentheses SINGULAR PLURAL
synthesis syntheses appendix appendices
synopsis synopses index indeces
thesis theses matrix matrices
5- Plurales de Palabras de Origen Francs
-EAU > -EAUX

SINGULAR PLURAL
beau beaux
bureau bureaus/bureaux
T e l e c o m | - 87 -
MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA 5
EL SUSTANTIVO
PREMODIFICACIN EN LA FRASE NOMINAL
MULTIPLICIDAD DE FORMACIONES EN LA CADENA DE MODIFICADORES (STRINGS)
a race car - a car race

the Stock Market - the market stock
1. Sustantivo + sustantivo.
information technology
pattern recognition
video electronics
air duct
data base
organization agreements
risk management
2. Sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

user interface design
air traffic control
information retrieval test
text retrieval experiment
air flow contaminants
Internet service providers
3. Sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

ozone water treatment equipment
wheat
wheat bran
wheat bran food base
wheat bran food base production
wheat bran food base production system
4. Caso genitivo infleccional (s). Genitivo cero.

the project's conception
the Hundred Years War
the computer games main character
The IRSs research projects (IRS: Internal Revenue Service in the US)
You can benchmark your RAM with SiSoft Sandras built-in benchmarking tools.
(www.maximumpc.com/article/features/master_essentials_29_crucial_pc_skills)
5. Adjetivo calificativo + sustantivo.

artificial intelligence
electrical engineer
fast processors
enough memory
yellow pages
academic collaboration
alternative lifestyles
basic interface
mathematical statistics
non-linear equations
- 88 - | T e l e c o m
6. Adjetivo calificativo + sustantivo + sustantivo
small automobile engines
large scale integration
large scale systems
small power plants
human factors resources
long term stability
7. Adjetivo calificativo + sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

nuclear power plant construction
8. Adjetivo calificativo + adjetivo calificativo + sustantivo

gross domestic product
small nuclear reactors
previous seismic waves
artificial radioactive elements
9. Adjetivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo

civil engineering
chemical engineering
digital watermarking
biomedical engineering
complete listing
human being
lunar landing
materials handling
10. -ed/-en con funcin de adjetivo + sustantivo

integrated circuits
non chlorine-based bleaching
broken relationships
11. -ed/-en con funcin de adjetivo + adjetivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

reduced electric power costs
12. ing con funcin de adjetivo + sustantivo

programming languages
building materials
screening equipment
searching precision
13. Sustantivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo

application programming
data processing
software engineering
image processing
earthquake engineering
14. Adjetivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo

electronic publishing
multidimensional scaling.
15. Adjetivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo + sustantivo

algebraic mapping networks
domestic spending program
multidimensional scaling technique
T e l e c o m | - 89 -
16. Sustantivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo + sustantivo
software engineering major
computer programming practice
17. Sustantivo + sustantivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo

document image processing
18. Sustantivo + sustantivo + -ing con funcin de sustantivo + sustantivo

document image processing software
underground air conditioning systems
19. Adverbio + -ed + sustantivo

frequently asked questions, or FAQs,
20. Adverbio + -ed + adjetivo + sustantivo

artificially accelerated atomic particles
21. Adverbio + adjetivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

economically feasible health service
22. Sustantivo-guin- adjetivo + sustantivo

earthquake-resistant design
23. Sustantivo-guin- sustantivo + sustantivo

information-retrieval task
24. Sustantivo-guin-verboide con -ed + adjetivo + sustantivo

computer-assisted orthopedic surgery
value-priced motherboard
25. Sustantivo-guin-adjetivo + sustantivo

machine-readable text
sugar-free diet
lead-free petrol
break-even analysis
26. Adjectivo-guin-sustantivo + sustantivo

high-speed satellite
high-level map
biomedical-engineering department
27. Adjectivo-guin-sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

80-inch between-row spacings
a 3-foot tall bush
a 30-inches long wall
a 5-kilogram parcel
a five-year old program
28. Adjectivo-guin-sustantivo + sustantivo + sustantivo

four-wheel drive vehicle
29. Adjectivo-guin-adjetivo + sustantivo

4-dimensional cube.
brownish-purple colour
- 90 - | T e l e c o m
30. Adjectivo-guin-adjetivo + adjetivo + adjetivo + sustantivo +
sustantivo
self-locking plastic electrical wire ties
31. Sustantivo + and + sustantivo + sustantivo

Immigration and refugee policy
32. Sustantivo + sustantivo + and + sustantivo

information storage and retrieval
33. Adjetivo + and + adjetivo + sustantivo

scientific and engineering principles
molecular and mesoscopic structures
efficient and accurate algorithms
34. Adjetivo + sustantivo + and + sustantivo

housing markets and policy
public administration and finance
35. Adjetivo + coma + adjetivo + and + adjetivo + sustantivo

independent, innovative and timely work
36. Frases nominales que contienen palabras compuestas

telemedicine systems
small turbomachinery
cosmic background radiation
microwave background radiation
electromechanical devices
hardware verification
alternative lifestyles
earthquake engineering
aerospace engineering
old lighthouse,
dark-purple eggplant
a backup solution
En muchos casos, es conveniente reformular las frases nominales con exceso

de modificadores, para obtener claridad en la comprensin.
MHS has a hospital employee relations improvement program.

MHS has a program to improve relations among employees.
NASA continues to work on the International Space Station astronaut living-quarters

module development project.
NASA is still developing the module that will provide living quarters for the astronauts
aboard the International Space Station.
employee compensation level evaluation procedures

procedures for evaluating the compensation level of employees
military trainee firing range regulations orientation manual

manual for orienting trainees to the regulations of a military firing range
T e l e c o m | - 91 -
LAS PALABRAS
SUS CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES
La funcin bsica de un idioma es la comunicacin verbal entre un hablante y un oyente. Los
conceptos bsicos se codifican en palabras, las cuales se relacionan unas con otras de acuerdo
a los recursos sintcticos especficos de cada lengua.
Hay cuatro habilidades comunicativas bsicas: Hablar / Escuchar / Leer /Escribir. Todas
ellas se basan en las palabras y su conexin sintctica. Tanto en espaol como en ingls, las
palabras se agrupan en nueve categoras gramaticales. Segn sus propiedades sintcticas, es
decir, cmo se relacionan entre s, las palabras se dividen en:
1. Sustantivos o nombres
2. Adjetivos determinativos (artculos, posesivos, demostrativos y cuantificadores)
3. Adjetivos
4. Pronombres
5. Verbos
6. Adverbios
7. Preposiciones
8. Conjunciones
9. Interjecciones
Identificacin de las categoras gramaticales.

Este es un resumen de los nueve tipos de palabras, segn su funcin sintctica.
Categoras Funcin o trabajo Ejemplos en palabras Ejemplos en oraciones
Sustantivos o Establecen cosas, personas sign, link, website, London, This is an at sign (@). He works
Nombres o animales. access, John on links. We need a website.
Adjetivos Restringen el significado my, a/an, the, that, one My telephone is new.
Determinativos de un sustantivo. That company has the monopoly.
Adjetivos Dicen algo de un important, fast, active, The link is active.

sustantivo. red, good, interesting, They give you the fastest service.
Pronombres Reemplazan a un I, you, he, she, some This Internet service is good
sustantivo. and it is cheaper.
Verbos Establecen accin o (to) be, learn, have, do, This Samsung is my newest laptop.
estado. like, work, sing, can, must Im learning how to use it.
Adverbios Modifican a un verbo, quickly, silently, well, You can upload quickly.
adjetivo o a otro adverbio. badly, very, really, Roll down the screen really slowly.
relatively This computer can do relatively well.
Preposiciones Relacionan partes de la to, at, after, on, but He put his pendrive into the USB
oracin. slot of the computer.
Conjunciones Unen palabras, clusulas u and, but, when, because I like iPads and I like iPhones. I like
oraciones. computers but I don't like viruses.
Interjecciones Expresan Oh! Ouch! Hi! Yuck! Oh! It crashed! Hi! Are you new?
emociones. Yumm! Yuck! I dont like cabbage.
Yumm! This sandwich is good.
Los sustantivos, adjetivos, verbos y adverbios son palabras lxicas (con contenido referencial y semntico),
Las restantes categoras contienen palabras funcionales (indican relaciones gramaticales).
- 92 - | T e l e c o m
VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
Tom writes a letter A letter is written (by Tom)
Tom is writing a letter A letter is being written (by Tom)
Tom was writing a letter A letter was being written (by Tom)
Tom wrote a letter A letter was written (by Tom)
Tom has written a letter A letter has been written (by Tom)
Tom had written a letter A letter had been written (by Tom)
Tom will write a letter A letter will be written (by Tom)
Tom is going to write a letter A letter is going to be written (by Tom)
Tom can write a letter A letter can be written (by Tom)
Tom could write a letter A letter could be written (by Tom)
Tom must write a letter A letter must be written (by Tom)
Tom may write a letter A letter may be written (by Tom)
Tom might write a letter A letter might be written (by Tom)
T HE LAM B IS READY TO EAT. T HE LAM B IS READY TO BE EATEN.

T HE CHICKEN HAS EATEN. T HE CHICKEN HAS BEEN EATEN.
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Simple (to) write (to) be written
Continuous (to) be writing (to) be being written

Infinitive
Perfect (to) have written (to) have been written
Perfect Continuous (to) have been writing (to) have been being written
Simple Present It writes. It is written.
Past It wrote. It was written.
Future It will write. It will be written.
Conditional It would write. It would be written.
Continuous Present It is writing. It is being written.
Past It was writing. It was being written.
Future It will be writing. (It will be being written.)*
Conditional It would be writing. (It would be being written.)*
Perfect Simple Present It has written. It has been written.
Past It had written. It had been written.
Future It will have written. It will have been written.
Conditional It would have written. It would have been written.
Perfect Continuous Present It has been writing. (It has been being written.)*
Past It had been writing. (It had been being written.)*
Future It will have been writing. (It will have been being written.)*
Conditional It would have been writing. (It would have been being written.)*
* EST AS FORMAS NO SE USAN. SONARAN MUY COMPLICADAS.
T e l e c o m | - 93 -
1- Sufijos de Inflexin (Inflectional suffixes)

Los sufijos de inflexin, tambin llamados terminaciones o desinencias, se
agregan a la raz de una palabra (tambin llamada tema) para cambiar los
accidentes gramaticales de una palabra dentro de su categora gramatical.
Algunos sufijos de inflexin en ingls:
-s tercera persona singular del presente -s plural

-ed (nombre general para el ) pasado simple -en plural (irregular)
-ing presente continuo o progresivo -er comparativo
-en (nombre general para el ) participio pasado -est superlativo
-n't negativo
Sufijos de inflexin en los verbos del ingls que establecen el

PARADIGMA VERBAL:
Regulares Irregulares
open-opens-opened-opened-opening speak-speaks-spoke-spoken-speaking
2- Sufijos Derivativos (Derivational suffixes)

Los sufijos derivativos, se agregan a la raz de una palabra para cambiar su
categora gramatical: sustantivo a adjetivo, adjetivo a verbo, verbo a adverbio, etc.
La derivacin tambin puede crear una palabra semnticamente diferente dentro de
la misma categora gramatical: green, greenish.
Algunos sufijos derivativos en ingls:
-ize(Am) / -ise (Br) -ness

-fy -ism
-ly -ment
-able/-ible -ist
-ful -al
Algunos ejemplos de sufijos derivativos en ingls:

adjetivo-sustantivo: -ness (slow slowness)
adjetivo-verbo: -ise (modern modernise)
sustantivo-adjetivo: -al (recreation recreational)
sustantivo-verbo: -fy (glory glorify)
verbo-adjetivo: -able (drink drinkable)
verbo-sustantivo (abstracto): -ance (deliver deliverance)
verbo-sustantivo (concreto): -r, -er (write-writer)
- 94 - | T e l e c o m
AFIJOS
LOS AFIJ OS SON PARTCULAS QUE SE ANTEPONEN O P OSPONEN A LAS PALABRAS,
PARA CAMBIAR SU SIGNIFICAD O, HACER UNA DERIVACIN, O CA MBIA R SU CATEGOR A GRAMATICAL.
PREFIJOS SUFIJOS
La gran mayora de los prefijos no Los sufijos, por lo general, cambian la categora
modifican categoras gramaticales. gramatical de la raz y modifican su significado.
1. Prefijos negativos: 1. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un verbo a un

un- ( fair - unfair) sustantivo:
in- (sensitive insensitive) - ment: arrange arrangement
non- (non-smoker) - er/-or: work/act worker/actor
- (c)ation: simplify simplification
2. Prefijos privativos:
a- (moral amoral) 2. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un adjetivo a un
un- (do-undo) nombre:
dis- (connect-disconnect) - dom: free freedom
- ness: happy happiness
3. Prefijos peyorativos: - ity: legal legality
mis- (understand misunderstand)
mal-(function malfunction) 3. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un adjetivo o un
pseudo- (intellectual- pseudo- sustantivo a un verbo:
intellectual) - ify: simple simplify
- ize: central centralize
4. Prefijos quantitativos:
super- (supermarket) 4. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un sustantivo a un
out- (number outnumber) adjetivo:
under- (perform underperform) - y: thirst thirsty
ultra- (conservative ultraconservative) -ous: fame famous
- ful: care careful
5. Prefijos actitudinales:
anti- (social antisocial) 5. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un verbo a un adjetivo:
pro-(communist -procommunist) - ive: support supportive
- able: accept acceptable
6. Prefijos locativos: - ful: hope hopeful
super- (impose superimpose)
sub- (marine submarine) 6. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un adjetivo o un
inter- (national international) sustantivo a un adverbio:
- ward: home homeward
7. Prefijos temporales: - ly: quick quickly
fore- (taste foretaste)
pre- (meditate premeditate)
post- (graduate-postgraduate) Importante
Algunos sufijos no cambian la categora gramatical de la raz:
1. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un nombre a otro

nombre:
- hood: neighbour neighbourhood
-ship: friend friendship
-ism: patriot patriotism
- sufijos femeninos (- ess, -ette, -rix, -ine): actor actress;
usher usherette; aviator aviatrix, hero heroine
- sufijos diminutivos (- ling, -let, -y): duck duckling; pig
piglet; mum mummy
2. Sufijos que permiten pasar de un adjetivo a otro

adjetivo:
- ish: green greenish
T e l e c o m | - 95 -
COMPARACIN DE ADJETIVOS
Grado Positivo: Compara dos sustantivos en la igualdad.
His house is big. My house is big. His house is as big as my house.
Grado Comparativo: Compara dos sustantivos en la desigualdad.
His house is bigger than my house.
This technique is more / less useful than that.
Grado Superlativo: Compara tres o ms sustantivos. Uno se diferencia de los dems.
His house is the biggest in the neighbourhood.
This technique is the most useful / the least useful of all.
GRADOS de COMPARACIN - Ejemplos

1 slaba 2 slabas (-y/ -ow/ -er)
Positivo Comparativo Superlativo
new newer the newest

big bigger the biggest
deep deeper the deepest
near nearer the nearest
silly sillier the silliest
clever cleverer the cleverest
narrow narrower the narrowest
2/3 slabas o ms
careful more careful the most careful

enjoyable more enjoyable the most enjoyable
famous more famous the most famous
applicable more applicable the most applicable
pathological more pathological the most pathological
Plurales Irregulares
bad worse the worst

good better the best
little less the least
much more most
far farther/further farthest/furthest
A wise man sees as much as he ought, not as much as he can. - Michel de Montaigne
Nothing is softer or more flexible than water, yet nothing can resist it. - Lao Tzu
You are as young as your self-confidence, as old as your fears; as

young as your hope, as old as your despair. - Samuel Ullman
Honesty is the best policy. - Benjamin Franklin
- 96 - | T e l e c o m
COMPARACIN DE ADJETIVOS / ADVERBIOS A TRAVS DE FRASES

Igualdad/Desigualdad: (not) asas / (not) soas / the sameas
He is as tall as me. / They work as slowly as I do. Equality/Inequality
They are not so clever as us. / They are not as clever as us.
This colour is the same as that colour / This is the same colour as that.
Comparacin: as if / as though / like (informal)

I am very tired. I feel as if I havent slept for a week. Comparison
The weather is cold. It looks as though it is going to snow.
Their clothes were ripped. They looked like they had been in a fight.
Similutud: like / as
He looks like you. / No one drives as the Italians do. Similarity
Diferencia: different from

They are different from us. Difference
Capacidad/Incapacidad:
such + a / an + that Ability/Inability
He is such a good player that he will play for the national team.
It was such bad weather that they canceled the excursion.
so + adj + a/anthat
He is so good a player that he will play for the national team.
They are so bad a team that they will all be sacked.
so + adj + that
He is so good that he will play for the national team.
The weather was so bad that t hey canceled the excursion.
too + adj + to + infinitivo

This is too good to be true!
He is too small to be a policeman.
We are too old to fight.
too + adj + for + sb + to + infinitive

It was too distant for me to see.
He is too good for me.
He is too good for me to beat.
adj + for + sb + to + infinitivo

That was easy for you to say.
It was difficult for me to do.
T e l e c o m | - 97 -
Multiplicidad de Traducciones de ING
A. -ANDO, -ENDO, -IENDO
1- PRESENTE CONTINUO (GERUNDIO)
Business is growing. (El negocio est creciendo.)

Are the technicians working at the moment? (estn trabajando?)
Mr. Hudson is not representing our company at the moment. (no est representando)
2. BY + VERBOING.
Improve customer service by listening to and meeting the client's needs.

(Mejore la atencin al cliente escuchando y satisfaciendo las necesidades del cliente.)
By reading the manual youll get to know all the things your PCs capable of.
(Leyendo el manual, sabrs todas las cosas de las que es capaz tu computada.)
B- -AR, -ER, -IR
1- VERBO + PREPOSICIN + V-ING

for (PARA transferir)
after (DESPUS de transferir)
of transferring (DE transferir)
without (SIN transferir)
before (ANTES de transferir)
He apologized for being late. (Se disculp POR llegar tarde.)

He saved someone from drowning. (Salv a alguien DE ahogarse.)
I dont object to working next Saturday. (No me opongo A trabajar el prximo sbado.)
2- WHEN / ON / IN / BY + V-ING
When programming, (AL programar, )

Leave a space when stopping behind a car. (Deje un lugar AL estacionar atrs de un auto.)
On arriving at the station, (AL llegar a la estacin, )
In doing so, (AL hacer esto, )
Nick provided a great service by focusing the debate.
(Nick dio un gran servicio AL centralizar el tema del debate.)
3. SUSTANTIVO / ADJETIVO + PREPOSICIN + VERBO-ING.

SUSTANTIVO:
We're tired of talking to candidates who can't program their way out of a paper bag.
(Estamos cansados DE conversar con candidatos que no pueden programar cmo salir de una
bolsa de papel.)
The process of computarizing your business is crucial.

(El proceso DE computarizar su negocio es fundamental.)
Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries.

(La fotografa es el resultado DE combinar varios descubrimientos tcnicos.)
- 98 - | T e l e c o m
Multiplicidad de Traducciones de -ING
B- -AR, -ER, -IR (CONTINUACIN)
ADJETIVO:
Were proud of having won the race. (Estamos orgullos DE haber ganado la carrera.)
This summary is great for studying. (Este resumen est muy bueno PARA estudiar.)
Hes famous for collecting art pieces. (Es famoso POR coleccionar obras de arte.)
Are you worried about failing? (Ests preocupado POR fracasar?)
C- QUE + VERBO EN MODO SUBJUNTIVO
He PREVENTED someone from drowning. (Evit QUE alguien se ahogara.)

He PROTECTED them from being hurt. (Los protegi para QUE no se hirieran.)
We must PREVENT the color from fading. (Debemos evitar QUE el color se pierda poco a poco.)
D. FUNCIN DE SUSTANTIVO EN INGLS (NOMINALIZACIN DE ING)
A building (Un edificio.)

He likes reading. (Le gusta la lectura.)
Working is necessary. (El trabajo es necesario.)
Coatings can be added to the film. (Se pueden agregar capas a la pelcula.)
Swimming after work is relaxing. (La natacin despus del trabajo es relajante.)
Programming has only one limit: your imagination.

(La programacin solo tiene un lmite: tu imaginacin.)
Having an expensive camera equipment doesnt always mean that youll take good photos.
(El tener un equipo caro no siempre significa que sacars buenas fotos.)
E. FUNCIN DE ADJETIVO EN INGLS
Se traduce de varias maneras:
1- DE + SUSTANTIVO
A welcoming party (Una fiesta de bienvenida.)

A programming language (Un language de programacin.)
The meeting room (La sale de reunin.)
Building material (Material de construccin.)
Healthy eating habits (Hbitos sanos de alimentacin.)
The manufacturing process (El proceso de fabricacin.)
Your talking points (Tus temas de conversacin.)
2- FRASE
Developing countries (Pases en vas de desarrollo.)

Strengthening Families Program (Programa Para el Fortalecimiento de Las Familias.)
T e l e c o m | - 99 -
Multiplicidad de Traducciones de ING
E. FUNCIN DE ADJETIVO EN INGLS (CONTINUACIN)
3- SUSTANTIVO + QUE + Verbo en Modo Indicativo
A chart containing statistics (Un cuadro que contiene estadsticas.)

A calendar containing the public holidays (Un calendario que tiene los feriados.)
4- ADJETIVO
Algunos ejemplos:
-ante, -ente
The incoming calls (Las llamadas entrantes.)
The following chapter (El captulo siguiente.)
A cooling chamber (Una cmara refrigerante.)
For this, use boiling water. (Para esto, use agua hirviente-endo.)
-or
The classifying pattern (El modelo clasificador)
Her charming eyes (Sus ojos encantadores)
The preceding boss (El jefe anterior)
-icio
Their healthy eating habits (Sus sanos hbitos alimenticios)
-able
A pleasing office environment can help raise employee morale.
(Un ambiente de oficina agradable a la vista puede ayudar al bienestar de los empleados.)
-ido
This speaker is boring. (Este orador es aburrido.)
F. FUNCIN DE PREPOSICIN EN INGLS

according to - during - including - excluding - considering
respecting - concerning - regarding - notwithstanding
during the American Civil War (durante la Guerra Civil Norteamericana)

according to the experts (de acuerdo a los expertos)
Nine people were hurt, including both drivers.

This applies to most vertebrates (excluding mammals).
Considering the time, I think we'll have to wait until tomorrow.

Contact the teacher for more information concerning the class.
They refused to give any information regarding/respecting the accident.

He despised the man, notwithstanding the similar views they both held.
- 100 - | T e l e c o m
CONECTORES
(SENTENCE CONNECTORS)
Se usan para expresar relaciones entre palabras, frases, clusulas y oraciones.
1- Conjunciones Coordinantes 2- Conjunciones Correlativas

(Coordinating Conjunctions) (Correlative Conjunctions)
for bothand
Conectan palabras, Unen elementos
and not onlybut also
frases y clasulas. Las de igual categora
nor precede una coma si notbut gramatical o de
but estn en la mitad de la eitheror igual funcin
or oracin. Pueden gramatical.
neithernor
aparecer tambin al
yet whetheror
comienzo de la oracin.
so asas
(FANBOYS)
3- Conjunciones Subordinantes (Subordinating Conjunctions)
that if as although
Unen una clusula
so that as if than though dependiente a otra
now that even if rather than even though independiente. Pueden
after as long as because as though aparecer al comienzo
de la oracin (con una
before if only where in order that
coma separando las
till unless wherever since dos clusulas), o en la
until once when whereas mitad de la oracin sin
while whenever coma.
4- Conectores Adverbiales y Palabras de Transicin

(Linking Adverbs and Transition Words)
accordingly however nonetheless also

Conectan dos clusulas
indeed otherwise besides instead independientes o dos
similarly consequently likewise still oraciones. Proveen
conversely meanwhile subsequently finally transicin entre ideas.
moreover then furthermore nevertheless
therefore hence next thus
first, then, next, after that, finally

first, second, third
La siguiente categorizacin es comn a todos los tipos de conectores:

Adicin Alternativa Causa y Efecto Comparacin Condicin
Contraste nfasis Lugar Tiempo

T e l e c o m | - 101 -
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
0. Zero conditional: If I drink coffee at night, I dont sleep well.
1. First conditional: If I drink coffee tonight, I wont sleep well.
2. Second conditional: If I drank coffee tonight, I wouldnt sleep well.
3. Third conditional: If I had drunk coffee last night, I would have slept well.
If (When/Once) + Presente Simple + Presente Simple

TIPO CERO
Situaciones If you heat water to 100 C, it boils. / Water boils if you heat it to 100 C.
reales del When/Whenever you heat water to 100 C, it boils / Once you heat ice, it
presente melts.
Hechos
Ice floats if you drop it in water.
comprobables
siempre. If iron gets wet, it rusts.
Leyes de la If we mix red and blue, we get purple.
fsica. You must study hard if you want to go to college.
If + Presente Simple + will-can-may-must-should + Infinitivo

TIPO UNO If + Presente Simple + Presente Simple / Imperativo
Situaciones
probables del If I accept this promotion, Ill work/can work/must work/should work
futuro in Italy.
Hechos Youll miss the train if you dont hurry.
comprobables If it doesnt rain, lets go swimming tomorrow.
en el futuro. Should you have any questions, please let me know.
Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department.
You can get a senior citizens reduction providing/as long as/in case youve got a
railcard.
They may do whatever they like provided (that)/on condition (that) it is within the law.
Whether you are a beginner or more experienced with computers, there are some tips
that will benefit you and give you better results.
If + Pasado Simple (Subjuntivo) + would-could-might + Infinitivo

TIPO DOS
Situaciones If I accepted this promotion, I would work in Italy.
imaginarias If you went to bed earlier, you wouldnt be so tired.
del futuro If he didnt live by the river, he couldnt go fishing so often.
Hechos If I were you, I wouldnt buy that painting; its fake.
potenciales, If it were not raining, we could go out.
improbables. Were she a bit older, she could travel by herself.
If she were a bit older, she could travel by herself.
If + Pasado Perfecto + would-could-might have + Participio Pasado

TIPO TRES
Situaciones If Camilla had gone on a diet as her doctor recommended, she wouldnt have
imaginarias had the heart attack.
del pasado I would have been working in Milan now if I had accepted that promotion.
Hechos If they had left earlier, they could have arrived on time.
irreales, nunca Had I known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in.
ocurrieron.
- 102 - | T e l e c o m
PHRASAL VERBS
(Verbos de dos o ms palabras)
Un PHRASAL VERB es un verbo seguido de una o ms partculas (preposicin, adverbio, o

una combinacin de ambas). Genricamente, se los denomina en ingls Phrasal Verbs,
aunque se distinguen tres tipos, y Phrasal Verbs es slo uno de ellos.
UN P HRASAL VERB ES UNA UNI DAD CON UN SIG NIFI CADO DI STINTO DE
LAS PALABRAS I NDI VIDUALES QUE LO CONFO RMAN.
Verbos Normales
Take I took an aspirin because I had a terrible headache. (Tom)
Break He broke his arm during the game. (Se rompi)
Catch She managed to catch the last train. (tomar)
Phrasal Verbs
Take off Take off your coat! It's too hot here. (Scate)
Break up Jenny broke up with her boyfriend yesterday. (rompi)
Catch up with You go ahead. I'll catch up with you later. (te alcanzar)
LOS PHRASAL VERBS PUEDEN SER SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES.
SEPARABLES
1. V + Part Adv: Verbos con Partcula Adverbial (Phrasal verbs)
Pueden llevar la partcula junto al verbo, o con el complemento intercalado.
Cuando el objeto es un nombre, acepta las dos posiciones:
I am throwing away my old coat. Voy a tirar mi viejo saco.

I am throwing my old coat away. Voy a tirar mi viejo saco.
I am throwing it away. Lo voy a tirar.
He looked up the word. Busc la palabra en el diccionario.

He looked the word up. Busc la palabra en el diccionario.
He looked it up. La busc (en el diccionario).
INSEPARABLES
2. V + Prep: Verbos con Preposicin (Prepositional verbs)
Toman un complemento pero el verbo y su partcula no se separan.
He looked for an empty chair in the caf. / He looked for it.

Busc una silla desocupada en el caf. La busc.
She looked after the children. / She looked after them.

Cuid a los chicos. Los cuid.
The children were looked after by a neighbour.

Traduccin literal: Los chicos fueron cuidados por un vecino. (Un vecino cuid a los chicos.)
INSEPARABLES CON DOS PARTCULAS:

3. V + Part Adv + Prep: Verbos con Partcula Adverbial y Preposicin
(Phrasal-prepositional verbs)
Estos verbos combinan una partcula adverbial acentuada con una preposicin sin acento.
My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite sweater.
(Mi hermana se veng de m por haberle robado sus zapatos. Me rob mi sweater favorito.)

T e l e c o m | - 103 -
EL MODO SUBJUNTIVO
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Los Modos Indicativo, Imperativo y Subjuntivo se usan para expresar la modalidad semntica
en la comunicacin. El Indicativo y Subjuntivo son las modalidades de comunicacin ms
importantes del ingls y del espaol. En ingls, las formas para el Indicativo y para el Subjuntivo
son las mismas. Difieren en que el Subjuntivo NO agrega -s en la 3ra. Persona singular, y que
el verbo BE permanece como BE en todas las personas en el presente, y se usa WERE para
todas las personas en el pasado.
El Subjuntivo se usa para enfatizar el carcter normativo, la urgencia o importancia del tema;
tambin se usa para situaciones poco probables, y para expresar deseos o dudas. El Modo
Indicativo tiene una base de realidad, mientras que el Modo Subjuntivo tiene una base de
irrealidad, expectativa, o reglamentacin.
Conjugacin:
Subjuntivo El Subjuntivo solo queda evidenciado en
Presente Pasado Presente Pasado
algunas formas y tiempos verbales. En las
I (should) be were (should) try tried formas que incluyen YOU pasa desapercibido,
You (should) be were (should) try tried pero se nota en las formas que incluyen HE, las
He,she,it (should) be were (should) try tried cuales pierden la s final. El Subjuntivo
We (should) be were (should) try tried
norteamericano es he be, mientras que el
You (should) be were (should) try tried
They (should) be were (should) try tried Subjuntivo britnico es preferentemente he
should be.
DIFERENCIAS ENTRE SUBJUNTIVO NORTEAMERICANO Y SUBJUNTIVO BRITNICO

En Ingls Norteamericano (IN), es comn usar el Subjuntivo despus de palabras como essential,
vital, important, suggest, insist, demand, recommend, ask, advice, etc. Se usa habitualmente en
clusulas con THAT, despus de palabras que indican que algo es importante o deseable. En
Ingls Britnico (IB), el Subjuntivo es formal y poco comn. Los britnicos normalmente usan
should + Infinitivo, o los tiempos comunes del presente, pasado, futuro y condicional.
Ingls Norteamericano (IN) Ingls Britnico (IB)

It is essential that every child get It is essential that every child gets
an opportunity to learn. an opportunity to learn.
It is important that he be told. It is important that he should be told.
She suggested that I see a doctor. She suggested that I should see a doctor.
She insisted that I go with her. She insisted that I should go with her.
COMPARACIN DE MODOS VERBALES: INDICATIVO Y SUBJUNTIVO

It is certain that Anna studies Spanish. Indicativo (Realidad)
Es cierto que Ana estudia espaol
It is possible that Anna study Spanish. (IN) Subjuntivo (Expectativa)

It is possible that Anna will study Spanish. (IB)
Es posible que Ana estudie espaol.
She insisted that he was present. Indicativo (Realidad)

Ella insista en que l estaba presente.
(Observacin: Ella saba que l estaba presente.)
She insisted that he be present. (IN) Subjuntivo (Exigencia, deseo)

She insisted that he should be present. (IB)
Ella insista en que l estuviera presente.
(Intencin: Ella quera que l estuviera presente)
- 104 - | T e l e c o m
EL MODO SUBJUNTIVO
COMPARACIN DE MODOS VERBALES: INDICATIVO Y SUBJUNTIVO (CONTINUACIN)
MODO INDICATIVO (INGLS) MODO SUBJUNTIVO (INGLS)

PRESENTE del INDICATIVO (Espaol) PRESENTE del SUBJUNTIVO (Espaol)
He studies. I suggest that he (should) study.
(l estudia.) (Sugiero que estudie.)
We are here. Is it essential that we (should) be here?
(Estamos aqu.) (Es indispensable que estemos aqu?)
You try to study often. It is important that you (should) try to study often.
(T tratas de estudiar a menudo.) (Es importante que TRATES de estudiar a menudo.)
He tries to study often. It is important that he (should) try to study often.
(l trata de estudiar a menudo.) (Es importante que l TRATE de estudiar a menudo.)
I want the book. I want you to buy the book.
(Quiero el libro.) (Quiero que compres el libro.)
God has blessed you with a son.(PRES.PERF.) May God bless you with a son!
(Dios te ha bendecido con un hijo.) (PRES.PERF.) (Que Dios te bendiga con un hijo!)
PRETRITO del IND. (Espaol) PRETRITO IMPERFECTO del SUBJ.(Espaol)

When I was young,. If I were young, .
(Cuando yo era joven, .) (Si yo fuera joven, )
They left. It was surprising (that) they left.
(Se fueron.) (Llam la atencin que se fueran.)
She talked to me very loudly because I was deaf. She talked to me as if I were deaf.
(Me habl fuerte porque yo estaba sordo.) (Me habl como si estuviera sordo.)
When he was poor, his attitude was different. If he were poor, his attitude would be different.
(Cuando era pobre, su actitud era distinta.) (Si fuera pobre, su actitud sera distinta.)
John insisted that they tried to stay with him John insisted that they try to stay with him while
while he was there. he was there.
(Juan insisti en que ellos trataron de (Juan insisti en que trataran de quedarse con l
quedarse con l mientras l estaba ah.) mientras l estuviera ah.)
While she loved me, I was the happiest man If she loved me, I would be the happiest man in the
in the world. world.
(Durante el tiempo en que ella me am, yo (Si ella me amara, yo sera el hombre ms feliz del
fui el hombre ms feliz del mundo.) mundo.)
When he found a good girl, he married her. If he found a good girl, he would marry her.
(Cuando encontr una buena chica, se cas.) (Si encontrara una buena chica, se casara.)
PRETRITO PERFECTO COMPUESTO

PRETRITO PERFECTO del SUBJ. (Espaol)
del IND. (Espaol)
She has arrived. Im glad she has arrived.
(Ella ha llegado.) (Estoy contenta de que ella haya llegado.)
She has arrived. Dont sign unless she has arrived.
(Ella ha llegado.) (No firmes a menos que ella haya llegado.)
She has arrived. Ill do it after she has arrived.
(Ella ha llegado.) (Lo hare despus que ella haya llegado.)
FUTURO del IND. (Espaol) PRESENTE del SUBJ. (Espaol)

He will pass his exam. I dont think he will pass.
(l pasar su examen.) (No creo que pase.)
You are going to Athens in December. I don't doubt that you are going to Athens in December.
(Usted se va a Atenas en diciembre.) (No dudo que usted vaya a Atenas en diciembre.)
T e l e c o m | - 105 -
EL MODO SUBJUNTIVO
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE SUBJUNTIVO

to advise (that) to demand (that) to propose (that) to suggest (that)
to ask (that) to desire (that) to recommend (that) to urge (that)
to command (that) to insist (that) to request (that) to wish (that)
Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
(El Dr.Smith pidi que Mark presentara su trabajo de investigacin antes de fin de mes.)
EXPRESIONES SEGUIDAS DE SUBJUNTIVO

It is best (that) It is essential (that) It is recommended (that) It is a good idea (that)
It is crucial (that) It is imperative (that) It is urgent (that) It is a bad idea (that)
It is desirable (that) It is important (that) It is vital (that)
It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives. (Es fundamental que ests all antes que llegue Tom.)
It is important she attend the meeting. (Es importante que asista a la reunin.)
SHOULD COMO AUXILIAR DE SUBJUNTIVO (IB)

Despus de los verbos suggest, recommend, insist, believe, suele usarse SHOULD
para indicar la presencia del Subjuntivo, especialmente en Ingls Britnico.
The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem. (que vea)
Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam. (que estudie)
COMPARAR INDICATIVO Y SUBJUNTIVO
I don't believe that he is here! Modo Indicativo/Realidad (que est)

I don't believe that he should be here. Modo Subjuntivo/Expectativa/Duda (que est)
I insist that the concert finished at ten (= Resalto que es verdad que el concierto termin a las 10.)
Modo Indicativo /Realidad (que termin)
I insist that the concert should finish at ten (= Exijo que termine a las 10.)
Modo Subjuntivo /Reglamentacin-importancia (que termine)
DESEOS
I wish she were here. Ojal estuviera aqu! (Pero no est.)
I wish she had been here. Ojal que hubiera estado aqu! (Pero no ha estado.)
Pasado Simple del Ingls

(Deseos sobre el presente) Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo en espaol
I wish it were the weekend. Ojal ya fuera el fin de semana!
Would / Could
Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo en espaol
(Deseos sobre el futuro, imposibles en el presente)
I dont like my work. I wish I could get a better job. No me gusta .Ojal pudiera conseguir otro empleo mejor!
What a terrible noise. I wish it would stop. Qu ruido terrible! Ojal parara!
He sat by the phone, wishing it would ring. Se sent al lado del telfono, deseando que sonara.
Pasado Perfecto del Ingls

Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto del Subjuntivo en espaol
(Deseos sobre el pasado)
I wish you had been here for my birthday. Ojal hubieras estado aqu para mi cumpleaos!
I wish I hadnt painted the gate red! It Ojal no hubiera pintado el portn de rojo!
Aunque los verbos HOPE y WISH son parecidos, no se usan las formas del Subjuntivo ingls
con HOPE. Adopta el Indicativo en su forma, y el Subjuntivo en su traduccin al espaol.
I hope she is here. [Ella podra estar aqu. La busco.] Ojal que est aqu!
I hope she has been here. [Ella podra haber estado.] Ojal que haya estado aqu!
I hope that this computer works. Ojal que esta computadora funcione!
I hope that this computer is working. Ojal que esta computadora funcione!
- 106 - | T e l e c o m
FORMACIN Y TRADUCCIN AL ESPAOL
SUBJUNTIVO PURO
Expresiones Fijas Presente del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
God bless you! Que Dios te bendiga!

God save the Queen! Que Dios salve a la Reina!
May he rest in peace. Que descanse en paz!
God / Heaven / forbid! Dios / el Cielo no lo quiera
come rain or come shine contra viento y marea / llueva o truene
come what may cueste lo que cueste / pase lo que pase
be that as it may sea como fuere
if need be si fuera necesario
truth be told la verdad sea dicha
perish the thought aunque cueste creerlo
suffice it to say baste (con) decir
Help! Somebody help me! Que alguien me ayude!
(Imperativo en 3ra. persona)
Oraciones Condicionales TIPO 2 Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
If I were you, I wouldnt do that. Si yo estuviera en tu lugar, no lo hara.

If we had better players, we would win. Si tuviramos mejores jugadores, ganaramos.
DESEOS en el PRESENTE Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)

(Pasado Simple del Ingls WERE)
I wish it were the weekend. Ojal fuera ya el fin de semana!
Clusulas con THAT Presente del Subjuntivo (Espaol)

(suggest / insist / recommend that)
I suggest that he (should) study. Sugiero que estudie.

I insist that he (should) leave right now. Insisto en que se vaya ya mismo.
They demand that we (should) pay right now. Ellos exigen que paguemos ahora.
Clusulas con THAT Presente del Subjuntivo (Espaol)

(It is necessary / good / vital that)
It is necessary (that) he (should) be here by 6. Es importante que est aqu a las 6.

It is desirable (that) everyone do it. Es importante que todos lo hagan.
FORMAS SUSTITUTAS DE SUBJUNTIVO

Would / Could Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
(Deseos sobre el futuro, imposibles en el presente)
I dont like my work. I wish I could get a better job. No me gusta . Ojal pudiera conseguir otro empleo mejor!
What a terrible noise. I wish it would stop. Qu ruido terrible! Ojal parara!
He sat by the phone, wishing it would ring. Se sent al lado del telfono, deseando que sonara.
PASADO PERFECTO (Ingls) Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto del Subj. (Espaol)

(Deseos sobre el pasado)
I wish you had been here for my birthday. Ojal hubieras estado aqu para mi cumpleaos!
I wish I hadnt painted the gate red! It Ojal no hubiera pintado el portn de rojo!
SUBJUNTIVO (Ingls) Pretrito Perfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
I doubt (that) she has arrived. Dudo de que ella haya llegado.
It is possible (that) she has arrived. Es posible que haya llegado.
T e l e c o m | - 107 -
FORMACIN Y TRADUCCIN AL ESPAOL
SUBJUNTIVO A TRAVS DE TIEMPOS VERBALES

PRESENTE (Ingls) Presente del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
Im glad it works. Me alegra que funcione.

I dont think its real. No creo que sea verdadero.
PASADO (Ingls) Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
Im glad you liked it. Estoy contento de que te gustara.

It was urgent you came here. Era urgente que vinieras.
FUTURO (Ingls) Presente del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
I dont think he will pass his exam. No creo que pase su examen.
I dont believe she will arrive on time. No creo que llegue a horario.
It is possible (that) she will be there. Es posible que est all.
I doubt shell come. Dudo que venga.
PRESENTE PERFECTO (Ingls) Pretrito Perfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
I doubt (that) she has arrived. Dudo de que ella haya llegado.
I believe that once your PC has been blocked by Me parece que una vez que su PC haya sido
a virus, it will be impossible to access files on it. bloqueada por un virus, ser imposible abrir archivos.
PASADO PERFECTO (Ingls) Infinitivo Perfecto (Espaol)
I wish I hadnt painted this door red! Deseara no haber pintado esta puerta de rojo!
MODALES (Ingls) Presente/Pretrito Imperfecto del Subjuntivo (Espaol)
He may not come. Puede que no venga.

He might still get here in time. Puede que todava llegue a tiempo.
He may be a good operator, but hes not ready for Puede que sea un buen operador, pero todava no est
promotion yet. listo para un ascenso.
We were worried that he might hurt herself. Nos preocupaba que l se hiciera dao.
SUBJUNTIVO A TRAVS DEL IMPERATIVO

LET Presente del Subjuntivo en espaol
Let it be. Deja que ocurra.

Dont let them go. No dejes que se vayan.
Dont let your dreams just be dreams. No permitas que tus sueos queden en sueos.
MAKE Presente del Subjuntivo en espaol
Make sure that the picture is taken. Asegrese de que tomen la foto.
Make customer service (be) job number one. Haga que la atencin al cliente sea prioritaria.
SUBJUNTIVO A TRAVS DE IF + SHOULD (EVENTUALIDAD)

If it should just happen to rain in this Texas Si eventualmente lloviera en este verano de Texas,
summer, I suppose we would just stand here and supongo que simplemente nos quedaramos aqu y nos
break out laughing. pondramos a rer.
Should a sudden fall of pressure happen, oxygen Si hubiera una cada de presin, mscaras de oxgeno
masks will drop immediately. caern de inmediato.
If I should have a dollar, I would give it to you. Si por casualidad tuviera un dlar, te lo dara.
(Tiene la intencin de revisar sus bolsillos.) (Tiene la intencin de revisar sus bolsillos.)
Comparar: If I had a dollar, (Si tuviera un dolar, pero no tengo.)
- 108 - | T e l e c o m
ESTRUCTURAS SUSTITUTAS DE SUBJUNTIVO
VERBO + OBJECTO + TO-INFINITIVO Abreviatura: FOR sb/sth (para alguien/algo)
What do you want me to do? Qu quieres que haga?
What did you want me to do? Qu queras que hiciera?
Im telling you to come. I told you to come. Te digo que vengas. Te dije que vinieras.
VERBO + OBJECTO + CLUSULA
Im looking for someone who can fix my PC. Estoy buscando a alguien que pueda arreglar mi PC.
(ADJ) + FOR + algo/alguien + TO-INFINITIVO
Its for me to know and for you to find out. Es para que yo lo sepa y para que t lo descubras.
It is important for me to understand this. Es importante que yo comprenda esto.
It was necessary for us to have slept 8 hours. Era necesario que hubiramos dormido 8 horas.
BE LIKELY + TO-INFINITIVO
What type of photography is most likely to be Qu tipo de fotos probablemente se vean ms
seen on websites and advertising? en websites y en publicidad?
A qualified professional is likely to work to make Probablemente un profesional calificado trabaje para
money. ganar dinero.
It's really unlikely for a computer to make a Realmente es improbable que una computadora
mistake. cometa un error.
WILL + VERBO + algo/alguien + TO-INFINITIVO
Exposure to sun and rain La exposicin al sol y a la lluvia
will cause wood to turn gray. hace que la madera se ponga gris.
VOZ PASIVA + TO-INIFINITIVO
They will do as they are told. Harn lo que se les ordene.
TOO + ADJ + (FOR sb/sth) + TO-INFINITIVO
Its too good to be true. Es demasiado bueno para que sea cierto. / para ser cierto.
Is it too late for me to do anything? Es demasiado tarde para que yo haga algo?
On a computer, if the result of an addition is too En una computadora, si el resultado de una suma es
large to store, an arithmetic overflow demasiado grande como para que la almacene, se
occurs, resulting in an incorrect answer. produce un desborde aritmtico, lo que resulta en una
respuesta incorrecta.
ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR sb/sth + TO-INFINITIVO
She spoke slowly enough for me to understand. Habl lo suficientemente lento como para que yo la
pudiera entender.
SUSTANTIVO + V-ING
Draw a line measuring 50 cm. Dibuja una lnea que mida 50 cm.
It is a coating method to form a film containing Es un mtodo de recubrimiento para formar una capa
ultraviolet ray shielding agent. delgada que tenga una proteccin contra los rayos UV.
PREVENT FROM -ING
Using architectural or natural elements as a frame El uso de elementos naturales o de arquitectura como
can lead the eye and prevent the photograph from marco puede orientar la vista para evitar que la foto sea
becoming a jumble of confusion. un confuso revoltijo.
In hot summer, this glass prevents the room En el verano caluroso, este vidrio evita que suba la
temperature from rising. temperatura de la habitacin.
SUCH A WAY THAT
A database is information organized in such a Una base de datos es informacin organizada de modo
way that a computer program can quickly select tal que un programa de computadora pueda
pieces of data. seleccionar datos rpidamente.
WHAT - WHATEVER
I dont care what you say. No me importa lo que digas.
Whatever happens, believe in yourself, believe in Pase lo que pase / Pase lo que pasare, cree en ti
life, believe in tomorrow, believe in everything you mismo, cree en la vida, cree en el maana, cree en
do, always... todo lo que hagas, siempre
T e l e c o m | - 109 -
ESTRUCTURAS SUSTITUTAS DE SUBJUNTIVO (CONTINUACIN)
WHERE - WHEREVER
Ill smoke where I can. Fumar donde pueda.
I smoked wherever I could. Yo fumaba en cualquier lugar que pudiera. / donde fuere.
Ill go wherever I please. Ir donde me plazca.
Wherever it is possible, contracts for a limited Donde sea posible, es preferible el contrato por tiempo
period of time are to be preferred. limitado.
EVEN IF
Even if my car is old and not safe, I wont buy An cuando mi auto sea viejo y poco seguro, no voy a
another one for now. comprar otro por ahora.
AS IF
It is as if theres something that compels you Es como si hubiera algo que te obligara a seguir
to move on. adelante.
AS LONG AS
As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work Mientras / siempre que / cooperemos, podremos
easily. terminar el trabajo fcilmente.
AS SOON AS
Write to me as soon as you can. Escrbeme tan pronto como puedas.
INFORMACIN YA CONOCIDA
Monica Lewinsky was the lover of Bill Clinton, the Mnica Lewinsky fue la amante de Bill Clinton, el
man who was President of the United States hombre que fuera presidente de los Estados Unidos de
before George W.Bush. Norteamria antes que George W. Bush.
THE + Comparativo, THE + Comparativo
The higher the resolution, the more detail you can see. Cuanto mayor sea la resolucin, ms detalles podrs ver.
You just keep making your writing mistake worse Empeorars tu error de escritura cada vez ms
and worse the more you try to fix it. cuanto ms trates de arreglarlo.
The more you study, the more you know. Cuanto ms estudies, ms sabrs.
The more you praise and celebrate your life, the Cuanto ms celebres tu vida, ms habr en ella para
more there is in life to celebrate. Oprah Winfrey celebrar. Oprah Winfrey
FORMA CAUSATIVA:
have-make-let-help
I had my car repaired. Hice (arreglar) que arreglaran mi auto.
Ill have my assistant call you. Har que te llame mi asistente.
They made him pay for the beer. Hicieron que pagara / Le hicieron pagar su cerveza.
He made the dogs fight. Hizo que los perros pelearan.
The basic idea is to make our photos stand out La idea bsica es hacer que tus fotos resalten por
from the rest. sobre el resto.
SO THAT
Many infographics provide the embed code Muchos infogrficos traen el cdigo de incrustacin
so that it can be shared on blogs and website para que se los pueda compartir en blogs y websites
with a link back to their original source. con un link de la fuente original.
Follow t the procedure Siga el procedimiento para que el chico pueda ser
so that the child can be adopted. adoptado.
You will have a call button so that you can let Usted tendr un botn de llamada para que pueda
the technologist know if you have any problems avisar / que puede usar para avisar al tcnico si tiene
during the procedure. algn problema durante el procedimiento.
ITS NOT THAT
Its not that I force myself not to eat meat. I just No es que me obligue a m misma a no comer carne.
dont want it. Simplemente no la quiero.
It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with No es que yo sea tan inteligente, simplemente es que
problems longer. Albert Einstein me quedo con los problemas ms tiempo. A.Einstein
NO MATTER + what-how-when-where-
He will do anything, no matter how unfair, Har cualquier cosa, no importa cun desleal que sea,
to win an election. para ganar una eleccin.
Ill take the next train, no matter where its going. Tomar el prximo tren, vaya donde vaya / fuere.
Weve got to get to the airport on time, Tenemos que llegar al aeropuerto a tiempo,
no matter what. pase lo que pase / pasare.

- 110 - | T e l e c o m
CONJUGACIN DE VERBOS EN ESPAOL
amar
Formas No Personales - Verboides

Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: amar haber amado
Gerundio: amando habiendo amado
Participio: amado habido amado
Modo Indicativo - Tiempos simples
pretrito
presente pretrito imperfecto indefinido o futuro condicional
perfecto simple
yo amo amaba am amar amara
t amas amabas amaste amars amaras
l, ella, Ud. ama amaba am amar amara
nosotros amamos ambamos amamos amaremos amaramos
vosotros amis amabais amasteis amaris amarais
ellos, ellas, Uds. aman amaban amaron amarn amaran
Modo Indicativo - Tiempos compuestos
pretrito
pretrito pretrito condicional
perfecto futuro perfecto
pluscuamperfecto anterior perfecto
compuesto
yo he amado haba amado hube amado habr amado habra amado
t has amado habas amado hubiste amado habrs amado habras amado
l, ella, Ud. ha amado haba amado hubo amado habr amado habra amado
nosotros hemos amado habamos amado hubimos amado habremos amado habramos amado
vosotros habis amado habais amado hubisteis amado habris amado habrais amado
ellos, ellas, Uds. han amado haban amado hubieron amado habrn amado habran amado
Modo Subjuntivo Tiempos simples
presente pretrito imperfecto futuro
(que) yo ame amara o amase amare
t ames amaras o amases amares
l, ella, Ud. ame amara o amase amare
nosotros amemos amramos o amsemos amremos
vosotros amis amarais o amaseis amareis
ellos, ellas, Uds. amen amaran o amasen amaren
Modo Subjuntivo Tiempos compuestos
pretrito
pretrito pluscuamperfecto futuro perfecto
perfecto
(que) yo haya amado hubiera o hubiese amado hubiere amado
t hayas amado hubieras o hubieses amado hubieres amado
l, ella, Ud. haya amado hubiera o hubiese amado hubiere amado
nosotros hayamos amado hubiramos o hubisemos amado hubiremos amado
vosotros hayis amado hubierais o hubieseis amado hubiereis amado
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan amado hubieran o hubiesen amado hubieren amado
Modo Imperativo
presente
(yo) -
(t) ama
(usted) ame
(nosotros) amemos
(vosotros) amad
(ustedes) amen
Verbos en espaol -1-

T e l e c o m | - 111 -
temer

Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: temer haber temido
Gerundio: temiendo habiendo temido
Participio: temido habido temido
pretrito pretrito perfecto
presente futuro condicional
imperfecto simple
yo temo tema tem temer temera
t temes temas temiste temers temeras
l, ella, Ud. teme tema temi temer temera
nosotros tememos temamos temimos temeremos temeramos
vosotros temis temais temisteis temeris temerais
ellos, ellas, Uds. temen teman temieron temern temeran
pretrito
pretrito condicional
perfecto pretrito anterior futuro perfecto
pluscuamperfecto perfecto
compuesto
yo he temido haba temido hube temido habr temido habra temido
t has temido habas temido hubiste temido habrs temido habras temido
l, ella, Ud. ha temido haba temido hubo temido habr temido habra temido
nosotros hemos temido habamos temido hubimos temido habremos temido habramos temido
vosotros habis temido habais temido hubisteis temido habris temido habrais temido
ellos, ellas, Uds. han temido haban temido hubieron temido habrn temido habran temido
(que) yo tema temiera o temiese temiere
t temas temieras o temieses temieres
l, ella, Ud. tema temiera o temiese temiere
nosotros temamos temiramos o temisemos temiremos
vosotros temis temierais o temieseis temiereis
ellos, ellas, Uds. teman temieran o temiesen temieren
pretrito
perfecto
(que) yo haya temido hubiera o hubiese temido hubiere temido
t hayas temido hubieras o hubieses temido hubieres temido
l, ella, Ud. haya temido hubiera o hubiese temido hubiere temido
nosotros hayamos temido hubiramos o hubisemos temido hubiremos temido
vosotros hayis temido hubierais o hubieseis temido hubiereis temido
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan temido hubieran o hubiesen temido hubieren temido
Modo Imperativo
presente
(yo) -
(t) teme
(usted) tema
(nosotros) temamos
(vosotros) temed
(ustedes) teman

- 112 - | T e l e c o m
partir

Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: partir haber partido
Gerundio: partiendo habiendo partido
Participio: partido habido partido
imperfecto simple
yo parto parta part partir partira
t partes partas partiste partirs partiras
l, ella, Ud. parte parta parti partir partira
nosotros partimos partamos partimos partiremos partiramos
vosotros parts partais partisteis partiris partirais
ellos, ellas, Uds. parten partan partieron partirn partiran
pretrito
pretrito pretrito condicional
compuesto
yo he partido haba partido hube partido habr partido habra partido
t has partido habas partido hubiste partido habrs partido habras partido
l, ella, Ud. ha partido haba partido hubo partido habr partido habra partido
nosotros hemos partido habamos partido hubimos partido habremos partido habramos partido
vosotros habis partido habais partido hubisteis partido habris partido habrais partido
ellos, ellas, Uds. han partido haban partido hubieron partido habrn partido habran partido
(que) yo parta partiera o partiese partiere
t partas partieras o partieses partieres
l, ella, Ud. parta partiera o partiese partiere
nosotros partamos partiramos o partisemos partiremos
vosotros partis partierais o partieseis partiereis
ellos, ellas, Uds. partan partieran o partiesen partieren
pretrito
perfecto
hubiera o hubiese partido hubiere partido
(que) yo haya partido
hubieras o hubieses partido hubieres partido
t hayas partido hubiera o hubiese partido hubiere partido
l, ella, Ud. haya partido hubiramos o hubisemos partido hubiremos partido
nosotros hayamos partido
hubierais o hubieseis partido hubiereis partido
vosotros hayis partido
hubieran o hubiesen partido hubieren partido
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan partido
Modo Imperativo
presente
(yo) -
(t) parte
(usted) parta
(nosotros) partamos
(vosotros) partid
(ustedes) partan

T e l e c o m | - 113 -
traducir
Poner especial atencin en Pretrito Perfecto Simple - Modo Indicativo resaltado en amarillo.
Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: traducir haber traducido
Gerundio: traduciendo habiendo traducido
Participio: traducido habido traducido
imperfecto simple
yo traduzco traduca traduje traducir traducira

t traduces traducas tradujiste traducirs traduciras
l, ella, Ud. traduce traduca tradujo traducir traducira
nosotros traducimos traducamos tradujimos traduciremos traduciramos
vosotros traducs traducais tradujisteis traduciris traducirais
ellos, ellas, Uds. traducen traducan tradujeron traducirn traduciran

pretrito
pretrito condicional
perfecto pretrito anterior futuro perfecto
pluscuamperfecto perfecto
compuesto
he traducido haba traducido
yo hube traducido habr traducido habra traducido
has traducido habas traducido
t hubiste traducido habrs traducido habras traducido
ha traducido haba traducido
l, ella, Ud. hubo traducido habr traducido habra traducido
hemos traducido habamos
nosotros hubimos traducido habremos traducido habramos traducido
habis traducido
vosotros hubisteis traducido habris traducido habrais traducido
traducido habais traducido
ellos, ellas, Uds. hubieron traducido habrn traducido habran traducido
han traducido haban traducido
(que) yo traduzca tradujera o tradujese tradujere
t traduzcas tradujeras o tradujeses tradujeres
l, ella, Ud. traduzca tradujera o tradujese tradujere
nosotros traduzcamos tradujramos o tradujsemos tradujremos
vosotros traduzcis tradujerais o tradujeseis tradujereis
ellos, ellas, Uds. traduzcan tradujeran o tradujesen tradujeren
pretrito
perfecto
(que) yo haya traducido hubiera o hubiese traducido hubiere traducido
t hayas traducido hubieras o hubieses traducido hubieres traducido
l, ella, Ud. haya traducido hubiera o hubiese traducido hubiere traducido
nosotros hayamos traducido hubiramos o hubisemos traducido hubiremos traducido
vosotros hayis traducido hubierais o hubieseis traducido hubiereis traducido
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan traducido hubieran o hubiesen traducido hubieren traducido
Modo Imperativo
presente
(yo) -
(t) traduce Verbos que siguen este modelo:
(usted) traduzca aducir introducir reproducir
(nosotros) traduzcamos deducir producir seducir
(vosotros) traducid
inducir reducir conducir
(ustedes) traduzcan
Las formas TRADUC, DEDUC, CONDUC, REDUC y similares, son vulgarismos. Indican poca educacin
formal. Las formas que caracterizan a un hablante con conocimientos formales de la lengua
castellana son TRADUJE, DEDUJE, CONDUJE, REDUJE.

- 114 - | T e l e c o m
haber VERBO AUXILIAR para Tiempos Perfectos*

Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: haber haber habido
Gerundio: habiendo habiendo habido
Participio: habido ---------------------
imperfecto simple
yo he haba hube habr habra
t has habas hubiste habrs habras
l, ella, Ud. ha haba hubo habr habra
nosotros hemos habamos hubimos habremos habramos
vosotros habis habais hubisteis habris habrais
ellos, ellas, Uds. han haban hubieron habrn habran
pretrito
pretrito Pretrito condicional
compuesto
yo he habido* haba habido* hube habido* habr habido* habra habido*
t has habido habas habido hubiste habido habrs habido habras habido
l, ella, Ud. ha habido haba habido hubo habido habr habido habra habido
nosotros hemos habido habamos habido hubimos habido habremos habido habramos habido
vosotros habis habido habais habido hubisteis habido habris habido habrais habido
ellos, ellas, Uds. han habido haban habido hubieron habido habrn habido habran habido
Subjuntivo
(que) yo haya hubiera o hubiese hubiere
t hayas hubieras o hubieses hubieres
l, ella, Ud. haya hubiera o hubiese hubiere
nosotros hayamos hubiramos o hubisemos hubiremos
vosotros hayis hubierais o hubieseis hubiereis
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan hubieran o hubiesen hubieren
pretrito
perfecto
(que) yo haya habido* hubiera o hubiese habido* hubiere habido*
t hayas habido hubieras o hubieses habido hubieres habido
l, ella, Ud. haya habido hubiera o hubiese habido hubiere habido
nosotros hayamos habido hubiramos o hubisemos habido hubiremos habido
vosotros hayis habido hubierais o hubieseis habido hubiereis habido
ellos, ellas, Uds. hayan h habido hubieran o hubiesen habido hubieren habido
Imperativo
No se usa.
* Tener en cuenta que este cuadro es slo un modelo. En la conversacin real, los tiempos
simples no se usan. No es posible decir, por ejemplo, yo he hoy. Esta expresin carece de
sentido, debido a que le falta el participio que termina la idea referida a Qu he hecho hoy. El
verbo haber slo funciona como auxiliar para tiempos perfectos. Por lo tanto, el participio
habido de los tiempos perfectos de este cuadro ser reemplazado por el participio del verbo
principal que necesitemos usar. Ejemplo: he caminado.

T e l e c o m | - 115 -
haber FORMA IMPERSONAL para indicar EXISTENCIA
Las formas no personales del verbo HABER se usan para hablar de la existencia de algo.
La forma no personal se construye nicamente con la 3 persona del singular del verbo HABER.
No hay sujeto que realice ninguna accin. Slo hay Objeto Directo.
Se puede probar sustituyendo este sustantivo por un pronombre personal de acusativo:
No hay clase. > No la hay. Maana no habr clase. > Maana no la habr.
Hubo muchas guerras. > Las hubo. No habra entradas. > No las habra.

Simples Compuestas
Infinitivo: haber haber habido
Gerundio: habiendo habiendo habido
Participio: habido ------------------
imperfecto simple
hay haba hubo habr habra

pretrito perfecto pretrito pretrito condicional
futuro perfecto
compuesto pluscuamperfecto anterior perfecto
ha habido haba habido hubo habido habr habido habra habido
Subjuntivo
(que) haya hubiera o hubiese hubiere

pretrito perfecto pretrito pluscuamperfecto futuro perfecto
(que) haya habido hubiera o hubiese habido hubiere habido
Imperativo
No se usa.
Simples: hay - hubo - haba - habr - habra - (que) haya

Compuestas: ha habido - haba habido - habr habido - habra habido - (que) haya habido
Slo se usa la 3ra. Persona del Singular + sustantivo singular o plural
HAY UNA PERSONA - HAY MUCHAS PERSONAS

HUBO UN ACCIDENTE - HUBO VEINTE ACCIDENTES
HABR UNA REUNIN - HABR TRES REUNIONES
Hay alguien en la puerta.

Solo haba dos estudiantes en el aula.
Las formas HABEMOS (forma que incluye al hablante) y HAIGA (por haya) son vulgarismos.
No se usan en la lengua culta. Indican poca educacin formal o hbitos familiares que no
pertenecen a la lengua socialmente aceptada por la mayora culta de la comunidad lingstica.

- 116 - | T e l e c o m
http://esenciasmorfologicas.blogspot.com.ar/2012/10/paradigma-verbal.html

T e l e c o m | - 117 -
- 118 - | T e l e c o m
WEBSITES RECOMENDADOS
I- WEBSITES para TELECOMUNICACIONES e INFORMTICA
TELECOMUNICACIONES (TELECOMMUNICATIONS)
www.itu.int (Unin Internacional de Telecomunicaciones)

www.cnc.gov.ar (Comisin Nacional de Comunicaciones)
www.ieee.org (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Instituto de Ingenieros en Electricidad y Electrnica)
www.telecomengine.com (White papers)
www.fcc.gov (Federal Communications Commission)
(Regula las comunicaciones interestatales e internacionales de radio, televisin, telegrama, satlite y cable en EEUU)
www.eutelsat.com
www.invap.com.ar
INFORMTICA (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - IT)
Websites de Fabricantes (Manufacturers)

www.amd.com
www.usb.org
www.asus.com
www.asrock.com.tw
www.usb.org
www.fit-foxconn.com
www.intel.com
www.biostar.com.tw
www.msi.com/language
www.ecs.com.tw
Websites de Opiniones Especializadas (Reviews)
www.pcmag.com
www.cnet.com/reviews
compreviews.about.com
www.legitreviews.com
www.computershopper.com/brands
www.tomshardware.com
www.overclockersclub.com
www.hardocp.com
www.legionhardware.com
www.hardwarecanucks.com
www.techwalla.com/products-reviews
II- GLOSARIOS ONLINE
INGLS
www.fiber-optics.info/fiber_optic_glossary (con DIBUJOS)
www.eutelsat.com/en/support/glossary.html
www.tv-handbook.com/TV-Book%20Contents.html
www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm
www.radioconnection.com/glossary/
http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/internetlanguage/tp/the-top-internet-terms-for-beginners.htm
T e l e c o m | - 119 -
GLOSARIOS ONLINE
INGLS (Continuacin)
www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/modulation-techniques/
modulation-basics-tutorial.php (Tutorial)
www1.udel.edu/nero/Radio/glossary.html
www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/wireless/wireless-network-glossary/
www.gfi.com/blog/wi-fi-glossary-71-terms-you-need-to-know/
www.howtogeek.com/191139/22-common-network-jargon-terms-explained/
www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mac.htm
www.powelectrics.co.uk/glossary/index.asp?page=ambient-temperature-698
www.practicemanagement.org.uk/glossary-of-telephony-terminology
www.vividfuture.org/content/glossary
http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/subjects/AQA-4810-W-TRB-GKWS.PDF
www.ict4lt.org/en/en_glossary.htm#GlossI
http://micro.apitech.com/glossary.aspx
ESPAOL
http://sapiensman.com/ESDictionary/index.htm
www.webopedia.com (Diccionario de COMPUTACIN)
www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia (PC Magazine con WHITE PAPERS + Enciclopedia de Computacin)
www.lawebdelprogramador.com/diccionario
www.elrinconcito.com/diccionario.php
www.mixmarketing-online.com/vocabulario.html (Vocabulario Tcnico de Marketing e Internet)
http://edant.clarin.com/suplementos/informatica/htm/glosario.htm
www.alegsa.com.ar/Diccionario/diccionario.php
www.sitiosargentina.com.ar/Help/diccionario%20tecnico.htm
III- DICCIONARIOS
DICCIONARIOS BILINGES ONLINE

www.vocabulary.com/dictionary
www.ldoceonline.com (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online)
www.diccionarios.com
www.britannica.com (Encyclopedia Britannica) - Also: www.eb.com
www.yourdictionary.com/languages (Diccionarios de 300 idiomas online)
http://diccionario.reverso.net/ingles-espanol/
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
DICCIONARIOS DE PRONUNCIACIN ONLINE

www.howjsay.com
www.wordreference.com (both American & British pronunciation)
es.thefreedictionary.com
dictionary.reference.com
es.forvo.com/search/telecommunications/
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
es.forvo.com/languages-pronunciations/en/
DICCIONARIO ETIMOLGICO ONLINE

www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a&allowed_in_frame=0
- 120 - | T e l e c o m
IV- WEBSITES para GRAMTICA
PRCTICA GENERAL
Muy recomendados:
www.englisch-hilfen.de/en
www.sheppardsoftware.com (World Vocabulary Geography Games)
www.oup.com/elt/englishfile
University of Bristol, Faculty of Arts, United Kingdom:
www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial
Otros sitios para prctica de GRAMTICA

www.bbc.co.uk
www.britishcouncil.org
www.eslflow.com
www.betterenglish.org
www.english-at-home.com
www.weblinguas.com.br
www.onestopenglish.com
www.sk.com.br
www.madridteacher.com
www.usingenglish.com
www.wordpower.ws/grammar (a Grammar Book)
www.esl.about.com
www.efl4u.com
www.english-test.net
www.ego4u.com
www.eslpartyland.com
www.englishbanana.com
www.btinternet.com (GAMES)
www.esltower.com/grammarquizzes.html
www.learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/category/skills/listening-viewing-
comprehension (episodes with AUDIO)
PRCTICA DE PRONUNCIACIN Y AUDICIN

www.mansioningles.com/recursos17.htm (the sounds of English with examples)
www.dailyesl.com
www.ezslang.com
www.trainyouraccent.com
www.tips4students.com
www.esl-lab.com
www.shiporsheep.com/page1.html (minimal pairs)
inogolo.com/guides/countries (pronunciation of countries, names, Nobel prizes)
T e l e c o m | - 121 -
CONJUGACIN DE VERBOS EN INGLS Y EN ESPAOL
conjugator.reverso.net/conjugation-irregular-verbs-english.html (English)
conjugator.reverso.net/conjugation-spanish-verb-traducir.html (Espaol)
www.theirregularverbs.com/verbList.php?page=29 (English)
www.the-conjugation.com/spanish/verb/traducir.php (Espaol)
www.the-conjugation.com/english/verb/dive.php (English)
LOS NMEROS y el ALFABETO
www.freegamebox.com/image_3_sea-battle.html (shot missed - hit - sunk)

www.gamedesire.com/la-es,juego-batalla-naval.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_game
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Battleships.png
DICCIONARIO EN PAPEL CON TRMINOS TCNICOS
DICCIONARIO KEL
INGLES-ESPAOL - ESPAOL-INGLS
- 122 - | T e l e c o m
APPENDIX
Apndice
SIMILITUDES ENTRE LAS LENGUAS INDO-EUROPEAS
madre madre mother Mutter moeder mre mat mitra mAtR
agua acqua water Wasser water eau voda hydr udhra
Espaol Italiano Ingls Alemn Holands Francs Ruso Griego Snscrito
ESTAS PALABRAS SE DENOMINAN COGNADOS. SON PALABRAS CON ESTRUCTURA Y SIGNIFICADO

SIMILARES, QUE COMPARTEN UN ANCESTRO LINGSTICO COMN.
OTROS EJEMPLOS:
Ingls Holands Alemn Noruego Lituano Celta
mother moeder mutter mor mater mthair
three drie drei tre tri tri
me mij mich meg manen me
brother broeder bruder bror brothar brathair
Latn Italiano Espaol Francs Snscrito Griego
mater madre madre mre matar mtr
tres tre tres trois tri treis
me me me moi me me
frater fra hermano frere bhrator phrater
* *
Lenguas INDO-EUROPEAS Lenguas No IE
ALEMN
INGLS LATN GRIEGO SNSCRITO JAPONS
ANTIGUO
ONE AINS UNUS HEIS EKA HITOTSU
TWO TWAI DUO DUO DVI FUTATSU
THREE THRIJA TRES TREIS TR MITTSU
FOUR FIDWOR QUATTUOR TETTARES CATUR YOTTSU
FIVE FIMF QUINQUE PENTE PACAN ITSUTSU
SIX SAIHS SEX HEKS A MUTTSU
SEVEN SIBUM SEPTEM HEPTA SAPTAN NANATSU

EIGHT AHTAU OCTO OKTO AAN YATTSU
NINE NIUN NOVEM ENNEA NAVAN KOKONOTSU

TEN TAIHUM DECEM DEKA DAAN TO
EL JAPONS, COMO SE VE, NO ES INDO-EUROPEO. NO TIENE SIMILITUDES. TODAS LAS OTRAS LENGUAS QUE EXHIBEN
TANTOS C OGNADOS DEBEN HABER TENIDO ALGUNA VEZ UN ORIGEN C OMN.
*Source: Handbook of Formal Languages: Volume 1. Word, Language, Grammar. Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Rozenberg Leiden University, Department of
Computer Science, The Netherlands; &, Prof. Dr. Arto Salomaa, Turku Centre for Computer Science, Finland. Springer, 1997.
T e l e c o m | - 123 -
- 124 - | T e l e c o m
La Familia de Lenguas Indo-Europeas
T e l e c o m | - 125 -
SONIDOS DEL INGLS
Alfabeto Fontico Internacional IPA (IPA alphabet)
VOCALES (VOW ELS) DIPTONGOS (DIPHTHONGS)
TRIPTONGOS (TRIPHTHONGS)
Terminacin en +
Terminacin en +
CONSONANTES (CONSONANTS)
- 126 - | T e l e c o m
Sonidos del Ingls Pronunciacin de acuerdo a IPA
: como en father ('f:), alms (:mz), clerk (kl:k), heart (h:t), sergeant ('s:dnt)
como en act (kt), Caedmon ('kdmn), plait (plt)
a como en dive (dav), aisle (al), guy (ga), might (mat), rye (ra)
a como en fire (fa), buyer ('ba), liar ('la), tyre ('ta)
a como en out (at), bought (ba), crowd (krad), slouch (slat)
a como en flour ('fla), cower ('ka), flower ('fla), sour ('sa)
e como en bet (bet), bury ('ber), heifer ('hef), said (sed), says (sez)
e como en paid (ped), day (de), deign (den), gauge (ged)
e como en bear (be), dare (de), prayer (pre), stairs (stez), where (we)
g como en get (get), give (gv), ghoul (gu:l), guard (g:d), examine (g'zmn)
como en pretty ('prt), build (bld), busy ('bz), nymph (nmf), pocket ('pkt),
sieve ('sv), women ('wmn)
i: como en see (si:), aesthete ('i:si:t), evil ('i:vl), magazine (mg'zi:n), receive (ri'si:v),
siege (si:d)
como en fear (f), beer (b), mere (m), tier (t)
j como en yes (jes), onion ('njn), vignette (v'njt)
como en pot (pt), botch (bt), sorry ('sr)
como en note (nt), beau (b), dough (d), hoe (h), slow (sl), yeoman ('jmn)
: como en thaw (:), broad (br:d), drawer ('d:), fault (f:lt), halt (h:lt), organ (':gn)
como en void (vd), boy (b), destroy (d'str)
como en pull (pl), good (gd), should (d), woman ('wmn)
u: como en zoo (zu:), do (du:), queue (kju:), shoe (u:), spew (spju:), true (tru:), you (ju:)
como en in poor (p), skewer (skj), sure ()
como en potter ('pt), alone ('ln), furious ('fjrs), nation ('nen), the ()
: como en fern (f:n), burn (b:n), fir (f:), learn (l:n), term (t:m)
como en cut (ct), flood (fld), rough (rf), son (sn)
como en ship (p), election ('lkn), machine (m'i:n), mission ('mn), pressure
('pr), schedule ('dju:l), sugar ('g)
como en treasure ('tr), azure ('), closure ('kl), evasion ('ven)
t como en chew (tu:), nature ('net)
d como en jaw (d:), adjective ('dktv), lodge (ld), soldier ('sld), usage ('ju:sd)
como en thin (n), strenght (str), three (ri:)
como en in these (i:z), bathe (be), lather ('l:)
como en sing (sn), finger ('fng), sling (sln)
indica que la consonante siguiente (l o n) es silbica, como en bundle ('bndl),
button ('btn)
x como en Scottish loch (lx)
como en Scottish aye (), bile (bl), byke (bk)
Duracin (Length) El smbolo : denota duracin y aparace con ciertos smbolos voclicos cuando las
vocales son largas (de mayor duracin).
Acento (Stress) Se muestran tres grados de acentos en las transcripciones, de acuerdo a la presencia o
ausencia de marcas puestas inmediatamente antes de la slaba afectada. El acento primario o fuerte se
muestra con ', mientras que el acento secundario o dbil se muestra con . Las slabas no acentuadas no se
marcan. En photographic /ft'grfk/, por ejemplo, la primera slaba lleva acento secundario y la tercera
lleva acento primario, mientras que la segunda y la cuarta no llevan acento.
www.thefreedictionary.com/_/pk_ipa.htm
T e l e c o m | - 127 -
LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES
Infinitivo Pasado Participio Pasado Significado
* Se pueden conjugar como verbos regulares (terminacin ed)

Principalmente en Norteamrica.
arise /raz/ arose /rz/ arisen /rzn/ levantarse, surgir
awake /wek/ awoke /wk/ awoken /w / despertarse,

despertar
bear /be(r)/ bore /b(r)/ born /bn/ aguantar,
soportar, parir
beat /bit/ beat /bit/ beaten / golpear, derrotar,
/bitn/ batir
become became become convertirse en,

/bkm/, /bkm/ /bkem/ /bkm/, /bkm/ llegar a ser,
volverse, ponerse
begin began begun empezar
/bn/, /bn/ /bn/ /b 'gn/
bend /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/ doblar, torcer,

inclinarse
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/ apostar
bid /bd/ bid /bd/ bid /bd/ ofrecer, pujar,

licitar
bind /band/ bound /band/ bound /band/ atar, unir,
encuadernar
bite /bat/ bit /bt/ bitten morder, picar
/btn/, /b /
bleed /blid/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/ sangrar
blow /bl/ blew /blu/ blown /bln/ soplar
break /brek/ broke /brk/ broken /brkn/ romper
breed /brid/ bred /bred/ bred /bred/ criar, engendrar
bring /br/ brought /br:t/ brought /br:t/ traer
broadcast broadcast* broadcast* transmitir

/brdkst/ UK /brdkst/ UK /brdkst/ UK
/brdkst/ US /brdkst/ US /brdkst/ US
build /bld/ built /blt/ built /blt/ construir
burn /bn/ UK burnt* /bnt/ UK burnt* /bnt/ UK quemar

/b:rn/ US /b:rnt/ US /b:rnt/ US
burst /bst/ UK burst /bst/ UK burst /bst/ UK explotar, reventar
/b:rst/ US /b:rst/ US /b:rst/ US
- 128 - | T e l e c o m
buy /ba/ bought /bt/ bought /bt/ comprar
cast /kst/ UK cast /kst/ UK cast /kst/ UK lanzar, echar,

/kst/ US /kst/ US /kst/ US emitir
catch /kt/ caught /kt/ caught /kt/ atrapar, asir,

tomar
choose /tuz/ chose /tz/ chosen /tzn/ elegir
clap /klp/ clapt* /klpt/ clapt* /klpt/ aplaudir
cling /kl/ clung /kl/ clung /kl/ agarrarse,

adherirse,
aferrarse
clothe /kl/ clad* /kld/ clad* /kld/ vestir, revestir,
clothed /kld/ clothed /kld/ cubrir
come /km/ came /kem/ come /km/ venir
cost /kst/ UK cost /kst/ UK cost /kst/ UK costar

/kst/ US /kst/ US /kst/ US
creep /krip/ crept /krept/ crept /krept/ gatear,
arrastrarse
cut /kt/ cut /kt/ cut /kt/ cortar
deal /d/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/ tratar con,

repartir, dar
dig /dg/ dug /d/ dug /d/ cavar
dive /dav/ dove* /dv/ dived /davd/ zambullirse,

dived /davd/ sumergirse,
bucear
do /du/ did /dd/ done /dn/ hacer
draw /dr/ drew /dru/ drawn /drn/ dibujar, extraer,

sacar
dream /drim/ dreamt* /drmt/ dreamt* /dremt/ soar
dreamed /drimd/ dreamed /drimd/
drink /drk/ drank /drk/ drunk /drk/ beber
drive /drav/ drove /drv/ driven /drvn/ conducir, ir en

coche, llevar en
coche
dwell /dwel/ dwelt /dwelt/ dwelt /dwelt/ habitar, morar
eat /it/ ate /et/ UK eaten /it /, comer

/et/ US /itn/
fall /fl/ UK, /fl/ US fell /fel/ fallen /fln/ caer, caerse
feed /fid/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ alimentar/se, dar

de comer
T e l e c o m | - 129 -
feel /fil/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ sentir/se, palpar,
tocar
fight /fat/ fought /ft/ UK fought /ft/ UK pelear, combatir
/ft/ US /ft/ US
find /fand/ found /fnd/ found /fnd/ encontrar
fit /ft/ fit* /ft/ fit* /ft/ encajar, quedar

bien, instalar
flee (fli) fled /fled/ fled /fled/ huir, huir de
fling /fl/ flung /fl/ flung /fl/ echar, arrojar
fly /fla/ flew /flu/ flown /fln/ volar
forbid /fbd/ forbade forbidden prohibir

/fbed/ /fbdn/
forecast /fkst/ forecast* forecast* /fkst/ pronosticar,
/fkst/ prever
foresee /fsi/ foresaw /fs:/ foreseen /fsi:n/ prever
foretell /ftl/ foretold foretold /ftld/ predecir

/ftld/
forget /fet/ forgot /ft/ forgotten /ftn/ olvidar
forgive /fv/ forgave /fev/ forgiven /fv / perdonar
forsake /fsek/ forsook /fsk/ forsaken abandonar,

/fsekn/ desamparar
freeze /friz/ froze /frz/ frozen /frz / congelar
get /get/ got /t/ UK got /t/ conseguir, recibir,

US gotten /t / ponerse, llegar
give /gv/ gave /gev/ given /gv / dar
go /g/ went /went/ gone /n/ ir
grind /grand/ ground /rand/ ground /rand/ moler
grow /gr/ grew /ru/ grown /gr / crecer, cultivar

handwrite handwrote handwritten escribir a mano
/hnd rat/ /hnd rt/ /hnd rt /
hang /h/ hung /h/ hung /h/ colgar
have /hv/ had /hd/ had /hd/ tener/haber
hear /h(r)/ heard /hd/ heard /hd/ or
hide /had/ hid /hd/ hidden /hd / esconder/se
hit /ht/ hit /ht/ hit /ht/ golpear, pegar
hold /hld/ held /held/ held /held/ sostener, celebrar,

esperar
- 130 - | T e l e c o m
hurt /ht/ hurt /ht/ hurt /ht/ herir, lastimar,
doler
inlay /n.le/ inlaid /n.led/ inlaid /n.led/ incrustar
input /npt/ input* /npt/ input* /npt/ introducir, entrar
keep /kip/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ mantener,

guardar,
continuar, criar
kneel /nil/ knelt* /nelt/ knelt* /nelt/ arrodillarse, estar
de rodillas
knit /nt/ knit* /nt/ knit* /nt/ tejer, tricotar
know /n/ knew /nju/ UK known /nn/ saber, conocer

/nu/ US
lay /le/ laid /led/ laid /led/ poner, colocar
lead /lid/ led /led/ led /led/ guiar, llevar,

conducir
lean /lin/ leant* /lent/ leant* /lent/ apoyarse,
inclinarse
leap /lip/ leapt* /lept/ leapt* /lept/ saltar
learn /ln/ learnt* /lnt/ learnt* /lnt/ aprender,

enterarse
leave /liv/ left /left/ left /left/ irse, dejar,
marcharse
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/ prestar
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/ dejar, permitir
lie /la/ lay /le/ lain /len/ yacer, echarse,

quedar
light /lat/ lit* /lt/ lit* /lt/ encender
lose /luz/ lost /lst/ lost /lst/ perder
make /mek/ made /med/ made /med/ hacer
mean /min/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/ significar, querer

decir, tener la
intencin de
meet /mit/ met /met/ met /met/ encontrarse con,

conocer
melt /melt/ melted /meltd/ molten* /mltn/ derretir
mislead /mslid/ misled /msled/ misled /msled/ engaar,

despistar, llevar
por mal camino
mistake /mstek/ mistook mistaken confundir,
/mstk/ /mstek / interpretar mal
T e l e c o m | - 131 -
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood entender mal
/msndstnd/ /msndstd/ /msndstd/
mow /m/ mowed /md/ mown /mn/ segar, cortar

overhear overheard overheard or por casualidad,
/vh(r)/ /v hd/ /v hd/ or sin intencin de
ello
overtake overtook overtaken sobrepasar
/vtek/ /vtk/ /vtek /
pay /pe/ paid /ped/ paid /ped/ pagar
prove /pru:v/ proved /pru:vd/ proved /pru:vd/ UK probar, resultar

proven /pruvn/ US
put /put/ put /put/ put /put/ poner
quit /kwt/ quit /kwt/ quit /kwt/ abandonar,

rendirse, dejar
read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/ leer
rid /rd/ rid* /rd/ rid* /rd/ librar,

desembarazar
ride /raid/ rode /rd/ ridden /r / andar en, pasear
en, montar
ring /r/ rang /r/ rung /r/ sonar, llamar por

telfono
rise /raz/ rose /rz/ risen /r / levantarse, subir
run /rn/ ran /rn/ run /rn/ correr
saw /s/ sawed /sd/ sawn* /sn/ aserrar, serruchar
say /se/ said /sed/ said /sed/ decir
see /si:/ saw /s/ seen /si:n/ ver
seek /si:k/ sought /st/ sought /st/ buscar
sell /sel/ sold /sld/ sold /sld/ vender
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/ enviar
set /set/ set /set/ set /set/ poner, ambientar
sew /s/ sewed /sd/ sewn* /sn/ coser
shake /ek/ shook /k/ shaken /ek / sacudir, agitar,

hacer temblar
shave /ev/ shaved /evd/ shaven* /ev / afeitarse, rasurar
shear /(r)/ sheared /d/ shorn /n/ esquilar, cortar

sheared /d/
shed /ed/ shed /ed/ shed /ed/ derramar, mudar,

echar
- 132 - | T e l e c o m
shine /an/ shone /n/ shone /n/ brillar, lustrar
shoot /ut/ shot /t/ shot /t/ disparar, matar a tiros
show // showed /d/ shown /n/ mostrar, exhibir
shrink /rk/ shrank /rk/ shrunk /rk/ encoger/se,

reducir/se
shut /t/ shut /t/ shut /t/ cerrar
sing /s/ sang /s/ sung /s/ cantar
sink /sk/ sank /sk/ sunk /sk/ hundir/se
sit /st/ sat /st/ sat /st/ sentar/se
slay /sle/ slew /slu/ slain /slen/ matar
sleep /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/ dormir
slide /slad/ slid /sld/ slid /sld/ deslizar/se,

resbalarse
sling /sl/ slung /sl/ slung /sl/ tirar, arrojar
slink /slk/ slunk /slk/ slunk /slk/ moverse

sigilosamente,
escabullirse
slit /slt/ slit /slt/ slit /slt/ rajar, cortar
smell /smel/ smelt* /smelt/ smelt* /smelt/ oler
sneak /sni:k/ sneaked /sni:kt/ sneaked /sni:kt/UK entrar/salir/poner

snuck /snk/ US a hurtadillas
sow /s/ sowed /sd/ sown /sn/ sembrar
speak /spi:k/ spoke /spk/ spoken /sp / hablar
speed /spi:d/ sped /sped/ sped /sped/ acelerar, ir a toda

speeded /spi:dd/ speeded /spi:dd/ velocidad
spell /spel/ spelt* /spelt/ spelt* /spelt/ deletrear
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/ gastar, pasar
spill /spl/ spilt* /splt/ spilt* /splt/ derramar, volcar
spin /spn/ spun /spn/ spun /spn/ girar, dar vueltas,

hilar, tejer
spit /spt/ spat /spt/ spat /spt/ escupir
split /splt/ split /splt/ split /splt/ partir, rajar,

dividir
spoil /spl/ spoilt* /splt/ spoilt* /splt/ estropear, echar a
perder, arruinar
spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/ extender,
desplegar, esparcir
T e l e c o m | - 133 -
spring /spr/ sprang /spr/ sprung /spr/ saltar
stand /stnd/ stood /std/ stood /std/ estar de pie,

pararse, soportar
steal /sti:l/ stole /stol/ stolen /sto / robar
stick /stk/ stuck /stk/ stuck /stk/ pegar, clavar,

atascarse, asomar
sing /st/ stung /st/ stung /st/ picar, arder
stink /stk/ stank /stk/ stunk /stk/ apestar, oler mal
stride /strad/ strode /strod/ stridden /strd / andar con pasos

largos
strike /strak/ struck /strk/ struck /strk/ golpear, dar (la
stricken /strk / hora)
string /str/ strung /str/ strung /str/ encordar,

ensartar, atar
strive /strav/ strove /strov/ striven /strv / luchar, esforzarse
swear /swe(r)/ swore /sw(r)/ sworn /swn/ jurar, decir

palabrotas,
maldecir
sweat /swet/ sweated /swet/UK sweated /swet/UK sudar
sweat /swet/ US sweat /swet/ US
sweep /swi:p/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/ barrer, azotar
swell /swel/ swelled /sweld/ swollen /sw / hincharse, crecer,

aumentar
swim /swm/ swam /swm/ swum /swm/ nadar
swing /sw/ swung /sw/ swung /sw/ balancear, mecer,

colgar
take /tek/ took /tk/ taken /te / tomar, llevar
teach /tit/ taught /tt/ taught /tt/ ensear
tear /te(r)/ tore /t(r)/ torn /tn/ desgarrar,

romper, arrancar
tell /tel/ told /tld/ told /tld/ decir, contar
think /k/ thought /t/ thought /t/ pensar
thrive /rav/ throve* /rv/ thriven* /r / prosperar, crecer

mucho,
desarrollarse
throw /r/ threw /ru/ thrown /rn/ tirar, arrojar
thrust /rst/ thrust /rst/ thrust /rst/ empujar con

fuerza, clavar
tread /tred/ trod /trd/ trodden /tr / pisar, andar
- 134 - | T e l e c o m
undergo underwent undergone sufrir, ser
/nd/ /ndwent/ /ndn/ sometido a,
recibir
understand understood understood entender
/ndstnd/ /ndstd/ /ndstd/
undertake undertook undertaken emprender,
/ndtek/ /ndtk/ /ndtek / acometer
upset /pset/ upset /pset/ upset /pset/ enfadar,

trastornar
wake up /wek/ woke up /wk/ woken up /wk / despertar(se)
wear /w(r)/ wore /w(r)/ worn /wn/ usar, vestir,

gastar
weave /wi:v/ wove /wv/ woven /wv / tejer
wed /wed/ wed /wed/ wed /wed/ casarse, contraer

wedded /wedd/ wedded /wedd/ matrimonio
weep /wi:p/ wept /wept/ wept /wept/ llorar
wet /wet/ wet /wet/ wet /wet/ mojar

wetted /wetd/ wetted /wetd/
win /wn/ won /wn/ won /wn/ ganar
wind /wand/ wound /wand/ wound /wand/ dar cuerda,

serpentear,
envolver, enrollar
withdraw withdrew withdrawn retirar, sacar
/wdr/ /wdru/ /wdrn/
withhold withheld withheld retener, ocultar,
/whld/ /wheld/ /wheld/ no revelar
withstand withstood withstood resistir, aguantar,

/wstnd/ /wstd/ /wstd/ oponerse
wring /r/ wrung /r/ wrung /r/ torcer, retorcer,

estrujar, escurrir
write /rat/ wrote /rt/ written /r / escribir
www.theirregularverbs.com/verbList.php?page=29 (Pronunciation adapted to IPA)

Use this website to find examples on how to use these verbs.
T e l e c o m | - 135 -
LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES CON 3RA. PERSONA SINGULAR Y GERUNDIO
Infinitivo Pasado Simple Participio Pasado 3ra Persona Singular Participio Presente / Gerundio
Abide Abode/Abided Abode/Abided/Abidden Abides Abiding
Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted Alights Alighting
Arise Arose Arisen Arises Arising
Awake Awoke Awoken Awakes Awaking
Be Was/Were Been Is Being
Bear Bore Born/Borne Bears Bearing
Beat Beat Beaten Beats Beating
Become Became Become Becomes Becoming
Begin Began Begun Begins Beginning
Behold Beheld Beheld Beholds Beholding
Bend Bent Bent Bends Bending
Bet Bet Bet Bets Betting
Bid Bade Bidden Bids Bidding
Bid Bid Bid Bids Bidding
Bind Bound Bound Binds Binding
Bite Bit Bitten Bites Biting
Bleed Bled Bled Bleeds Bleeding
Blow Blew Blown Blows Blowing
Break Broke Broken Breaks Breaking
Breed Bred Bred Breeds Breeding
Bring Brought Brought Brings Bringing
Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcasts Broadcasting
Build Built Built Builds Building
Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned Burns Burning
Burst Burst Burst Bursts Bursting
Bust Bust Bust Busts Busting
Buy Bought Bought Buys Buying
Cast Cast Cast Casts Casting
Catch Caught Caught Catches Catching
Choose Chose Chosen Chooses Choosing
Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt Claps Clapping
Cling Clung Clung Clings Clinging
Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Clothes Clothing
Come Came Come Comes Coming
Cost Cost Cost Costs Costing
Creep Crept Crept Creeps Creeping
Cut Cut Cut Cuts Cutting
Dare Dared/Durst Dared Dares Daring
Deal Dealt Dealt Deals Dealing
Dig Dug Dug Digs Digging
Dive Dived/Dove Dived Dives Diving
Do Did Done Does Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Draws Drawing
Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed Dreams Dreaming
Drink Drank Drunk Drinks Drinking
Drive Drove Driven Drives Driving
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Dwells Dwelling
Eat Ate Eaten Eats Eating
Fall Fell Fallen Falls Falling
Feed Fed Fed Feeds Feeding
- 136 - | T e l e c o m
Feel Felt Felt Feels Feeling
Fight Fought Fought Fights Fighting
Find Found Found Finds Finding
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Fits Fitting
Flee Fled Fled Flees Fleeing
Fling Flung Flung Flings Flinging
Fly Flew Flown Flies Flying
Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden Forbids Forbidding
Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted Forecasts Forecasting
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foresees Foreseeing
Foretell Foretold Foretold Foretells Foretelling
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgets Foregetting
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgives Forgiving
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsakes Forsaking
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezes Freezing
Frostbite Frostbit Frostbitten Frostbites Frostbiting
Get Got Got/Gotten Gets Getting
Give Gave Given Gives Giving
Go Went Gone/Been Goes Going
Grind Ground Ground Grinds Grinding
Grow Grew Grown Grows Growing
Handwrite Handwrote Handwritten Handwrites Handwriting
Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged Hangs Hanging
Have Had Had Has Having
Hear Heard Heard Hears Hearing
Hide Hid Hidden Hides Hiding
Hit Hit Hit Hits Hitting
Hold Held Held Holds Holding
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurts Hurting
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Inlays Inlaying
Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted Inputs Inputting
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid Interlays Interlaying
Keep Kept Kept Keeps Keeping
Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Kneels Kneeling
Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted Knits Knitting
Know Knew Known Knows Knowing
Lay Laid Laid Lays laying
Lead Led Led Leads Leading
Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned Leans Leaning
Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped Leaps Leaping
Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned Learns Learning
Leave Left Left Leaves Leaving
Lend Lent Lent Lends Lending
Let Let Let Lets Letting
Lie Lay Lain Lies Lying
Light Lit Lit Lights Lighting
Lose Lost Lost Loses Losing
Make Made Made Makes Making
Mean Meant Meant Means Meaning
Meet Met Met Meets Meeting
Melt Melted Molten/Melted Melts Melting
Mislead Misled Misled Misleads Misleading
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistake Mistaking
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Misunderstands Misunderstanding
Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded Misweds Miswedding
Mow Mowed Mown Mows Mowing
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdraws Overdrawing
Overhear Overheard Overheard Overhears Overhearing
T e l e c o m | - 137 -
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtakes Overtaking
Pay Paid Paid Pays Paying
Preset Preset Preset Prests Presetting
Prove Proved Proven/Proved Proves Proving
Put Put Put Puts Putting
Quit Quit Quit Quits Quitting
Re-prove Re-proved Re-proven/Re-proved Re-proves Re-proving
Read Read Read Reads Reading
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded Rids Ridding
Ride Rode Ridden Rides Riding
Ring Rang Rung Rings Ringing
Rise Rose Risen Rises Rising
Rive Rived Riven/Rived Rives Riving
Run Ran Run Runs Running
Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed Saws Sawing
Say Said Said Says Saying
See Saw Seen Sees Seeing
Seek Sought Sought Seeks Seeking
Sell Sold Sold Sells Selling
Send Sent Sent Sends Sending
Set Set Set Sets Setting
Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sews Sewing
Shake Shook Shaken Shakes Shaking
Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Shaves Shaving
Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared Shears Shearing
Shed Shed Shed Sheds Shedding
Shine Shone Shone Shines Shining
Shoe Shod Shod Shoes Shoeing
Shoot Shot Shot Shoots Shooting
Show Showed Shown Shows Showing
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinks Shrinking
Shut Shut Shut Shuts Shutting
Sing Sang Sung Sings Singing
Sink Sank Sunk Sinks Sinking
Sit Sat Sat Sits Sitting
Slay Slew Slain Slays Slaying
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeps Sleeping
Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Slides Sliding
Sling Slung Slung Slings Slinging
Slink Slunk Slunk Slinks Slinking
Slit Slit Slit Slits Slitting
Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Smells Smelling
Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck Sneaks Sneaking
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid Soothsays Soothsaying
Sow Sowed Sown Sows Sowing
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaks Speaking
Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded Speeds Speeding
Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled Spells Spelling
Spend Spent Spent Spends Spending
Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled Spills Spilling
Spin Span/Spun Spun Spins Spinning
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spits Spitting
Split Split Split Splits Splitting
Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Spoils Spoiling
Spread Spread Spread Spreads Spreading
Spring Sprang Sprung Springs Springing
Stand Stood Stood Stands Standing
- 138 - | T e l e c o m
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticks Sticking
Sting Stung Stung Stings Stinging
Stink Stank Stunk Stinks Stinking
Stride Strode/Strided Stridden Strides Striding
Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Strikes Striking
String Strung Strung Strings Stringing
Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped Strips Stripping
Strive Strove Striven Strives Striving
Sublet Sublet Sublet Sublets Subletting
Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburns Sunburning
Swear Swore Sworn Swears Swearing
Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated Sweats Sweating
Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped Sweeps Sweeping
Swell Swelled Swollen Swells Swelling
Swim Swam Swum Swims Swimming
Swing Swung Swung Swings Swinging
Take Took Taken Takes Taking
Teach Taught Taught Teaches Teaching
Tear Tore Torn Tears Tearing
Tell Told Told Tells Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinks Thinking
Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived Thrives Thriving
Throw Threw Thrown Throws Throwing
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusts Thrusting
Tread Trod Trodden Treads Treading
Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoes Undergoing
Understand Understood Understood Understands Understanding
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertakes Undertaking
Upset Upset Upset Upsets Upsetting
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed Vexes Vexing
Wake Woke Woken Wakes Waking
Wear Wore Worn Wears Wearing
Weave Wove Woven Weaves Weaving
Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded Weds Wedding
Weep Wept Wept Weeps Weeping
Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went Wends Wending
Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted Wets Wetting
Win Won Won Wins Winning
Wind Wound Wound Winds Winding
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdraws Withdrawing
Withhold Withheld Withheld Withholds Withholding
Withstand Withstood Withstood Withstands Withstanding
Wring Wrung Wrung Wrings Wringing
Write Wrote Written Writes Writing
Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincs Zincking
www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/
T e l e c o m | - 139 -
LISTA DE VERBOS REGULARES
Pasado & Pronunciacin de la

Infinitivo Significado
Participio Pasado terminacin -ed
act acted /id/ actuar

add added /id/ sumar, aadir
aid aided /id/ ayudar
arrest arrested /id/ arrestar
assist assisted /id/ ayudar
attend attended /id/ asistir, ir
address addressed /t/ dirigirse
advertise advertised /d/ hacer publicidad
amuse amused /d/ entretener
approach approached /t/ acercarse
ask asked /t/ preguntar, pedir
accompany accompanied /d/ acompaar
accustom accustomed /d/ acostumbrar
agree agreed /d/ concordar
annoy annoyed /d/ molestar
answer answered /d/ responder
appeal appealed /d/ atraer
appear appeared /d/ aparecer
arrange arranged /d/ arreglar, ordenar
arrive arrived /d/ llegar
board boarded /id/ abordar
balance balanced /t/ equilibrar
banish banished /t/ desterrar
bark barked /t/ ladrar
bless blessed /t/ bendecir
brush brushed /t/ cepillar
behave behaved /d/ comportarse
belong belonged /d/ pertenecer
beg begged /d/ suplicar, mendigar
believe believed /d/ creer
boil boiled /d/ hervir
breathe breathed /d/ respirar
Regular Verbs - 1-
- 140 - | T e l e c o m
complete completed /id/ completar
consist consisted /id/ consistir
count counted /id/ contar
close closed /d/ cerrar
cook cooked /t/ cocinar
crash crashed /t/ chocar
cross crosssed /t/ cruzar
call called /d/ llamar
care cared /d/ cuidar
carry carried /d/ llevar, transportar
change changed /d/ cambiar
check checked /t/ chequear
charge charged /d/ cargar, cobrar
clean cleaned /d/ limpiar
climb climbed /d/ escalar, subir
comb combed /d/ peinar
cover covered /d/ cubrir
cry cried /d/ llorar
crawl crawled /d/ gatear, arrastrarse
dance danced /t/ bailar
dress dressed /t/ vestir
drop dropped /t/ dejar caer
dial dialled /d/ sintonizar, marcar
die died /d/ morir
declare declared /d/ declarar
delay delayed /d/ demorar
deliver delivered /d/ entregar
deny denied /d/ negar
dine dined /d/ cenar
dry dried /d/ secar
enclose enclosed /d/ incluir, encerrar
enjoy enjoyed /d/ disfrutar
engage engaged /d/ comprometer(se)
envy envied /d/ envidiar
express expressed /t/ expresar
Regular Verbs -2-

T e l e c o m | - 141 -
exclaim exclaimed /d/ exclamar
explain explained /d/ explicar
fail failed /d/ fracasar, fallar
fasten fastened /d/ abrochar
file filed /d/ archivar
fill filled /d/ llenar
fire fired /d/ echar del trabajo,
disparar
follow followed /d/ seguir
frighten frightened /d/ espantar, asustar
fry fried /d/ frer
finish finished /t/ terminar
fish fished /t/ pescar
fix fixed /t/ arreglar, fijar
gain gained /d/ ganar
guess guessed /t/ adivinar
help helped /t/ ayudar
hope hoped /t/ esperar, desear
happen happened /d/ suceder, ocurrir
hurry hurried /d/ apurar (se)
imagine imagined /d/ imaginar
iron ironed /d/ planchar
judge judged /d/ juzgar
kiss kissed /t/ besar
kill killed /d/ matar
laugh laughed /t/ rer
leak leaked /t/ gotear
like liked /t/ gustar
lock locked /t/ cerrar con llave
look looked /t/ mirar
mark marked /t/ marcar, sealar
milk milked /t/ ordear un animal
miss missed /t/ extraar
manage managed /d/ manejar
marry married /d/ casar (se)
massage massaged /d/ masajear
Regular Verbs -3-

- 142 - | T e l e c o m
measure measured /d/ medir
move moved /d/ mover
observe observed /d/ observar
offer offered /d/ ofrecer
open opened /d/ abrir
order ordered /d/ ordenar
perform performed /d/ ejecutar
phone phoned /d/ telefonear
plan planned /d/ planear
play played /d/ jugar, tocar
plough ploughed /d/ arar
pour poured /d/ derramar, verter
pray prayed /d/ orar
prefer preferred /d/ preferir
prepare prepared /d/ preparar
pull pulled /d/ tirar
park parked /t/ estacionar
pass passed /t/ pasar
pick picked /t/ recoger
please pleased /d/ complacer
polish polished /t/ pulir
practise practised /t/ practicar
promise promised /t/ prometer
pronounce pronounced /t/ pronunciar
punish punished /t/ castigar
push pushed /t/ empujar
repeat repeated /id/ repetir
report reported /id/ reportar, informar
request requested /id/ solicitar, pedir
rest rested /id/ descansar
reach reached /t/ alcanzar
refuse refused /d/ rehusar
raise raised /d/ levantar
rain rained /d/ llover
realize realized /d/ darse cuenta
Regular Verbs -4-

T e l e c o m | - 143 -
register registered /d/ matricularse, registrar
receive received /d/ recibir
remain remained /d/ quedar, sobrar
remember remembered /d/ recordar
repair pepaired /d/ reparar
require required /d/ requerir
reserve reserved /d/ reservar, guardar
row rowed /d/ remar
resolve resolved /d/ resolver
return returned /d/ retornar, volver
search searched /t/ buscar, registrar
save saved /d/ salvar
serve served /d/ servir
settle settled /d/ arreglar, establecer
sign signed /d/ firmar
smile smiled /d/ sonrer
snow snowed /d/ nevar
spill spilled /d/ derramar
stay stayed /d/ permanecer, quedarse
study studied /d/ estudiar
suffer suffered /d/ sufrir
swallow swallowed /d/ tragar
slip slipped /t/ resbalar
smoke smoked /t/ fumar
stop stopped /t/ detener, parar
switch switched /t/ conectar, accionar
stretch stretched /t/ estirar
talk talked /t/ conversar
thank thanked /t/ agradecer
touch touched /t/ tocar, palpar
trap trapped /t/ atrapar
tire tired /d/ cansar, fatigar
train trained /d/ entrenar
travel travelled /d/ viajar
trouble troubled /d/ molestar
Regular Verbs -5-

- 144 - | T e l e c o m
try tried /d/ tratar, intentar
turn turned /d/ girar, voltear
unpack unpacked /t/ desempacar
use used /d/ usar
visit visited /id/ visitar
wait waited /id/ esperar
want wanted /id/ querer, requerir
walk walked /t/ caminar
wash washed /t/ lavar
watch watched /t/ observar, mirar
wish wished /t/ desear, anhelar
work worked /t/ trabajar
wrap up wrapped up /t/ envolver
wreck wrecked /t/ naufragar
warm warmed /d/ calentar, entibiar
warn warned /d/ advertir
water watered /d/ regar
weigh weighed /d/ pesar
whistle whistled /d/ silbar
Adaptado de: www2.udec.cl/~alualem/ingles/lvr.html
Regular Verbs -6-

T e l e c o m | - 145 -
PHRASAL VERBS
- 146 - | T e l e c o m
T e l e c o m | - 147 -
- 148 - | T e l e c o m
T e l e c o m | - 149 -
- 150 - | T e l e c o m
T e l e c o m | - 151 -
- 152 - | T e l e c o m
T e l e c o m | - 153 -
- 154 - | T e l e c o m
https://percybal.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/phrasal-verbs.pdf
T e l e c o m | - 155 -
VERBOS Y PREPOSICIONES
VERBS AND PREPOSIT IONS
accuse (someone) of ([doing] something)

add (something) to (something else)
admire (someone) for ([doing] something)
agree on (topic)
agree with (someone)
apologize to (someone) for ([doing] something)
apply to (a place) for (something)
approve of (something)
argue with (someone) about (topic)
arrive at (a building, room, site, event)
arrive in (a city, country)
ask (someone) about (someone/topic)
ask (someone) for (something)
believe in (something)
belong to (someone)
blame (someone) for ([doing] something)
borrow (something) from (someone)
care about (someone/something/topic)

comment on (topic)
compare (something) to/with (something else)
complain to (someone) about (something)
concentrate on ([doing] something)
congratulate (someone) for/on ([doing] something)
consist of (some things)
consent to ([doing] something)
contribute to (something)
count on (someone) to (do something)
cover (something) with (something else)
decide on (topic)
depend on (someone) for (something)
discuss (something) with (someone)
distinguish (something) from (something else)
dream about/of (someone/something)
escape from (somewhere)

explain (topic) to (someone)
excuse (someone) for ([doing] something)
forgive (someone for ([doing] something)
get rid of (something)

graduate from (a place)
happen to (someone)
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)
- 156 - | T e l e c o m
insist (up)on (something)
introduce (someone) to (someone else)
invite (someone) to (an event)
keep (something) for (someone)
matter to (someone)
object to (something)
participate in (something)
pay (price) for (something)
plan on ([doing] something)
pray for (someone/something)
prefer (something) to (something else)
prevent (someone) from ([doing] something)
prohibit (someone) from ([doing] something)
protect (someone) from (something)
provide (someone) with (something)
recover from (something)

rely (up)on (someone/something)
remind (someone) of (something)
rescue (someone) from (something)
respond to (someone/something)
save (someone) from (something)

search for (something)
separate (something) from (something else)
scold (someone) for ([doing] something)
smile at (someone) for ([doing] something)
speak to/with (someone) about (topic)
stare at (something/someone)
stop (someone) from ([doing] something)
subscribe to (something)
substitute (something) for (something else/someone)
subtract (something) from (something else)
succeed in ([doing] something)
suffer from (something)
take advantage of (someone/something/ situation)

take care of (something/someone)
talk to/with (someone) about (topic)
thank (someone) for ([doing] something)
travel to (somewhere)
vote for (someone)

vouch for (someone)
wait for (someone/something)

wish for (something)
work for (company/something/someone)
www.eslgold.com/grammar/verb_preposition_collocations.html
T e l e c o m | - 157 -
Cognados Ingls-Espaol English-Spanish Cognates
Los cognados son palabras que tienen la misma raz y la misma etimologa. Son palabras que
existen en dos idiomas, que se escriben igual o casi igual, y que tienen el mismo significado.
Descienden de una misma raz ancestral; por ejemplo, la palabra del ingls name y la del
latn nomen provienen del indo-europeo nmen:
latn nomen, griego noma, snscrito nAman, ingls antiguo nama, noma > ingls name.
A
accident - accidente cement - cemento disappear (to) - desaparecer
accidental - accidental center - centro disaster - desastre
accompany (to) - acompaar ceramic - cermica discrimination - discriminacin
acrobatic - acrobtico(a) cereal - cereal discuss (to) - discutir
active - activo (a) ceremony - ceremonia disgrace - desgracia
activities - actividades chimney - chimenea distance - distancia
admire (to) - admirar chimpanzee - chimpanc distribute (to) - distribuir
adult - adulto cholera - clera dollar - dlar
adventure - aventura circle - crculo double - doble
adopt (to) - adoptar circular - circular dragon - dragn
adoption - adopcin class - clase dynamite - dinamita
African - africano coast - costa dinosaur - dinosaurio
agent - agente colony - colonia E
air - aire color/colour - color electric - elctrico(a)
alarm - alarma committee - comit elephant - elefante
allergic - alrgico (a) common - comn enormous - enorme
anaconda - anaconda complete - completo(a) energy - energa
animal - animal completely - completamente enter (to) - entrar
announce (to) - anunciar company - compaa escape (to) - escapar
appear (to) - aparecer concert - concierto especially - especialmente
appetite - apetito confetti - confeti (papel picado) examine (to) - examinar
area - rea confusing - confuso exclaim - exclamar
arithmetic - aritmtica confusion - confusin explosion - explosin
artist - artista constellation - constelacin exotic - extico(a)
association - asociacin construction - construccin extra - extra
astronomer - astrnomo contagious - contagioso(a) extraordinary - extraordinario(a)
atmosphere - atmsfera continent - continente F
attention - atencin continue (to) - continuar family - familia
August - agosto contract - contrato famous - famoso(a)
autograph - autgrafo contribution - contribucin fascinate (to) - fascinar
automobile - automvil coyote - coyote favorite/favourite - favorito(a)
admit (to) - admitir crocodile - cocodrilo ferocious - feroz
B curious - curioso(a) finally - finalmente
banana - banana D firm - firme
banjo - banjo December - diciembre flexible - flexible
bicycle - bicicleta decide (to) - decidir flower - flor
biography - biografa decoration - decoracin, adorno fortunately - afortunadamente
blouse - blusa delicate - delicado(a) fruit - fruta
brilliant - brillante depend (to) - depender funeral - funeral
C deport (to) - deportar furious - furioso(a)
cabin - cabina de avin describe (to) - describir G
cable - cable desert - desierto galaxy - galaxia
cafeteria - cafetera destroy (to) destruir gallon - galn
camera - cmara detain (to) - detener garden - jardn
camouflage - camuflaje determine (to) - determinar gas - gas
canyon - can diamond - diamante giraffe - jirafa
captain - capitn dictator - dictador golf - golf
capture (to) - capturar different - diferente glorious - glorioso(a)
catastrophe - catstrofe direction - direccin gorilla - gorila
cause - causa directions - direcciones group - grupo
celebrate (to) - celebrar directly - directamente guide - gua
director - director
- 158 - | T e l e c o m
H
helicopter - helicptero magnificent - magnfico(a) plants - plantas
hippopotamus - hipoptamo manner - manera plates - platos
history - historia map - mapa police - polica
honor - honor March - marzo practice - prctica
hospital - hospital march (to) - marchar, caminar practice (to) - practicar
hotel - hotel marionettes - marionetas, tteres prepare (to) - preparar
hour - hora medal - medalla present (to) - presentar
human - humano(a) memory - memoria problem - problema
I metal - metal professional - profesional
idea - idea microscope - microscopio R
identification - identificacin million - milln radio - radio
imagine (to) - imaginar miniature - miniatura ranch - rancho
immediately - inmediatamente minute - minuto really - realmente
immigrants - inmigrantes moment - momento restaurant - restaurante
importance - importancia monument - monumento retire (to) retirarse, jubilarse
important - importante much - mucho reunion - reunin
impressed - impresionando(a) music - msica rich - rico(a)
impression - impresin N rock - roca
incredible - increble natural - natural route - ruta
incurable - incurable necessity - necesidad S
independence - independencia nectar - nctar secret - secreto
information - informacin nervous - nervioso(a) September - septiembre
insects - insectos O series - serie
inseparable - inseparable obedience - obediencia sofa - sof
insist (to) - insistir object - objeto special - especial
inspection - inspeccin observatory - observatorio statistics - estadstica
intelligence - inteligencia occasion - ocasin stomach - estmago
interesting - interesante ocean - ocano study (to) - estudiar
interrupt (to) - interrumpir October - octubre surprise - sorpresa
introduce (to) - introducir office - oficina T
introduction - introduccin operation - operacin telephone - telfono
invent (to) - inventar ordinary - ordinario telescope - telescopio
investigate (to) - investigar P television - televisin
invitation - invitacin palace - palacio terrible - terrible
invite (to) - invitar panic - pnico tomato - tomate
island - isla paper - papel totally -totalmente
L park - parque tourist - turista
leader - lder part - parte traffic - trfico
lemon - limn patience - paciencia trap (to) - atrapar
lens - lente penguin - pingino triple - triple
leopard - leopardo perfect - perfecto (a) trumpet - trompeta
lesson - leccin perfume - perfume tube -tubo
lessons - lecciones permanent - permanente U
line - lnea photo - foto uniform - uniforme
lion - len photograph - fotografa V
list - lista photographer - fotgrafo(a) vegetables - vegetales
locate (to) - localizar piano - piano version - versin
M pioneer - pionero visit (to) - visitar
machine - mquina pirate - pirata volleyball - voleibol
magic magia planet - planeta vote (to) - votar
magician - mago planetarium - planetario splendid - esplndido(a)
plans - planes
www.colorincolorado.org/sites/default/files/Cognate-List.pdf
T e l e c o m | - 159 -
COGNADOS FALSOS
FALSE COGNAT ES
El vocabulario ingls a veces puede sonar bastante simple para un hablante de lengua espaola,
debido a que hay tantos cognados palabras que suenan parecido en ambas lenguas: decidir -
to decide, la aplicacin - application, marvilloso - marvelous, etc.
Sin embargo, hay muchas de estas palabras que suenan parecido que no tienen el mismo
significado. Se llaman cognados falsos, o amigos falsos.
False friends (falsos amigos) o cognates (cognados) son aquellas palabras que por escribirse de
la misma forma (o parecida) en espaol son confundidas, pero que en realidad en ingls significan
otra cosa.
Por ejemplo, "conductor " en ingls no significa conductor, sino que se refiere al director de la
orquesta o al cobrador que se encuentra en los autobuses. Aqu se encuentra una lista de los
false friends o cognados ms conocidos.
an abstract: un resumen (y no abstracto)

to achieve: lograr (y no archivar, que se dice to file)
actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current, present)
actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present, currently)
to advertise: anunciar, publicitar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
ailment: enfermedad leve, achaque (y no alimento, que se dice food)
apparel: ropa, vestimenta (y no aparato, que se dice apparatus, machine, appliance)
application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicacin)
to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apologa, que se dice defence)
apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
argument: discusin, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una pelcula, que se dice plot)
arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
army: ejrcito (y no armada, que se dice navy)
aspersion: calumnia (y no aspersin, que se dice sprinkling)
assessment: evaluacin (y no asesora, que se dice consultancy)
to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
attendance: asistencia (y no atencin, que se dice attention)
avocado: aguacate (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
balloon: globo (y no baln, que se dice ball)

bank: banco - la institucin (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
beef: carne vacuna (y no bife, que se dice steak)
billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice note)
billion: mil millones (y no billn, que se dice trillion)
body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field)

can: lata o el verbo poder (y no cana, que se dice white hair)
cap: gorra (y no capa, que se dice layer)
carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cmica (y no cartn, que se dice cardboard)
casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice accidental,
chance)
casualty: vctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
cave: cueva (y no cavar, que se dice to dig)
cellular: celular, relativo a la clula (y no telfono celular, que se dice mobile telephone)
- 160 - | T e l e c o m
chafed: rozado (y no chafado, que se dice crushed o flattened)
collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
to collapse: hundirse, derrumbarse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
command: orden, mandato (y no comando, que se dice commando unit)
commodity: mercanca o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice comfort)
to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexin, que se dice body type)
to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso, que se dice
commitment, engagement o agreement)
conductor: director de orquesta o cobrador (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
confident: seguro de s mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
(to be) constipated: sufrir de estreimiento (y no estar constipado, que se dice to have a
cold/chill)
contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
to convene: convocar, reunir (y no convenir, que se dice to agree, to be advisable)
council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
crane: gra (y no crneo, que se dice skull)
curse: maldicin (y no curso, que se dice course)
date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)

deception: engao (y no decepcin, que se dice disappointment)
to deliver: entregar (y no deliberar, que se dice to deliberate)
deprivation: privacin, prdida (y no depravacin, que se dice depravity)
derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en ingls)
desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)
discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
disgust: asco, repugnancia (y no disgusto, que se dice annoyance, quarrel, trouble o to be
upset)
disparate: dispar (y no disparate, que se dice nonsense o foolish act)
diversion: desviacin (y no diversin, alegra, que se dice fun)
to doze: dormitar (y no doce, que se dice twelve)
dramatic: drstico, espectacular
economics: economa (y no econmicos, que se dice cheap)

embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
estate: propiedad, bien inmueble, patrimonio (y no estado, que se dice state)
eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual, incidental)
eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se dice by chance,
possibly)
exit: salida (y no xito, que se dice success)
fabric: tela (y no fbrica, que se dice factory)

familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar (sustantivo), que se dice
relative)
fin: aleta (y no fin, que se dice end)
form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
fray: ria, irritarse o deshilacharse (y no fraile, que se dice friar)
fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
Geneva: Ginebra (y no Gnova, que se dice Genoa)

gentle: moderado, suave (y no gentil, que se dice gentile, kind)
to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
gracious: corts (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosera, que se dice rudeness o rude word/expression)
hardly: apenas, difcilmente (y no duramente, que se dice strongly)
T e l e c o m | - 161 -
by heart: de memoria (y no de corazn, que se dice from one's heart)
horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
idiom: modismo, locucin (y no idioma, que se dice language)

influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
installment: cuota, plazo o entrega (y no instalacin, que se dice installation)
to intend: tener la intencin de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
jam: mermelada (y no jamn, que se dice ham)
lame: cojo, rengo (y no lamer, que se dice to lick)

large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
lentil: lenteja (y no lentilla, que se dice contact lens)
letter: letra del abecedario o carta (y no letra de una cancin, que se dice lyrics)
library: biblioteca (y no librera, que se dice bookshop)
lobe: lbulo (y no lobo, que se dice wolf)
luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
macaroon: galleta con almendras o coco (y no macarrn, que se dice a piece of macaroni)
man: hombre (y no mano, que se dice hand)
mascot: persona, animal u objeto que da buena suerte (y no mascota como animal
domstico, que se dice pet)
mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)
mocha: caf moca (y no mocha/o, desafilada/o, que se dice blunt)
to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o to annoy)
notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
occurrence: aparicin (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)

office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)
once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oracin, que se dice sentence o prayer)
ordinary: comn (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)

parade: desfile (y no pared, que se dice wall)
to pare: pelar o cortar las uas (y no parar, que se dice to stop)
parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
petrol: gasolina o nafta (y no petrleo, que se dice oil, petroleum)
pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
policy: poltica (y no polica, que se dice police)
politic: diplomtico, corts o prudente (y no poltico, que se dice politician)
preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
to probe: investigar (y no probar, que se dice to prove, taste o try)
prospect: posibilidad, perspectiva o posible cliente (y no prospecto, que se dice leaflet o
pamphlet)
quince: membrillo (y no quince, que se dice fifteen)

to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
- 162 - | T e l e c o m
quite: bastante, totalmente (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away)
quote: cita o presupuesto (y no cuota, que se dice fee, installment o payment)
to rape: violar (y no rapar, que se dice to shave o to crop)

recollection: recuerdo (y no recoleccin, que se dice harvest o collection)
red: rojo (y no red, que se dice net)
regular: de tamao normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
rude: maleducado, descorts (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
to raze: arrasar (y no raza, que se dice race)
to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
recipe: receta de cocina (y no recibo, que se dice receipt)
to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
reluctantly: de mala gana (y no relucientemente o brillantemente, que se dice brilliantly)
to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
resort: centro turstico o recurso (y no resorte, que se dice spring)
to rest: descansar (y no restar, que se dice to subtract)
to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to summarize o to
sum up)
to reckon: calcular, considerar o creer (y no reconocer, que se dice to recognize)
salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)

sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
scallop: vieira (y no escalope, que se dice escalope)
sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
soap: jabn (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle sock)
son: hijo (y no son, conjugacin del verbo ser, que se dice are)
spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
stationery: artculos de papelera (y no estacionario, que se dice stationary)
to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
to stir: revolver un lquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice foreigner)
success: xito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
to support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simptico, que se dice nice, likeable)
sympathy: compasin, comprensin, psame (y no simpata, que se dice friendliness,
affection)
target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)

tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
tea: t (y no ta, que se dice aunt)
terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorfico, que se dice terrifying)
to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
ultimate: final (y no ltimo, que se dice last)

umpire: rbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)
www.saberingles.com.ar/curious/falsefriends.html
T e l e c o m | - 163 -
NMEROS
NUMBERS
0 oh, zero, nil, love, nought

1 one 1st first
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 a/one hundred 100th a/one hundredth
101 a/one hundred and one 101st a/one hundred and first
200 two hundred 200th two hundredth
1,000 a/one thousand 1,000th a/one thousandth
10,000 ten thousand 10,000th ten thousandth
100,000 a/one hundred thousand 100,000th a/one hundred thousandth
1,000,000 a/one million 1,000,000th a/one millionth
10,000,000 ten million 10,000,000th ten millionth
100,000,000 a/one hundred million 100,000,000th a/one hundred millionth
1,000,000,000 a/one billion (US) (UK)* 1,000,000,000th a/one billionth
1,000,000,000,000 a/one trillion (US) (UK)* 1,000,000,000,000th a/one trillionth
Nmeros Ordinales en Espaol
*UK before 1975: Noughts After 1975: UK adopts the US terms

(UK) a thousand million Nine noughts (1,000,000,000) (US) a billion
(UK) a million million: two million Twelve noughts (1,000,000,000,000) (US) a trillion
- 164 - | T e l e c o m
TECHNICAL TERMS GLOSSARY
SATELLITE Part 1
Antenna The process of optimising the orientation of a satellite antenna's main direction of sensitivity
Alignment towards the satellite to maximise the received signal level and to minimise the chance of receiving
unwanted interference from other satellite systems. A commonly-used alternative expressions is
"antenna pointing".
Availability The amount of time that the quality of a telecommunication service or communications link equals
or exceeds a specified minimum value. For satellite communication links the availability is usually
expressed as a percentage of the average year. See also Outage.
Azimuth The pointing direction of an antenna measured in the local horizontal plane in a clockwise direction
from north. It is the horizontal co-ordinate that is used to align a satellite antenna.
Band Switching The process of selecting one of two frequency bands (the "low band" or the "high band") for
reception of satellite signals. Frequency band switching is implemented in dual-band LNBs (Low
Noise Block downconverter) by changing the frequency of the local oscillator reference signal that
is used to downconvert the received signals to an intermediate frequency (IF).
Beacon A highly stable radio frequency signal, which is used by earth stations equipped with an automatic
(satellite) tracking system. Beacons can be generated on-board the satellite, or transmitted from
the ground and relayed through the satellite. When generated on-board the satellite, they are also
known as satellite or on-board beacons and sometimes carry telemetry signals (see Telemetry).
BSS (Broadcasting Satellite Service) Typically used to refer to a range of frequencies intended for
direct reception of satellite television and entertainment services. These frequencies are subject to
internationally-agreed regulations that govern their use and are designed to ensure that all
countries are able to offer services of this nature. In Europe, the BSS downlink frequency range is
11.7 - 12.5 GHz.
C/I (Carrier-to-Interference-Ratio) A measure of the quality of a signal at the receiver input. It is the
ratio of the power of the carrier to the power of interference arising from man-made sources,
measured within a specified bandwidth (usually the modulated carrier's bandwidth). It is usually
expressed in decibels. The higher the ratio, the better quality of the received signal.
Clarke Belt The circular orbit at approximately 35,800 km above the equator, where the satellites travel at the
same speed as the earth's rotation (Geostationary Orbit) and thus appear to be stationary to an
observer on Earth. Named after Arthur C. Clarke who first postulated the idea of geostationary
communication satellites.
DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) A general term that is commonly used to describe satellites and
satellite systems that broadcast information directly to individual end-users.
Earth-Space Link Any communications link between an earth station and a satellite (uplink or downlink).
EBU (European Broadcasting Union) An organisation that brings together the main European
broadcasters and, amongst other things, works on new standards which then require ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute) approval.
FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) In general, this refers to any satellite communication service between
earth stations located at fixed geographic positions. However, this term is often used to refer to
the "unplanned" frequency bands that are not subject to the internationally-agreed regulations that
govern the use of the BSS frequencies. The downlink FSS frequencies in Europe are 10.7 - 11.7 GHz
and 12.5 - 12.75 GHz.
T e l e c o m | - 165 -
SATELLITE Part 2
Gain (antenna) A measure of the amplifying or focussing power of an antenna when transmitting to, or receiving
from, a particular direction in space. The gain of an antenna is the ratio of the power radiated (or
received) per unit solid angle by the antenna in a given direction to the power radiated (or
received) per unit solid angle by an isotropic antenna fed with the same power. The gain is usually
expressed in dBi. (dBi: The relative gain of an antenna with respect to an equivalent isotropic
antenna, expressed on the decibel logarithmic scale.)
HPA (High Power Amplifier) A device that accepts a relatively weak input signal and boosts it to a power
level that is suitable for transmission over an earth-space link.
LHC(P) (Left-hand polarised wave) An elliptically- or circularly-polarised wave, in which the electric field
vector, observed in any fixed plane normal to the direction of propagation, whilst looking in the
direction of propagation, rotates with time in a left-hand or anticlockwise direction.
MCPC (Multiple Channel Per Carrier) Refers to the multiplexing of a number of digital channels (video
programmes, audio programmes and data services) into a common digital bit stream, which is then
used to modulate a single carrier that conveys all of the services to the end user. The single carrier
supports multiple communication channels, hence the phase "multiple channel per carrier". The
term MCPC is frequency used in the context of DVB systems, where the composite digital signal is
referred to as a Transport Stream.
Noise Figure A method for quantifying the electrical noise generated by a practical device. The noise figure is
the ratio of the noise power at the output of a device to the noise power at the input to the device,
where the input noise temperature is equal to the reference temperature (290 K). The noise figure
is usually expressed in decibels.
Outage An outage is said to occur when the quality of a telecommunication service or communications link
falls below a specified minimum value for acceptable communications performance. See
also Availability.
Pay-Per-View The purchasing of programmes and services by a television viewer or service user on an individual
basis (e.g. televised coverage of a sports event). Access to purchased material is controlled by
means of a Conditional Access system.
Shaped Beam The radiation pattern of a satellite antenna that has been designed so that its footprint follows the
boundary of a specified geographical area (the area of service provision) as closely as possible.
Shaped beams maximise the antenna gain over the service area and reduce the likelihood of
interference into systems serving other geographical areas.
SMATV (Satellite Master Antenna TV) Collective television reception and distribution system serving a local
population of users collocated in a block of flats, a hotel or other group-housing complex. SMATV
systems use one or more high quality, centrally located antenna to receive the satellite signals, plus
UHF and/or VHF antennas to receive local terrestrial broadcast services. The satellite and
terrestrial signals are distributed to the end-users via a dedicated cable distribution network.
Several different cable distribution architectures are possible.
Telemetry Coded radiocommunication from the satellite to the ground for the transmission of data relating to
the functioning and configuration of the satellite.
Thermal Noise Any undesired electrical disturbance in a circuit or communication channel. The term "thermal"
refers to the fact that the magnitude of the noise generated by an object is dependent upon the
object's physical temperature.
www.eutelsat.com/en/support/glossary/satellite-terminology.html
- 166 - | T e l e c o m
TELEVISION
AC (Alternating Current) Electrical current that changes polarity regularly and continually.
Access Channel One of the three cable channels designed for use by the public, government, or education.
Ambient sound Unintelligible background noise found in and generally unique to an audio environment.
Cannon A three-pin connector used with balanced audio lines for line and mic level audio signals. Also
known as an XL or XLR connector.
Carrier The RF signal which is modulated by a video or audio signal for broadcast transmission.
CATV (Community Antenna Television) Broadband distribution system using coaxial cable rather than
over-the-air broadcast.
Digital Literally composed of digits, or discreet elements, as opposed to analog, which consists of
continuous waves.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) A high frequency use of standard telephone lines to transmit broadband
data. Speed is dependent on technology, line condition, and distance from the telephone company
central office.
Equalization Changing the relative balance of frequencies in an audio or video signal.
Flare An undesired image, or overall haziness of an image caused by undesired reflections of light from
surfaces within the lens itself.
Gaffer The crew member principally responsible for transporting, maintaining, and setting up lighting
equipment.
Grip The crew member principally responsible for the transportation, maintenance and mounting of the
camera.
Impedance The apparent resistance to an alternating current shown by a wire or electronic device.
Master The finished copy of a program from which copies are made for distribution.
Multiplexer A device which uses a movable mirror to select images from one of several optical sources for
transmission to the dedicated camera in a film chain.
Multicasting/ The practice by which TV stations split a single digital signal into six or more different regular
multiplexing channels. TV stations generate increased revenue by using some channels for all of video
transmission, voice mail, paging, data transmission and Internet service.
Pan A camera movement in which the camera is rotated in the horizontal axis. The proper commands
are "pan right" and "pan left."
Pot Potentiometer. A variable resistor used to control the level of a signal. It increases or decreases the
volume sent to a channel on a radio console or audio mixing board.
RF (Radio Frequency) That part of the frequency spectrum in which it is possible to radiate (transmit)
electromagnetic waves. Any part of the broadcast band, including radio and television.
Sibilance An undesired hissing sound resulting from over emphasis of high-frequency sound in the
reproduction of "s" and "z" sounds in speech. Reduced by equalization or use of a windscreen.
Synthesizer A device used to generate video signals without a camera, used in the production of graphics.
VTR (Videotape recorder)
Wide Shot (WS) A picture showing a subject in the context of the surroundings to establish the relationship
between the subject and the surroundings.
Zoom ratio. The ratio of the longest focal length to the shortest focal length of a zoom lens.
www.tv-handbook.com/Glossary.html
T e l e c o m | - 167 -
RADIO
Alligator Slang for a metal spring-clamp with serrated jaws used to attach lights and other items; also called
a gator grip or bear trap. It is used by gaffers (electricians) and called a gaffer grip. The spring-
loaded clamp has serrations along the edges and resembles the jaws of an alligator.
Amplitude (AM) The encoding of a carrier wave (such as the sound waves or audio signals of a radio station) by
Modulation variation of its amplitude, or power (not its frequency).
Analog (US) A method of data storage and transmission by continuous or wavelike signals of pulses of varying
Analogue (UK) (greater or lesser) intensity; in contrast to digital transmission (on or off).
Announcer An on-air talent personality who is the person with the job to read scripts or announcements on
radio or television. (Sick jockey, news anchor, sports announcer, etc.)
Call letters The I.D. or official legal name of a radio station, such as KROC-FM.
Cans A slang term for headphones.
Clutter An excessive number of commercials or other non-program elements appearing one right after the
other.
Commercials Businesss advertising messages, they are recorded or live. Lengths are usually 15, 30 or 60 seconds,
and sometimes 2 minutes.
Contest pig Listeners who listens to many station just for the purpose of calling in and trying to win contests.
Credits The people involved in the actual program, everyone including back stage hands.
Crossfade The control board operator uses this technique mixing sound between two sources by fading one
down while at the same time raising the volume of the second source. As the second source becomes
prominent, the first source is faded away entirely.
DeeJay (DJ) Radio personality, or disc-jockey a jock. Person who plays songs on the radio, and provides
information and other content to listeners.
Demographics Audience statistical data pertaining to age, sex, race, income, and so forth.
Feedback An annoying sound caused by amplifying the speaker to the microphone.
FM A method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC) wave by varying the instantaneous
frequency of the wave. This scheme can be used with analog or digital data.
Headphones Headsets or earphones used to hear whatever you are recording, or broadcasting, at each given
moment.
Jingle A programming element such as an anthem or musical song produced by professional studio singers
for commercials or radio station promotional announcements.
Level The volume level that controls the broadcast.
Master control (Control room) Center of broadcast operations from which programming originates; air studio.
MIKE Abbreviation for the microphone.
On the beach A radio industry term for being unemployed.
Podcast An audio file in a concise form, like an .mp3, created in the form of a radio show with a way to
subscribe to it so it is automatically downloaded and delivered to a personal audio device, such as
an iPod.
Queue A number of cuts or commercials that are waiting to be played back in a specific, predetermined
manner as in a station break.
Streaming The act of turning audio into digital data and transmitting it over the Internet.
Stream jockey What a DJ is called on satellite radio or a DJ on a webcast.
Weather Broadcasts on radio or television about local daily weather, or for local and national weather service
Reporting warnings and watches.
www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm
www.radioconnection.com/glossary/
www1.udel.edu/nero/Radio/glossary.html
- 168 - | T e l e c o m
INTERNET Part 1
:// The strange expression for 'this is a computer protocol' . We add these 3 characters in a Web
address to denote which set of computer lanaguage rules affect the document you are viewing.
Addons or Custom software modifications. Users optionally install addons to improve the power of their Web
Add-ons browsers or office software. Examples include: a custom eBay toolbar for your Firefox browser, a
new search feature for your Outlook email. Most addons are free, and can be found and downloaded
from the Web.
Blogs and A blog ('web log') is a modern online writer's column. Amateur and professional writers publish their
Blogging blogs on most every kind of topic.
Browser A computer program used for accessing sites or information on a network (as the World Wide Web).
The browser application retrieves or fetches code, usually written in HTML (HyperText Markup
Language) and/or another language, from a webserver, interprets this code, and renders (displays)
it as a Web page for you to view. In the majority of cases, user interaction is needed to tell the
browser what website or specific Web page he or she would like to view. One way this is done is via
the browser's address bar.
The web address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), that you type into the address bar tells the
browser where to obtain a page or pages from.
A browser is a free software package that lets you view web pages, graphics, and most online
content. Browser software is specifically designed to convert HTML and XML into readable
documents. The most popular web browsers in 2016 are: Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer,
and Safari.
Cloud Computing A fancy term to describe that your software is online and 'borrowed', instead of purchased and
and actually installed on your computer. Web-based email is the most prevalent example of cloud
Software-as-a- computing: the users' email is all stored and accessed 'in the cloud' of the Internet, and not actually
Service (SaaS) on their own computers. This is the modern version of the 1970's mainframe computing model. As
part of the cloud computing model, 'Software as a Service' is the business model that claims people
would rather rent software than actually own it. With their web browsers, users access the cloud of
the Internet, and log into their online rented copies of their SaaS software.
Domain Name The textual representation of the IP address, used to identify a specific Web page or pages, and
comes after the "://". For example, one of the IP addresses assigned to Facebook is 69.63.176.13;
conversely, the domain name for Facebook's IP address is facebook.com. Every domain name has a
top level domain. These are simple suffixes attached to the end of the domain name that indicates
its place in the domain name hierarchy. Common top level domains are .com, org, .net, .edu and
.gov.
Download Downloading is a broad term that describes when you make a personal copy of something you find on
the Internet or World Wide Web (songs, music, ringtones, and software files. The larger the file you
are copying, the longer the download will take to transfer to your computer. Some downloads will
take 12 to 15 hours, depending on your Internet speed.
E-commerce E-commerce is 'electronic commerce': the transacting of business selling and buying online. Every
day, billions of dollars exchange hands through the Internet and World Wide Web. Sometimes, the
e-commerce is your company buying office products from another company (business-to-business
'B2B' e-commerce). Sometimes, the e-commerce is when you make a private purchase as a retail
customer from an online vendor (business-to-consumer 'B2C' e-commerce).
E-commerce works because reasonable privacy can be assured through technical means (e.g. https
secure web pages), and because modern business values the Internet as a transaction medium.
Email Email (formerly spelled e-mail with a hyphen) is electronic mail. It is the sending and receiving of
typewritten messages from one screen to another. Email is usually handled by a webmail service
(e.g. Gmail or Yahoo mail), or an installed software package (e.g. Microsoft Outlook).
Email has many cousins: text messaging, instant messaging, live chat, videomail (v-mail).
Gateway A gateway is a device that routes traffic between networks. For example, at home, your router is
your gateway. It provides a gateway between your LAN and WAN.
HTML Hypertext Markup Language is the programmatic language that web pages are based on. HTML
commands your web browser to display text and graphics in orderly fashion. HTML uses commands
called 'HTML tags' that look like the following:
<body></body>
<a href="www.about.com"></a>
<title></title>
T e l e c o m | - 169 -
INTERNET Part 2
http A technical acronym that means 'hypertext transfer protocol', the language of web pages. When a
web page has this prefix, then your links, text, and pictures should work in your web browser.
https A 'hypertext transfer protocol SECURED'. This means that the web page has a special layer of
encryption added to hide your personal information and passwords. Whenever you log into
your online bank or your web email account, you should see https at the front of the page address.
Internet The 'Internet' is hardware; it is the vast 'interconnection of computer networks' comprised of millions
of computing devices. Desktop computers, mainframes, smartphones, tablets, GPS units, car alarms,
video game consoles, and even soda pop machines are connected to the Net.
IP Address Your computer's 'Internet protocol' address is a four-part or eight-part electronic serial number. An
IP address can look something like '202.3.104.55' or like '21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A',
complete with dot or colon separators. Every computer, cell phone, and device that accesses the
Internet is assigned at least one IP address for tracking purposes. Wherever you browse, whenever
you send an email or instant message, and whenever you download a file, your IP address acts like a
type of automobile licence plate to enforce accountability and traceability.
ISP ISP is Internet Service Provider. That is the private company or government organization that plugs
you into the vast Internet around the world. Your ISP will offer varying services for varying prices:
web page access, email, hosting your own web page, hosting your own blog, and so on. ISP's will
also offer various Internet connection speeds for a monthly fee. (e.g. ultra high speed Internet vs
economy Internet).
Today, you will also hear about WISP's, which are Wireless Internet Service Providers. They cater
to laptop users who travel regularly.
Keywords and Keywords are search terms used to locate documents. Keywords are anywhere from one to five
Tags/Labels words long, separated by spaces or commas: e.g. "horseback riding calgary" e.g. "ipad purchasing
advice" e.g. "ebay tips selling". Keywords are the foundation for cataloging the Web, and the
primary means by which you and I will find anything on the Web.
Tags (sometimes called 'labels') are recommendation keywords. Tags and labels focus on crosslinking
you to related content... they are the modern evolution of 'suggestions for further reading'.
Malware Malware is the broad term to describe any malicious software designed by hackers. Malware
includes: viruses, trojans, ratware, keyloggers, zombie programs, and any other software that seeks
to do one of four things:
vandalize your computer in some way
steal your private information
take remote control of your computer ('zombie' your computer) for other ends
manipulate you into purchasing something
P2P P2P file sharing ('peer-to-peer') is the most voluminous Internet activity today. P2P is the
cooperative trading of files amongst thousands of individual users. P2P participants install special
software on their computers, and then voluntarily share their music, movies, ebooks, and software
files with each other.
Through 'uploading' and 'downloading', users trade files that are anywhere from 1 megabyte to 5
gigabytes large. This activity, while in itself a fully legal pasttime, is very controversial because
thousands of copyrighted songs and movies trade hands through P2P.
Phishing A scam in which the attacker sends an email purporting to be from a valid financial or eCommerce
provider. The email often uses fear tactics in an effort to entice the intended victim into visiting a
fraudulent website. Once on the website, which generally looks and feels much like the valid
eCommerce/banking site, the victim is instructed to login to their account and enter sensitive
financial information such as their bank PIN number, their Social Security number, mother's maiden
name, etc.This information is then surreptitiously sent to the attacker who then uses it to engage in
credit card and bank fraud - or outright identity theft.
Plugins A special kind of web browser addon. Plugins are essentially required addons, if you wish to view
very specialized web pages. Examples include: Adobe Flash or Shockwave player, Microsoft
Silverlight player, Adobe Acrobat pdf reader.
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INTERNET Part 3
Protocol A set of invisible computer rules that govern how an Internet document gets transmitted to your
screen. These dozens of programmatic rules work in the background in the same way a bank
employs staff procedures to keep your money safe. A document's Internet protocol is described by
the the first several letters in your browser's address bar, ending in the three characters '://'. The
most common protocol you will see is http:// for a regular hypertext page. The second
most common protocol you will see is https://, for hypertext pages that are secured against
hackers. Examples of Internet computer protocols:
http Hypertext Transfer Protocol
https Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secured
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
ftp File Transfer Protocol
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
POP Post Office Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
telnet Terminal Network protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
nntp Network News Transfer Protocol
MAC Media Access Control protocol
DNS Domain Name System protocol
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Router (aka 'Network Router') A router, or in many cases, a router-modem combination, is the hardware
device that acts as the traffic cop for network signals into your home. A router can be wired or
wireless or both. Your router provides both a defense against hackers, and the redirection service of
deciding which specific computer or printer should get which signals in your home. If your router or
router-modem is configured correctly, your Internet speed will be fast, and hackers will be locked
out. If your router is poorly configured, you will experience network sluggishness and possible
hacker intrusions.
Social Social engineering is the conman art of talking directly to people to trick them into divulging
Engineering passwords and their private information. All social engineering attacks are some form of a
masquerade or phishing attack, designed to convince you that the attacker is trustworthy as a friend
or as a legitimate authority figure. The attacker might use an email, phone call, or even face-time
interview to deceive you. Common social engineering attacks include greeting cards, bogus lottery
winnings, stock investment scams, warnings from an alleged banker that you've been hacked, credit
card companies pretending to protect you.
Texting/Chatting Texting is the short way to say 'text messaging', the sending of short electronic notes usually from a
cell phone or handheld electronic device.
URL Web sites are found by their addresses on the World Wide Web. These addresses are known as URLs,
or Uniform Resource Locators. Every web site has a URL assigned to it, so both searchers and Web
servers can find them quickly and easily.
URL's, or 'uniform resource locators', are the web browser addresses of internet pages and files. A
URL works together with IP addresses to help us name, locate, and bookmark specific pages and files
for our web browsers.
URL's commonly use three parts to address a page or file: the protocol (which is the portion ending
in '//:'); the host computer (which sometimes ends in .com); and the filename/pagename itself. Ex:
https://personal.bankofamerica.com/login/password.htm
http://forums.about.com/ab-guitar/?msg61989.1
ftp://files.microsoft.com/public/eBookreader.msi
telnet://freenet.edmonton.ca/main
World Wide Web The World Wide Web, or 'Web' for short, is digital content served through the Internet's
hardware. The Web is the most popular content on the Internet. The Web is viewed through web
browser software.
XML eXtensible Markup Language, a cousin to HTML. XML focuses on cataloging and databasing the text
content of a web page. XML commands look like the following:
<entry>
<address>
<city>
XHTML is a combination of HTML and XML.
http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/internetlanguage/tp/the-top-internet-terms-for-beginners.htm
T e l e c o m | - 171 -
NETWORKING Part 1
802.11 The general standard developed by the IEEE for wireless local area networks. Within the 802.11
standard are various substandards, including 802.11b (11 Mbps using the 2.4 GHz spectrum),
802.11a (54 Mbps using the 5 GHz spectrum), and 802.11g (54 Mbps using the 2.4 GHz spectrum).
AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) An AAA system (like RADIUS servers, but not
limited to that protocol) is used to control access to a network like a wireless LAN. AAA systems are
used for WPA-Enterprise Wi-Fi networks and are also used to secure access to many hot spot
networks.
Access Point (AP) A wireless LAN base station that connects a wired network (like the wired Ethernet connection
on a broadband modem) to the wireless network. The AP contains a radio transceiver, which
transmits and receives radio signals, and many APs contain a router, which reads the addresses
within data packets and directs them to the appropriate networked computer.
Bluetooth A standard system for wireless Personal Area Networks (or PANs). Bluetooth provides speeds of up
to 723 Kbps at short ranges (typically less than 10 meters). PAN technologies such as Bluetooth are
complimentary to LAN technologies (like 802.11) and are typically used to connect peripher al
devices together (like keyboards to computers, or wireless headsets to mobile phones).
Bridge A network device that interconnects two dissimilar network types. An AP can act as a bridge
between the wired and wireless networks, but can also serve as a w ireless connection between
two wired segments.
Channel A channel is the network path for wireless transmissions. Each Wi-Fi standard has numerous
channels, each of which is a central frequency. There are 11 channels in 802.11b and g
networks in the United States and Canada; 14 in most other countries. There ar e 9 channels in
802.11a networks in the United States, with various counts for other regions of the world. Some
countries including the US can have additional channels in the 5 GHz range if they employ DFS.
Channels have a bandwidth-the greater the bandwidth, the greater the potential throughput.
See 20 MHz and 40 MHz channels.
Data The sending of data, such as audio or video messages, by breaking the information down into the
Transmission smallest bit units that a computer understands.
dBm The decibel milliwatt, or dBm, is used in radio communications as a measure of signal strength. It is
a logarithmic measure, with 0 dBm being equivalent to 1 milliwatt of power. An addition of 3 dBm
is roughly equivalent to a doubling in power, whereas a decrease of 3 dBm is roughly equivalent to
a halving of power. dBm is most commonly used when examining signal strength relative to the
receive sensitivity of a wireless network device.
Edit To delete or add on a recording, tape or video.
Ethernet A standard data communications protocol. Ethernet is the standard wired network technology for
computers and computer peripheral devices such as printers. If your computer is connected to a
network via a cable, its likely using an Ethernet cable. That cable plugs into an Ethernet port on
your computer. The most common variation of Ethernet found in home networks is the 100 Mbps
100BaseT variant, but dozens of other variations exist with speeds up to 10,000 Mbps (10GB
Ethernet).
Hotspots An AP set up specifically to provide Internet access to users. Hotspots are popular in coffee
shops, restaurants, and other publicly accessible locations, and usually do no t require any
authentication or offer any encryption. They provide the convenience of free Internet access to
attract customers.
IP address The phone number of the Internet, the IP address is used to identify computers and devices
connected to the Internet and allows traffic to be routed across the Internet. Most home wireless
networks have two types of IP addresses: a public IP address (used by your modem and access point
or router) that identifies your network to other computers on the Internet, and a set of private IP
addresses used only within your network. Your access point (or separate router, if you have one)
translates between your public and private IP addresses to send data to the right computer within
your network.
LAN (Local Area Network): A computer data communications network used within a limited physical
location, like a house.
MAC Address Short for Medium Access Control, or MAC address. Known as a physical address and hardware
address whose number is uniquely formatted in hexadecimal format and given to each computer or
network device on a computer network. The addresses are usually assigned by the hardware
- 172 - | T e l e c o m
NETWORKING Part 2
MAC Address manufacturer, and these ID's are considered burned into the firmware of the network access
hardware. Because of this process, some vendors use their own specific code in the hardware
address. Example of a MAC address: D4-BE-D9-8D-46-9A. Because a MAC address is a unique
address, a computer network will not have the same MAC address assigned to more than one
computer or network device.
Network (Network Interface Card, or NIC): A device that connects to an internal bus in a PC, which provides
Adapter an interface between the computer or device and the LAN. For wireless networks, network
adapters typically connect to the PC Card bus, or the USB bus of the device being networked.
Network (NAT) A process performed within your access point (or separate router, if you use one) to translate
Address (or create a tie) between your internal networks private IP addresses and the public IP address
Translation assigned to your network by the ISP. A NAT router is a device which performs this translation and
which lets devices on your network using non-routable private IP addresses communicate with
devices on the Internet.
On Demand The act of streaming or turning audio into digital data and transmitting it over the Internet.
Audio
RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-in User System) RADIUS is a protocol for AAA (see also AAA) for controlling
access and use of a network. WPA-Enterprise uses a RADIUS server to authenticate and authorize
users on the network. You can create your own RADIUS server (with PC software or a special
hardware device), or use a hosted RADIUS server on the Internet.
Receive Receive sensitivity is a measure of the minimum signal strength and quality that a Wi-Fi device (like
Sensitivity a network adapter in a PC) can accept while still maintaining a specific level of performance.
802.11 systems have multiple receive sensitivities with lower signal level requirements equating
to lower speed connections.
Router In the context of SOHO (Small Office / Home Office), a wireless router is an AP (Access Point) that
also performs Internet connection sharing, and can run a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) service, or a captive portal service.
Service Set (SSID) Also referred to as ESSID (or Extended SSID, when referring to a network with an AP or base
Identifier station), network name, and other terms, this is the name that identifies a specific wireless LAN. In
order to connect to a network, a device must know the SSID of the network. The SSID is usually
broadcast by the base station, but this broadcast may be turned off (as a very weak security
measure).
Signal-to-Noise (SNR) A measure of the overall strength of a radio signal (like Wi-Fi) compared to the background
Ratio and ambient noise (or radio interference). A higher SNR (measured in decibels, dB) means a better
quality signal, all else being equal.
Wi-Fi Protected (WPA) An improvement to WEP, WPA adds, among other changes, a key (TKIP, or temporal key
Access integrity protocol) that changes dynamically over time, which eliminates the greatest shortcoming
of WEP. WPA is the minimum level of security you should choose if at all possible. WPA-Enterprise
adds in 802.1X authentication to make the network even more secure.
Wi-Fi Protected (WPA2) WPA2 (see also 802.11i) adds even further enhancements to WPA, including AES (Advanced
Access 2 Encryption Standard), which makes the encryption key almost impervious to current cracker
attacks.
Wireless (WDS) A system within 802.11 networks that enables APs and other devices to operate as repeaters
Distribution and bridges. WDS is designed to extend your wireless signal from a main base station (AP) to relay
System base stations (which extend the signal to other base stations) or to remote base stations (which
rebroadcast the signal to client devices).
Wireless A device that connects to an Ethernet port on a networked device (like a PC, game console, or
Ethernet Bridge networked audio system) and provides network adapter functionality for that device.
Wireless LAN A device that extends the range of a wireless LAN by receiving signals from an access point (and
Repeater other devices on a wireless LAN) and retransmitting them. A wireless LAN repeater is often placed
in a separate part of the house and is used to allow devices that are too far from the access point
to get onto the wireless LAN. Repeaters are usually part of a WDS distribution system.
Wired (WEP) The encryption system used by wireless LANs to provide security on the network. WEP uses
Equivalent an encryption key (which can be 40 or 108 bits long these are often referred to as 64- and 128-bit
Privacy keys, due to some extra bits used in the WEP system) to encrypt data flowing across the
network. WEP is considered an insecure protocol because the encryption key can easily be broken
using free tools downloaded from the Internet.
www.dummies.com/computers/computer-networking/wireless/wireless-network-glossary/
T e l e c o m | - 173 -
TELEMETRY Part 1
Alarm The term used to bring to the attention of the operator a condition, for example in vendor
managed inventory could be 'the tank level is low, you need to arrange for the tank to be
filled'.
Ambient temperature The ambient temperature indicates the maximum and minimum permissible temperatures for
the sensor.
Analogue (UK) Something which is continuously changing, for example temperature, pressure or level. In
Analog (US) remote monitoring and instrumentation analogues are usually signals from sensors or
transmitters and in the form of 4-20 milliAmps or 0-10 Volts.
The tank level for example could be represented by 4mA = 0 litres, 20mA = 50,000 litres.
Automated data Automated data collection is when information, such as tank level, is gathered by an
collection instrument and stored for future use or transmission. When this is automated then the
instrument collects the data without any manual intervention.
Battery A battery is a source of electrical power, usually Lead acid devices are used when there is a
method available to recharge (e.g. a solar cell), whereas an Alkaline battery is used when there
is not an external charging source.
BPL Broadband over Power Lines.
Cable and Connectors The connection of sensors is either through plug-in connectors or by integral cables. Plug in
connectors are great if the sensor needs to be changed, though integral cables are often more
rugged and have better environmental protection.
Calibration This is the process of checking a measuring system against a standard when the transducer is in
a defined environment, and for setting the scaling of an analogue signal to optimise the
measurement.
Detection Range This is the range over which a sensor will operate. For example a level sensor will need to work
over a range to suit the height of the tank, or a flow sensor will operate over the flow rates
that pass through the pipe.
Digital A digital signal is one which has two states, ON or OFF. For example the pump is running (ON)
or the pump is idle (OFF).
GSM GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications, which is basically the mobile phone
network as we know it. It is a worldwide standard, operating in more than 170 countries and
supports not just voice communications but also text messaging and data transfer.
GSM Telemetry The remote measurement or collection of data where the information is transmitted using the
GSM mobile phone network.
HAN Home Area Network.
Hydrostatic Level Used to measure the pressure created by a liquid. The greater the height of the liquid, the
Sensor greater the pressure. The sensor needs to be close to the bottom of the tank and either fitted
on the outside via a thread or a flange, or entering into the top of the tank and then attached
to the bottom. The pressure creates movement of a flexible piece of metal or ceramic, known
as a diaphragm, a bit like a drum, and the position of the diaphragm is measured and a signal is
produced that relates to the level of liquid in the tank. As a hydrostatic sensor needs to be in
contact with the product then we need to ensure that the materials are compatible, and any
aggressive medium doesnt eat away at the instrument. Most sensors are made from stainless
steel which is usually fine, but for nasties such as acids, sensors are made from engineered
plastics that will suit the conditions.
Hysteresis The switching hysteresis describes the distance between switching on and switch off. So if
there was a level sensor and you had a high level alarm configured, then the alarm may switch
on at 90%, but in order for the alarm to clear the level would need to fall below (for example)
85%.
- 174 - | T e l e c o m
TELEMETRY Part 2
IN4MA IN4MA (pronounced Informer) is the complete and flexible telemetry solution from
Powelectrics. IN4MA functions by using wireless and cabled techniques to interface with a wide
range of equipment, providing remote monitoring solutions and automated data collection.
Data can be presented in different ways to meet your remote sensing needs, with web based
data acquisition, stand alone PC software or SCADA solutions, and text
messaging (SMS) to your mobile phone. www.powelectrics.co.uk/glossary/index.asp?page=in4ma-666
Internet of Things The term 'Internet of Things' is also known as Machine to Machine, which in turn is often
abbreviated to M2M and relates to the field of remote monitoring and control, or
telemetry. M2M refers to communications between machines usually using the GSM mobile
phone network, but it can equally relate to communication between the machine and humans.
Log Interval The time between data samples being taken. For example in a vendor managed inventory
application the log interval could be say 30 minutes, meaning that the level of the tank is
measured and recorded every 30 minutes.
M2M The term Machine to Machine is often abbreviated to M2M and relates to the field of remote
monitoring and control, or telemetry. M2M refers to communications between machines usually
using the GSM mobile phone network, but it can equally relate to communication between the
machine and humans.
Macrocell A macrocell is an outdoor cell that provides coverage to a relatively large area. The antennas
are predominantly located on masts or rooftops. Such cells are sometimes referred to as
umbrella cells.
Microcell Also known as Street Level Microcells (SLM), microcells provide additional coverage and
dedicated capacity where there are high numbers of users within urban and suburban areas.
The antennas are typically located on the external walls of existing
structures or on street furniture, such as lampposts.
Network Operation This term is used to describe the main computer where data is sent to, and messages are sent
Centre from. For example it is the location where the vendor managed inventory software is run, the
data stored and from which alarms are issued by email or fax. It is called Gateway.
Nominal Flow For each flow sensor, data corresponding to its own nominal flow is measured which is the
normal flow expected to pass the flow sensor. This is necessary because response characteristic
curves of sensors are non-linear. Consequently the various sensor characteristics depend on the
location of the chosen operating point on the curve. As a rule, the nominal flow-point is set in
the middle of the portion of the (simple logarithmic representation of the characteristic) curve
which appears to be linear. For this operating point, the following values may be defined:
switching on and off times, stand by time, hysteresis and temperature response.
Pulse A signal from a flowmeter or power meter. For example a flow meter could give a pulse once
per litre.
Radio Telemetry Radio Telemetry is the communication of Analogue (4-20mA, 0-10V), Digital (on/off), Pulse
count (for example from a flow meter) or Serial Data (RS232/485) without the use of
wires. Radio Telemetry is generally used when it is too far for cable to be cost effective, when
a telephone line is too expensive - for installation and/or line rental, when there are no
available cores left in current cable system or there are certain time constraints. There are
different frequencies available across the globe for radio telemetry and even within the UK
there are a number of bands available for use over different ranges (how far the signal will be
sent) and band widths. For example there is a de-licensed radio telemetry band at 458MHz in
the United Kingdom. With this you can transmit 500mW ERO and therefore communicate over
approximately 20km. Line of sight is not essential but obstacles reduce the range You can have
different types of radio telemetry network, such as Point to Point, One to Many, Many to One,
Network - where data goes between any number of sites. You can also use repeaters - when
communications not directly possible, because of an obstruction (such as a hill) or distance too
great.
T e l e c o m | - 175 -
TELEMETRY Part 3
SCADA /skay-dah/ SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. So what does this mean? Essentially
SCADA is a software package designed to display information, log data and show alarms. This
can be graphical and tabular formats, words or pictures. SCADA is used in many industrial
processes such as manufacturing, power generation, water and chemical. The size of a SCADA
system can vary greatly. SCADA can be used to monitor and control plant or equipment. The
control may be automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data acquisition is
accomplished firstly by the RTU's (Remote Terminal Units). The central host will scan the RTU's
or the RTUs will report in Data can be of three main types. Analogue data (ie real numbers)
will be trended (ie placed in graphs). Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to one
state or the other. Pulse data (eg counting revolutions of a meter) is normally accumulated or
counted.
Telematics Telematics is often confused with Telemetry. Telemetry can be the remote monitoring of
anything, whether it be moving or stationary, whereas Telematics refers to moving objects,
such as cars, fuel tanks and the like, and is generally concerned about their whereabouts or
location. It is possible to combine Telemetry with Telematics.
Telemetry Telemetry is the remote measurement or the remote collection of data which can be physical,
environmental or biological.
Telemetry is typically used to gather data from distant, inaccessible locations, or when data
collection would be dangerous or difficult for a variety of reasons. In Telemetry, specialized
instruments perform measurements of physical quantities, and store or transmit the resulting
signal - sometimes after some initial signal processing or conversion.
Telemetry Systems A Telemetry system usually comprises a sensor, such as a level sensor, a Telemetry unit (or
an RTU, Remote Telemetry Unit), a means of communications, such as the mobile phone
network and a means fo collecting and displaying the data.
Wireless Telemetry Wireless Telemetry is the remote measurement or collection of data, or communication of
alarms, where the information is transmitted without the use of cable or wire. This could be
done using the GSM mobile phone network, GSM Telemetry, or the various radio frequencies
available for this around the world, Radio Telemetry.
Going wireless saves money - no access to the customers property and lower running costs, as
well as a reduced risk of a lightning strike.
www.powelectrics.co.uk/glossary/index.asp?page=ambient-temperature-698
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TELEPHONY Part 1
ACD (Automated Call Distribution) This system includes a range of sophisticated call management
solutions employed in call centres.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) A broadband technology that delivers very high data transfer
speeds over existing telephone lines. More bandwidth is delivered downstream than upstream; ie
you can download items faster than you can upload them. This is ideal for residential connections
or businesses not running a server.
Alternative (also known as CPS) This feature allows the telephone system to be programmed to select more
Carriers than one carrier (telephone line provider) for your calls. You program the system to recognise
which type of call is to be carried over which network at which time of day. This enables you to
always get the lowest available call rates.
Analogue Lines The original telephone lines. They are still the common choice in smaller telephone systems;
however, current technology has resulted in a shift towards more cost-effective options such as
ISDN and SIP trunking.
Auto Attendant An automated answering system that uses prompts to guide the caller to the correct department or
extension by pressing keys on the telephone handset, eg For appointments, press 1.
Bandwidth A measurement that gives an indication of the amount of data that can be sent through a
connection.
Call forwarding This feature enables incoming calls to be forwarded automatically to a different number, eg a
mobile or home number.
Carrier The telephone company or the provider of telephone lines into your facility.
Channel This is another word for telephone line, usually in the context of digital lines.
CLI (Calling Line Identification) Clever technology that displays the telephone number of the caller on
the receivers telephone display.
DDI (Direct Dial-In) This is the ability to assign individual telephone numbers (DDI numbers) to
extensions, faxes, computers and departments, enabling callers to dial them directly and
automatically through the switchboard without having to go via a receptionist.
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony) DECT handsets provide wireless communications within an
office, building or site, and they can be fully integrated into the company telephone system.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) This technology brings high-bandwidth information to homes and small
businesses over telephone lines. It can carry both data and voice signals (see ADSL).
Hosted This phrase is used to describe a service that is provided to the customer using equipment that is
located remotely from their facility.
IP telephony IP telephony is the use of IP signalling methods to send voice traffic across a data network. It can
eliminate the need for separate voice and data networks by converging all traffic on one network,
and it provides a wide range of other benefits for business telephone users.
IP/VoIP gateway A gateway for existing telephone systems, converting traditional telephony traffic into IP for
transmission over a data network. Using an IP gateway can be considered as a migration path
towards IP telephony, as you can gradually transfer to IP telephony while adding longevity to your
existing telephone system.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ISDN is a digital public network for voice and data
communications with charges for line rental and calls. ISDN is available as ISDN2e, where the lines
come in pairs, or as ISDN30e, which comes in groups of up to 30 lines, the minimum order being
eight.
IVR (Interactive Voice Recognition, also known as Auto Attendant) An automated answering system
that uses prompts to guide the caller to the correct department or extension by talking instead of
by using telephone keys, eg What do you want to do? Book appointments? Order a repeat
prescription? The caller then tells the system what they want to do based on the suggested
options.
T e l e c o m | - 177 -
TELEPHONY Part 2
PBX (or PABX) (Private Branch Exchange) A private business telephone system.
Pots vs. Pans One of our favourite acronyms: Plain Old Telephone Systems versus Pretty Amazing New Systems!
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) This network was traditionally analogue but now includes
digital (ISDN).
QoS (Quality of Service ) This is used to provide acceptable voice quality across IP networks.
SIP trunking (Session Initiation Protocol) In order for your telephone system to be fully IP enabled, you will need
a SIP trunk. A SIP trunk is a pure IP connection between your premises and the national telephone
network. SIP trunks can work on broadband and other types of data connectivity such as leased
lines.
Smartphone A mobile phone that is like a mini-computer and can browse the internet, receive email and let you
work on documents and spreadsheets while on the move.
Unified Also known as CTI, this system provides one centralised mailbox for all email, voice and fax
messaging messages, and all messages can be received, replied to, saved or deleted in this one inbox. When
used in conjunction with CLI (Caller Line Identification), information is selected automatically that
relates specifically to the incoming callers ID and can pop up on receptionists PCs.
Voicemail Allows callers to leave messages in individual mailboxes. These messages can often be retrieved
remotely.
VoIP /vip/ (Voice over Internet Protocol ) VoIP = IP telephony. VoIP is the transmission of voice traffic over a
WAN, VPN or the Internet.
VPN (Virtual Private Network) Linking telephone systems and/or data networks together across the
Internet. A VPN is a fast and secure way to transfer data between remote sites.
www.practicemanagement.org.uk/glossary-of-telephony-terminology
- 178 - | T e l e c o m
IES 9- 008 M ANUEL BELGRANO TELECOMM UNI CATI ONS
ENGLISH-SPANISH
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES HANDBOOK
MANUAL DE TCNICAS DE TRADUCCIN INGLS-ESPAOL
NDICE
NIVEL 2
INTRODUCCIN Pgina
Prefacio. ........................ i
La piedra de Rosetta. .... iii
TP Nro. TRANSLATION ASSIGNMENTS Trabajos Prcticos 1-70.

1 VOC: Satellite-Television-Radio-Internet-Networking-Telemetry-Telephony. .. 3
2 VOC: Cloud Telephony Features List. ..... 4
3 VOC: Telecom. ... 5
4 Cognados. Cognados Falsos. .. 6
5 Telecom Technicians. .... 7
6 Plain Old Telephone Service. POTS. Punctuation. . 8
7 Reconocimiento de Categoras Gramaticales. ... 9
8 Categoras Gramaticales. Ejercicio. Clases abiertas y cerradas. .. 10
9 Elementos de la Frase Nominal. ...... 11
10 Uso del Guin en la Frase Nominal. Verboides. 12
11 Composicin de Frases Nominales. .... 13
12 Identificacin de Ncleo, Pre y Post Modificadores. 14
13 Presente Simple. Variantes Verbales. .. 15
14 What is a Computer. Cognados. Adjetivos Determinativos. Secuencia. 16
15 Can. Futuro con Will. Do/Does Enftico. 17
16 What is the Cloud? Frases Nominales. Determinativos. Plurales. ... 18
17 What is the Cloud? Conjugacin de BE y CAN. . 19
18 Telecom Voc: Cable, Band, E&M Signaling. Preposiciones. . 20
19 Plain Old Telephone Service. POTS. .... 21
20 The Fiber Optic Communication. Gap Loss. Adverbios. Allow. 22
21 Gap Loss. ing. Presente Simple. Afijos. . 23
22 Categora Gramaticales. Light. Branch. ... 24
23 BE + about to / late / wrong / 2 mt / cold / to-Infinitivo / $. . 25
24 Variantes Verbales. Pasado, Presente, Condicional, Going to. 26
25 To BE. Variantes Verbales. .... 27
26 Variantes Verbales. Simples, Perfectos, Modales. . 28
27 Modales. ............................. 29
28 Modales. Equivalentes. A Must. ... 30
29 There Be. . 31
30 There Be. Cuadro. .. 32
31 There be + Verbos modales (may-should-must). . 33
32 There be + Verbos modales (can-could-should-must-ought to). .. 34
33 Reconocimiento de Categoras Gramaticales. Voz Pasiva. .. 35
34 Voz Pasiva. . .................... 36
35 Voz Pasiva. Mejor traduccin. Voz Pasiva Impersonal con SE. 37
36 Voz Pasiva. Voz Activa. . 38
37 Voz Pasiva. Voz Pasiva Impersonal con SE. ..... 39
38 Voz Pasiva. Voz Pasiva con Complemento Agente. .... 40
T e l e c o m |- 179-
IES 9- 008 M ANUEL BELGRANO TELECOMM UNICATI ONS
NDICE
TP Nro. Pgina
39 Voz Pasiva. Seleccin Verbal. ... 41
40 Voz Pasiva. It is said / assumed / etc. Voz Activa y Pasiva. . 42
41 Receiving & Inspecting Fiber Optic Cable. . 43
42 Amigos Falsos. ... 44
43 Its important + for us + to do / Doing sth. is important for us. 45
44 -ing. Presente Continuo. Stopped smoking. No Smoking. . 46
45 -ing. Nominalizacin y Adjetivacin. By + -ing. .... 47
46 Multiplicidad de Significados de ing. Installation of a Data Proc. Cen. 48
47 The 10 Best Android Phones 2016. Which Should you Buy? .. 49
48 Comparacin de Adjetivos. Superlativos. .. 50
49 Comparacin de Adjetivos. Unir elementos. ..... 51
50 THE + comparativo, THE + comparativo. More and More. 52
51 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Early Transcontinental Voice Calls. 53
52 UPS. Uninterruptible Power Supply. Sufijos de Inflexin y Derivacin. 54
53 Vocabulario. Familia de Palabras. Afijos. .... 55
54 Tiempos Perfectos. ........ 56
55 s / / s. Posesivo. Temporal. Is. Has. Us. Plural. ..... 57
56 Pasado Simple. Uso Causativo de Have. ............... 58
57 What is a Remote Administration Tool (RAT)? ...... 59
58 Asociar Tiempos Verbales con Imgenes. ............. 60
59 Conjunciones Coordinantes. Conjunciones Correlativas. . 61
60 Conjunciones Subordinantes. Parte 1. .................. 62
61 Conjunciones Subordinantes. Parte 2. .................. 63
62 Conectores en General. And / but / or / nor / so. . 64
63 Oraciones Condicionales Tipo Cero y Tipo Uno. ... 65
64 Unloading, Moving, and Storing Fiber Optic Cable. . 66
65 Oraciones Condicionales Tipo Dos y Tipo Tres. .... 67
66 Facebook Turns 10: What if it Had Never Been Invented? . 68-69
67 Modo Subjuntivo. Forma Sustitutas. ... 70
68 Phrasal Verbs. Preposiciones en Posicin Final. .... 71
69 Subjuntivo Norteamericano y Britnico. Phrasal Verbs. ... 72
70 GET + Preposicin / Adverbio. .... 73
RESMENES de GRAMTICA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA
1 Modo Indicativo. Modo Imperativo. (Parte 1). .. 77
1 Infinitivo / participio / gerundio. (Parte 2). .... 78
1 Paradigma verbal. (Parte 3). ...... 79
1 Modo Indicativo. Cuadro con palabras indicadoras. (Parte 4). ... 80
2 Multiplicidad de traducciones de Infinitivo con to. (Parte 1). .. 81
3 Adjetivos determinativos. ..... 84
3 Adjetivos determinativos. Cuadro. .. 85
4 Plural de sustantivos. (Parte 1). .... 86
4 Plural de sustantivos. (Parte 2). .... 87
5 Premodificacin en la Frase Nominal. Cadenas de Modificadores. 88-91
6 Categoras Gramaticales. Cuadro. ...... 92
- 180 - | T e l e c o m
IES 9- 008 M ANUEL BELGRANO TELECOMM UNI CATI ONS
NDICE
TP Nro. Pgina
7 Voz pasiva. Cuadro. .......... 93
8 Sufijos de Inflexin/Derivacin. .......... 94
9 Afijos. ............. 95
10 Comparacin de adjetivos. (Parte 1). ...... 96
10 Comparacin de adjetivos / adverbios. (Parte 2). ..... 97
11 Multiplicidad de traducciones de -ing. (Parte 1). ...... 98
12 Conectores. ............ 101
13 Oraciones Condicionales. ............ 102
14 Phrasal Verbs. ............ 103
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 1). Norteamericano y Britnico. ... 104
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 2). Indicativo vs. Subjuntivo. .... 105
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 3). Verbos / expresiones / should. Deseos. 106
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 4). Subjuntivo puro. Formas sustitutas. .. 107
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 5). Tiempos verbales / imperativo / ifshoud 108
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 6). Estructuras sustitutas. .. 109
15 Modo Subjuntivo. (Parte 7). Estructuras sustitutas. .. 110
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Amar. .... 111
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Temer. ... 112
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Partir. .... 113
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Traducir. ... 114
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Haber como Auxiliar. .. 115
16 Conjugacin de verbos en espaol. Haber Impersonal. .. 116
16 Los verbos: Persona. Nmero. Tiempo. Voz. Modo. Cuadro. .. 117
Websites Recomendados. Diccionarios. ............ 119-120
Websites Recomendados. Gramtica. ............... 121-122
APNDICE
Similitudes entre las Lenguas Indo-Europeas. ... 123
Familia de Lenguas Indo-Europeas. Cuadro Proto I-E. .... 124
Lenguas Indo-Europeas. Mapa. .............. 125
Sonidos del Ingls. IPA. ........ 126
Sonidos del Ingls. Ejemplos de IPA. ...... 127
Verbos Irregulares. Lista. .......... 128-135
Verbos Irregulares con 3ra. Persona Singular y Gerundio. .. 136-139
Verbos Regulares. Lista. ........... 140-145
Phrasal Verbs. Lista. ............ 146-155
Verbos y Preposiciones. ........... 156-157
Cognados Ingls-Espaol. ........... 158-159
Cognados Falsos. .......... 160-163
Nmeros. ........... 164
GLOSSARY. ............ 165-178
NDICE ............... 179-181
T e l e c o m |- 181-
IES 9-008 MANUEL BELGRANO
Mendoza Argentina
2016

Telecomunicaciones - MANUAL de INGLÉS - Nivel 2

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Telecomunicaciones - MANUAL de INGLÉS - Nivel 2

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INGLS-ESPAOL

Este Manual de Ejercitacin es un aporte a la Ctedra de INGLS del

Este Manual no habra sido posible sin las formadoras enseanzas de

Dedico un recuerdo muy especial a nuestras por siempre admiradas Mrs.

Mara Isabel Meli

Obra del pintor mendocino Fernando Hocevar

La piedra de Rosetta es parte de una antigua estela egipcia (especie

Originalmente expuesta dentro de un templo, la estela fue

ASSIGNMENT 1 Ver Apndice: GLOSARIO.

SATELLITE TELEVISION RADIO INTERNET NETWORKING TELEMETRY TELEPHONY

o Qu palabras puede traducir a simple vista?

Cloud Telephony Features List

Active Call Reporting

o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES (cognados) en el texto. Verifique con su diccionario.

N. = Noun (sustantivo) V. = Verb (verbo)

Carrier N. A company which provides telephone service.

N. When several companies in an industry sell the same

N. The act of taking a government-controlled industry and

Fee N. A charge for a professional service.

V. To make the electrical connections required for a

V. 1) To put in or add a piece of equipment or hardware.

N. When one company (or the government) has control

To place a call V. To make a telephone call.

N. The industry or technology of sending and receiving

ASSIGNMENT 4 Apndice: Cognados. Falsos Cognados.

1- COGNADOS INGLS-ESPAOL (ENGLISH-SPANISH COGNATES)

2- COGNADOS FALSOS (FALSE FRIENDS)

Ingls Significado en Espaol Espaol Significado en Ingls

ACTUAL REAL, VERDADERO ACTUAL CURRENT

o TRADUCIR AL CASTELLANO. DETERMINAR SI SON COGNADOS O COGNADOS FALSOS.

o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES.

o Hay terminaciones de palabras que orientan con respecto a su funcin y significado.

o La estructura de puntuacin que usted acaba de marcar permite identificar enumeraciones

o Identifique la estructura Sujeto + Verbo + Predicado.

Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

o Subraye las PALABRAS TRANSPARENTES.

PUNCTUATION MARKS SIGNOS DE PUNTUACIN

- hyphen ? questions mark

______ underline . full stop

( ) brackets ! exclamation mark

... ellipsis / slash (forward slash)

[ ] square brackets --- dash

" ' double or single quotation marks / inverted commas

ASSIGNMENT 7 Ver: Material de Referencia 6.

1 this this1 = (adj.) este, esta.

5 you you = (pron.) t, usted, vosotros, ustedes, a ti, a

7 real real = (adj.) real, autntico.

8 understanding understand = (v.) comprender, entender. [Verbo

irregular: pasado y participio understood]

12 means means: (n.) medio/s, recursos, ingresos.

ASSIGNMENT 8 Ver: Material de Referencia 6.

a, an, my, some, the, this, these, those, each, two

2- CLASIFICACIN DE LAS CATEGORAS GRAMATICALES: CLASES ABIERTAS Y CERRADAS

Clases Abiertas Clases Cerradas

ASSIGNMENT 9 Ver: Material de Referencia 3, 4 y 5.

PRE Y POST MODIFICACIN EN LAS FRASES NOMINALES

Elementos de la frase nominal

Pre-modificacin Ncleo Post-modificacin

1- FRASES NOMINALES CON PRE Y POST MODIFICACIN.

1. The voice (ncleo)

3. Multiplexers, switches and routers

9. Public coin telephone service

ASSIGNMENT 10 Ver: Material de Referencia 1, 5 y 16.

two footstools vs. two-foot stools