Wave Gen

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC TESTING FACILITIES
IN
DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING, IIT MADRAS
Prof. V.SUNDAR
Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Chennai, INDIA 600036. Tel.: 91-044 - 22578622; e-mail:headoec@iitm.ac.in
HYDRODYNAMIC TESTING FACILITIES

Wave Basin (30x30x3m deep) with multi-element wave
makers.
Deepwater Wave Flume (90 x 4 x 2.5m deep).
Wave-cum-Current Flume (30 x 2 x 1m deep).
Shallow Water Wave Flume (72 x 2 x variable depth up
to 2m).
Towing Tank (82 x 3.2 x 2.5m deep, max. carriage speed :
5 m/s
In progress
Shallow water wave Basin
Glass wall wave flume (Flow Visualisation)

1
BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF WAVES FOR
TESTING STRUCTURES
UNI DIRECTIONAL MULTIDIRECTIONAL
NORMAL OBLIQUE
REGULAR RANDOM

REGULAR WAVE TESTS

Testing of Costal and Offshore structures in hydrodynamic laboratories
with regular sinusoidal waves had been the normal practice for
several years.
In the case of regular wave tests, the design wave is represented by

a wave period and a wave height.
The main reason for such tests is that the approach is simple in the
design analysis and the determination of the response due to
extreme wave conditions (as against a design sea state) is easier.
The wave-structure interaction phenomena can be well understood

with a regular wave test.(Flow Visualization)
If this method is employed, the structure has to be tested for several

waves of different amplitude and frequency and the structure has
to be designed for the worst loads, it experiences.

2
RANDOM WAVE TESTS
Random wave tests are recommended , since such a wave simulates
large number of harmonic components and its effect can be studied
within a short duration, thus saving considerable testing time.
Combinations of frequencies may give rise to higher order excitations

due to coupling mechanisms.
In many cases, knowledge about these non-linearity may be limited

and tests with random waves is the only way to study them.
In the case of random wave tests, the design wave environment

considers a wave spectrum (energy spread over a frequency brand).
A suitable wave spectrum model could be chosen representing an

appropriate power spectral density distribution of the wave surface
elevation at the site under consideration.
Wave groups

IMPORTANCE OF TESTING STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO

THREE DIMENSIONAL WAVES
Forces on long floating cylinder of arbitrary shape in sway and roll mode reduce
by 40% due to wave directionality.
Measured values of the ratio of the largest force maximum to the standard deviation
were found to be 3.98 in long crested seas and 3.31 in short crested seas.
The added advantage of multi element wave makers, in addition to the generation of
multidirectional sea state, is that it can also generate oblique waves.
Generation of oblique waves is of paramount importance in the simulation of different

ship headings and to measure the forces due to oblique waves on bottom mounted
model structures, which cannot be rotated.

3
Developments in Hydrodynamic Testing Facilities in IIT Madras

2m wave flume (old) [1981]
Regular waves : H <=20 cm, 0.5 < f <1.7 Hz

Currents up to 20 cm/sec along wave direction(Presently being Modified)
Water depth up to 1m.
Wave maker (plunger type)

4
1 4 4 8 7 5 6
a
2 b
3
2
c
d
0.54
6 0.8 0.5 16.09 0.5 3.5 0.64 1.30

8.5
12.30 4.9 12.8
A B
PLAN VIEW a,b,c,d - Current measurement points atbthe test section

A - B : TEST SECTION
5 6
4 8
0.3
1.5
1 7
2
9 3
2.3
0.8 ELEVATION
1 WAVE ABSORBER 2 SINK 3 SOURCE FOR CURRENT 4 TROLLEYS
5 WAVE MAKER 6 PUMP 7 FLOW GUIDE 8 TURBULENCE ARRESTER
9 SAND CHAMBER
ALL DIMENSIONS IN M


5
Breakwater stability studies

6
4m wave flume [1983]
Regular waves : H<=25 cm, 0.3<=f<=1.7 Hz
Unidirectional random waves
Superposition of 20 sinusoidal (Presently computer controlled)
Water depth = 2.5m


7
4m WAVE FLUME

Narrow wave flume [1984] & dismantled

Self absorbing wave maker
Flow Visualization
0.8 < f < 1.9 Hz, H<= 10 cm

8
72500
B
2000
PLAN VIEW Wave Maker Perforated wave

absorber
Two units of perforated

parabolic wave absorber
2700
Rubble Mound All dimensions are in mm

Absorber SECTIONAL VIEW

9
2m wide wave flume (7.25m long) d = 0.5 m to 2 m
Wave Forces Inclined Cylinder
Wave screen


10
Cubes
Tetrapods(trunk) Accropods
Cubes
Tetrapods (head) Dolos (trunk) Dolos (head) Core-Loc


11
8.0
(cm)
0.0
-8.0
0.0 25.0 50.0
Time (sec)
8.0 TARGET SPETRUM
Spectral density (cm2-sec)
H S=7.0 cm
MEASURED SPECTRUM
t0=0.7 Hz
4.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0
Frequency (Hz)
Time series and spectral density(Bretchneider)

0.4
Wave Depth=1.0 m
Wave height,H(m)
0.3 Wave Depth=0.5 m
0.2
0.1 With Piston wave Maker (Absortion

Disabled)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wave Period , T(sec)
0.8 0.8
Wave Depth=1.0 m Hinged mode
0.6 Wave Depth=2.0 m
Wave height,H(m)
0.6
0.4 H max
Wave height,H(m)
Wave Depth=0.5 m
H mo
0.2 With Piston wave Maker (Absortion 0.4
enabled)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.2
6 7
0.3
0.0
Wave height,H(m)
0
Wave Depth=2.0 m
0.2
0.1 Hinged mode
With Hinged Wave Maker
0.0 Approximate theoretical maximum H for water depth=2m.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Largest measured H

12
Date of observation 1 10 1984 (10.1-10.21 Hrs)
Spectral density (m*m Rad/sec)

0.108 Measured Spectrum
0.140
Bretscheider
Neumann
0.108 Scott
0.072
0.036
0 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.9 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62
Angular frequency(Rad/sec)
Comparison of Field data off Madras with theoretical spectra

Towing Tank
Towing Tank (82 x 3.2 x 2.5m deep, max. carriage speed : 5 m/s)

13
Wave generation using PC [1988]
(Initially with 64k Apple computers installed for wave makers of 4m
wave flume and 30 x 30m wave basin (LCWM)
H <= 25 cm, 0.3 <= f <= 1.7 Hz
Wave Basin [1987 -1994]
On line wave generation with LCWM using wave synthesizer software in 1987
MEWM

Final phase in the evolution of wave generation technology
Driven by wave synthesizer software

H <= 60 cm
0.2 <= f <= 2Hz
Single computer for driving wave maker and for data acquisition
Generates multi directional waves and oblique waves

14
WAVE BASINS WORLD WIDE
Name of Basin No.of Segment Stroke Wave
Basin Segment /2() Ht.(m)
Size(m) Depth(m) Width Heig

(m) ht
(m)
U.Edinburg 27x11 1.2 80 0.30 0.70 15.00 .22
HRS 30x48 2.0 90 0.31 -- -- .50

(Wallingford)
MARINTEK 50x72 0-10 144 0.50 1.30 16.50 .40

(NorwaY)
DHI 30x20 3.0 60 0.50 1.50 16.70 .50

(Denmark)
CERC(Wash 59x11 0.76 60 0.46 0.76 0.15m .30

ington)
DHL (Delft) Variable 1.3 80 0.33 1.28 0.40m --
NRCC 30x50 0.3-2.9 64 0.50 2.00 0.40M .70
OEC,IITM 30x30 3.5 52 0.50 2.167 150 .60

MULTI ELEMENT WAVE

MAKERS (52 NOS)
A
2.33m
WAVE ABSORBER
30m
FOR LCWM
LONG CRESTED
WAVE MAKER
RUBBLE
WAVE ABSORBER
FOR MEWM
A 30m
30m
PLAN
Multi element Wave absorber

wave maker 25x25mm
3mm thick MS plate with
wooden reepers
25mm dia holes @ 100 c/c
@100 c/c
0.75
Wodden Sleepers
1.0
3.9
25mm *25mm
3.0
2.15
0mm c/c
m c/c @10
@100m
Model fixing frame
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN M
SECTION A-A

15
Legend:
Experimental data
s
Simple Wave
3 Maker Thoery
H
Flate Plate H/S
Wave maker
h=1.0m
Concrete Pedestal
Mean curve through
Measured Data
2.0
1
1 2 3 4
d/L

INSTRUMENT
RACK
R S-422 DIGITAL SERVO

HOST COMPUTER
486-33 MHZ CONROLLER
CSS-WGC
R S-232
LCWM
WAVE PADDLE
R S-422
SERVO VALUE
ACTUATOR
HYDRAULIC POWER JACK

140 bar - 700 LPM -3 PUMPS
80 bar HYD BAL
WAVE
SURFACE

16
Servo actuator
oil distribution Pipes
Position Feed back
Transducer
Pistion & Cylinder
Emergency stop button
Servo valve
Multielment wave maker
(0.5m width)
Ethylene Propylene
rubber membrane
Hydralic power
pack(3 sets of
pumps & motors
1 2 3 4 5 6
+ + + + + + +
S2
Wave Wave Probe

Monitor
Ultrasonic Velocity Probe

current meter
Wave Basin
20 HZ Low
Pass Filter
Wave Digital
Sythesizer& Servo
Host p.c controller


17
M.E.W.M
L.C.W.M

Measured & Simulated time histories of horizontal & vertical orbital velocities

18
25 2.5
Measured Measured
Simulated Simulated
20 2.0
Sww(f)x10-4(m2/s)
1.5
Suu(f)x10-4(m2/s)
15
10 1.0
5 5
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

f (HZ) f (HZ)
Comparison of simulated and measured spectra of orbital velocities
1.0
MEM s=2
MLM =30
0.8 FM
TARGET
0.6
Comparison of the target directional spread with
that from different methods of analysis
0.4
D(w, )
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180


18
.22
Spectral density(Cm*Cm-s)
13
.22
9.2
2
3.2
2
1.7
8
120
)
eg
(d
.19
150
.19
n
117
io
217
ct
.19
re
317
.19
Di
180
Freq
417
uenc
.19
y Hz(x
517
500)
Typical measured three dimensional spectra in the basin (Hs= 0.15, Tp=2s, theta=40degrees

19
Instrumentation Laboratory
The Instruments available for the measurement of most of the physical phenomena
for the studies related to wave structure interaction problems

List of a few Instruments

Carrier frequency Amplifier (HBM)
Carrier frequency Amplifier (MGC)
Carrier frequency Amplifier (MGC+)
Wave Amplifier (DHI)
Strain Amplifier (Spider 8)
Minilab SD 12 3 axis Velocity meter
Strain Amplifier (DHI)
Propeller type velocity meter
Under water Camera (with amplifier)
Mac Reflex (used for motion studies)
16 Channel Filter units
0 100 Hz Filter (HBM Type)
Gyroscope platform with amplifier for measuring the motion study of the model
Digital strain meters
Vibration exciters
Pressure calibrator (dead weight calibrator & digital display)
Dynamometer
DC Amplifier
Charge amplifier (B&K)

20
List of a few Transducers
Pressure Transducers (HBM Type)

Displacement Transducers (HBM Type)
Underwater Pressure Transducers
Load Cells (HBM Type)
Force Transducers (HBM)
Acceleration Transducers (HBM)
Under water Accelerometer
Hydrophones
Wave probes
3 axis Ultrasonic Velocity Probes (Mini Lab)

SUMMARY
The developments of the hydrodynamic facilities in the

Dept. Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras have been highlighted
In this lecture.
The facilities as well as Instruments available for the

measurement of most of the physical phenomena
for the studies related to wave structure interaction problems
are world class

21

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DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC TESTING FACILITIES

DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING, IIT MADRAS

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

HYDRODYNAMIC TESTING FACILITIES

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

UNI DIRECTIONAL MULTIDIRECTIONAL

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

REGULAR WAVE TESTS

In the case of regular wave tests, the design wave is represented by

The wave-structure interaction phenomena can be well understood

If this method is employed, the structure has to be tested for several

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Combinations of frequencies may give rise to higher order excitations

In many cases, knowledge about these non-linearity may be limited

In the case of random wave tests, the design wave environment

A suitable wave spectrum model could be chosen representing an

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

IMPORTANCE OF TESTING STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO

Generation of oblique waves is of paramount importance in the simulation of different

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

2m wave flume (old) [1981]

Regular waves : H <=20 cm, 0.5 < f <1.7 Hz

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

6 0.8 0.5 16.09 0.5 3.5 0.64 1.30

PLAN VIEW a,b,c,d - Current measurement points atbthe test section

1 WAVE ABSORBER 2 SINK 3 SOURCE FOR CURRENT 4 TROLLEYS

5 WAVE MAKER 6 PUMP 7 FLOW GUIDE 8 TURBULENCE ARRESTER

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Breakwater stability studies

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Regular waves : H<=25 cm, 0.3<=f<=1.7 Hz

Unidirectional random waves

Superposition of 20 sinusoidal (Presently computer controlled)

Water depth = 2.5m

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Narrow wave flume [1984] & dismantled

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

PLAN VIEW Wave Maker Perforated wave

Two units of perforated

Rubble Mound All dimensions are in mm

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Tetrapods (head) Dolos (trunk) Dolos (head) Core-Loc

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Time series and spectral density(Bretchneider)

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

0.3 Wave Depth=0.5 m

0.1 With Piston wave Maker (Absortion

0.1 Hinged mode

With Hinged Wave Maker

0.0 Approximate theoretical maximum H for water depth=2m.

Wave Period , T(sec)

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Spectral density (m*m Rad/sec)

0 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.9 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.62

Comparison of Field data off Madras with theoretical spectra

Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras