Medical Imaging and Nuclear

Medicine

Introduction
Gizeaddis Lamesgin (MSc.)

Jimma University
Jimma Institute of Technology
Biomedical Engineering Department
 Introduction
Images of the human body are derived from the
interaction of energy with human tissue.
The energy can be in the form of
radiation,
magnetic
electric fields,
acoustic energy.
The energy usually interacts at the molecular or atomic
levels.
Medical Imaging is a multidisciplinary filed
 Aims of medical Imaging

Visualization of the internal structure

Non-invasive investigation of structure and function

Diagnostic

Therapeutic/ therapeutic planning

Monitoring(follow-up)
Medical Imaging Technologies
Imaging systems
Development of imaging systems
Principle of medical imaging
Electromagnetic spectrum
Hall of fame
Anatomical vs Functional Imaging
Small animal Imaging
 Major Modalities

Ultrasound
Projection X-ray (Radiography)
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Medicine (SPECT, PET)
 Ultrasound Imaging
Object
Image

Transducer
R(x,y)

position
Transducer

R(x,y,z)

Depth

Image reflectivity of acoustic wave, R(x,y,z).

Depth A function of time (ping-echo)
Lateral Focusing of wavefronts
Direct imaging (e.g. vs. computed) modality echo data is
placed directly into image matrix
Ultrasound Imaging
 X-ray Imaging
Projection vs. Tomographic

Chest
Mass

Cross-sectional Image
Projection Image
 Projection X-ray Imaging
Object X-ray Detector

Id(x,y)
X-ray (x,y,z)
Source

Image records transmission of x-rays through object

I d (x, y) I 0 exp( (x, y, z)dl )
The integral is a line-integral or a projection through object
(x,y,z) x-ray attenuation coefficient, a tissue property, a
of electron density, atomic #,
function
Projection Radiography
 X-ray Computed Tomography
Collimator

X-ray Object
Source

(x,y,z0) X-ray Detector

Uses x-rays, but exposure is limited to a slice (or a couple of

slices) by a collimator
Source and detector rotate around object projections from
many angles
The desired image, I(x,y) = (x,y,z0), is computed from the
projections
Computed Tomography
 Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy)
Object Pinhole
Camera Gamma
Detector
s(x,y,z) Id(x,y)

Gamma
Source

Detector records emission of gamma photons from

radioisotopes introduced into the body

I d ( x, y) s( x, y, z )dl )
The integral is a line-integral or a projection through obj
Source s(x,y,z) usually represents a selective uptake of a
radio-labeled pharmaceutical
Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy)

Bone Scan
Nuclear Medicine (SPECT)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Atomic nuclei and hydrogen nuclei, 1H, in particular,

have a magnetic moment
Moments tend to become aligned to applied field
Creates magnetization, m(x,y,z) (a tissue property)
MRI makes images of m(x,y,z)
 MRI

cardiac cancer
stroke

joint
neuro function lung
Comparison of Medical Imaging Techniques
 Course breakdown
ULTRASONIC IMAGING
Physics of ultrasound

Instrumentation of ultrasound

Principles of image formation: A-Mode, B-Mode, M-mode

Image reconstruction

Doppler Ultrasound

X-RAY IMAGING
Basic principles and production of x-rays

X-ray tube operation and collimators assembly

Screen film and image intensifier system

Computed and digital radiography

Mammography and Fluoroscopy

Contrast

Troubleshooting and repair of faulty x-ray machine

Cause of x-ray tube failures
 Course breakdown
CT SCANNING

Introduction to CT

Evolution of CT machines

CT image formation

CT image reconstruction

Spiral CT

Ct Angiography

CT Artifacts
 Course breakdown
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Introduction to MRI physics

MRI instrumentation

MR Signal excitation and acquisition

Thermal Relaxations (T1, T2, T2*, proton density weighted images)

Spin-echo technique and spin relaxation technique.

NMR spectroscopy,

FMRI.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Radioactivity

Radiopharmaceuticals and their production

Gamma camera and Planer scintigraphy

SPECT

PET
 Course breakdown
Assessment/Evaluation Continuous assessments (60%)
o Quizzes(10%),Assignments(10%), Team paper (10%),
Mid-Exam(25%), Attendance(5%)
Final Exam (40%)
Attendance Requirements Minimum 80% to sit for final exam

References:
1. Jerrold T. B., The essential physics of medical imaging, Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, A wolters company, USA, 2002.
2. N. Smith, A. Webb, Introduction to Medical Imaging Physics, Engineering and
Clinical Applications, Cambridge university press, 2011.
3. P. Suetens, Fundamentals of Medical Imaging, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University
press, 2009.
4. Timothy G. Feeman, The Mathematics of Medical Imaging, A Beginners Guide,
Springer Science Business Media, 2010.
 Course breakdown

Course Number BMEg 4181

ECTS Credits 5
Tuesday (8:30 - 10:00am) &
Contact hours Wednesday (1:30-3:30pm)

Lecture hall CR1004

Lecturer Gizeaddis L. (1time.et@gmail.com)

Office SO6109
End of lecture
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