Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Durability of recycled aggregate concrete

C. Thomas a,, J. Setin a, J.A. Polanco a, P. Alaejos b, M. Snchez de Juan b
a
Dept. of Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Cantabria, School of Civil Engineering, Avda. Los Castros s/n, Santander 39005, Spain
b
Laboratorio Central de Estructuras y Materiales (CEDEX), Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid, Spain

h i g h l i g h t s

" Durability and mechanical properties of recycled concrete have been analysed.
" A total of 24 mixtures at ages of 28, 180 and 365 days were studied.
" The durability is lower but for lowers water/cement ratios the loss is less.
" The loss of mechanical properties is greater for lower water/cement ratios.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents the main results of the research carried out to analyse the physical, mechanical and
Received 2 May 2012 durability properties of concrete incorporating recycled aggregate. One of the most unknown aspects of
Received in revised form 14 November 2012 recycled aggregate concretes is related to their durability in aggressive environments. Also most of the
Accepted 22 November 2012
results found in the literature are not comparable due to the heterogeneity of the recycled aggregates,
Available online 29 December 2012
water/cement ratios and types of cement used. In this research, recycled aggregate concrete with partial
and total coarse aggregate replacement and reference concretes with 24 water/cement ratios have been
Keywords:
cast to study their physical and mechanical properties, behaviour under accelerated carbonation, water
Recycling
Durability
and oxygen permeability. The results show, for the same w/c ratio, the inuence of the recycled aggregate
Microstructure on the concretes. The durability of the concretes made with recycled aggregate is worse due to the intrin-
Mechanical testing sic porosity of them. These differences decrease for low w/c ratios, as in this case the most inuential fac-
Physical properties tor is the low porosity obtained in the new improved cement paste. Considering the mechanical
Recycled aggregate concrete properties, the inuence of the recycled aggregate is worse for the high w/c ratios. On the basis of the
results obtained, recommendable mixtures for recycled aggregates in aggressive environments will be
suggested. Also, an experimental model from the recycled aggregate concretes compressive strength is
proposed.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
A great deal of research has been undertaken to nd ways of
using recycled aggregate in the manufacture of concrete and, in
particular, in the use of recycled aggregates from concrete [16].
The properties of recycled aggregate make it appropriate for the
production of recycled aggregate concrete [7,8]. It is generally
agreed that there is loss in the physical and mechanical properties.
However, most of the results are not comparable due to the heter-
ogeneity of the recycled aggregates, water/cement ratios and types
of cement used. After an extensive review of the literature, Padmini
et al. [2] highlight the following aspects: recycled aggregates from
concrete requires more water for the same workability than con-
ventional concrete; density, compressive strength and modulus
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 942201827; fax: +34 942201818.
E-mail address: carlos.thomas@unican.es (C. Thomas).
of elasticity are relatively lower than that of the parent concrete;
and for a given water/cement ratio, permeability, rate of carbon-
ation and risk of reinforcement corrosion are higher.
The main objective of this work was to dene the regulation for
the use of recycled aggregates in structural concrete in Spain, gath-
ered in Annex 15 Recommendations for the utilization of recycled
aggregate concrete of the Spanish Structural Concrete Code
(EHE-08) [9,10]. The results of the research from these projects
are presented in this paper, including the results obtained by other
participants in the project [1125].
Annex 15 includes specications for the use of recycled
aggregates in structural concrete. This Annex only allows the use
of coarse recycled aggregates made from crushed concrete waste,
recommending its use up to a maximum limit of 20% by weight of
replacement of the total coarse aggregate. In this proportion, the
durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete might be af-
fected. If the concrete is to be exposed to aggressive environments,

0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.106
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065
specic tests should be carried out, studying its behaviour in each
case, as there are still several unknown aspects of the recycled aggre-
gate concrete durability.
In particular, there is little and contradictory information in the lit-
erature on the behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete in relation to
carbonation processes. Some authors [2628] have reported differ-
ences between conventional concrete and recycled aggregate concrete
regarding carbonation rates, while others [29] found that the carbon-
ation depth decreases in concrete with high percentages of recycled
aggregate. Etxeberra et al. [30] report that the rate and extent of the
carbonation process depends on the relative values of permeability
of the new mortar and the recycled aggregate used: when the recycled
aggregate is more permeable than the new mortar, the former works as
a focus of carbonation so the carbonation depth is higher than that ob-
served in conventional concrete with a similar strength. However,
when the recycled aggregate permeability is equal to, or less than, that
of the new mortar, the carbonation rate will be similar to that of the
conventional concrete as the carbon dioxide penetrates mainly
through the new mortar. In any case, the extra alkaline reserve of
recycled aggregate concrete, due to the presence of the attached
old mortar, will also play a role in decreasing the carbonation rate.
According to the EHE-08 [9,10] a water penetration test is required
on the concrete, and the following depth specications should be sat-
ised: average penetration depth of 30 mm and 20 mm and a maximal
penetration depth of 50 mm and 30 mm for IIIa and IIIb environmental
exposure classes and for the IIIc environmental exposure class, respec-
tively. Equivalence with exposure classes included in EN 206-1:2008
are: Class I (X0-No risk of corrosion or attack for concrete); Classes
IIa and IIb (XC-Corrosion induced by carbonation), IIIa, IIIb and IIIc
(XS1, XS2 and XS3-Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water),
IV (XD-corrosion induced by chlorides).
Olorunsogo and Padayachee [31] conclude that the concrete
with 100% recycled aggregate concrete as the coarse aggregate
has been graded as poor as regards oxygen permeability. How-
ever, the results of this research indicate that a low water/cement
ratio reduces and even eliminates the negative effect of the RA on
the gas permeability of recycled aggregate concrete.
The physical (density, porosity and water absorption), mechan-
ical (compressive and tensile splitting strength and elastic modu-
lus) properties and durability (carbonation, water penetration
under pressure and oxygen permeability) of recycled aggregate
concretes with 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% of coarse recycled aggregate
and different water/cement ratios have been studied. Also, this pa-
per presents the mix design requirements and a model to predict
the compressive strength of the recycled aggregate concrete.
2. Experimental program
A total of 24 mixtures have been studied. Six control concretes (CCs) with nat-
ural limestone aggregate (NA) and 18 substitutions of 20%, 50% and 100% of coarse
NA by recycled aggregate (RA) have been prepared. RA composed of concrete from
construction and demolition wastes (C&DWs) was used. The physical, durability
and mechanical properties of the CC and recycled aggregate concretes (RACs) at
ages of 28, 180 and 365 days were studied.
2.1. Materials
CEM I 52.5 N/SR with a density of 3.11 g/cm3 and a Blaine specic surface of
361 m2/kg was used. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of this Portland ce-
ment. Fig. 1 shows the aggregates size distribution. Table 2 shows the physical
and mechanical properties of the coarse aggregate.
Table 1
Chemical composition by XRF of the cement.
Cement CaO SiO2 Al2O3
CEM I 52,5 N/SR 69.6 18.6 3.1
1055
2.2. Mix proportions
Concretes of strength class between 25 and 50 MPa have been studied accord-
ing to the following mixes:
Concrete with water/cement (w/c) ratio equal to 0.65, in accordance with the
specications for a non-aggressive environment, Class I (X0-No risk of corrosion
or attack for concrete).
Concrete with w/c ratio equal to 0.55, in accordance with the specications for
an exposure to a class of corrosion induced by carbonation, Class IIb (XC-Corro-
sion induced by carbonation).
Concrete with w/c ratio equal to 0.50, in accordance with the specications for a
marine air exposure, Class IIIa (XS1-Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea
water).
Concrete with w/c ratio equal to 0.45 in accordance with the specications for a
marine environment (tidal and splash zone exposure), Class IIIc (XS3-Corrosion
induced by chlorides from sea water).
The study was carried out in three phases:
 Phase 1: mixes with a w/c = 0.65 and w/c = 0.50, using dry aggregates (H-0.65
and H-0.50 respectively).
 Phase 2: mixes with w/c = 0.65 (H-0.65AS) and w/c = 0.50 (H-0.50AS), with sat-
urated coarse aggregate (natural and recycled).
 Phase 3: mixes with w/c = 0.55 (H-0.55ARS) and w/c = 0.45 (H-0.45ARS), using
saturated recycled aggregates.
Mix designs for the H-0.65 and H-0.50 (phase 1), H-0.65AS and H-0.50AS
(phase 2) and H-0.55ARS and H-0.45ARS (phase 3) are shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5.
The effective w/c ratio has been calculated considering that, when using dry
aggregates, they absorb 70% of their total absorption capacity during batching
[8,25,32]; and when using saturated aggregates, simply by weighting them before
and after the saturation process.
2.3. Specimens and curing conditions
A total of 768 cylindrical (150  300 mm) specimens, according to [33,34] were
manufactured and cured in a standard controlled atmosphere of 20 5 C and
97 2% humidity.
2.4. Physical properties
The densities and porosities were determined according to standard [35]. The
water absorption capacity of hardened concrete can be determined by evaluating
the open pore volume, these open pores having been previously saturated. Another
way to express the absorptive capacity of the material is in terms of porosity. The
relationship between the volumes of accessible pores, calculated evaluating the dif-
ference between saturated and dry weights, provides the porosity of the material.
2.5. Mechanical properties
A universal servo-hydraulic press of 1500 kN maximum load was used. Load
rates of 8 kN/s were applied for the tensile splitting [36] and 10 kN/s for compres-
sive strength tests [37,38]. A series of three tests on 28, 180 and 365 day specimens
cured in a moist room were carried out on each mixture. Also, the modulus of elas-
ticity in compression of the concrete has been determined [39].
2.6. Durability
According to [40,41], the carbonation penetration rate in hardened concrete of
three specimens of 100  100  400 mm of each mixture was analysed. The carbon-
ation depth tests were performed at 28, 56 and 90 days after the exposure to CO2.
Three cylindrical specimens of each mixture were used for the maximum water
penetration under pressure tests. In this test, a water column acts on the specimen
72 h under 5 bars of pressure, equivalent to keeping the specimens 50 m depth un-
der water [42].
100 mm discs, extracted from the centre of a standard cylinder (150 mm diam-
eter), using a diamond disc saw were used for the oxygen permeability test. The test
was carried out according to the Spanish standards [43,43].
Fe2O3 SO3 K2O MgO TiO2 C
2.66 3.22 0.54 1.17 0.17 0.47
1056 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065

100 0

Sand (0/6)
80 20

Percent retained [%]

Gravel (6/12)

Percent passing [%]

Gravel (12/20)
60 RA (6/20) 40

40 60

20 80

0 100
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Sieve size (log. scale) [mm]

Fig. 1. Aggregates grading.

Table 2
Properties of the coarse aggregate.

Aggregate Dr (g/cm3) Dsss (g/cm3) A (wt.%) P (vol.%) Dc (g/cm3) LA (%)

NA (6/12) 2.51 2.55 1.8 4.7 1.53 31
NA (12/20) 2.54 2.59 1.6 4.0 1.53
RA (6/20) 2.32 2.31 5.3 12.3 1.42 42

where Dr. is the relative density of particle (g/cm3), Dsss the density of particle saturated with dry surface (g/cm3), A the water absorption (wt.%), P the open porosity (vol.%),
Dc the aggregate density (g/cm3), and LA is the Los ngeles Index (wt.%).

Table 3
Mix proportions of H-0.65 and H-0.50, phase 1, per cubic meter.

Designation Un. H-0.65 H-0.50

Substitution 0% 20% 50% 100% 0% 20% 50% 100%
Cement kg 275 275 275 275 380 380 380 380
Water kg 179 179 179 179 190 190 190 190
Sand kg 843 878 849 868 714 744 710 715
Gravel (12/20) kg 752 565 350 0 882 665 414 0
Gravel (6/12) kg 226 170 105 0 122 92 57 0
RA (12/20) kg 0 184 455 830 0 189 471 874
Effective w/c ratio 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.42

Table 4
Mix proportions of H-0.65AS and H-0.50AS, phase 2, per cubic meter.

Designation Un. H-0.65AS H-0.50AS

Substitution 0% 20% 50% 100% 0% 20% 50% 100%
Cement kg 275 275 275 275 380 380 380 380
Water kg 179 179 179 179 190 190 190 190
Sand kg 948 961 978 1010 806 813 822 836
Gravel (12/20) kg 513 378 209 0 702 522 290 0
Gravel (6/12) kg 490 362 199 0 330 245 136 0
RA (12/20) kg 0 185 408 640 0 192 427 683
Effective w/c ratio 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.70 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.52

Table 5
Mix proportions of H-0.55ARS and H-0.45ARS, phase 3, per cubic meter.

Designation Un. H-0.65ARS H-0.50ARS

Substitution 0% 20% 50% 100% 0% 20% 50% 100%
Cement kg 325 325 325 325 385 385 385 385
Water kg 179 179 179 179 173 173 173 173
Sand kg 875 799 831 825 814 698 742 746
Gravel (12/20) kg 755 628 367 0 871 748 432 0
Gravel (6/12) kg 254 211 123 0 168 144 83 0
RA (12/20) kg 0 210 490 923 0 223 515 963
Effective w/c ratio 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.49
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065 1057

3. Results and discussion A greater dispersion is observed in the curves tting of the ad-
vanced ages. The logarithmic curves trend to converge when the
3.1. Relative density w/c ratio decreases. Thus, the incorporation of RA penalises the
durability of non-compact cement paste concretes. The incorpora-
Fig. 2 shows the correlation between the relative density of the tion of RA leads to an increase of porosity in relation to the w/c and
RAC and CC, for the three experimental phases with 28 (a), 180 (b) the degree of substitution.
and 365 (c) days of age respectively, and the effective w/c ratio.
The relative density of CC and RAC, with 28 days, decreases 3.4. Compressive strength
quasilinearly with w/c ratio. All the different degrees of substitution
exhibit similar behaviour. The evolution of the density after 28 days It is general practice to relate the compressive strength and/or
of age is very small and therefore the results for 180 and 365 days tensile strength with the w/c ratio. In the present case, this is par-
are very similar to the initial values. Other authors [44] stated that ticularly important since the effective w/c ratios may vary with re-
the density is hardly affected by the type of aggregate, even when spect to the original measures.
the replacement is 100%. In the present research, the loss is around Fig. 5 shows the correlation between the compressive strength
3%, which conrms that the RA used is of a high quality. of the RAC and CC of the three experimental phases with 28 (a),
180 (b) and 365 (c) days of age and the effective w/c ratio.
At 28 days the results show that the use of 20% RA produces no
3.2. Absorption coefcient
signicant changes with respect to the CC. Where the substitution
is 100%, there is a signicant loss of compressive strength and to
Fig. 3 shows the correlation between the absorption coefcient
ensure similar levels of strength, it is necessary to reduce the w/c
of the RAC and the CC, of the three experimental phases with 28
ratio by 0.05. After 180 days, it is found that the difference between
(a), 180 (b) and 365 (c) days of age and the effective w/c ratio.
the compressive strength of the CC and the RAC is higher for stron-
The absorption coefcient increases with the w/c ratio and the
ger concretes.
degree of RA substitution. An absorption of 100% RAC with
w/c = 0.65 increases from 6.2% to 8.4% in respect of the CC. This
3.5. Tensile splitting strength
represents an increase of 35%. Other authors [45] nd that the
water absorptions of RAC concretes are 15% higher than those of
Fig. 6 shows the correlation between the tensile splitting
CC, although there are no differences between concretes made
strength of the RAC and CC of the three experimental phases with
with different recycled ne aggregates content. It follows that
28 (a), 180 (b) and 365 (c) days of age and the effective w/c ratio.
the coarse aggregate has a markedly greater inuence on this
For all analysed ages, a large dispersion of the results is found.
feature.
Fitting regression parameters are low. However, there is a clear
Fig. 3 reveals that, with time, the concrete with high percent-
tendency of the tensile splitting strength of the RAC to be lower
ages of substitution and high w/c ratio reduces the absorption
than the CC strength. In general terms, the tensile strength of
gap further than the standard concrete.
RAC depends on the degree of substitution. The relative values
Note that the negative effect of recycled aggregate is signi-
are around 90%, 85% and 80% for the RAC with 20%, 50% and
cantly lower for low w/c. In this case, both the porosity and absorp-
100% RA, respectively. In [46,47] are found for RAC with 100% RA
tion of the RA are partially isolated for the surrounding less
values of 65% and 79% of the tensile splitting strength of CC
absorbent cement paste.
respectively.

3.3. Open porosity 3.6. Modulus of elasticity

Fig. 4 shows the correlation between the open porosity of the Fig. 7 shows the modulus of elasticity of RAC versus the w/c ra-
RAC and the CC, of the three experimental phases with 28 (a), tio. In this gure are shown the results of the determination of con-
180 (b) and 365 (c) days of age and the effective w/c ratio. ventional modulus: specimens after 28 days and cured in moist
In general, it is noted that the accessible porosity of the RAC, room.
compared with the control concrete, increases with the w/c ratio The different substitution degrees present a parallel evolution
and the degree of substitution. with the w/c ratio. The inuence of RA on the elastic modulus is

2.5 2.5 2.5

0% 0% 0%
20% 20% 20%
50% 50% 50%
2.45 100% 2.45 100% 2.45 100%
Relative density [g/cm3]
Relative density [g/cm3]

Relative density [g/cm3]

2.4 2.4 2.4

2.35 2.35 2.35

2.3 2
2.3 2
2.3 2
y = 2.7 - 0.45x R = 0.95
y = 2.7 - 0.5x R = 0.97 y = 2.7 - 0.43x R = 0.97
2
2 2 y = 2.6 - 0.42x R = 0.98
y = 2.6 - 0.5x R = 0.91 y = 2.6 - 0.43x R = 0.95
2.25 2 2.25 2 2.25 2
y = 2.6 - 0.43x R = 0.9
y = 2.6 - 0.52x R = 0.94 y = 2.6 - 0.45x R = 0.82
2
2 2 y = 2.6 - 0.47x R = 0.98
y = 2.6 - 0.52x R = 0.9 y = 2.6 - 0.49x R = 0.97
2.2 2.2 2.2
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 2. Relative density versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).
1058 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065

10 10
2
10 2
2
y = 7.8 + 9log(x) R = 0.81 y = 7 + 7.7log(x) R = 0.92 y = 7.1 + 9.2log(x) R = 0.91

Absorption coefficient [% weight]

Absorption coefficient [% weigth]
Absorption coefficient [% weigth]

9
2
y = 9.2 + 12log(x) R = 0.81 9 2
y = 8.5 + 11log(x) R = 0.87 2
y = 8.2 + 12log(x) R = 0.94
2
9
y = 9.9 + 13log(x) R = 0.67 2
y = 9.8 + 14log(x) R = 0.68 2
y = 9.3 + 14log(x) R = 0.79

8
2
y = 12 + 18log(x) R = 0.91 8 2 2
y = 11 + 18log(x) R = 0.93 8 y = 11 + 17log(x) R = 0.95

7 7
7

6 6
6

5 5 5
0% 0% 0%
4 20% 4 20% 4 20%
50% 50% 50%
100% 100% 100%
3 3 3
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Effective water/cement raio [w/c] Efective water/cement raio [w/c] Effective water/cement raio [w/c]

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. Absorption coefcient versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).

22 22 22
0% 0% 0%
20% 20% 20%
20 20 50% 20 50%
50%
100% 100%
Open porosity [% volume]

Open porosity [% volume]

Open porosity [% volume]

100%
18 18 18

16 16 16

14 14 14

12 12 12
2
P = 18 + 22log(w/c) R = 0.77 2
P = 17 + 18log(w/c) R = 0.89
10 2
P= 21 + 26log(w/c) R = 0.74
10 10 P = 17 + 22log(w/c) R2= 0.84
2
P= 19 + 23log(w/c) R = 0.82
P = 19 + 24log(w/c) R2= 0.84
2
P = 23 + 29log(w/c) R = 0.81
8 8 P = 21 + 26log(w/c) R = 0.79
2
8 2
P= 20 + 25log(w/c) R = 0.82
2
P = 25 + 31log(w/c) R = 0.86 2
P= 23 + 27log(w/c) R = 0.86 2
P = 21 + 27log(w/c) R = 0.64
6 6 6
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 4. Open porosity versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).

80 80 80
(-1.9w/c) 2 (-2.1w/c) (-1.8w/c) 2
Rc= 1.3e+2 * e R = 0.97 Rc = 1.5e+2 * e R=1
2
Rc = 1.5e+2 * e R = 0.95

(-1.8w/c) 2 (-2w/c) 2 (-1.7w/c) R2= 0.98

70 70 Rc = 1.5e+2 * e R = 0.98 70 Rc= 1.4e+2 * e
Compressive strength [MPa]

Compressive strength [MPa]

Rc = 1.1e+2 * e R = 0.98
Compressive strength [MPa]

(-1.9w/c) 2 (-2.1w/c) 2 (-1.8w/c) R2= 0.98

Rc = 1.2e+2 * e R = 0.79 Rc = 1.4e+2 * e R = 0.9 Rc= 1.3e+2 * e
(-2.1w/c) 2 (-1.9w/c) 2 (-1.6w/c) R2= 0.98
Rc = 1.3e+2 * e R = 0.83 60 Rc = 1.2e+2 * e R = 0.87 60 Rc= 1.1e+2 * e
60

50 50 50

40 40 40

30 0% 30 0% 30 0%
20% 20% 20%
50% 50% 50%
100% 100% 100%
20 20 20
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5. Compressive strength versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).

signicantly higher than on the compressive strength. Fig. 8 the same equation with other regression coefcients. It is found
shows a comparison of the results with the predictions of some that these two models t reasonably well with the results ob-
models. tained, especially around the 35 GPa value. The other models show
Zilch and Roos [48] suggest that the modulus of elasticity is signicant differences between them and the results obtained. The
dependent on the concretes compressive strength and on its den- Dillmann equation [50] is the farthermost from the obtained
sity. Evangelista and de Brito [49] use ne recycled aggregate and results.
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065 1059

5 5
5 (-1.5w/c) 2
(-1.3w/c) 2 T= 8.2 * e R = 0.51
(-1.1w/c) T = 6.7 * e R = 0.49
T = 5.4 * e R 2= 0.93 (-1.6w/c) 2
(-1.2w/c) 2 4.5 T = 7.7 * e R = 0.4

Tensile splitting strength [MPa]

4.5 (-1.1w/c) 2 4.5 T=6*e R = 0.29

Tensile splitting strength [MPa]

Tensile splitting strength [MPa]

T= 5 * e R = 0.67 (-1.7w/c) 2
(-1.3w/c) 2 T= 7.8 * e R = 0.3
(-1.3w/c) 2 T= 5.5 * e R = 0.48
T= 5.5 * e R = 0.36
4 4 (-1.8w/c) 2
4 (-1.7w/c) 2
R = 0.51
T= 7.9 * e R = 0.22
(-1.5w/c) 2 T = 6.8 * e
T=6*e R = 0.38
3.5 3.5
3.5

3 3
3

2.5 2.5
2.5

2 2
2
0%
0% 0% 20%
20% 1.5
20% 1.5 50%
1.5 50% 50% 100%
100% 100%
1 1
1 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 6. Tensile splitting strength versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).

45 of the CC reaches values of just over 0.55 (according to the EHE)

E = 45 - 16w/c R = 0.74
2 while for RAC the w/c ratio is slightly lower than this value (out-
0%
20% 2
side the requirements of the EHE). From a conservative point of
E = 43 - 17w/c R = 0.81
50% view, it would be necessary to require more restrictive mixtures
100% 2
40 E = 40 - 15w/c R = 0.7 for carbonation environments for the RAC.
Modulus of elasticity [GPa]

E = 36 - 12w/c R = 0.4
2 Fig. 9 does not include the w/c = 0.45 concretes, phase 3, be-
cause there is no carbonation rate detected. The duration of this
test is insufcient to determine the carbonation rate of very low
35
permeability concretes. Sagoe-Crentsil et al. [54] found a 10% in-
crease in the carbonation rate with respect to conventional con-
crete in an accelerated carbonation test in 4% CO2 atmosphere
and Levy and Helene [55] with 6 months of curing, nd a the car-
bonation depth for RAC 1.32.5 times greater than that of the CC.
30
These results are similar to those obtained in this research for a
compressive strength between 35 and 40 MPa and w/c ratios
around 0.55. However, Fig. 10 shows that for an effective w/c ratio
under 0.45, the addition of RA has little effect on the carbonation
25
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 rate. Abbas et al. [56] suggests that the main factor affecting the
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] carbonation of RAC is the reserve of alkalinity. Indeed, the alkalin-
ity reduces the rate of carbonation, although a crucial factor is the
Fig. 7. Modulus of elasticity of RAC versus the w/c ratio. permeability of concrete.

3.7. Carbonation 3.8. Water depth penetration under pressure

Fig. 9 shows the carbonation rate versus the w/c ratio for the Fig. 11 shows the water depth penetration versus the w/c ratio
RAC with different degrees of substitution. In this gure are shown of the RAC with different substitution degrees and ages.
the results of the carbonation rate of specimens after 28 days after Water permeability increases with the w/c ratio and with the
the exposure to CO2. percentage of incorporated RA. The scatter of these values is signif-
The Spanish Concrete Code (EHE-08) [9,10] establishes for a car- icant, but the tendency of concrete with age of curing is to reduce
bonation environment (IIa) that the maximal value of the carbon- the permeability. For all ages, the curves tend to converge on water
ation rate is 1 mm/day0,5. All the RAC and the CC of phase 2, mixed penetration values of around 30 mm and a w/c ratio less than 0.45.
with coarse aggregate saturation, exceeded this value, as did the CC Under these conditions, it can be conrmed that the differences
of phase 1, although it should be noted that this proportion does observed between CC and RAC are minimal. In general, the maxi-
not correspond to the required IIa environment. The 0.65 w/c ratio mum recorded depth is related to the degree of incorporation of
corresponds to a non-aggressive environment (I). RA.
There is a signicant increase in the rate of carbonation with the The values obtained by Zega and Di Maio [45], 24 mm for CC
RA incorporation. The RA also negatively affects the compressive and all RAC can be attributed to the lower effective w/c ratio of
strength. Thus, it is interesting to compare these two parameters. RAC concretes compared to CC concrete, due to the incorpora-
Carbonation rate versus compressive strength is shown in Fig. 10. tion of dry RA. However, as has been noted below, with a w/c under
It is noted that for similar compressive strength concretes, the car- 0.45 the obtained water penetration values are very similar in all
bonation rate of RAC is slightly lower than that obtained for the CC. cases.
This effect might be considered as favourable for recycled con- Fig. 12 shows the water penetration under pressure compared
crete, but for the same compressive strengths the RAC have lower to the compressive strength of the RAC. The representation shows
w/c ratio. For the carbonation rate of 1 mm/day0.5, required in some peculiarities. There is little difference between the CC curves
Spain for carbonation environments for IIb environment, the w/c and those with 20% RA incorporation. The curves converge to water
1060 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065

60
Experimental
Zilch and Roos
55
Evagenlista, Brito
Dillmann
50 Corinaldes

Models elastic modulus [GPa]

Mellmann
45 Xiao and Zhang

40

35

30

25

20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Experimental elastic modulus [GPa]

Fig. 8. Different models for predicting the modulus of elasticity: Zilch and Roos [48]; Evangelista and de Brito [49]; Dillmann [50]; Corinaldesi [51]; Mellmann [52]; Xiao et al.
[53].

2
y = 0.15 * e(3.3x) R = 0.73
2
2

y = 6.1 * e(-0.047x) R = 0.91

2
y = 0.17 * e(3.2x) R = 0.85
2

y = 4.2 * e(-0.037x) R = 0.84

2
y = 0.14 * e(3.6x) R = 0.7
2

y = 2.8 * e(-0.03x) R = 0.64

2

y = 0.088 * e(4.6x) R = 0.95

2
1.5
Carbonation rate [mm/day0.5]
Carbonation [mm/day0.5]

y = 3.2 * e(-0.035x) R = 0.89

1.5 2

1
0%
20% 0.5
50%
100% 0%
20%
50%
100%

0.5 0
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Compressive strength [MPa]

Fig. 9. Carbonation rate versus the w/c ratio for different degrees of substitution. Fig. 10. Relationship between the rate of carbonation and compressive strength.

penetration values of 30 mm corresponding to a compressive The results show that the time evolution to low permeability
strength of around 60 MPa. For larger values of compressive values is faster for low w/c ratios. At 28 days of age, the oxygen
strength, the RA incorporation has no appreciable effect on the permeability of CC and RAC for a w/c ratio of 0.4 is around
water penetration depth. 2  1017 m2 and for 365 days of age, it shows a rapid evolution
For the maximum penetration of 50 mm, imposed by the EHE-08 to 2  1018 m2. By contrast, for high w/c ratios, between 28 and
for IIIa environments, the CC strength is around 35 MPa, although for 180 days similar values are recorded. In other research [57] with
100% RAC the compressive strength required to ensure the same direct exposure to marine environment it is found that this envi-
water penetration depth should be greater than 40 MPa. ronment does not affect the compressive strength or porosity of
concrete cast with sulphate-resistant cement.
3.9. Oxygen permeability Olorunsogo and Padayachee [31] nd that the RAC reduces the
oxygen permeability by 15%. This reduction can be attributed again
Fig. 13 shows the oxygen permeability versus the w/c ratio of to the lower effective w/c ratio of RAC concretes with respect to the
the RAC with different degrees of substitution and ages. CC concrete.
The results show a decrease in permeability to gases with time, According to Zaharieva et al. [58] the replacement of natural
especially for concrete with a lower degree of substitution. Also, coarse aggregate by RA doubles the air permeability of the con-
the CC and RAC show a tendency to converge for low w/c ratios. crete. The results obtained show that the replacement of all the
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065 1061

70 70 70
0% 0%

Depth of penetration of water [mm]

0%

Depth of penetration of water [mm]

Depth of penetration of water [mm]

20% 20%
20%
50% 50%
50%
100% 60 100%
60 100% 60

50 50 50

40 40 40

30 30 30

20 20 20
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75

Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 11. Maximum water deep penetration versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).

65 1 10
-16

y = 67 * e(-0.014x)
2
P = 2.8e-16 * e(-0.046fc) R = 0.89
2
R = 0.56
O
y = 90 * e(-0.019x)
2
60 R = 0.76 (-0.051f ) R = 0.97 2
P = 3.7e-16 * e c
O
y = 1.1e+2 * e(-0.023x) R = 0.78
2 -17
8 10
P = 3e-16 * e(-0.045fc) R2= 0.89
Depth of penetration of water [mm]

55 O

y = 1.4e+2 * e(-0.026x) R = 0.84

2
P = 4.1e-16 * e(-0.051fc) R = 0.99
2
Oxygen permeability [m2]
O

50 -17
6 10

45

-17
4 10
40

35
-17
0% 2 10 0%
20% 20%
30 50% 50%
100% 100%

25 0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Compressive strength [MPa] Compressive strength [MPa]

Fig. 12. Maximum water penetration under pressure versus the compressive Fig. 14. Oxygen permeability versus the compressive strength of the RAC.
strength of the RAC.

-16 -16
1 10 1 10 -16
1 10
0% 0% 0%
20% 20% 20%
-17 50% -17 50% 50%
8 10
Oxygen permeability [m2]

8 10 -17
Oxygen permeability [m2]

100%
Oxygen permeability [m2]

100% 8 10 100%

-17 -17
6 10 6 10 -17
6 10

-17 -17
4 10 4 10 -17
4 10

-17 -17
2 10 2 10 -17
2 10

0 0 0
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75

Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c] Effective water/cement ratio [w/c]

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 13. Oxygen permeability versus the water/cement ratio of different degrees of substitution after 28 days (a), 180 days (b) and 365 days (c).
1062 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065

NA by RA increases the air permeability for lower w/c ratios. As 1 10

-16

shown by the RAC exposed to a aggressive environment, one way 2

y = -3.4e-17 + 1.9e-18x R = 0.57
of increasing the durability of RAC is to use extended curing in a 2
y = -3.5e-17 + 1.9e-18x R = 0.69
moist environment. Fig. 14 shows the oxygen permeability com-
-17
pared to the compressive strength of the RAC. 8 10 2
y = -2.3e-17 + 1.6e-18x R = 0.67
Medina et al. [59] nd that recycled concretes made with recy- 2

Oxygen permeability [m2]

y = -2.7e-17 + 1.7e-18x R = 0.81
cled ceramic sanitary ware aggregate have not negative effect on
concrete oxygen permeability reducing slightly the w/c ratio. How-
-17
ever, the permeability of concretes made with these RA is less than 6 10

the permeability presented by the RAC.

Due to the excellent tting parameters obtained, it can be said
that the oxygen permeability is an adequate index for evaluating -17
4 10
the porous nature of the material and consequently its durability
behaviour.
0%
20%
3.10. Correlation between oxygen permeability and carbonation rate 2 10
-17
50%
100%
Fig. 15 shows the oxygen permeability with respect to the car-
20 30 40 50 60 70
bonation rate of the RAC. There is an exponential relationship be-
Depth of penetration of water [mm]
tween the two parameters, the curves of the different degrees of
substitution tending to converge when the carbonation is below Fig. 16. Oxygen permeability versus depth of penetration of water for different
0.4 mm/day0.5 and the permeability 2.5  1017 m2. degrees of substitution.
The results reveal that the RA incorporation has two main ef-
fects. The slope of the oxygen permeability carbonation rate t-
ting lines increases with the RA percentage. The higher the is highly sensitive to the heterogeneity of the low strength
porosity of RA, the greater the RAC permeability while the mortar concrete. The good correlation of results should be attributed to
adhered to the RA increases the alkalinity of the medium, thus the good compaction and homogeneity of the specimens produced
reducing the carbonation rate. in the laboratory. However, the low tting is an obstacle when it
comes to classifying the durability of the material by the water
permeability.
3.11. Correlation between oxygen permeability and water penetration
under pressure
3.12. Concrete microstructure
Fig. 16 shows the oxygen permeability compared to the water
In order to observe the microstructure of RAC, some samples
depth penetration under pressure of the RAC. In all cases, poor cor-
have been analysed by SEM. Fig. 17 shows for these concretes
relation coefcients are reported.
how the new cement paste wraps the recycled aggregates, which
Fitting parameters in relation to compressive strength and w/c
are composed of old paste and natural aggregate. It can be ob-
ratio are signicantly better in the case of oxygen permeability
served that the new cement paste is more compact and closed than
than in the case of water permeability. However, the two perme-
the one observed in the recycled aggregate. The open microstruc-
ability parameters respond in a similar manner to the circulation
ture of the old cement paste of the RA is shown in detail in Fig. 18.
of a distinct uid through the capillary network of concrete.
The observed effect is consistent with the obtained results.
Bermdez and Alaejos [60] nd that the oxygen permeability test
When new cement pastes are more compact than those attached
to RA, have an insulating effect. Medina et al. [61] nd that the
1 10
-16 interfacial transition zone between the recycled aggregatepaste
y = 1.6e-17 * e
(1x) 2= 0.95
R is much more compact and less porous than was the case for that
(1.3x) 2
9 10
-17 y = 1.4e-17 * e R = 0.98
(1.3x) 2= 0.94
y = 1.5e-17 * e R
(1.4x) 2= 0.93
8 10
-17 y = 1.6e-17 * e R
Oxygen permeability [m2]

-17
7 10

-17
6 10

-17
5 10

-17
4 10 0%
20%
50%
-17
3 10 100%

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Carbonation [mm/day0.5]

Fig. 15. Oxygen permeability versus the carbonation rate of different degrees of
substitution. Fig. 17. Micrograph of RAC structure.
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065 1063

Table 6
Regression coefcients of the correlation between RAC compressive strength versus
the CC.

Regression parameters Substitution

0% 20% 50% 100%
a 0 0 0.3 2.1
b 1 0.94 0.87 0.75
R2 1 0.97 0.92 0.80

F RAC 0:32 0:022  c 1  0:0025  c  F CC 4

Fig. 20 shows the compressive strength of the RAC of different
authors with different degrees of substitution compared with the
prediction of (4). It can be seen that the values obtained with the
proposed Eq. (4) t quite well with those found in the literature
for all values of concrete compressive strength.
Moreover, from Eq. (4), the variation of the compressive
strength of RAC versus the substitution degree, c indicates that
Fig. 18. Detail of microstructure of the recycled aggregate mortar matrix.
there must be a value for which the incorporation of RA does not
adversely affect the RAC behaviour:
of the natural aggregate (gravel)-paste, endowing the recycled con- @F RAC
cretes with improved properties. 0:022  0:0025  F CC 0 ) F CC 8:8 MPa 5
@c

3.13. Inuence of the percentage of substitution on the compressive
strength
Fig. 19 shows the values of the compressive strength of all
tested RAC versus the corresponding CC showing a good linear cor-
relation between the RAC compressive strength versus the CC:
F RAC a b  F cc
where FRAC is the RAC compressive strength and Fcc the CC compres-
sive strength in MPa. a and b regression coefcients, obtained from
Fig. 19, are presented in Table 6.
Regression coefcients a and b, Table 6, have also an adequate
linear t comparing with the RA substitution degree, c in %. Adjust-
ments are presented in the following equation:
a 0:32 0:022  c R2 0:87
b 1  0:0025  c R2 0:99
The combination of the three equations allows predicting the
RAC compressive strength:
Recycled Concrete compressive strength [MPa]
Thus, concretes with a compressive strength under 10 MPa are
not affected by the incorporation of RA. Furthermore, this limit is
the minimum requirement for (4).
4. Conclusions
Different mixtures with different degrees of substitution at dif-
1
ferent ages have been studied; the most important conclusions can
be stated as follows.
The densities of recycled aggregate concretes made with unsat-
urated recycled aggregate are below those of the control concrete
despite the reduction in the effective water/cement ratio. In addi-
tion, this effect isolates the greater porosity of these aggregates. In
the case of concrete with the same effective water/cement ratio,
the density decreases with the incorporation of recycled aggregate.
2 An addition of 20% of recycled aggregate provides density values of
around 5% lower than in the case of the control concrete.
3 The oxygen permeability presents a better tting with the
water/cement than the water permeability. The durability of RAC,
cast with the same water/cement ratio, is lower than that of the
conventional concrete due to the higher porosity of recycled aggre-
gates. However, in low water/cement ratio concretes, the low
porosity of the new paste is predominant so the advance of aggres-
sive agents is delayed, obtaining a similar behaviour for the control

70 Experimental for RC 20%

and recycled concretes.
Experimental for RC 50%
Experimental for RC 100%
From a conservative point of view, and according to the study
60 carried out on water penetration depth and porosity, it seems rec-
ommendable to decrease by 0.1 points the maximum water/ce-
ment ratio required for concretes with 100% of coarse recycled
50
aggregates, compared to conventional concretes. This requirement
would apply to all general aggressive exposure classes, except for
40 carbonation environments for which this reduction should be
0.05 points, according to the results obtained in the carbonation
tests.
30 At early ages, the behaviour of the aggregate has a greater inu-
ence on the behaviour of the concrete made with them. Therefore,
recycled aggregate concretes with high substitutions degree have
20
minor differences in their compressive strength for different
20 30 40 50 60 70 water/cement ratios. At older ages, the recycled aggregate concrete
Control Concrete compressive strength [MPa]
with a lower water/cement ratio exhibits a higher strength. There-
fore, the recycled aggregate inuence on the mechanical properties
Fig. 19. Compressive strength of all tested RAC versus the corresponding CC. of the concrete is greater for lower water/cement ratios.
1064 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065
Fig. 20. Comparison of model results with those obtained by Li et al. [62], Tang [63], Jin et al. [64], Kou et al. [65], Rahal [5], Xiao et al. [53], Corinaldesi [51], Padmini et al. [2],
Lovato et al. [66], Nassar and Soroushian [67].
The observed behaviours, in terms of the physical, durability
and mechanical properties of the concretes cured in a moist room
and an atmospheric marine environment differ to a certain degree,
depending on the parameter analysed. However, the evolution and
the effect produced by the RA are proportional in the two cases.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank to the Spanish Ministry of Environ-
ment the funding of this research. The results contained herein
have been achieved under the RECNHOR Project (funded by the
Spanish Ministry of Environment) and under the CLEAM Project
(funded by the Spanish Centre for Industrial Technology Develop-
ment, CDTI) led by the Economic Interest Grouping CLEAM-CENIT,
AIE (Acciona, Dragados, Ferrovial, FCC, Isolux, OHL and Sacyr) and
SMEs Informatica 68, Quilosa and Martinez Segovia and associates.
References
[1] Kwan WH, Ramli M, Kam KJ, Sulieman MZ. Inuence of the amount of recycled
coarse aggregate in concrete design and durability properties. Constr Build
Mater 2012;26(1):56573.
[2] Padmini AK, Ramamurthy K, Mathews MS. Inuence of parent concrete on the
properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 2009;23(2):
82936.
[3] Tabsh SW, Abdelfatah AS. Inuence of recycled concrete aggregates on
strength properties of concrete. Constr Build Mater 2009;23(2):11637.
_ Sengel S. Properties of concretes produced with waste concrete
[4] Topu IB,
aggregate. Cem Concr Res 2004;34(8):130712.
[5] Rahal K. Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate.
Build Environ 2007;42(1):40715.
[6] Katz A. Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially
hydrated old concrete. Cem Concr Res 2003;33(5):70311.
[7] Snchez M, Alaejos P. Estudio sobre las propiedades del rido
reciclado. Utilizacin en hormign estructural: CEDEX Ministerio de
Fomento; 2006.
[8] de Juan MS, Gutirrez PA. Study on the inuence of attached mortar content on
the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Constr Build Mater
2009;23(2):8727.
[9] Ministerio de Fomento. Instruccin de hormign estructural (EHE-08); 2008.
[10] Martn-Morales M, Zamorano M, Ruiz-Moyano A, Valverde-Espinosa I.
Characterization of recycled aggregates construction and demolition waste
for concrete production following the Spanish structural concrete code EHE-
08. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(2):7428.
[11] Grupo de Trabajo GT 2/5. Perteneciente a la Comisin 2 de ACHE. Utilizacin
de ridos reciclados para hormigones estructurales. Proyecto Recnhor. I
Congreso Nacional de ridos. ANEFA (Asociacin Nacional de Empresarios
Fabricantes de ridos); 2006.
[12] Grupo de Trabajo GT 2/5. Perteneciente a la Comisin 2 de ACHE.
Especicaciones del rido reciclado del borrador de normativa espaola
sobre la utilizacin del rido reciclado en hormign estructural. I Congreso
Nacional de ridos. ANEFA (Asociacin Nacional de Empresarios Fabricantes
de ridos); 2006.
[13] Task Force of the Standing Committee of Concrete. Draft of Spanish standard
for the use of recycled aggregate in the production of structural concrete
international symposium on concrete technology for sustainable develop-
ment. CANMET/ACI; 2006.
[14] Alaejos P, Domingo A, Lzaro C, Monlen S, Snchez M. Puente reciclado sobre
el ro Turia en Manises (Valencia). III Congreso de Puentes y Estructuras de
Edicacin. Zaragoza. Asociacin Cientco-Tcnica del Hormign; 2008.
[15] Asociacin Cientico Tcnica del Hormign Estructural (ACHE). M-13:
Hormign Autocompactante. Diseo y Aplicacin; 2008.
[16] Thomas C, Setin J, Polanco JA. Determinacin de la macroporosidad accesible
y no accesible mediante anlisis digital de imgenes en hormigones reciclados
de aplicacin estructural. X Congreso Nacional Mater 2008;II:9236.
[17] CEDEX Ministerio de Fomento. Informe Reciclado de RCDs como ridos de
hormigones no estructurales, para el Proyecto CENIT CLEAM; 2009.
[18] Thomas C, Polanco JA, Setin J, Lombillo I. Durabilidad en ambiente marino de
hormign con incorporacin de ridos reciclados procedentes de la trituracin
de hormign. XI Congreso Nacional Mater 2010:2.
[19] Dapena E, Alaejos P, Lobet A, Prez D. Effect of the recycled sand content on the
characteristics of mortars and concretes. J Mater Civil Eng 2010;23(4):41422.
[20] Alaejos P, Snchez de Juan M, Yepes E, Agrela F. Hormigones reciclados para
ambientes agresivos: requisitos de dosicacin. CONPAT (XI Congreso
Latinoamericano de Patologa de la Construccin); 2011.
[21] Thomas C, Setin J. Polanco JA. Encuentro del Grupo espaol de Fractura: Dao
por fatiga en hormigones reciclados; 2011.
[22] Thomas C, Cimentada A, Setin J, Polanco JA, Rico J, Sosa I. Waste with sulfur
from tested concrete specimens as aggregate for structural recycled concrete.
In: WASTES: solutions, treatments and opportunities 1st international
conference, vol. 1(1); 2011. p. 211.
[23] Thomas C, Sosa I, Setin J, Polanco JA, Medina C. Construction and demolition
wastes as aggregate for recycled concrete under marine environments. In:
WASTES: solutions, treatments and opportunities 1st international conference,
vol. 1(1); 2011. p. 1839.
[24] Thomas C, Sosa I, Setin J, Polanco JA, Lombillo I. Mechanical behavior of
recycled aggregates from concrete waste. In: WASTES: solutions, treatments
and opportunities 1st international conference, vol. 1(1); 2011. p. 20511.
[25] Alaejos P, Snchez M, Martnez F, Gonzlez B, Vzquez E, Barra M, et al. Estudio
Prenormativo sobre la utilizacin de los RCDs en hormign reciclado de
aplicacin estructural (Proyecto RECNHOR) y Reciclado de los RCDs como
 C. Thomas et al. / Construction and Building Materials 40 (2013) 10541065
ridos de hormigones estructurales (Proyecto CLEAM). IECA Inistituto
Espaol del Cemento y sus Aplicaciones; 2011.
[26] Limbachiya M, Meddah MS, Ouchagour Y. Use of recycled concrete aggregate
in y-ash concrete. Constr Build Mater 2012;27(1):43949.
[27] Kikuchi Toshifumi, Kuroda Yasuhiro. Carbon dioxide uptake in demolished and
crushed concrete. J Adv Concr Technol 2011;9(1):11524.
[28] Quan Hong Zhu. Study on strength and durability of concrete containing
recycled coarse aggregate manufactured with various method. Adv Mater Res
2011;287290:10158.
[29] Eguchi K, Teranishi K, Nakagome A, Kishimoto H, Shinozaki K, Narikawa M.
Application of recycled coarse aggregate by mixture to concrete construction.
Constr Build Mater 2007;21(7):154251.
[30] Etxeberria M, Vazquez E, Mari A, Barra M. Inuence of amount of recycled
coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate
concrete. Cem Concr Res 2007;37(5):73542.
[31] Olorunsogo FT, Padayachee N. Performance of recycled aggregate concrete
monitored by durability indexes. Cem Concr Res 2002;32(2):17985.
[32] Thomas C, Cimentada A, Polanco JA, Setin J, Mndez D, Rico J. Inuence of
recycled aggregates containing sulphur on properties of recycled aggregate
mortar and concrete. Compos Part B: Eng 2013;45(1):47485.
[33] EN 12390-1. Testing hardened concrete. Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other
requirements for specimens and moulds; 2001.
[34] EN 12390-2. Testing hardened concrete Part 2: Making and curing specimens
for strength tests; 2009.
[35] EN-12390-7. Testing hardened concrete Part 7: Density of hardened
concrete; 2009.
[36] EN-12390-6. Testing hardened concrete Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of
test specimens; 2010.
[37] EN 12390-3. Testing hardened concrete Part 3: Compressive strength of test
specimens; 2009.
[38] EN 12390-4. Testing hardened concrete Part 4: Compressive strength
specication for testing machines; 2001.
[39] UNE-83316. Concrete tests. Determination of the modulus of elasticity in
compression; 1996.
[40] EN 13295. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete
structures test methods determination of resistance to carbonation; 2005.
[41] RILEM CPC-18. Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth.
[42] EN-12390-8. Testing hardened concrete Part 8: Depth of penetration of
water under pressure; 2009.
[43] UNE 83966. Concrete durability. Test methods. Conditioning of concrete test
pieces for the purpose of gas permeability and capilar suction tests; 2008.
[44] Lpez-Gayarre F, Serna P, Domingo-Cabo A, Serrano-Lpez MA, Lpez-Colina C.
Inuence of recycled aggregate quality and proportioning criteria on recycled
concrete properties. Waste Manage 2009;29(12):30228.
[45] Zega CJ, Di Maio A. Use of recycled ne aggregate in concretes with durable
requirements. Waste Manage 2011;31(11):233640.
[46] Cheng A, Hsu H, Chao S, Lin K. Experimental study on properties of pervious
concrete made with recycled aggregate. Int J Pavement Res Technol
2011;4(2):10410.
[47] Shi X, Xie N, Fortune K, Gong J. Durability of steel reinforced concrete in
chloride environments: an overview. Constr Build Mater 2012;30(5):12538.
[48] Zilch K, Roos F. An equation to estimate the modulus of elasticity of concrete
with recycled aggregates. Civ Eng 2001;76(4):18791.
1065
[49] Evangelista L, de Brito J. Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with ne
recycled concrete aggregates. Cem Concr Compos 2007;29(5):397401.
[50] Dillmann R. Concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. In: Proceedings of
international symposium on sustainable construction: use of recycled
concrete aggregate, University of Dundee, Scotland, 1112 November, 1988.
p. 23953.
[51] Corinaldesi Valeria. Structural concrete prepared with coarse recycled
concrete aggregate: from investigation to design. Adv Civ Eng 2011;2012:16.
[52] Mellmann G. Processed concrete rubble for the reuse as aggregate. In:
Proceeding of the International Seminar on ExploitingWaste in Concrete,
University of Dundee, Scotland, 7 Septembe, 1999. p. 1718.
[53] Xiao J, Li J, Zhang C. Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete
under uniaxial loading. Cem Concr Res 2005;35(6):118794.
[54] Sagoe-Crentsil KK, Brown T, Taylor AH. Performance of concrete made with
commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Cem Concr Res
2001;31(5):70712.
[55] Levy SM, Helene P. Durability of recycled aggregates concrete: a safe way to
sustainable development. Cem Concr Res 2004;34(11):197580.
[56] Abbas A, Fathifazl G, Isgor OB, Razaqpur AG, Fournier B, Foo S. Durability of
recycled aggregate concrete designed with equivalent mortar volume method.
Cem Concr Compos 2009;31(8):55563.
[57] Alaejos P, Bermdez MA. Inuence of seawater curing in standard and high-
strength submerged concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2011;23(6):91521.
[58] Zaharieva R, Buyle-Bodin F, Skoczylas F, Wirquin E. Assessment of the surface
permeation properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Compos
2003;25(2):22332.
[59] Medina C, Fras M, Snchez de Rojas MI, Thomas C, Polanco JA. Gas
permeability in concrete containing recycled ceramic sanitary ware
aggregate. Constr Build Mater 2012;37:597605.
[60] Bermdez Odriozola M, Alaejos Gutirrez P. Comparative study of different
test methods for reinforced concrete durability assessment in marine
environment. Mater Struct 2008;41:52741.
[61] Medina C, Fras M, Snchez de Rojas MI. Microstructure and properties of
recycled concretes using ceramic sanitary ware industry waste as coarse
aggregate. Constr Build Mater 2012;31(6):1128.
[62] Li JB, Xiao JZ, Huang J. Inuence of recycled coarse aggregate replacement
percentage on compressive strength of concrete [only available in Chinese].
Chinese J Build Mater 2006;9(3):297301.
[63] Tang J. Preliminary study on compressive strength of recycled aggregate
concrete [only available in Chinese]. Sichuan Build Sci 2007;33(4):1836.
[64] Jin C, Wang XP, Akinkurolere OO, Jiang CR. Experimental research on the
conversion relationships between the mechanical performance indexes of
recycled concrete [only available in Chinese]. Chinese Concr J 2008;49(11):
379.
[65] Kou SC, Poon CS, Chan D. Inuence of y ash as cement replacement on the
properties of recycled aggregate concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 2007;19(9):70917.
[66] Lovato PS, Possan E, Molin DCCD, Masuero B, Ribeiro JLD. Modeling of
mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concretes. Constr
Build Mater 2012;26(1):43747.
[67] Nassar R, Soroushian P. Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete
containing milled glass as partial replacement for cement. Constr Build Mater
2012;29(0):36877.