Bicol University

Graduate School
Legazpi City

JOHN ARNOLD B. ESTIPONA, RN, LPT

MABioEd Student

Prof. JOCELYN E. SERRANO, MSc

08/13/2017

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 QUESTION NO. 1:

In some plants, a true breeding red- flowered strain gives all pink flowers when
crossed with a white flowered strain. If flower position is inherited as it is in green peas,
what will be ratios of the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation resulting from
the following cross : Axial red X terminal white? What will be the ratios of the F2
generation?

ANSWER:

Consider AARR and aarr will be the genotypes of the parents. AR and ar
are the gametes. Thus. the genotype for the offsprings in the F1 generation will be AaRr
and the phenotype is axial-pink.

AR Ar aR ar
AR AARR AARr AaRR AaRr
Ar AARr AArr AaRr Aarr
aR AaRR AaRr aaRR aaRr
ar AaRr Aarr aaRr aarr
Based from the results, the ratio of the phenotypes will be:

6 axial pink - 8 pink

3 axial red - 4 red

3 axial-white - 4 white

2 terminal-pink - 12 axial

1 terminal-white - 4 terminal

1 terminal-red

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 QUESTION NO. 2:

Summarize the two laws of Mendel.

ANSWER:

The two laws of Mendel are the principle of segregation and independent assortment.

The principle of segregation tells us that two members of alleles separate from each
other in the formation of gametes. The first half of the gametes carries one allele and
the other half carries the other.

The other law emanates that genes for different traits assort or group independently of
one another in the development of gametes.

QUESTION NO. 3:

A cross was made between a homozygous black and heterozygous black rabbit. Show
all the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the F1 generation.

ANSWER:

The homozygous black rabbit is represented by BB and the heterozygous is Bb.

B b
B BB Bb
B BB Bb

Based from the results, the phenotypes of the F1 generation is all black (100%).

The genotype:

2 homozygous black

2 heterozygous black

QUESTION NO.4:

Define the following genetics terminologies:

a. Gene
b. Allele

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 c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous
e. Genetic dead end
f. Gene pool
g. Karyotype
h. Eugenics
i. F1 hybrids
j. Mutants

ANSWERS:

a. gene

Gene is the basic unit of heredity which is made up of DNA (except in

some viruses). It contains an instruction for a particular molecule (usually a
protein). It is transferred from the parents to the offsprings that
influences/controls growth or development, appearance, behavior and etc.

b. allele

Alleles can be simply defined as genes that come in different forms. Like
in humans, alleles of particular genes come in pairs, one on each chromosome.
For example, a pair of alleles control the same trait like the color of the eyes, one
allele codes for green eyes and the other is for blue eyes.

c. homozygous

If the alleles of a particular gene are identical or the same, it is said to be

homozygous. For example in question number one, RR and rr are both
homozygous traits.

d. heterozygous

This is the opposite of homozygous, therefore, these are alleles of a

particular gene that are different or not identical. Example is the Rr.

e. genetic dead end

It is when parents opted not to have offsprings that may result to the
prevention of their genes to be passed on to the next generation.

f. gene pool

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 Gene pool is a collection of all available genes in a population that are
passed down from parents to offsprings.

g. karyotype

Karyotype is an organized profile of a persons chrosmosome. To create

this profile, the chromosomes are isolated, stained, and examined under the
microscope.

h. eugenics

Particularly in reference to humans , it is the selection of desired

characteristics in order to improve the next or future generation.

i. F1 hybrids

The first filial set or generation of offsprings of distinctly different parental

types.

j. mutants

These can be defined as genes or chromosomes that are different from

the wild type by one or more characteristics that have been caused by genetic
mutation.

QUESTION NO. 5:

Enumerate some exceptions to Mendels Laws and discuss them by giving examples.

ANSWER:

Exception of Law of Independent Assortment:

Case1: When genes are present on some chromosomes, the tendency is that they
remain together and enter into the same gamete.

Case2: If a given combination of allele is lethal at a very young age, then you would
never see these two alleles together in an individual. It not a case of exception to
independent assortment but it gives the feeling of such exception. A more serious case
is when a given combination of alleles prevents fecundation could however be
considered as an exception to independent assortment.

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Exception of Law of Segregation:

Case1: During meiosis, homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids; genes may move

to a common gamete violating law of segregation.

Case2: According to wikipedia, meiotic drive is a type of intragenomic conflict, whereby

one or more loci within a genome will affect a manipulation of the meiotic process in
such a way as to favor the transmission of one or more alleles over another, regardless
of its phenotypic expression. More simply, meiotic drive is when one copy of a gene is
passed on to offspring more than the expected 50% of the time.

Exception of Law of Dominance:

Case1: The concept of dominance can be used for any quantitative trait. Typically,
when the quantitative trait of interest is fitness, then the trait often depend on the
environment. A typical and interesting case is when the fitness depends on the
frequency of alleles in the population. Depending of the frequency of the allele at a
given locus, the relationship might be a relationship of dominance, additivity or
dominance for the other allele.

Case2: Unlike dominance in incomplete dominance when a red snapdragon flowered

plant is crossed with a white flowered plant an intermediate phenotype appears in the
F1 hybrid instead of a parental phenotype.

QUESTION No. 6:

What is epistasis? Give the difference between dominant and recessive epistasis.

ANSWER:

Epistasis is when a phenotype of one gene gets modified by one or several genes for a
certain trait.

Dominant epistasis takes place when the dominant allele of one gene masks the
expression of all alleles of another gene. If an organism inherits one or two copies of the
dominant allele, they will have the trait. On the other hand, recessive epistasis happens
when the recessive allele, or variation of a gene, controls another gene. The recessive
allele of the gene that displays epistasis will control the expression of all alleles of the
second gene.

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 QUESTION NO. 7:

Imagine that a newly discoverd, recessively inherited disease is expressed only in

individuals with type O blood, although the disesase and blood group are independently
inherited. A normal man with Type A blood and a normal woman with Type B blood
have already had one child with the disease. The woman is now pregnant with the
second child, what is the probability that the second child will have the disease?
(Assume that both parents are heterozygous for the gene that causes the disease.)

ANSWER:

Considering: Fathers genotype is AO and the mothers is BO.

A O
B AB BO
O AO OO

OO manifests the diseases

The chance that the second child will manifest the disease is 6.25% or 1/16

x = 1/16

QUESTION NO. 8:

In mice, black color is dominant to white. At a diffrent locus, a dominant alllele produces
a band of yellow just below the tip of each hair in mice with black fur. This gives the
frosted appearance known as agouti. Expression of this recessive allele results in a
solid coat color. If mice that are heterozygous at both loci are crossed, what is the
expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

ANSWER:

Consider: B as black dominant and A as agouti dominant

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 BA Ba bA ba
BA BBAA BBAa BbAA BbAa
Ba BBAa BBaa BbAa Bbaa
bA BbAA BbAa bbAA bbAa
ba BbAa Bbaa bbAa bbaa

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

1 BBAA AGOUTI
The phenotypic
2 BbAA AGOUTI
ratio is: 9 agouti : 4
2 BBAa AGOUTI white : 3 black
4 BbAa AGOUTI

1 BBaa BLACK

2 Bbaa BLACK

1 bbAA WHITE

2 bbAa WHITE

1 bbaa WHITE

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