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Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas i.e. Psychology in the Philippines
the general and overall form of psychology in the Philippine context
the sequence of events that have to do with the field of psychology in the country
Sikolohiyang bunga ng pagkakasunud-sunod ng mga pangyayaring may kinalaman sa sikolohiya sa ating bayan
kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiyang matatagpuan sa Pilipinas / overall appearance of psychology in the Philippines
SINO ang pwedeng mag-aral / WHO can learn it Pilipino, dayuhan / Filipinos or foreigners
Anong METODO ang pwedeng gamitin / what Pwede ang banyagang metodo at oryentasyon
methods can be used
study LOCAL concepts by culture bearers e.g. Filipinos, as it is culture bears who can understand best
anchored on Filipino thought, ideas, orientation, and experience, as understood from a Filipino Perspective
researches which are interpreted within a local frame of reference, reflect local behaviors, and yield results that are
locally relevant
principal emphasis: identity and national consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of
language and culture, and applications and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices
Why do we need Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
The universality assumption of psychology sometimes leads to an ill-fit of theory, content, and method
when applied to various areas in the country
(Isyu ng KAANGKUPAN ng mga teorya, balangakas, at metodo)
SP as a project: we need a psychology that aims to understand the Filipino based on our own context and
history.
ULTIMATE GOAL OF SP: Makabuo ng sikolohiyang bunga ng karansan, kaisipan, at oryentasyon ng mga
Pilipino > SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
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actions are purposeful
conscious decision to develop the field
use of a more critical lens to evaluate the current state of the field
SINO ang pwedeng mag-aral / WHO can learn it Hindi inaasahang itoy lilinangin para sa mga
Pilipino ng mga sikolohistang dalaw lamang dito
ANO/SINO ang mga kadalasaang inaaral Malinaw at walang pag-aalinlangan dito ang
paninindigang sa mga Pilipino lamang
manggagaling ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino. (Enriquez,
1975)
research in SP includes all the studies that were categorized as either indigenization from within
(pagpapalitaw ng nasa loob) or indigenization from without (pagsasakatutubo mula sa labas)
Both count as general strategies to contribute to SP research
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BENITEZ ET AL.
methodological - Developing and improving Mapa ng Loob
theoretical - mapa is local but constructs being measured is universal
HECHANOVA ET AL.
topical - disaster response/resilience
conceptual - katatagan
methodological - trying to develop a program
So far
Culture as resource of psychological concepts/knowledge
SP should reflect local experiences
SP should use local languages, literature, history, etc. in finding explanations for Filipinos behaviours and
mental processes
Implicitly, CULTURE (context/environment) as ANTECEDENT of behaviour and mental processes
person X situation > Behaviour and Mental Processes
Differences
some countries did not want to wane away from Western psychology
focused more on religious philosophies e.g. China
Filipinos not anchoring theories on religion
more concepts from the Wika / language instead study of way on life
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Why did IPs develop?
zeitgeist; each era has a unique spirit, a nature or climate that sets it apart from all other epochs / the defining
spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time
response to anti-Western domination
issue of fit when it came to solving local problems
development of IPS were shaped by global and local events
Methodology
no clear cut suggestion on what to use
appropriateness- whatever is the most appropriate then that would be the method
IP
emphasizes examining of psychological phenomena in context (true)
is exclusively about Native peoples, ethnic groups, or people living in Third World countries (myth)
each country can have their own IP
prescribes the use of a particular method (myth)
only insiders or culture-bearer have a full understanding of their own culture or context (myth)
you dont have to be an insider or culture-bearer to understand other people
another foreign can do SP so long as they have an understanding and appreciate of culture
is an attempt to translate episodic knowledge in analytic knowledge (truth)
episodic knowledge
lay understanding about the world i.e. episode in your life that you know of
events / own explanations of things
lay belief based on your own experiences
e.g. walang hiya
analytic knowledge
lay explanations to something more psychological and academic
you from a theory on why things happen e.g. why are people walang hiya
analytic definition of hiya:
starts and ends with a descriptive analysis of local/native/indigenous concepts (myth)
starts but does not end with this
the goal is to formulate a theory, not just an understanding of a concept
is predominantly based on philosophical and religious tests (myth)
a lot of IPS are based on philosophical and religious tests
has to be theoretically based
is part of the cultural sciences tradition (true)
advocates a multidisciplinary perspective (true)
is aligned with mainstream psychology in the search for universals (true)
kanyang kanya and then elevate to see what in common > IP
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Session 2: February 2, 2017
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May impluwensya ang KULTURA sa / Culture influences:
1. kilos
Ano ba ang tama o mali sa ibat ibang sitwasyon (e.g., roles during a date)
2. damdamin / feeling
Pakiramdam kung may violation (e.g., tampo)
3. pag-iisip
Decision-making (e.g., which goal to pursue)
K-D-P
CULTURE
teaches us the rules of what is right and wrong, as a way of life
a mechanism/source of variation and uniformity that underlie psychological processes
is amorphous (Brislin, 1993)
static or dynamic
external or internal
O-S-M-W
Definition #1: Oyserman, 2002
external quality out there in the social world within which individuals live their lives and as a result of which
they internalise values, attitudes, and norms
culture is considered as a context
UP can have its own culture
Implications of SP
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Sabi nga ni Greenfield, 2000
The goal of indigenous psychology is to take informal folk theories of psychological functioning and formalize
them into psychological theories.
Indigenous psychology has, in turn, moved ethnopsychology from an object of empirical study to a source of
formal psychological models.
i.e. make something implicit > explicit
SESSION 4: COLONIAL MENTALITY - February 14, 2017 & February 21, 2017
TEMA #2: Naiimpluwensyahan ng karanasan ng mga Pilipino ang kanyang pagtingin (talking about CULTURE AS
CONTEXT; culture as a societal variable - this includes history)
SPANISH
stripped us of our names
Spanish/Americans scared us
found a way to use gold sword etc
AMERICANS
benevolent, they were there to help us
Types of Colonisation
Precolonial Philippines
Spanish Colonisation
American Colonisation
Neocolonialization: when colonisers are not here/not physically present, but the colonial effects that they
imposed are still here
For both American colonisation and neocolonization: Historical and contemporary relationship with our colonisers
(more so with the US)
Phases of Colonization
1. Forced Entry
2. Cultural Imposition
imposition by force (war), by policies (like what the Spanish did), by religion
Who imposes what? The values of the dominant culture are what the inferior culture should follow
3. A series of sustained and justifies oppression and domination
Making it appear that the objectives are benevolent and saying that they are making us more human
Pretending to do a favor but they
4. Establishment of a race-based societal system
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e.g. indio can be abused, has to pay taxes
Colonization Experience
Oppression
process and condition wherein a group denies the rights, dignity, and worth of another group (David,
2011)
Cultural Domination
imposition, disintegration, recreation, and subversion
anything about the host culture will be ruined so that the foreign culture can be imposed
less powerful group will emulate the more powerful group
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High CM > lower personal self esteem > Higher depression
Is acculturated bad? No
We become aware of egalitarian values & practices because of acculturation
In the case of Fil-Ams in the US, enculturation (adherence to own culture) can lead to socialisation of norms that
can be more harmful to self and others
Bicultural Mindsets
Integration: high endorsement and engagement with local culture while maintain a positive ethnic and global
identity
Future studies:
Who is more prone to CM?
What institutions socials individuals into a high CM-mindset/
Can we minimise CMs effects?
Alegre (193)
We were not colonised
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SESSION 5: SOCIAL CLASS - Social Structure
Social class (as context) answers the two following questions: Who am I? How should someone like me act?
social class so powerfully shapes important life outcomes (e.g., attaining a college degree)
How do we define social class?
3 ways of conceptualising social class
1. Objective, economic, and demographic index / measures of social class
Indicators of SES: income, educational attainment, occupation/occupational prestige, ownership of certain
assets
> Social class as socioeconomic Status (measure of current economic and social resources based on access to
materials and ability to acquire valued goods)
Subjective social class rank can be manipulated in the lab through PRIMING
PRIMING: Think of this ladder as representing where students stand in your university. Now, please compare
yourself to the students at the very bottom of the ladder.
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having different frameworks of how to behave as a human being
2. characterized by access to and availability of material and social resources
3. (social class operates/is embedded in) a larger national context
4. can either enable or hinder peoples aspirations / national ideal
5. life in different immersive environments bring about chronic experiences that shape the self
e.g. life in the Philippines
you can have more than one type of self since there can be on type of self that is more salient to you
Cognition
Low income individuals: Contextual > when they attribute, the cause is external (because they connect more to
environment)
High income individuals: Dispositional > attributing the self
Emotion
Low: other-oriented > care more about others emotions and can detect more and have higher emotional
contagion
High: self-oriented
Behaviour
Low: engaged, prosocial > more nodding and listening when talking to others
High: disengaged, selfish >
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Poverty as a cutoff point
Contexts of poverty are characterised by reduced social connections, more problematic family relationships, and
less trust in others compared with working class contexts
compare: people in poverty vs people in working class
found that extremely poor people are not interdependent
since they have so little resources, everything is a competition and people become more selfish
its not automatic that if low income or low rank, you are not hard interdependence
others around you are unreliable, unsupportive
How are modes of being and becoming learned? (i.e. how do people learn how to become hard interdependent?)
Gateway contexts: institutions that form an individual
Home
Hard: Harsh parenting style
Expressive:
School
Hard: shy, not assertive because they are aware of social hierarchy
Expressive: asserting what you want, asking questions
Workplace
Hard:
Expressive:
guilt: emotion felt when you think you did something bad
shame: emotion arising from the consciousness of something dishonourable, improper, ridiculous, etc.., done by
the SELF
Religiousness/Religiosity
related to an individual difference variable
subjective modes of experiencing and interpreting the relationship to God through and by means of a religious
tradition
i.e. specific religious expressions (how do we measure ones religiosity? church attendance, how often you pray,
religious coping)
Spirituality
a highly individualised search for the sense of connectedness with a transcendent force
i.e. a search for the sacred
religion is pathway towards fulfilling spiritually
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Church vs State
Sometimes the State listens to the Church
Church: NO TO RH BILL
Gloria: No to RH bill also
Sometimes the state does not care
The State can also respect and recognise specific religious systems such as Filipino Muslim Laws
Canon law and laws of Spanish origin continue to dominate Philippine family, civil and pena
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, has increasingly substituted church dogma for state policy
she has rejected all modern contraceptive methods as forms of abortion, limited government support for family
planning to providing natural methods to married couples, and restricted access to emergency contraception
lasting norms about womens sexuality
conservative church interests continue to dominate state policy!
secular - non religious, non instituionally-backed
secularists are on the side of separation of church and state
State claims it is secular, however it manages to impose restrictions and controls over women's bodies
Austria, 2004
How do we balance secular and religious ideals in the service of women (and all Filipino)?
On one hand, religion is important because it provides us a frame of morality
On the other hand, secularism is important (i.e. non establishment of religion/separation of church and state,
that church policies should not be seeping into state policies
i.e. religious freedom vs non establishment of religion
Higher drop out rate of men and more women study more
they didnt live with their parents
How much of the young Filipino Muslims risky (both sexual and non-sexual) behaviours are a function of
their religion versus their developmental stage (as adolescents)?
It seems that for both Catholic/Christian and Islam religion systems, women can be at a disadvantaged position
Belief systems spill over to state policies i.e. ways of treating women that puts them into a disadvantage
Inequality is brought about by religious beliefs
In sum
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Religions impact on behaviour, affect, and cognition can be understood by looking at its shared meaning
systems (beliefs, norms) that are often embodied and reproduced (rituals, religious texts) and passed on through
communities
Religion can impact sexuality and reproductive health on an individual and institutional level
Religion can..
tell us what you can and cannot do
who you can and cannot be
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