SOC SCI LECTURE NOTES - EXAM

Theory of Science
Auguste Comte (French, early 19th C.)
Ideas shared succeeding generations of social thinkers
coined the word Sociology
Positivism
You dont want to believe if you dont see it
Evidence-based (empirical)
Verifiable facts
Positive definition of a phenomenon
There should be a base to everything
Philosophy of Science
Issue of Epistemology: How do you know what you know?
e.g. Guard checks every student for their id
this is very scientific, thus he is a positivist
Context
Centuries of exploration
Colonialism Possession & Encounters with the other
Archival and Academic tradition in the West

Industrial Revolution-Era Europe

They had been dreaming about a modern world
Turning point in the creation of social science
It created a lot of problems;
Poverty
Injustice
Sickness (cholera, TB)
thus asylums around Europe, since people were mentally ill
Long working hours (from 8 to 20 hours)
Pollution (coal factories)
England, Germany, France, all modern by the 15th century
Emphasized disparity between rich & poor

What is society?
Western Society Non-Western Society

urbanized/industrialized rural
capitalist exchange economy but not money
Christian superstitious
scientific/rational tribal
nation-state e.g. Great Britain, France, Germany, collective happiness
and belgium colony itself
Humanist (individual happiness) no empire
With colonial possessions
Rise of cities, growing population
Empires (globalization of capitalism)

Evolutionism - (Trajectory going to complexity)

Greatest influence on the theory of society (19th century to early 20th century)

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 Charles Darwin, et al.
Two objectives:
1. explain mechanism of evolution i.e. natural selection
2. explain variation (humans and on humanistic organisms)
Theory: A progressive development of the physical world through time
From simple (undifferentiated) to complex
1. biological organisms
2. human mind
3. societies
Belief that the west already reached the apex of this development
Other society survival of the past / artifacts of history

Herbert Spencer: What is Society?

Society is like a living organism (an evolved organism)
It has parts; a system; parts should work well to maintain the whole body system
task of society: to maintain itself, to prevent collapse (i.e. wars, political disintegration, etc)
Associated with social darwinism survival of the fittest applied to society and evolutions point of view
with problems, its like addressing your own body
tribal societies eventually lose to industrial revolutionist societies

Emile Durkheim
father of sociology and anthropology, father of social science
natural science of society / science of social facts = search for correlations between social facts and
revelations (positivist!)
using parameters, perspectives of science
studied totemism, mythology, animism (roots in enlightenment and positivist thought)
also studied suicide, social organization, etc
established LAnne Sociologique (1898)
Niece was Marcel Mauss
studied systems of exchange among non-western people
continued publishing the journal founded by Durkheim
everything we observe is evidence

Durkheims study of suicide

own society
studied police records in different districts (19th century, France)
incidence of suicide in some categories of people
men, Protestants, wealthy, unmarried = higher suicide rates
women, Catholic, Jew, poor, and married = lower suicide rates
why? due to the degree of social integration
suicide is not just an individual case, but a social case

Mausss Analysis
Non-Western society (early 20th century)
from social fact (fait social) of Durkheim
positivist; in the Durkhemian tradition = looking for universal laws
Mausss fait social total (total social phenomenon)
explained in his book, Essai Sur Le Don (The Gift)
an activity that has implications throughout the society, in the economic, legal, political, and
religious spheres
diverse strands of social and psychological life are woven together

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 informs and organizes seemingly distinct practices and institutions

W.E.B. Du Bois: on race and activism

late 19th - early 20th century
1st African American PhD to graduate from Harvard
studied black community
spoke against racial inequality (civil rights activist)
in laws (Jim Crow or negro), i.e. racial segregation
discrimination (in education and employment)
founding member of NAACP (1909)

Behavioural and Social Science

Behavioural Science: focus on behaviour and the factors that contribute to it
also looks at animal behaviours to compare w/ humans
anthro, socio
Social Science: focus on structures & cultures; how people interact with one another in society
anthro, socio, + history

General Perspectives
seeing the general in the particular
seek out general patterns in the behaviour of particular people in specific contexts
although every individual is unique, society shapes the lives of its numbers
how? e.g. rural-urban/rich-poor/first world- third world / highland - lowland /continental island
religious beliefs
marriage patterns
values
aspirations
demeanour behaviour
seeing the strange in the familiar
everyday social routine /scene tends to make us uncritical of society; nakagawian / nakasanayan
na
need to look beyond superficial/outward expression of cultures/behaviours
discover why we do the things that we do
seeing the bigger picture in individual problems
should strive to solve social issues
individuals are part of a bigger village (today, global village is due to globalisation and ICT)
e.g. C. Wright Mills (1959), The Sociological Imagination

What makes up society?

Organized people; interacting people
The largest social organization in which we exist on a regular basis
Communities (cities, towns, neighbourhoods, etc)
Associations (business, education, religious)
Relationships (father, mother, son, daughter etc)
We can feel and identify with society unlike nation or country
Nation - more of a political system (govt, law, army, physical boundaries, etc)
We can identify with the nation through symbols

Circle
smallest = self, second = family, third = neighbourhood, fourth = nation
starts with blood relations then gets farther

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 if you arent interacting, its not society anymore
Family is a universal concept
whole concept of society is an imagination, because your true society are the people you regularly talk to

Feeling and Commitment

An emotional bond in which an individual feels that he or she is part of something larger
A sense of we and us
Ferdinand Tonnies
German sociologist, 1887
Describes two types of societies based on loyalty and government:
Gemeinshaft (community)
Bond is strong among members
e.g. tribe, clan, family, fraternity (h+g)
Gesselschaft (society)
bond is weaker among members
e.g. factory, office, corporation, urban, condo
you lose your values when you go to the city
Geimenshaft inside gesselschat: fiesta in villages, simbang gabi
Q: Is conditional loyalty possible? In what situation can we observe a less emotional and more rational
form of commitment?

What happens to society over time? Solidarity

Emile Durkheim
two types of society based on solidarity
Mechanical Solidarity = geimeinshaft
social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values
Strong among pre-industrial societies
Mechanical: because of the automatic sense of belonging (a tradition)
village
Organic Solidarity = gesselschaft
weaker solidarity
people no longer bound by tradition
social bonds based on specialization and interdependence, that are strong among members
of industrial societies
bond is as far as work is concerned
city
Main factor?
increasing division of labor

What happens to society over time? Conflict and Change

society changes and develops across time
you have seen this from prehistory to present
conflict is positive for an organization/society
why is it positive?
competition
rational discussion
negotiation
expression/articulation of sentiments
Karl Marx
conflict is inevitable
needed to have change in society

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 Marx: the history of society is the history of class struggles

Max Weber
Into ideas, ideas shape society and your world
COMPARED to marx: your world shapes your consciousness
social structure shapes your mind
class dictates survival
What their consciousness is made up of
idea of rationality
rationalism spurred capitalism
prime mover of nationality
Calvinism: birth of capitalism

What maintains society?

Social Order
individual wants vs common good
Social Interaction
People cooperating, communicating, sharing, arguing, negotiating, comprising, competing, etc
building block of society
Forms of social interaction: friendship, co-workers, alliance, fraternity, getting married, language
(symbolic)
means of socialisation
the way you are brought up in society
put an end to social interaction
you put an end to society as well

Social Patterns
culture (i.e. rules, values, beliefs)
rules: how to conduct oneself in society
values: what is right and what is wrong
beliefs: worldview
social structure
status
role
positioning and ranking of oneself in society (always in relation to another person)

Social Pattern: Institutions

Patterns, cultures, that have been accepted, embedded, legitimated and established
lasts over time
followed by people
e.g. religious institutions, school, political parties, government, media, democracy, capitalism, and
marriage

NEW TOPIC
Social Organisation

Logical and Meaningful Pattern

activities are all integrated (they make sense)
Unity of style, meaning, and value
very close to the concept of structure
A system where each part is an element of a bigger whole (as if an organism or machine)

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 one thing leads to another in cause-effect process
very close the concept of function

Social Differentiation
How are people (and their corresponding activities) organised within society?
hunter-gather, male-female
social organization: according to gender, or kind of work,
Groups
people have something in common
can be classified further into categories
principle of roles and statuses apply
each member of society has a role
status: position in relation to other people (who are you in relation to other people?)
role:

Social Differentiation by 1. SEX

Biological division: male an female
the most basic of all social classifications
in simple societies: sexual divison of labor
qs re the pic:
what is the role of males? theyre the one who maintain the terraces
what is the role of the females? in charge of delicate part of planting
e.g. pottery > women

Social Differentiation: by 2. AGE

biological
elders
adults
children
in simple societies
sometimes, no record of chronological age
emphasis on seniority
pang ilan kang anak sa pamilya mo?
papunta ka pa lang, pabalik na ako
may right ba ang bata?

middle child = ostrination

transition is signed by right of passage (e.g. getting married you get a tattoo)
initiation rite: hirap (fraternity), masaya (debut, wedding)

Social differentiation: by 3. RANK, HIERARCHY, & STRATIFICATION

Arrangement of people in a particular order
rules of precedence (priority in rank) > who was first?
can be a basis of descent
puts every person in his/her proper place - but they do not defer to one another on the basis
of higher or lower rank
hierarchy
implies relationships of authority and obedience, superiority, and subordination
pecking order, rigid (metaphor for dominance - among chickens)
can give order to the lower rank
as in an army

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 stratification
elaborate system of hierarchy
encompassing the whole society
Caste system (Hindu) - close system
Timawa, Alipin - open system

e.g. Social Stratification: Hindu Caste System

you will never go up

you will only go up in your next life

Social Class
characteristics of industrial societies
Karl Marx
society: divided into classes
defined by their relationship to the means of production
who owns it? who is being exploited by it?
haves and haves not all throughout human history, story of society is a story of
exploitation
class in western societies
everyone has the same interest: how they fare with regarding to production
mode of production: e.g. hungering and gathering
class is not highlighted because everyone is more or less doing the same thing)
factory setting most important for urban setting
hunting gathering > agriculturalism > freudalism > capitalism

Association
organizations for special purposes
prevalent in western societies
same profession
same political views
same recreation or hobby
in non-western societies
cult associations - special rituals
have esoteric knowledge
special titles

Emerging Associations
network
friends

October 25th, 2016

Personality
Definition: personality

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 persona - (L.) mask. (context of a western drama: used to typify a character)
Human nature
dynamic and organised set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or
her cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviours in various situations
naturalesa e.g. lions in madagascar, dreaming that he is in the wild
you cant learn it, its in you already
A pattern of behaviour and reactions
consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences ones expectations, self perceptions, values
and attitudes
Uniqueness
pattern of an individuals psychological processes
variations between individuals

Formation of Personality
Biological factor
Heredity namana sa magulang
raw material
Social factor
Socialization pagpapalaki ng magulang
cultivation of this raw-material

Debates: which is more important in the formation of personality

Agency or determinism
do we have control over our personality or none?
Heredity or environment
inherent or socialised
Uniqueness or universality
individual or social/collective psychology

A theory of personality: Sigmund Freud

Biology vs society
personality is biologically determined
socialisation is a process of internal conflict between biology and sociocultural environment
this conflict occurs within the individual
The conscious and unconscious mind
the most important part of a person lies in his inner psyche
e.g. shell is not important
found the deep recesses of a persons psyche, the unconscious mind directs the behaviour of a
person
instinct is a hidden force behind the person

Classical Psychoanalysis: Freud

a method which aims to surface the unconscious self of a person
used to treat mental distress/disorder by a dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst
looks out for the ff:
free association (magkwento)
slips of the tongue (Freudian slips) > unguarded
dreams (as wish fulfillments, to assess repressions)

The human psyche

psyche

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 conscious + unconscious
totality of the human mind
soul, self

Model/structure of the psyche: three systems

1. Id
the biological core of the self
the original systems; forms first (child development)
binds the ego and superego
consists of uncoordinated instincts
remains unconscious
has to be controlled or restrained by society
2. Ego
the rational part of the self
opposite-ish of id hoy id aka police
the executive branch of the self (i.e. executes action)
id: i want to kill my classmate
ego: chill, relac lang
organized and realistic part of the psyche
mediates between biological and social needs
e.g. hungry (biological) but you dont have enough money (social)
controls the individual consciousness
3. Superego
the conscience
forms last
serves as the moral foundation of a person; plays critical and moralising role
molds personality according to the dictates of society
this conscience may also lead to harmful effects on people (suicide?)
value systems meant to establish order
e.g. should i be absent? conscience: if you hit 6 absences, its dangerous
police of the ego ?
how it is represented by way of values/laws/morals that we follow

Personality: developmental stages

Psychosexual stages
1-5 years, crucial to personality development
satisfy basic human needs

Psychosexual Stages (5)

Oral Stage (0-1)
mouth
infancy
if not satisfied: the person would have an oral fixation
vices: smoking, drinking, gluttony
Anal stage (1-3)
toilet training - success!
if not satisfied: the person would have an anal fixation
selfishness, possessiveness, excessive cleanliness
Phallic stage (4-5)
oedipus complex (male)
loves and hates mother

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 sexual love for mother
electra complex (female)
if not corrected: homosexuality
latency stage (5-puberty)
intellectual and social development
genital stage (11-14)
beginning of sexual desires

Pagkataong Pilipino - Filipino Indigenous Psychology

Filipino psychology
psychology rooted in experience, worldview and culture of the Filipinos
an indigenous psychology (vs. Western psychology)
Sikoloyihang Pilipino

Filipino Psychology vs western oriented analysis of filipino psychology

Hollnsteiner, Lynch and Bulatao
smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR)
the most important aspect of Filipino psychology
It is nor SIR
but pakikipagkapwa (c/o Virgilio Enriquez; Sikolohiyang Pilipino)
the core value of Filipinos
Kapwa - has two components > 1) self, 2) others
the self is not seen as apart from others; shared identity
KAPWA = Philippine core value
you do not do harm to a kapwa
kapwa / fellow men

Pakikipagkapwa
two types of kapwa: sariling tao and ibang tao
with sariling tao, you do this:
pakikipagpalagayang loob / meeting of hearts, meeting of minds, agreeing
pakikisangkot / being involved
pakikiisa / being one
with ibang tao, you do this:
hindi pasok sa mundo (can i borrow money but I'm shy?)
pakikitungo / how you treat others or how you are to others
pakikisalamuha / mingling with others
pakikilahok / participants
pakikibagay / giving, flexibility
pagkikisama / get along with others

*need to look for someone you know to know a community (bridge sa community)
*being involved in invitations
*pagkabiro > joking, *pagkain

Pagkataong Pilipino
labas, loob, lalim
the jar as a metaphor
c/o Prospero Covar

Loob, labas, at lalim ng pagkataong Pilipino

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a hit in the face, stomach, wont hurt so much
but deeper for core:
budhi / conscience
kaluluwa / soul

hati hati = atai (liver)

bansa is last to become whole (you always try to keep it intact so that you dont have separate kingdoms)

November 3, 2016
Socialization

The Social Basis of Personality

a continuing process where an individual learns the norms, values, and behaviour, and social skills,
appropriate to his or her status in a given society
identity (Appropriate to the persons status and social context)
norm (within societys standards and context)
continuity (socio-cultural institutions are preserved)

Social Process
a lifetime process
from womb to womb
individual personality changes and folded across different life stages
childhood
adulthood
teenage years
old age (elderly or senior citizen)
Terms
socialization
used generally by sociologists, psychologists, educators and others
emphasis on social integration
pakikipagkapwa
enculturation
used generally by anthropologists
emphasis on cultural literacy

No man is an island?
Question
can we exist even without the company of other people?
can we survive life without depending on other people?
studies on the effect of isolation on a persons individual development (post WWIII studies)
e.g. case of Anna
6 yr old girl discovered by a school worker inside a barn in Pennsylvania
child of a mentally ill-mother
at time of discovery: could not walk, talk or respond to people
was treated in a hospital (for nourishment) and sent to a foster home
sent to a special school which developed her speaking skills
had a sad ending: died at the age of 10 due to blood disease
e.g. case of Isabelle
a 6 yr old girl discovered in Ohio
prior to her discovery, she was left isolated inside small room with her deaf-mother

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 she did not learn how to speak
communicated through hand signs and signals
taught to be deaf also by the people who found her
didnt like the company of people, especially males
underwent a series of social training
improved her communication skills after more than a year
at 8 yrs, she was able to go to school as a regular student

Lesson on personality
in order to become a person, one needs
social interaction
provides venue to interact, communicate, cooperate, etc.
social environment
provides physical, psychological, and emotional needs (e.g. care, love, nourishment)

Socialization: CHILDHOOD
CHILDHOOD is the height of a socialisation of a person
right to play

Socialization: as condition of life changes

from childhood to old-age
continuous socialisation
every new association
every stage of condition of life
agents of socialisation: family, peer group, school, media, etc

The social self

its not me, myself, and I
idea that states that a person belongs to a larger group - composed of other people
individual self vs social self

Types of the social self

looking glass self
c/o Charles Horton Cooley, american sociologist (early 20th c.)
self is a product of social forces
formation of self is based on what others tell about him/her
impressions of other people
interactions with people
observations of the development of infants:
respond to voices
hand signals
until they learn to distinguish between self and others

c/o George Herbert Mead, american psychologist (early 20th century)

the self is non existent at the time of birth
it is developed over the years
product of social experiences and interactions
the role of language
symbolic aspect of human interaction and communication
basis of human interaction; means for him or her to engage with society (pakikipagkapwa)
stages of a child

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 preverbal period - signs, 0-1 yr
verbal period - language learning, 1-3 yrs
play stage - playing and mimicking/imitating
game stages - rules, etc, 7-8 yrs

November 8, 2016
Types of Society and Social Change (should be before personality - to see historical development/evolution
of society)

Concept: Society
organized interaction of people in a given community (bigger scale: nation)
consists of people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
totality of social organisation and complex network of interconnected, interdependent, and
overlapping social relations
e.g. family, peer groups, religious groups, political parties, economic affiliations, and kinship
associations
favorite analytical tool of sociologist
society = INTERACTION

Concept: Culture
favorite analytical tool of anthropologists
way of life c/o Edward Tylor
that complex whole which induces knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
focal point: what is it that binds us together? CULTURE BINDS US TOGETHER
you will not know a culture if you dont know the particular group
different ways how people deal with common life issues:
marriage
substinence
social relations
politics and governance
conflicts
ecology
learned, shared, patterned, (mal)adaptive, symbolic

Why do societies change?

Technology
1920s: Vere Gordon Childes Man Makes Himself
materialist view of history
non-religious perspective
late 19th century: Lewis Henry Morgans Ancient Society
society changes as technology changes: savager, barbarism, civilisation
savagery: bow and arrow
barbarism: plow > massive agriculture
(ancient) civilization: writing
Social Conflicts
late 19th century: Karl Marxs Das Kapital
conflict regarding how people produce material goods (social relations of production)
thesis (typewriter) > antithesis (computer) >
economic condition shapes society
Ideas

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 early 1900s: Max Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
religious ideas provided the motivation for Protestant Europeans to engage in a secular work -
thus the birth of capitalism

Types of Societies
1. Hunting and Gathering
Simplest of all types
longest history (since beginning up to present)
before 10,000 years ago, all humans were H+G
simple tools (primitive technology)
indigenous peoples
thrives on an EGALITARIAN society: if you hunt a pig, you will SHARE it
KINSHIP-based: small bands
food distributed among family members
helpfulness
Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer
gendered division
which one is the more reliable food source?
little control over environment
animist, spirit-worship
their time is spent searching for game and collecting plants to eat
NOMADIC; use up resources in one place then move to the next
few remaining H+G today; usually considered
central africa, australia, northwest canada, malyasia
philippines?
2. Horticultural
emerged 10,000 years ago
neolithic period
Mesopotamia, South America,
sedentary, formed settlements
new form of technology
use of hand tools
for planting root crops
holes and digging sticks
advantages
GROWING your own food vs gathering
less social inequality
disadvantages
unable to support large population
no food security
no civil that did not go thru agri
agri = gives us food to eat
3. Pastoral Society
domestication of animals
in arid/dry and mountainous regions
west Africa and west Asia (middle east)
Horiculture, of little value in these areas
Nomadic - follow fresh grazing lands
advantages
increased food production
supported large population (unlike H+G)

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 surplus - led to specialisation
disadvantages
social inequality
Judeo, Christian, Islam are from pastoral society
4. Agrarian/Agricultural/Farming Society
large-scale cultivation
emerged around 5,000 years ago
late Neolithic period
mainly cereal-based
barley
beer, bread, malt, etc
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Europe, North Asia, China, India
wheat
Easten Mediteranean, Levant
Mesopotamia, India
rice
China, SEA, North Africa
more powerful tools and production system
plow
harnessed animals
increased fertility of the soil
able to use land for a long time
surplus
transportation of goods - trade
the dawn of civilization
sedentary life
centralised authority
rise of urban areas or cities
MONOTHEISM - single religion justifying new order
stratified society
advantages
specialization of labor
food security
able to support a huge population
disadvantages
slavery
inequality - rise of elites
male dominance
female relegated to domestic sphere
imperialism - conquest
5. Industrial Society
production of goods using advanced source of energy
from muscle animal energy to MECHANICAL energy
rapid change
social, political, economic, demographic
more changes in 100 yrs than in more than 1000 years
Nature of work
6. Post-industrial society
information based economy
knowledge more valued
similar terms:

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Post-industrial
information based economy
more wealth in service sector than manufacturing sector
knowledge more valued
software vis-a-vis hardware
shift in skills - from manufacturing of goods to processing of information
similar terms
post fordism
information society
knowledge-based economy
network society

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