REVIEW OF

LITERATURES (RL) and

RD Style Guide

Ria DG. Ladisla

 What we will cover today.
Reviewing the Literature
Plagiarism
RD Style Guide (APA, 6th Edition)
Review of Related Literatures
(RL)
Few questions first?
1. What is an RL?
2. Why is it needed?
3. How do we create a good (if not great) RL?
4. Where to look for RL?
5. How do we know if we are done (or if we have
created a good one)?
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What is an RL?

(Sage Publications, 2014)

 Why is RL Needed in PFS?
1.Determine if there is already an existing
study done on your specific topic.
2.Provide background information
3.Guide on methodologies and data gathering
 Why is RL Needed in PFS?
A good RL ARGUES!
It justifies why there is a need for your
study to be done
It points to the research gap that you are -
trying to fill-in
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How do we Create a Good RL?
1. What do I know about the topic?

2. What should I know about the

topic?

3. What do previous studies say

about our chosen topic?
 How do we Create a Good RL?
1. Create a preliminary outline
2. Formulate Search Strategies and Key Terms

Topic: Feasibility Study of City Bus Service in

Godhra City

Descriptors: : Urbanization, feasibility, city bus service or urban

mass transportation service
 Feasibility Study of City Bus Service in
Godhra City

Outline of RL
I. Urbanization
II. Role of Transportation
III. Importance of Bus Transportation
IV. Introduction of Bus Transit in India
V. Studies on Bus Service (Historically Developed )
 How do we Create a Good RL?
3. Use Preliminary and Secondary Sources
- Published Journal (Online), Articles, Book Reviews, Theses
and Dissertations, Newspapers, Magazines, Books,
Textbooks, Encyclopedias
- Intercontinental Sources (Refer to Handbook)
How do we Create a Good RL?
4. A minimum of 15 RL (majority within Asia)
- A photocopy of the journal article's first page (one
with DOI) should be included as proof
- Cite sources using APA style (author, date)
- Should be 5 years or up except:
* if they are classical
* no other references
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Electronic/
Online
Sources of
References
 APA Style Guide and Citation
American Psychological Association
Detailed guide on in-text citation and
referencing (author, date system)
Provides guide on topography and style (i.e.
margins, tables/figure presentations, etc.)
APA Reference B. Syndicated Resources
Categories Magazine and Newspaper
Articles, Editorials
A.Static Resources TV, Blogs, Blogs, Podcast,
Online and printed journals (Published Twitter Postings
Dissertations, Conference Proceedings)
Printed/Electronic Book
Annual Reports
Published Interview
Film, Sound Recordings
Map, Sacred Text, Entry from a Dictionary,
Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Almanac C. Dynamic Resources
Page from a Wiki
Public Address
Message from a discussion
group
Facebook status update
Video Game
 Online Sources of Journals

EBSCO Host (https://search.ebscohost.com/)

Philippine E-Journals (http://ejournals.ph/)
Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com.ph/)
Other journal publications with open access to articles
(https://doaj.org)
 Online journals
SAGE open
(http://journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo)
ERIC (https://eric.ed.gov)
ProQuest (http://www.proquest.com)
International Journal for Scientific
Research and Development
(http://ijsrd.com)
 How do we Create a Good RL?
5. Accomplish the following matrix:
Title Author/s Research Questions Philosophical lens or Method Major Findings Conclusions Recommendations
or Researcher/s assumptions
or Title of
journal

Variables Research locale/

country
SOP
Respondents

Sampling

Data Collection

Data Analysis
 How do we Create a Good RL?
Title Author/s or Research Philosophical Method Major Findings Conclusions Recommendations
Researcher/s or Title Questions lens or
of journal assumptions

A Descriptive Study of Factors
Associated with the Internal
Audit Function Policies
Having an Impact:
Comparisons Between
Organizations in a Developed
and an Emerging Economy
Turkish Studies, 2013
AUDREY A. GRAMLING, NUR
IREM NUHOGLU &
DAVID A. WOOD
Vol. 14, No. 3, 581606,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14
683849.2013.833019
Evidence on Internal Internal Audit Survey research Turkey respondents The study finds -Overall, the
Audit Function factors perceived their IAFs to significant
Frameworks be more competent in authors believe that
(i.e. characteristics, differences
activities, and work
Internal Auditor consulting, assurance,
between the the results are
and overall
areas) associated with from 87 (US and competence, than US two countries in thought provoking
these types of impact 24 (Turkey) respondents. terms of IAF and useful as a
characteristics. beginning point for
and companies On the contrary, panel
B shows that in terms of advancing the
more objective
whether these factors, Regression indicators of
understanding
and their influence on Analysis competence, USA and
various impacts, differ Turkey respondents did of internal audit,
between a developed not differ in terms of especially across
and an emerging certifications
different economies.
economy (i.e. the USA
and Turkey) The study
encourages

researchers to
continue this
examination.
 Journal Article How do we Create a
Review
Good RL?
The problem being addressed

paragraph form
The hypotheses and/or objectives of the study

Summarize in
The methodology, procedures, subjects the
researcher used
The results or findings
The particular strengths, weaknesses, and
limitations of the study
 How do we Create a Good RL?
6. Revise your Outline

7. Finalize and Write your RL (Should follow a

thematic/chronological order with headings and sub-
headings)

8. Do not forget the Synthesis!

- emphasized the major findings, ideas, generalizations,

principles or conclusions in summarized form

- Highlights the NEED for the Current Research Being

proposed/done. THE GAP!
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 CLARIFICATIONS?

8/7/2017
Plagiarism
and
RL
 What is Plagiarism?
ACCORDING TO THE MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY, TO
"PLAGIARIZE" MEANS
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
to use (another's production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing
someone else's work and lying about it afterward.
 BUT CAN WORDS AND IDEAS REALLY BE
STOLEN?

According to the law, the answer is YES!

The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual
property and is protected by copyright laws, just like
original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under
copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way
(such as a book or a computer file).
 Types of Plagiarism
#1. CLONE. Submitting anothers work, word-for-
word, as ones own
#2. CTRL-C. Contains significant portions of text
from a single source without alterations
#3. FIND REPLACE. Changing key words and
phrases but retaining the essential content of the
source
 Types of Plagiarism

#4. REMIX. Paraphrases from multiple sources,

made to fit together

#5. RECYCLE. Borrows generously from the

writers previous work without citation

#6. HYBRID. Combines perfectly cited sources

with copied passages without citation
 Types of Plagiarism
#7. MASHUP. Mixes copied material from multiple
sources
#8. 404 ERROR. Includes citations to non-existent
or inaccurate information about sources
#9. AGGREGATOR. Includes proper citation to
sources but the paper contains almost no original
work
 Types of Plagiarism

#10. RE-TWEET. Includes proper citation, but

relies too closely on the texts original wording
and/or structure
QUESTIONS AT
THIS POINT?
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RD Style
Guide
 Manuscript Preparation:
Page Style
Page Style
Use unlined, white, letter-size paper (81/2 x 11), preferably substance 20
for proposal manuscript, but use white bond paper with Letran logo (official
Letran thesis paper) for the final manuscript.
Page margins: left = 1.6; right = 1.1; top = 2.1; bottom = 1.1.
Page number: Upper right hand corner. Do not put page numbers on the
first page of each chapter. Number pages consecutively, including all
appendices.
Preliminary pages: (acknowledgments, abstract, etc.): small Roman
numerals (examples are i, ii, iii, iv, v, x, etc.); the title page bears no number
but it is designated as i; a blank page bearing no number is placed before
and after the title page; the approval sheet bears no number but is
designated as ii; preliminary pages are numbered on the upper right-hand
corner.
If you must break a paragraph, leave at least two lines of text on the page.
Continue the paragraph on the next page, making sure this is also at least
two lines of text long.
 Manuscript Preparation:
Topography and Paragraph Style
Text
Use 12 pt Calibri for text.
Indent paragraphs 5 spaces or use standard tab to
indent.
Use the following specifications for all paragraphs:
justified, 1 space within paragraphs and
between paragraphs.
For chapter or level 1 headings (e.g., CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION), use 12 pt Calibri Bold, all caps,
centered on the page. Use Roman numerals for
chapter numbers. Leave 2 spaces between the
chapter label and the chapter title.
For 2nd level headings, use 12 pt Calibri Bold or
Underlined, caps-lower-case, centered on the
page.
For 3rd level headings, use 12 pt Calibri Bold, caps-
lower-case, flushed to the lefthand margin.
For the 4th level headings, use 12 pt Calibri Bold or
Underlined, caps-lower-case, indented from the
lefthand margin. The paragraph heading ends
with a period and the textual discussion starts
immediately after the period.
 Manuscript Preparation:
Topography and Paragraph Style
Figures, Graphs and
Charts
Tables
Label using 11 pt Calibri
- Titles: 11pt Calibri. Headings and data: 10- Bold; capitalize the first
12pt letter of the first word
- immediately after discussion only; no period at the
- if too long, summarize, highlights only end; flush to the left-hand
margin. Indent the
succeeding lines of the
title.
Put figures immediately
after the textual
discussion referring to
such.
Examples are research
frameworks/paradigms,
diagrams, flow charts,
and related illustrations.
 Manuscript Preparation:
Topography and Paragraph Style

Literature Cited/References

Use 12 pt Calibri for all references.

Start the reference list on a new page.

Single space within the reference entries; double space

between bibliographies. Flush the first line of each entry to
the left

The second and succeeding lines should be indented five

spaces below the first line.
 Manuscript Preparation:
Language and Content

Research Title
Example
It should not be more than
20 words, including
A feasibility study of
conjunctions and articles. establishing a city
It should be set like an bus service in
inverted pyramid when typed Godhra City
on the page, centered,
singled-spaced.
 Manuscript Preparation:
Language and Content

Language and Tone of the Body Text

Generally, research text should be written

in third-person orientation. It has to be No First Person: "I",
"me", "we", "my",
impersonal in tone. "mine", "our", "us",
For qualitative research, however, the I No Second Person:
perspective is already accepted. The you, your, yours
tone could be personal (first-person Yes to Third Person:
view). (See guidelines on the conduct of he, she, it, they,them,
theirs, etc.
Qualitative Research.)
 Manuscript
Preparation:
Consistency of Verb Tenses

True to all parts and chapters of the manuscript,

if the discussion delves on something of universal or
general truth (statement of convention), or of continuing
or existing reality, the verb tense shifts to the simple
present tense. e.g., The Maslow Hierarchy of
Needs stipulates , or The value of pi is 3.1416., or
The town enjoys the benefits of development. )
 Manuscript Preparation:
APA Style for Citing References

The official style guide used by the Research Department is the

APA Style

American Psychological Association (APA) style is an academic

format specified in The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, a style guide that offers academic
authors guidance on various subjects for the submission of
papers to the publications of APA.
 Manuscript Preparation:
APA Style for Citing References

Direct Quotation of Sources

If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 Interpreting these results,

Robbins et al. (2003)
words, incorporate it into text and enclose the suggested that the
quotation with double quotation marks. therapists in dropout
cases may have
If the quotation appears in mid-sentence, end inadvertently validated
parental negativity about
the passage with quotation marks, cite the the adolescent without
adequately responding to
source in parentheses immediately after the
the adolescents needs or
quotation marks, and continue the sentence. concerns (p. 541),
contributing to an overall
Use no other punctuation unless the meaning climate of negativity.

of the sentence requires such punctuation.

 Manuscript Preparation:
APA Style for Citing References

Direct Quotation of Sources

If the quotation appears at the end of

Confusing this issue is the
a sentence, close the quoted passage overlapping nature of
roles in palliative care,
with quotation marks, cite the source whereby medical needs
are met by those in the
in parentheses immediately after the medical disciplines;
nonmedical needs may be
quotation marks, and end with a period addressed by anyone on
the team (Csikai &
or other punctuation outside the final Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

parenthesis.
 Manuscript Preparation:
APA Style for Citing References

In-Text Citation:

Refer to Handbook Pages 116-143

 References:

Globio, E. M. (n.d.). Review of Related Literature and Studies: Guidelines in Citing Related
Literature and Studies. Retrieved July 25, 2014, from
http://thesisadviser.blogspot.com/2013/02/thesis-writing-review-of-related.html
Kumar, R. (1996). Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for Beginners. 25-33.
Librero, F. (1996). How to Write a Thesis Proposal: Some Practical Guidelines. 17-30.
Sage Publications. (2014). The Literature Review in Research. Retrieved July 25, 2014, from
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/28728_LitReview___hart_chapter_1.pdf
What is Plagiarism. (2014, August 2). Retrieved from Plagiarism.Org:
http://www.plagiarism.org/
8/7/2017
Thank you! :)
 Workshop (QUIZ 2)
In a 1 whole sheet of yellow paper, write the following:

1.Your chosen topic,

2.Your reason for choosing the said topic,

3.Objectives for doing the FS

4. List down key words as guide in your RL search, and

5.Possible topic outline for the Review of Literature.