1, JANUARY 2012 21
AbstractThe energy utilization efficiency of commercial photo- the PV array at constant voltage equal to the MPP voltage of
voltaic (PV) pumping systems can be significantly improved by em- the array at the standard test conditions (STCs) provided by the
ploying simple perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point manufacturer (ignoring the effects of insolation and temperature
tracking algorithms. Two such P&O implementation techniques,
reference voltage perturbation and direct duty ratio perturbation, variations on the MPP voltage). This value is used as a reference
are commonly utilized in the literature but no clear criteria for for a feedback control loop that usually employs a PI controller
the suitable choice of method or algorithm parameters have been to adjust the duty ratio of the MPPT converter. The authors have
presented. This paper presents a detailed theoretical and experi- previously investigated this approach and found that it offered
mental comparison of the two P&O implementation techniques on significantly better energy utilization efficiencies (up to about
the basis of system stability, performance characteristics, and en-
ergy utilization for standalone PV pumping systems. The influence 91%) compared to directly connected systems [4].
of algorithm parameters on system behavior is investigated and the The utilization efficiency, however, can be further improved
various advantages and drawbacks of each technique are identified (at the cost of a small increase in implementation cost) by em-
for different weather conditions. Practical results obtained using ploying a hill-climbing MPPT technique such as the perturb and
a 1080-Wp PV array connected to a 1-kW permanent magnet dc observe (P&O) algorithm. This is a simple algorithm that does
motor-centrifugal pump set show very good agreement with the
theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. not require previous knowledge of the PV generator character-
istics or the measurement of solar intensity and cell temperature
Index TermsDCDC power conversion, maximum power
and is easy to implement with analogue and digital circuits. The
point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV) power systems, photo-
voltaic (PV) pumping, stability. algorithm perturbs the operating point of the PV generator by
increasing or decreasing a control parameter by a small amount
(step size) and measures the PV array output power before and
I. INTRODUCTION after the perturbation. If the power increases, the algorithm con-
tinues to perturb the system in the same direction; otherwise the
(1)
(6)
and
TABLE I
SYSTEM PARAMETERS AT NOMINAL OPERATING CONDITIONS; SOLAR
IRRADIANCE OF 800 W/m AND 25 C CELL TEMPERATURE
(13)
While the closed loop transfer function is given by IV. P&O ALGORITHM PARAMETERS
The P&O algorithm continuously perturbs the operating point
(19) of the system causing the PV array terminal voltage to fluc-
tuate around the MPP voltage even if the solar irradiance and
The PI controller gains are calculated from and ob- the cell temperature are constants. Consequently, similar cur-
tained from the root locus, utilizing the second ZieglerNichols rent and power fluctuations occur. These usually fluctuate be-
method [19]. The obtained values using this method are tween three levels provided that the perturbation frequency is
and . At these values, the system has a gain low enough so that the system can reach a steady state before
margin of 3.25 dB and a phase margin of 11.9 as given by the the next perturbation. The step size must also be high enough so
Bode plot shown in Fig. 9. Although the system is analytically that control is not affected by noise (and the oscillation resulting
stable, the stability of the practical system can not be guaranteed from the use of a PI controller in case of reference voltage per-
due to the low stability margins. There will always be high os- turbation) and to allow the perturbation to cause a measurable
cillation and noise present in a practical system even if further change in array output power. Noise has considerable effect on
tuning trails are attempted. the MPPT algorithm performance, especially at low step sizes
To solve this problem, the low-pass filter is removed from where the system response to noise is comparable to that of the
the feedback loop accepting higher noise levels as the cost of MPPT perturbations.
better system stability. In this case, at the design values of the PI With reference voltage control, the noise superimposed on the
controller gains ( and ), the system has array current and voltage feedback signals cannot be rejected
an infinite gain margin and a 21.5 phase margin (Fig. 9). These using low-pass filters since using such filters would result in
margins are high enough to ensure stability against variations in system instability as discussed in the above section. With di-
component values of the system and variations in the reference rect duty ratio perturbation, the stability of the system is not af-
voltage around the equilibrium point. fected by using such filters as they are placed outside the duty
The magnitude curve of the closed-loop Bode plot (Fig. 9) ratio-array voltage control loop. However, the signal delay re-
has a resonant peak of 8.6 dB at 158 Hz. Corresponding to this sulting from using these filters may influence the decisions of
26 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 3, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012
Fig. 13. Armature current and motor speed waveforms with three-level opera-
tion; P&O MPPT algorithm with reference voltage perturbation.
Fig. 15. Armature current and motor speed waveforms with three-level opera-
tion; P&O MPPT algorithm with direct duty ratio perturbation. the MPP, with a 5% step size and 1-Hz perturbation frequency.
However, at similar weather conditions (Fig. 16), 15 s were re-
quired with a 2% step size at the same perturbation frequency.
they nevertheless give an indication of the different starting be- The slow response at low step sizes can be resolved using a
haviors of the two implementation techniques. Unlike the MPP higher perturbation rate (Fig. 16). The transient time was less
voltage which varies in a narrow range around its standard test than 2 s when using a 10-Hz perturbation frequency with a 2%
conditions value, the optimum duty ratio can vary from 0% to step size at an irradiance level of 860.1 W/m and a cell tem-
100% depending on the irradiance level. As a result, a system perature of 31.8 C. With direct duty ratio perturbation, higher
employing a P&O algorithm with direct duty ratio control has a perturbation rates up to the PWM rate (or the ADC rate if lower)
slower transient response compared with reference voltage per- can be used. However, if the perturbation period becomes lower
turbation. For instance, if the optimum duty ratio is 90% and the than the settling time of the system response, the system is never
system is started with 50% duty ratio, the system takes 40 pertur- allowed to reach a steady state and its response at a particular
bation cycles to reach the MPP with a step size of 1%. Armature time is affected by previous perturbations resulting in chaos-like
current and motor speed waveforms are shown in Fig. 15. Com- behavior.
pared with Fig. 13, the slower response of the system is evident With reference voltage perturbation, a practical system with
together with the smaller oscillations in armature current due to a low step size is more susceptible to any noise superimposed
the absence of a PI controller. on the array current/voltage waveforms. This is because the re-
sponse to noise in such a system is comparable to the effect
B. Effect of Perturbation Rate and Step Size of algorithm perturbations. The array output voltage fluctuates
A lower step size results in lower steady-state oscillations but between many levels around the MPP as shown in Fig. 17. A
slows down the system response to radiation and temperature higher perturbation frequency results in faster deviation from
changes, and vice versa. For example, at 946.3-W/m solar ir- the MPP, faster recovery, and a faster response to irradiance and
radiance and 43 C cell temperature (Fig. 14), 5 s are enough temperature changes. If the perturbation period becomes lower
for the P&O algorithm to shift array voltage to fluctuate around than the settling time of the system, the system is never allowed
28 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 3, NO. 1, JANUARY 2012
Fig. 25. Simulation results showing the confusion of the P&O algorithm with
direct duty ratio perturbation by a ramp increase in solar irradiance.
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