Lecture -6

ecture-6

Radicals Tests
In Inorganic Chemistry two types of test are observed :
cationic and anionic.
Anionic Test : In case of anionic test we use the following
reagents.
H2SO4/HCl dil.
H2SO4 conc.

H2SO4/HCl (dilute)
On adding dil. H2SO4 or dil. HCl the observation is
(1) A brown colour gas is coming out.
Gas NO2, Radical NO2
(2) A gas is coming out with vinegar smell.
Gas CH3COOH, Radical CH3COO

Note :

(3) A gas comes out which turns lead acetate paper black.
Gas H2S, Radical S
Smell of rotten eggs.
(4) A gas comes out which is having suffocating smell
and turns K2Cr2O7 (orange) into green.
Gas SO2, Radical SO3
(5) If a gas comes out with brisk effervescence.
Gas CO2, Radical CO3

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 Example : Find out all the given in the reaction.

Ans. A = Na2S, C = H2S.

Note :
S2O3 Thiosulphate
Na2S2O3 Hypo (Sodium Thio Sulphate)
If a compound remove the color of violet iodine then it is
Na2S2O3.
+2 +2.5
Na2 S 2 O 3 I2
NaI+Na2 S 4O 6 (Iodomatic Test)
Violet Disappear
Na2S2O3 on reaction with AgBr gives white ppt. this white
ppt. become black on standing and gives a compound
Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] which is used as fixer in photography.

Sodium Argento thio sulphate

(used as fixer in photography)
Note : If salt is heated with dil. HCl it gives white
turbidity and turbidity give clear solution with HNO3.
Na2 S 2 O 3 HCl
S (white turbidity)
dil.

S + HNO 3 dil
No + H 2 SO 4 (clear solution)

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 Test By Conc. H2SO4
If conc. H2SO4 is added.
(1) Brown colour gas with brown ring Test.
Gas = NO2, Radical = NO3
(2) A dark brown colour gas comes out without brown ring
test.
Gas = Br2, Radical = Br
(3) A violet coloured gas comes out
Gas = I2, Radical = I
(4) If HCl comes out Cl

Note : In case of F and Cl. Gases F2 and Cl2 are not coming
because F2 and Cl2 are good oxidiser due to this F and Cl
are not oxidised by H2SO4. But in case of Br and I
oxidation is easily possible.

Special Tests :

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 (5) If a gaseous mixture comes out which burns with blue
flame.
Gas = CO + CO2

Radical =

C2O4 + Fe+2 [Fe(C2O4)2]2

Yellow Complex

+ H2SO4 CO + CO2 + H2O

Chromyle Chloride Test

It is given by only chloride ion of a metal. It is not given
by chlorides of Hg, Sn, Ag, Pb, and Sb.

Q 1.

Sol. X = NH4Cl.
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Some Important Tests (Anionic)
(i) I2 gives violet layer, with chloroform.
(ii) F test

NaF +H 2 SO 4
NaHSO 4 HF
(Conc.)

HF + SiO 2
SiF4 H 2 O
SiF4 H 2 O
H 2 [SiF6 ] H 4 SiO 4

Waxy, deposite

(iii) Borate (BO3 )

(iv) Sulphate (SO4 )

(v) Phosphate (PO4 )

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 Note : For Cromyl chloride test :
(i) The test tube must be dry otherwise chromyl chloride
may hydrolyse.
CrO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2CrO4 + 2HCl
(ii) Bromides and iodides do not give chromyl chloride
test and in this test they evolve Br2 and I2.
(iii) If NaOH solution is incompletely acidified, then
white ppt. of lead hydroxide may be obtained.
(iv) In the organic layer test of Br, chlorine water must
not be used in excess, otherwise layer attains pale
yellow colour due to formation of bromine
monochloride or it may be colourless due to formation
hypobromous acid.
Br2 + Cl2 2BrCl (Bromine monochloride)
Br2 + 2H2O + Cl2 2HBrO + 2HCl
Colourless
(v) In the organic layer test of I, excess of chlorine water
must be avoided otherwise the layer becomes colourless
due to formation of iodic acid.
I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 2HIO3 + 10HCl
(vi) Ring test is not reliable in presence of NO2, Br and
I.
(vii) Smell of NH3 also indicates the presence of NO3,
(if nitrate salt is boiled with Zn/NaOH or
Al/NaOH.
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2(H)
Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + 3[H]
NaNO2 + 8[H] NaOH + 2H2O + NH3
(viii) HF is corrosive and causes blisters on skin, so its
contact to skin must be also it should not be inhaled.
(ix) If on heating mixture with conc. H2SO4, a red oily
substance is condensed on colder parts of test tube,
then Cl and CrO4 (or Cr2O72) both may be present
in the mixture.

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 (x) During testing with conc. H2SO4, the solution must
not be heated to boiling, otherwise H2SO4 will get
decomposed and evolution of SO 2 will make
identification of other gases difficult.
(xi) In the organic layer test of Br and I, HNO3, CaOCl2,
KMnO4, NaOCl or chloramine may also be used in
place of chlorine water.

1. Which will not give cromyl chloride test

(a) AgCl (b) NaCl (c) NH4Cl (d) CaCl2
2. A gas is coming out by conc. H2SO4 reacting with salt 'X'. Which burns with
blue flame and this salt can be converted by the heating of 'Y'.
X Y Gas

(a) HCOONa CO + CO2

(b) HCOONa CO + CO2

(c) Na2CO3 HCOONa CO + CO2

(d) HCOONa Na2CO3 CO + CO2
3. Which will not evolve gas with conc. H2SO4
(a) NaCl (b) NaF (c) NaBr (d) a and b
4. H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 gives brown color gas with 'X' then this 'X' may be
(a) NaCl (b) NaBr (c) Both (d) None
5. If 'A' on reaction with BaCl2 gives 'B' and this 'B' is insoluble in water then 'A' is
containing
(a) NaNO3 (b) Na2SO4 (c) NH4NO3 (d) NH4NO2

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

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 Lecture -2
ecture-2

d-Block Compound
(1) When HgS reacts with Nascent Hydrogen it give Hg.
(2) When sulphide reacts with Nitroprosside then it gives
another complex.

(3) Ring test is not possible in presence of bromide, iodide

and nitride.
Substance sublime of Heating and colour of sublimate
Colour Substance
Greenish-Black HgS
Yellow S, HgI2, As2S3
Yellow-Blue/violet I2
Gray As
White Sb2O3, HgCl2,
Hg2Cl2, As2O3, AlCl3,
Amm. Halides.

Example : CrO3 is an acidic oxide. Explain.

Solution : CrO3 dissolves readily in water to give chromic acid which acts as strong
acid and oxidising agent.
CrO3 + H2O H2CrO4 (chromic acid)

9.17