Anda di halaman 1dari 100

8,))77)28-%073*

6-7/1%2%+)1)28
8,))77)28-%073*
6-7/1%2%+)1)28

1-',)0'639,=
(%2+%0%-
63&)681%6/

1G+VE[,MPP
2I[=SVO 'LMGEKS 7ER*VERGMWGS 0MWFSR 0SRHSR
1EHVMH 1I\MGS'MX] 1MPER 2I[(IPLM
7ER.YER 7ISYP 7MRKETSVI
7]HRI] 8SVSRXS
'ST]VMKLXF]8LI1G+VE[,MPP'SQTERMIW-RG%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIH1ERYJEGXYVIHMRXLI9RMXIH
7XEXIWSJ%QIVMGE)\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHYRHIVXLI9RMXIH7XEXIW'ST]VMKLX%GXSJRSTEVXSJXLMW
TYFPMGEXMSRQE]FIVITVSHYGIHSVHMWXVMFYXIHMRER]JSVQSVF]ER]QIERWSVWXSVIHMREHEXEFEWISV
VIXVMIZEPW]WXIQ[MXLSYXXLITVMSV[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJXLITYFPMWLIV



8LIQEXIVMEPMRXLMWI&SSOEPWSETTIEVWMRXLITVMRXZIVWMSRSJXLMWXMXPI

%PP XVEHIQEVOW EVIXVEHIQEVOWSJXLIMVVIWTIGXMZIS[RIVW 6EXLIVXLER TYXEXVEHIQEVOW]QFSP EJXIV


IZIV]SGGYVVIRGISJEXVEHIQEVOIHREQI[IYWIREQIWMRERIHMXSVMEPJEWLMSRSRP]ERHXSXLIFIRIJMX
SJXLIXVEHIQEVOS[RIV[MXLRSMRXIRXMSRSJMRJVMRKIQIRXSJXLIXVEHIQEVO;LIVIWYGLHIWMKREXMSRW
ETTIEVMRXLMWFSSOXLI]LEZIFIIRTVMRXIH[MXLMRMXMEPGETW

1G+VE[,MPPI&SSOWEVIEZEMPEFPIEXWTIGMEPUYERXMX]HMWGSYRXWXSYWIEWTVIQMYQWERHWEPIWTVSQS
XMSRWSVJSVYWIMRGSVTSVEXIXVEMRMRKTVSKVEQW*SVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRTPIEWIGSRXEGX+ISVKI,SEVI
7TIGMEP7EPIWEXKISVKICLSEVI$QGKVE[LMPPGSQSV  

8)6173*97)

8LMWMWEGST]VMKLXIH[SVOERH8LI1G+VE[,MPP'SQTERMIW-RG 1G+VE[,MPP ERHMXWPMGIRWSVW


VIWIVZIEPPVMKLXWMRERHXSXLI[SVO9WISJXLMW[SVOMWWYFNIGXXSXLIWIXIVQW)\GITXEWTIVQMXXIH
YRHIVXLI'ST]VMKLX%GXSJERHXLIVMKLXXSWXSVIERHVIXVMIZISRIGST]SJXLI[SVO]SYQE]RSX
HIGSQTMPI HMWEWWIQFPI VIZIVWI IRKMRIIV VITVSHYGI QSHMJ] GVIEXI HIVMZEXMZI [SVOW FEWIH YTSR
XVERWQMXHMWXVMFYXIHMWWIQMREXIWIPPTYFPMWLSVWYFPMGIRWIXLI[SVOSVER]TEVXSJMX[MXLSYX1G+VE[
,MPPWTVMSVGSRWIRX=SYQE]YWIXLI[SVOJSV]SYVS[RRSRGSQQIVGMEPERHTIVWSREPYWIER]SXLIV
YWISJXLI[SVOMWWXVMGXP]TVSLMFMXIH=SYVVMKLXXSYWIXLI[SVOQE]FIXIVQMREXIHMJ]SYJEMPXSGSQ
TP][MXLXLIWIXIVQW

8,);36/-7463:-()(%7-71G+6%;,-00%2(-870-')273671%/)23+9%6
%28))7 36;%66%28-)7%7838,)%''96%'=%()59%'= 36 '3140)8)2)77 3*
36 6)7908783 &) 3&8%-2)( *631 97-2+8,) ;36/ -2'09(-2+%2= -2*361%
8-328,%8'%2&)%'')77)(8,639+,8,);36/:-%,=4)60-2/3638,)6;-7)
%2( )<46)770=(-7'0%-1%2=;%66%28= )<46)7736-140-)( -2'09(-2+&98
238 0-1-8)( 83 -140-)( ;%66%28-)7 3* 1)6',%28%&-0-8= 36 *-82)77 *36 %
4%68-'90%6496437)1G+VE[,MPPERHMXWPMGIRWSVWHSRSX[EVVERXSVKYEVERXIIXLEXXLIJYRG
XMSRWGSRXEMRIHMRXLI[SVO[MPPQIIX]SYVVIUYMVIQIRXWSVXLEXMXWSTIVEXMSR[MPPFIYRMRXIVVYTXIHSV
IVVSVJVII2IMXLIV1G+VE[,MPPRSVMXWPMGIRWSVWWLEPPFIPMEFPIXS]SYSVER]SRIIPWIJSVER]MREGGY
VEG] IVVSV SV SQMWWMSR VIKEVHPIWW SJ GEYWI MR XLI [SVO SV JSV ER] HEQEKIW VIWYPXMRK XLIVIJVSQ
1G+VE[,MPP LEW RS VIWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV XLI GSRXIRX SJ ER] MRJSVQEXMSR EGGIWWIH XLVSYKL XLI [SVO
9RHIVRSGMVGYQWXERGIWWLEPP1G+VE[,MPPERHSVMXWPMGIRWSVWFIPMEFPIJSVER]MRHMVIGXMRGMHIRXEP
WTIGMEPTYRMXMZIGSRWIUYIRXMEPSVWMQMPEVHEQEKIWXLEXVIWYPXJVSQXLIYWISJSVMREFMPMX]XSYWIXLI
[SVOIZIRMJER]SJXLIQLEWFIIREHZMWIHSJXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJWYGLHEQEKIW8LMWPMQMXEXMSRSJPME
FMPMX]WLEPPETTP]XSER]GPEMQSVGEYWI[LEXWSIZIV[LIXLIVWYGLGPEMQSVGEYWIEVMWIWMRGSRXVEGXXSVX
SVSXLIV[MWI

(3-
For more information about this title, click here

' S R X I R X W

*SVI[SVHF]%RXLSR]3VWEXIPPMZMM

4VSPSKYIM\

'LETXIV

6MWO1EREKIQIRX%,IPMGSTXIV:MI[

%TTIRHM\XS'LETXIV8]TSPSK]SJ6MWO)\TSWYVIW

'LETXIV

'SVTSVEXI6MWO1EREKIQIRX%4VMQIV

'LETXIV

&EROWERH8LIMV6IKYPEXSVW8LI6IWIEVGL0EFJSV6MWO
1EREKIQIRX#

'LETXIV

'SVTSVEXI+SZIVRERGIERH6MWO1EREKIQIRX

'LETXIV

%9WIV*VMIRHP]+YMHIXSXLI8LISV]SJ6MWOERH6IXYVR

'LETXIV

-RXIVIWX6EXI6MWOERH,IHKMRK[MXL(IVMZEXMZI-RWXVYQIRXW

'LETXIV

*VSQ:EPYIEX6MWOXS7XVIWW8IWXMRK

'LETXIV

%WWIX0MEFMPMX]1EREKIQIRX

Z
ZM 'SRXIRXW

'LETXIV

'VIHMX7GSVMRKERH6IXEMP'VIHMX6MWO1EREKIQIRX

'LETXIV

'SQQIVGMEP'VIHMX6MWOERHXLI6EXMRKSJ-RHMZMHYEP'VIHMXW

'LETXIV

2I[%TTVSEGLIWXS1IEWYVMRK'VIHMX6MWO

'LETXIV

2I[;E]WXS8VERWJIV'VIHMX6MWO%RH8LIMV-QTPMGEXMSRW

'LETXIV

3TIVEXMSREP6MWO

'LETXIV

1SHIP6MWO

'LETXIV

6MWO'ETMXEP%XXVMFYXMSRERH6MWO%HNYWXIH
4IVJSVQERGI1IEWYVIQIRX

)TMPSKYI

8VIRHWMR6MWO1EREKIQIRX

-RHI\ 
* 3 6 ) ; 3 6 (

+VS[XL ERH TVSXEFMPMX] EVI I\GMXMRK [SVHW JSV MRZIWXSVW ERH WXEOI
LSPHIVW MR GSQTERMIW EPP SZIV XLI [SVPH =IX XLI] GER FI MPPYWSV] ERH
HIWXVYGXMZIQIEWYVIWSJTIVJSVQERGIMRXLIEFWIRGISJVMWOGSRXVSPERHVMWO
QEREKIQIRX
%X-<-7'SVTSVEXIERH-RZIWXQIRX&EROXLIMRZIWXQIRXFEROMRKHM
ZMWMSR SJ +VSYTI 'EMWWI H)TEVKRI SRI SJ *VERGIW PIEHMRK YRMZIVWEP
FEROW [I LEZI E XVEHMXMSR SJ YRHIVWXERHMRK XLI GVMXMGEP VIPEXMSRWLMT FI
X[IIRVMWOERHVI[EVH
3RXLISRILERH[IEVIEPSRKIWXEFPMWLIHFEROMRKSVKERM^EXMSRXLEX
MWTVSYHSJMXWGSRXMRYMX]PSRKPEWXMRKFYWMRIWWVIPEXMSRWLMTWERHGSRWIV
ZEXMZIWIRWISJHMWGMTPMRIEPPSJ[LMGLGSQFMRIXSSJJIVXLIGSRWMHIVEFPI
FYWMRIWWEHZERXEKISJVSFYWXGVIHMXVEXMRKWJVSQXLIPIEHMRKEKIRGMIW
3RXLISXLIVLERHSZIVXLIPEWXJI[]IEVWXLIGSQTER]LEWEGXMZIP]
VIWXVYGXYVIHERHTSWMXMSRIHMXWIPJXSTPE]EPIEHMRKVSPIMRXLIGSRWSPMHE
XMSRSJXLIFEROMRKMRHYWXV]ERHMRRI[FEROMRKEGXMZMXMIW2SXPIEWXSYV
MRZIWXQIRXFEROMRKHMZMWMSRMWVIGSKRM^IHEWEPIEHMRKTPE]IVMRWSQISJ
XLI[SVPHWQSWXMRRSZEXMZIVMWOQEREKIQIRXERHHIVMZEXMZIERHWXVYGXYVIH
TVSHYGXWQEVOIXWWYGLEWMREXMSRMRHI\IHWIGYVMXMIWWIGYVMXM^EXMSRSJVIW
MHIRXMEPERHGSQQIVGMEPQSVXKEKIWMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWERHGSPPEXIVEPM^IH
HIFXSFPMKEXMSRW
-REH]REQMGERHGSQTIXMXMZI[SVPHGSQTERMIWGERRSXQEREKIIM
XLIVWXVEXIKMGSVXEGXMGEPVMWOWF]EHSTXMRKETEWWMZIWXERGI8LI]RIIHXS
HIZIPSTXLIQMRHWIXERHXSSPWXSI\TPSVIXLIQER]HMQIRWMSRWSJVMWOEW
WSGMEXIH[MXLIEGLEGXMZMX]ERHSTTSVXYRMX]WSXLEXXLI]GERFEPERGIXLIWI
EKEMRWXXLIQSVISFZMSYWWMKRWSJVI[EVH
8LMWMWWSQIXLMRK[IXIPPSYVMRZIWXQIRXFEROMRKGPMIRXWFYXMXWEPWS
WSQIXLMRK[ITVEGXMGISYVWIPZIW
3ZIVXLIPEWXJI[]IEVW[IZIMRZIWXIHLIEZMP]MRSYVVMWOQEREKI
QIRX I\TIVXMWI F] TVSZMHMRK EHZERGIH XVEMRMRK JSV SYV EWWSGMEXIW MR WS
TLMWXMGEXIHVMWOQSHIPMRK RERGMEPIRKMRIIVMRKXLIMQTPMGEXMSRW SJRI[
VIKYPEXMSRWWYGLEW&EWIP--MQTVSZIQIRXWMRGSVTSVEXIKSZIVRERGIERH
WSSR;IZIHIZIPSTIHTVSTVMIXEV]VMWOQSHIPWXSFIXXIVEWWMKRGSYRXIV
TEVX] GVIHMX VEXMRKW ERH [IZI HIZIPSTIHE GSQTVILIRWMZI WIX SJ WXVIWW
XIWXWGIREVMSWXSLIPTYWXEOIMRXSEGGSYRXXLIIJJIGXSJGVIHMXERHQEVOIX
VMWOW WYGLEWEWLEVTQSZIQIRXMRGVIHMXWTVIEHW ERHFYWMRIWWVMWOW WYGL
EWZEVMEXMSRWMRXLITVITE]QIRXWTIIHWSJQSVXKEKIW 

ZMM

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
ZMMM *SVI[SVH

%PPXLMWLEWWXVIRKXLIRIHSYVFIPMIJXLEXMRZIWXMRKMRMRXIPPIGXYEPGET
MXEPMRXLIEVIESJVMWOQEREKIQIRXMWEXPIEWXEWMQTSVXERXEWMRZIWXMRKMR
SXLIVEVIEWSJFEROI\TIVXMWI
8LMW MWRX SRP] E QEXXIV SJ MQTVSZMRK XLI GETEFMPMXMIW SJ WTIGMEPMWX
VMWO QEREKIVW ERHVMWO QSHIPIVW 8LI GLEPPIRKI JSV WIRMSVI\IGYXMZIWSJ
PEVKIRERGMEPMRWXMXYXMSRWMWEPWSLS[XSQEOIWYVIXLEXXLIIRXIVTVMWIEW
WIWWIWVMWOMREGSLIWMZI[E]EPSRKGPIEVP]IWXEFPMWLIHPMRIWSJEYXLSVMX]
ERH EGGSYRXEFMPMX] [MXL IEGL FERO EGXMZMX] TYVWYMRK XLI MRXIVIWXW SJ XLI
IRXIVTVMWIEWE[LSPI
6MWOWQYWXFIRSXSRP]QIEWYVIHFYXIJJMGMIRXP]GSQQYRMGEXIHERH
QEREKIHVMKLXEGVSWWXLIVQ
-[IPGSQIXLI[E]MR[LMGLXLMWFSSOFVMRKWXSKIXLIVQER]SJXLI
QSWX WSTLMWXMGEXIH ETTVSEGLIW XS VMWO QEREKIQIRX ERH TEVXMGYPEVP] XLI
[E]MR[LMGLMXIRHIEZSVWXSQEOIXLIWIRI[MHIEWEGGIWWMFPIXSE[MHI
EYHMIRGI

%RXLSR]3VWEXIPPM
')3SJ-<-7'SVTSVEXIERH-RZIWXQIRX&ERO
1IQFIVSJXLI)\IGYXMZI&SEVH
SJ+VSYTI'EMWWIH)TEVKRI
4 6 3 0 3 + 9 )

8LMW FSSO HVE[W SR SYV GSPPIGXMZI EGEHIQMG ERH FYWMRIWW I\TIVMIRGI XS
SJJIV E YWIVJVMIRHP] ZMI[ SJ RERGMEP VMWO QEREKIQIRX ;IZI XVMIH XS
OIITXLIFSSOWPERKYEKIWXVEMKLXJSV[EVHERHRSRQEXLIQEXMGEPWSXLEXMX
MWEGGIWWMFPIXSE[MHIVERKISJTVSJIWWMSREPWWIRMSVQEREKIVWERHFSEVH
QIQFIVWMRRERGMEPERHRSRRERGMEPMRWXMXYXMSRW[LSRIIHXSORS[QSVI
EFSYX QEREKMRK VMWO -R XYVR [I LSTI XLMW QIERW XLEX XLI FSSO MW EPWS
WYMXEFPIJSVGSPPIKIWXYHIRXWJSVXLSWIMRKIRIVEP1&%TVSKVEQWERHJSV
ER]PE]TIVWSR[LSMWWMQTP]GYVMSYWEFSYXXLIXSTMGSJQSHIVRRERGMEP
VMWOQEREKIQIRX
%PXLSYKLPEVKIP]ERI[[SVO XLMWTVIWIRX FSSOHVE[WXSWSQII\
XIRXSR6MWO1EREKIQIRXEZSPYQIXLEX[ITYFPMWLIH[MXL1G+VE[,MPP
MRXLI]IEV8LEXIEVPMIVFSSOSJJIVWEHIXEMPIHERHXIGLRMGEPHMWGYW
WMSR SJ XLI XIGLRMUYIW IQTPS]IH XS QEREKI QEVOIX VMWO GVIHMX VMWOERH
STIVEXMSREPVMWOERHMWEMQIHTVMQEVMP]EXXLSWI[LSEVIEPVIEH]TVSGMIRX
MRVMWOEREP]XMGWXSWSQIHIKVII
;I[IVIJSVXYREXIXLEX6MWO1EREKIQIRX XYVRIHSYXXSFILMKLP]TST
YPEVEQSRK VMWOQEREKIQIRXTVEGXMXMSRIVWMRXLIRERGMEPMRHYWXVMIWERH
EPWS YWIH I\XIRWMZIP] MR WTIGMEPM^IH 1&% GSYVWIW SR VMWO QEREKIQIRX
&YXMXWIIQIHXLEXXLIXMQI[EWVMKLXJSVEFSSOXLEX[EWEGGIWWMFPIXSE
[MHIV VERKI SJ VIEHIVW 3ZIV XLI PEWX ZI ]IEVW XLIVI LEW FIIR ER I\
XVESVHMREV]KVS[XLMRXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJRI[VMWOQEREKIQIRXXIGLRMUYIW
MRRERGMEPERHRSRRERGMEPMRWXMXYXMSRWEVSYRHXLI[SVPH8LIRIIHJSVE
WSTLMWXMGEXIH YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ VMWO QEREKIQIRX QIXLSHSPSKMIW MW RS
PSRKIVGSRRIHXSXLIVMWOQEREKIQIRXSVHIVMZEXMZIWTIGMEPMWX1ER]QER
EKIVWERHWXEJJ[LSWINSFWEVIXSGVIEXIVEXLIVXLERWMQTP]GSRWIVZIWLEVI
LSPHIVZEPYIEVIRS[VIUYMVIHXSQEOIWSTLMWXMGEXIHEWWIWWQIRXWSJVMWO
SVXSTPE]EGVMXMGEPTEVXMRXLIJSVQEPVMWOQEREKIQIRXTVSGIWW
1IER[LMPIMRXLIEJXIVQEXLSJXLIQMPPIRRMEPGSVTSVEXIWGERHEPWERH
XLIVIWYPXMRKIJJSVXWXSWXVIRKXLIRGSVTSVEXIKSZIVRERGITVEGXMGIWERHVIK
YPEXMSRW WYGL EW XLI 7EVFERIW3\PI]%GX MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW  E FVSEH
GSQQYRMX]SJWXEOILSPHIVWWYGLEWWLEVILSPHIVWFSRHLSPHIVWIQTPS]IIW
FSEVHQIQFIVWERHVIKYPEXSVWMWHIQERHMRKXLEXMRWXMXYXMSRWFIGSQIMR
GVIEWMRKP] VMWOWIRWMXMZI ERH XVERWTEVIRX -R XYVR XLMW QIERW XLEX WXEOI
LSPHIVWXLIQWIPZIWEW[IPPEWEPEVKIVXVERGLISJWXEJJMRIEGLSVKERM^EXMSR
QYWXMQTVSZIXLIMVYRHIVWXERHMRKSJETTVSEGLIWXSRERGMEPVMWOQEREKI
QIRX8LIVIGERXFIEQIERMRKJYPHMEPSKYIEFSYXVMWOERHVMWOQEREKI

M\

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
\ 4VSPSKYI

QIRXMJSRP]SRITEVX]XSXLIGSRZIVWEXMSRYRHIVWXERHWXLIWMKRMGERGISJ
[LEXMWFIMRKWEMH
;ILSTI XLMWFSSOMW EYWIJYP XSSPMRXLI IHYGEXMSRSJXLMWFVSEHIV
GSQQYRMX]SJGSQTER]IQTPS]IIWERHWXEOILSPHIVWSR XLI IWWIRXMEPWSJ
VMWOQEREKIQIRX;IFIPMIZIXLEXWYGLERIHYGEXMSREPIJJSVXMWRS[ERIG
IWWEV]TEVXSJEGLMIZMRKFIWXTVEGXMGIVMWOQEREKIQIRX
8LMWFSSOWLSYPHEPWSWIVZIXSYTHEXIVIEHIVWSJSYVIEVPMIVZSPYQI
6MWO1EREKIQIRXSRXLIGSRXMRYMRKIZSPYXMSRSJFIWXTVEGXMGIVMWOTSPM
GMIWVMWOQIXLSHSPSKMIWERHEWWSGMEXIHVMWOMRJVEWXVYGXYVI6IEHIVWSJXLEX
IEVPMIVZSPYQI[MPPRHXLEX)WWIRXMEPWSJ6MWO1EREKIQIRX LEWPPIHQER]
KETWERHSJJIVWIRXMVIP]RI[GLETXIVWSRMQTSVXERXXSTMGWWYGLEWGSVTS
VEXI KSZIVRERGI IGSRSQMG GETMXEP EXXVMFYXMSR ERH TIVJSVQERGI QIEWYVI
QIRXEWWIXPMEFMPMX]QEREKIQIRXERHGVIHMX WGSVMRKJSVVIXEMPTSVXJSPMSW
EW[IPPEWERYTHEXIHXVIEXQIRXSJXLIRI[&EWIP%GGSVH;IEPWSXV]XS
GSQQYRMGEXIXLIVMGLZEVMIX]SJRI[RERGMEPTVSHYGXWXLEXEVIFIMRKYWIH
XSQEREKIVMWOWYGLEWXLIHVEQEXMGMRGVIEWIMRXLIYWISJGVIHMXHIVMZE
XMZIW;ILSTIXLMWXVIEXQIRX[MPPEPPS[VIEHIVW[MXLSYXJSVQEPEREP]XMGEP
WOMPPWXSETTVIGMEXIXLITS[IVSJXLIWIRI[VMWOXSSPW
1SHIVR ETTVSEGLIW XS RERGMEP VMWO QEREKIQIRX EVI XSHE] MQTPI
QIRXIH EGVSWW QER] MRHYWXVMIW6IEHIVW [SRX FI WYVTVMWIHLS[IZIVXS
RHXLEX[IHVE[QER]SJSYVI\EQTPIWJVSQXLIFEROMRKMRHYWXV]8LI
FEROMRKMRHYWXV]HIQERHWEWSTLMWXMGEXIHETTVSEGLXSRERGMEPVMWOQER
EKIQIRX EW E GSVI WOMPP ERH MX LEW WTE[RIH QSWX SJ XLI RI[ VMWO QER
EKIQIRX XIGLRMUYIW ERH QEVOIXW SJ XLI PEWX HIGEHI -R TEVXMGYPEV SYV
HMWGYWWMSRMWWYFWXERXMEPP]IRVMGLIHF]XLIRI[VIKYPEXSV]ETTVSEGLIWSVMK
MREXMRKJVSQXLI&EWIP'SQQMXXIISR&EROMRK7YTIVZMWMSRXLIGPSWIWXET
TVS\MQEXMSRXLIFEROMRKMRHYWXV]LEWXSERMRXIVREXMSREPVIKYPEXSV]FSH]
%PXLSYKLXLIGSQQMXXIIWRI[%GGSVHSRVMWOERHGETMXEPMRXLIFEROMRK
MRHYWXV]TYFPMWLIHMRXLIWYQQIVSJLEWHVE[RGVMXMGMWQEW[IPPEW
TVEMWI XLI LYKI EQSYRX SJ VIWIEVGL ERH MRHYWXV] HMWGYWWMSR XLEX YRHIV
TMRRIH XLI GSQQMXXIIW IJJSVXW LEW ]MIPHIH QER] MRWMKLXW8LEX VIWIEVGL
ERHHMWGYWWMSREW[IPPEWXLIMQTPIQIRXEXMSRSJXLI%GGSVHMXWIPJSZIVXLI
RI\X JI[ ]IEVW [MPP LEZI E KPSFEP MQTEGX SR FIWXTVEGXMGI VMWO QEREKI
QIRX[IPPFI]SRHXLIFEROMRKMRHYWXV]
8LI QSVI EREP]XMGEPP] MRGPMRIH VIEHIV QE] [MWL XS YWI SYV IEVPMIV
ZSPYQI6MWO1EREKIQIRXXSHVMPPHS[RMRXSXLIHIXEMPIHEVKYQIRXWERH
RSXEXMSRXLEXWYTTSVXSYVHMWGYWWMSRSJQEVOIXGVIHMXERHSTIVEXMSREPVMWO
QEREKIQIRX%PWSEW[IHMHRSX[ERXXSFYVHIRXLIVIEHIVSJXLMWFSSO
[MXLXSSIPEFSVEXIEREGEHIQMGETTEVEXYW[I[SYPHVIJIVVIWIEVGLIVW XS
4VSPSKYI \M

SYVIEVPMIVFSSOJSVEZIV]HIXEMPIHWIXSJXIGLRMGEPJSSXRSXIWVIJIVIRGIW
EXXVMFYXMSRWERHFMFPMSKVETL]
-RGSRXVEWX'LETXIVSJXLMWTVIWIRXFSSOSJJIVWE[MHIVERKMRKMR
XVSHYGXSV]HMWGYWWMSRXLEXPSSOWEXXLIQER]JEGIXWERHHIRMXMSRWSJVMWO
EW E GSRGITX [LMPI EPWS QEOMRK GPIEV XLIWXVYGXYVISJ XLMW FSSO ERH XLI
VIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIZEVMSYWGLETXIVWSRWTIGMEPM^IHXSTMGW
*MREPP] [I [SYPH PMOI XS XLERO 6SF .EQIWSR SYV IHMXSV JSV LMW
XVIQIRHSYWIJJSVXWXSOIITYWHMPMKIRXERHIRWYVIXLEX[IQEHITVSKVIWW
SRXLIFSSO,MWGSRXVMFYXMSRW[IRX[IPPFI]SRHXLIGEPPSJHYX];IEPWS
XLERO GSPPIEKYIW JVMIRHW ERH YWIVW SJ SYV IEVPMIV ZSPYQI 6MWO
1EREKIQIRX JSV XLIMV IRGSYVEKIQIRX GSQQIRXW ERH WYKKIWXMSRW ;I
GSRWMHIV XLMW FSSO XSS XS FI E PMZMRK HSGYQIRX ERH [I [IPGSQI ]SYV
GSQQIRXW ERH WYKKIWXMSRW SR ER] MXIQW SV MQTVSZIQIRXW XLEX ]SY JIIP
QMKLXMRXIVIWXSVFIRIXVIEHIVWSJJYXYVIIHMXMSRW

1MGLIP'VSYL]
(ER+EPEM
6SFIVX1EVO
8,))77)28-%073*
6-7/1%2%+)1)28
',%48)6

6MWO1EREKIQIRX%
,IPMGSTXIV:MI[

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
*-+96)

8LI6MWO1EREKIQIRX4VSGIWW





;,%8-76-7/#
&3< 

6-7/*%'8367%2(8,)13()0-2+3*6-7/
&3< 

6-7/92')68%-28=%2(86%274%6)2'=
%&3988,)(-**)6)2')

 *VERO , /RMKLX 6MWO 9RGIVXEMRX] ERH 4VSJMX &SWXSR 1% ,EVX 7GLEJJRIV
 1EV\ ,SYKLXSR 1MJJPMR
'SQTER]
&3<  'SRXMRYIH

 1IVZ]R /MRK ;LEX *EXIW -QTSWI *EGMRK 9T XS 9RGIVXEMRX] )MKLXL &VMXMWL %GEHIQ] %RRYEP 0IGXYVI
(IGIQFIV
 ;I GERX QIEWYVI YRGIVXEMRXMIW FYX [IGER WXMPP EWWIWW ERH VMWOQEREKI XLIQ XLVSYKL [SVWXGEWI WGI
REVMSW VMWOXVERWJIV ERH WSSR -RHIIHE QEVOIX MWIQIVKMRKXLEX QE]LIPTMRWXMXYXMSRW XSQEREKIXLIJMRERGMEP
VMWOWSJMRGVIEWIHPSRKIZMX] MRVIMRWYVERGIGSQTERMIWERHFEROWFIKERXSMWWYIJMRERGMEPMRWXVYQIRXW[MXL
VIXYVRWPMROIHXSXLIEKKVIKEXIPSRKIZMX]SJWTIGMJMIHTSTYPEXMSRWXLSYKLXLIQEVOIXJSVXLIWIMRWXVYQIRXWMWWXMPP
ZIV]MQQEXYVI
8,)'32*0-'83*6-7/%2(6);%6(
8,)(%2+)63*2%1)7
291&)67%6)(%2+)6397833
8,)6-7/1%2%+)67.3&
8,)6-7/1%2%+)1)280)%62-2+'96:)
8%&0) 

9TWERH(S[RWMR6MWO1EREKIQIRX

9TW

(VEQEXMGI\TPSWMSRMRXLIEHSTXMSRSJWSTLMWXMGEXIHVMWOQEREKIQIRXTVSGIWWIW
HVMZIRF]ERI\TERHMRKWOMPPFEWIERHJEPPMRKGSWXSJVMWOXIGLRSPSKMIW
-RGVIEWIMRXLIWOMPPPIZIPWERHEWWSGMEXIHGSQTIRWEXMSRSJVMWOQEREKIQIRX
TIVWSRRIPEWWSTLMWXMGEXIHVMWOXIGLRMUYIWLEZIFIIREHSTXIHXSQIEWYVIVMWO
I\TSWYVIW
&MVXLSJRI[VMWOQEREKIQIRXQEVOIXWMRGVIHMXGSQQSHMXMIW[IEXLIVHIVMZE
XMZIWERHWSSRXLEXEVIXLIQSWXMRRSZEXMZIERHTSXIRXMEPP]PYGVEXMZIJMRERGMEP
QEVOIXWMRXLI[SVPH
&MVXLSJKPSFEPVMWOQEREKIQIRXMRHYWXV]EWWSGMEXMSRWEW[IPPEWEHVEQEXMGVMWI
MRXLIRYQFIVSJKPSFEPVMWOQEREKIQIRXTIVWSRRIP
)\XIRWMSRSJXLIVMWOQIEWYVIQIRXJVSRXMIVSYXJVSQXVEHMXMSREPQIEWYVIHVMWOW
WYGLEWQEVOIXVMWOXS[EVHGVIHMXERHSTIVEXMSREPVMWOW
'VSWWJIVXMPM^EXMSRSJVMWOQEREKIQIRXXIGLRMUYIWEGVSWWHMZIVWIMRHYWXVMIWJVSQ
FEROMRKXSMRWYVERGIIRIVK]GLIQMGEPWERHEIVSWTEGI
%WGIRXSJVMWOQEREKIVWMRXLIGSVTSVEXILMIVEVGL]XSFIGSQIGLMIJVMWOSJJMGIVW
ERHMRFIWXTVEGXMGISVKERM^EXMSRWXSKIRIVEPP]FIGSQIQIQFIVWSJXLIXSTI\IG
YXMZIXIEQ IKTEVXSJXLIQEREKIQIRXGSQQMXXII

(S[RW

6MWOQEREKIVWGSRXMRYIXSJMRHMXEGLEPPIRKIXSFEPERGIXLIMVJMHYGMEV]VIWTSRWM
FMPMXMIWEKEMRWXXLIGSWXSJSJJIRHMRKTS[IVJYPFYWMRIWWLIEHW
6MWOQEREKIVWHSRSXKIRIVEXIVIZIRYIERHXLIVIJSVILEZIRSX]IXEGLMIZIHXLI
WEQIWXEXYWEWXLILIEHWSJWYGGIWWJYPVIZIRYIKIRIVEXMRKFYWMRIWWIW
-XWTVSZMRKHMJJMGYPXXSQEOIXVYP]YRMJMIHQIEWYVIQIRXWSJHMJJIVIRXOMRHW
SJVMWO
5YERXMJ]MRKVMWOI\TSWYVIJSVXLI[LSPISVKERM^EXMSRGERFILYKIP]GSQTPMGEXIH
ERHQE]HIWGIRHMRXSEFS\XMGOMRK I\IVGMWI
8LIKVS[MRKTS[IVSJVMWOQEREKIVWGSYPHFIERIKEXMZIJSVGIMRFYWMRIWWMJVMWO
QEREKIQIRXMWMRXIVTVIXIHEWVMWOEZSMHERGI MXWTSWWMFPIXSFIXSSVMWOEZIVWI
8,)4%788,)*9896)%2(8,-7
&33/71-77-32
%44)2(-<83 ',%48)6

8=4303+=3*
6-7/)<43796)7

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
*-+96)%

8]TSPSK]SJVMWOW

*-+96)%

7GLIQEXMGTVIWIRXEXMSRF]GEXIKSVMIWSJJMRERGMEPVMWOW
1%6/)86-7/

-RXIVIWX6EXI6MWO
)UYMX]4VMGI6MWO

*SVIMKR)\GLERKI6MWO

'SQQSHMX]4VMGI6MWO
'6)(-86-7/
0-59-(-8=6-7/

34)6%8-32%06-7/

*-+96)%

8LIHMQIRWMSRWSJPMUYMHMX]VMWO
0)+%0%2(6)+90%836=6-7/
&97-2)776-7/

&3< %

232&%2/-2+)<%140)3*&97-2)776-7/,3;
4%01891&0)(*631,-+,8)',78%6(31
786%8)+-'6-7/

&3< %

232&%2/-2+)<%140)3*786%8)+-'6-7/
,3;23/-%',%7-2+8,)834)2(3*8,)
1%6/)8+38,-8-28,)1-((0)
&3< % 'SRXMRYIH

6)498%8-326-7/
&3< %

)<%140)73*&97-2)77%2(786%8)+-'
6-7/-2&%2/-2+
',%48)6

'SVTSVEXI6MWO
1EREKIQIRX%4VMQIV

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
;,=238 831%2%+)6-7/-28,)36=
%2(731)6)%7327*36
1%2%+-2+6-7/-246%'8-')
,)(+-2+34)6%8-327:)6797
,)(+-2+*-2%2'-%0437-8-327
&3< 

;,%86)%0;360():-()2')-78,)6)
%&398;,=*-617,)(+)#

 ( 6 2ERGI ' ; 7QMXL ERH ' ; 7QMXLWSR3R XLI (IXIVQMRERXW SJ 'SVTSVEXI ,IHKMRK .SYVREP SJ
*MRERGI   TT 
 ; (SPHI8LI8VENIGXSV]SJ'SVTSVEXI*MRERGMEP6MWO1EREKIQIRX .SYVREPSJ%TTPMIH'SVTSVEXI*MRERGI
TT 
 + 1 &SHREV+ 7 ,E]XERH6 ' 1EVWXSR;LEVXSR7YVZI]SJ*MRERGMEP6MWO1EREKIQIRXF]97
2SR*MRERGMEP*MVQW *MRERGMEP1EREKIQIRX   
&3< 

,3;1)6'/1%2%+)7*36)-+2
)<',%2+))<43796)

 )\XVEGXIHJVSQ1IVGOW*SVQ/JMPMRK[MXLXLI7IGYVMXMIWERH)\GLERKI'SQQMWWMSR1EVGL
4988-2+6-7/1%2%+)1)28-28346%'8-')
(IXIVQMRMRKXLI3FNIGXMZI
1ETTMRKXLI6MWOW
-RWXVYQIRXWJSV6MWO1EREKIQIRX
*-+96)

8LI)ZSPYXMSRSJ*MRERGMEP-RWXVYQIRXWJSV,IHKMRK6MWOW
'SRWXVYGXMRKERH-QTPIQIRXMRKE7XVEXIK]
&3< 

(=2%1-'6-7/1%2%+)1)28786%8)+-)7'%2
+3&%(0=;632+8,)1+61)<%140)
&3<  'SRXMRYIH

 ' 'YPTERH1 1MPPIV&PEQI1MWQEREKIQIRX2SX7TIGYPEXMSRJSV1IXEPPW;SIW )YVSTIER;EPP7XVIIX


.SYVREP%TV 
4IVJSVQERGI)ZEPYEXMSR
',%48)6

&EROWERH8LIMV
6IKYPEXSVW8LI
6IWIEVGL0EFJSV
6MWO1EREKIQIRX#

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
&%2/6)+90%8-32%2(6-7/1%2%+)1)28
8,)497,8378%2(%6(->)
&%2/'%4-8%01%2%+)1)28
8,)&%7)0%''36(
7S;LEX(MHXLI%GGSVH
6IUYMVISJ&EROW#

8LI%WWIXWXS'ETMXEP1YPXMTPI

8LI6MWO;IMKLXIH%QSYRX9WIH
XS'SQTYXIXLI'SSOI6EXMS
8%&0) 

6MWO'ETMXEP;IMKLXW F]&VSEH3R&EPERGI7LIIX
%WWIX'EXIKSV] ;%

6MWO;IMKLXW %WWIX'EXIKSV]

 'EWLERHKSPHFYPPMSRGPEMQWSR3)'(KSZIVRQIRXWWYGLEW
8VIEWYV]FSRHWSVMRWYVIHVIWMHIRXMEPQSVXKEKIW
 'PEMQWSR3)'(FEROWERH3)'(TYFPMGWIGXSVIRXMXMIWWYGL
EWWIGYVMXMIWMWWYIHF]97 KSZIVRQIRXEKIRGMIWSV
GPEMQWSRQYRMGMTEPMXMIW
 9RMRWYVIHVIWMHIRXMEPQSVXKEKIW
 %PPSXLIVGPEMQWWYGLEWGSVTSVEXIFSRHWERHPIWWHIZIPSTIH
GSYRXV]HIFXGPEMQWSRRSR3)'(FEROWIUYMX]VIEP
IWXEXITVIQMWIWTPERXERHIUYMTQIRX
8%&0) 

6MWO'ETMXEP;IMKLXW JSV3JJ&EPERGI
7LIIX 'VIHMX)UYMZEPIRXWF]8]TISJ
'SYRXIVTEVX] ;')

6MWO;IMKLXW 8]TISJ'SYRXIVTEVX]

 3)'(KSZIVRQIRXW
 3)'(FEROWERHTYFPMGWIGXSVIRXMXMIW
 'SVTSVEXMSRWERHSXLIVGSYRXIVTEVXMIW

'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLI'VIHMX)UYMZEPIRX

8%&0) 

'VIHMX'SRZIVWMSR*EGXSVW JSV2SRHIVMZEXMZI
3JJ&EPERGI7LIIX)\TSWYVIW

'SRZIVWMSR*EGXSV 3JJ&EPERGI7LIIX)\TSWYVI*EGXSV

 (MVIGXGVIHMXWYFWXMXYXIWFEROIVW EGGITXERGIWWXERHF]


PIXXIVWSJGVIHMXWEPIERHVITYVGLEWIEKVIIQIRXW
JSV[EVHTYVGLEWISJEWWIXW
 8VERWEGXMSRVIPEXIHGSRXMRKIRGMIWWYGLEWTIVJSVQERGI
FSRHWVIZSPZMRKYRHIV[VMXMRKJEGMPMXMIW 69*W ERH
RSXIMWWYERGIJEGMPMXMIW 2-*W 
 7LSVXXIVQWIPJPMUYMHEXMRKXVEHIVIPEXIHGSRXMRKIRGMIW
WYGLEWPIXXIVWSJGVIHMX
 'SQQMXQIRXW[MXLERSVMKMREPQEXYVMX]SJSRI]IEVSVPIWW
*-+96)

'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLI&-76MWO;IMKLXIH%QSYRXJSV(IVMZEXMZIW

'YVVIRX 0MUYMHEXMSR :EPYI -J TSWMXMZI


!
6ITPEGIQIRX 'SWX  3XLIV[MWI

%HHSR %QSYRX ! 2SXMSREP %QSYRX &-7%HHSR*EGXSV

'SYRXIVTEVX] 6MWO 6MWO;IMKLXIH


'VIHMX )UYMZEPIRX !
;IMKLXMRK %QSYRX
8,))<4037-323*&%2/1%6/)86-7/
%2(8,)1%6/)86-7/%1)2(1)28
*-+96)

1SRXL)RH+IVQER(IYXWGLI1EVO97(SPPEV
)\GLERKI6EXIW

&VIEO6ERKI4EVXMGMTEXMRK*SV[EVHW 0SSOFEGO3TXMSRW

&SRHW[MXL)QFIHHIH*<3TXMSRW &EVRIV3TXMSRW
 *YXYVIW 'SRXMRKIRX
3TXMSRW
5YERXS3TXMSRW












6EMRFS[

3TXMSRW
3TXMSRSR%ZIVEKI
)\GLERKI6EXI
 7[ETW &EWOIX
3TXMSRW
3TXMSRWSR*<
3TXMSRWSR*YXYVIW (YEP'YVVIRG]&SRHW

        


+63943* + 430-'=
6)'311)2(%8-327

8,)1%6/)86-7/%1)2(1)28 &-7
%QIRHQIRX5YEPMXEXMZI6IUYMVIQIRXW

;,=(3)7&%7)02))(6)40%'-2+#
&%7)0--%&%2/-2+6):3098-32#
 )WWIRXMEPWSJ6MWO1EREKIQIRX

JSVGEPGYPEXMRKQMRMQYQGETMXEPVIUYMVIQIRXWPSSOPMOIP] SREZIVEKI XS


KEMR WSQI VIHYGXMSRW MR QMRMQYQ VIKYPEXSV] GETMXEP MR ER] IZIRXVMWO
WIRWMXMZI QMRMQYQGETMXEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH EPPS[ FERO GETMXEP XS FI
YWIHQSVIIJJMGMIRXP]XSTVSXIGXEKEMRWXVMWO
8LIWGSTISJETTPMGEXMSRSJXLI &EWIP --%GGSVHLEWFIIRI\XIRHIH
XSMRGPYHISREJYPP]GSRWSPMHEXIHFEWMWER]LSPHMRKGSQTER]XLEXMWXLI
TEVIRXIRXMX][MXLMREFEROMRKKVSYT XSIRWYVIXLEXMXGETXYVIWXLIVMWOSJ
XLI [LSPI FEROMRK KVSYT  &EROMRK KVSYTW EVI KVSYTW XLEX IRKEKI TVI
HSQMRERXP]MRFEROMRKEGXMZMXMIWERHMRWSQIGSYRXVMIWEFEROMRKKVSYT
QE]FIVIKMWXIVIHEWEFERO1ENSVMX]S[RIHSVGSRXVSPPIHFEROMRKIRXM
XMIWWIGYVMXMIWIRXMXMIW [LIVIWYFNIGXXSFVSEHP]WMQMPEVVIKYPEXMSRSV[LIVI
WIGYVMXMIWEGXMZMXMIWEVIHIIQIHFEROMRKEGXMZMXMIW ERHSXLIVJMRERGMEPIR
XMXMIWWLSYPHKIRIVEPP]FIJYPP]GSRWSPMHEXIH
3RI VIQEMRMRK TVSFPIQ MW XLI MWWYI SJ GSRWMWXIRG] FIX[IIR XLI
QIXLSHSPSKMIWHIZIPSTIHJSVXLIFEROMRKERHXVEHMRKFSSOW8LIVIKYPE
XSVW[MPPVIZMI[XLIXVIEXQIRXSJXLIXVEHMRKEGGSYRXXSIRWYVIGSRWMWXIRG]
[MXL XLI QIXLSHSPSKMIW HIZIPSTIH JSV XLI FEROMRK FSSO MR SVHIV XS VI
HYGIXLIMRGIRXMZIJSVVIKYPEXSV]EVFMXVEKI %RMRXIVIWXMRKMWWYIMWLS[XS
LEVQSRM^I ER ETTVSEGL XS MRGSVTSVEXI PMUYMHMX] VMWO MRXS XLI VMWO QIEW
YVIQIRXJVEQI[SVOWWSEWXSEPPS[JSVEHMJJIVMRKXVIEXQIRXSJXLIZEVM
SYWMRWXVYQIRXWMRFSXLXLIXVEHMRKEGGSYRXERHXLIFEROMRKFSSO

4-00%6-1-2-191'%4-8%06)59-6)1)287
*36'6)(-86-7/c136)()8%-0
(IJMRMXMSRSJ'ETMXEP
8LIRI[ JVEQI[SVO QEMRXEMRW FSXL XLI GYVVIRX HIJMRMXMSR SJ GETMXEP ERH
XLIQMRMQYQGETMXEPVIUYMVIQIRXSJTIVGIRXSJXLIVMWO[IMKLXIHEWWIXW

8SXEP'ETMXEP 'ETMXEP6EXMS 


'VIHMX6MWO 1EVOIX6MWO 3TIVEXMSREP6MWO QMRMQYQ

[LIVI VMWO[IMKLXIH EWWIXW EVI XLI WYQ SJ XLI EWWIXW WYFNIGX XS QEVOIX
GVIHMX ERH STIVEXMSREP VMWO 8MIV  GETMXEP GERRSX I\GIIH QSVI XLER 
TIVGIRX SJ XSXEP VIKYPEXSV] GETMXEP [LMGL MW XLI WYQ SJ XMIV  ERH XMIV 
GETMXEP
;IWLSYPHQIRXMSREKEMRXLEXVIKYPEXSV]GETMXEPMWFVSEHIVXLERIU
YMX]GETMXEP-XLEWXLVIIGSQTSRIRXWXMIVSVGSVIGETMXEP[LMGLMRGPYHIW
GSQQSR WXSGOLSPHIVWc IUYMX] RSRGYQYPEXMZI TIVTIXYEP TVIJIVVIH WXSGO
ERH QMRSVMX] IUYMX] MRXIVIWXW MR GSRWSPMHEXIH WYFWMHMEVMIW PIWW KSSH[MPP
8LI7XERHEVHM^IH%TTVSEGL
8%&0) 

7XERHEVHM^IH%TTVSEGL2I[6MWO;IMKLXW

'VIHMX%WWIWWQIRX

%%% %XS &&& && &IPS[


XS % XS XS&& &&
'PEMQ %% &&& & & 9RVEXIH
7SZIVIMKRW      
3TXMSR      
&EROW 3TXMSR      
7LSVXXIVQ      
GPEMQW

'SVTSVEXIW      

7IGYVMXM^EXMSRXVERGLIW     (IHYGXMSRJVSQGETMXEP

& MWXLIGYXSJJVEXMRKJSVWSZIVIMKRWERHFEROW -XMW&&JSVGSVTSVEXIWERHWIGYVMXM^EXMSRI\TSWYVIW


6MWO[IMKLXMRKFEWIHSRVMWO[IMKLXMRKSJWSZIVIMKRMR[LMGLXLIFEROMWMRGSVTSVEXIH &EROWMRGSVTSVEXIHMREKMZIR
GSYRXV][MPPFIEWWMKRIHEVMWO[IMKLXSRIGEXIKSV]PIWWJEZSVEFPIXLERXLEXEWWMKRIHXSGPEMQWSRXLIWSZIVIMKR[MXLE
GETSJ JSVGPEMQWXSFEROWMRWSZIVIMKRWVEXIH&&XS&
6MWO[IMKLXMRKFEWIHSRXLIEWWIWWQIRXSJXLIMRHMZMHYEPFERO
7LSVXXIVQGPEMQWMRSTXMSREVIHIJMRIHEWLEZMRKERSVMKMREPQEXYVMX]SJXLVIIQSRXLWSVPIWW
8LIVMWO[IMKLXWJSVWLSVXXIVQVEXMRKWEVI JSV%4 JSV%4ERH JSV%4 JSVEPPSXLIVVEXMRKW
SVYRVEXIHXLIVIMWGETMXEPHIHYGXMSR
7SYVGI &EWIP'SQQMXXIISR&EROMRK7YTIVZMWMSR

7LSVXGSQMRKWSJXLI7XERHEVHM^IH%TTVSEGL
8LI2I[-RXIVREP6EXMRKW&EWIH%TTVSEGL
4-00%6--8,)794)6:-736=6):-);463')77

4-00%6---1%6/)8(-7'-40-2)
'32'097-32
',%48)6

'SVTSVEXI+SZIVRERGI
ERH6MWO1EREKIQIRX

Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
&3< 

7%6&%2)73<0)= 73<
&3< 

97)<',%2+)78-+,8)2948,)690)7

Anda mungkin juga menyukai