Quantum Information and Computating (BITS F386) Instructor: Jayendra N Bandyopadhyay

Assignment - 1 Date : 03 Feb 2017

j and b
1. Completeness: Show that the unit vectors bi, b k of the space R3 satisfy completeness property.

2. Consider a three dimensional vector space spanned by an orthonormal basis states |1i, |2i, |3i.
Following two (unnormalized) states are given:

| i = i|1i 2|2i i|3i, | i = i|1i + 2|3i

(a) Find h | i and h | i, and also show that h | i = h | i .

(b) Find the matrix representation of the operator A = | ih |. Is it Hermitian?
  
3. Commutator and Anti-Commutator bracket: Let us define A, B AB BA and A, B
AB + BA, where [, ] and {, } are called commutator and anti-commutator brackets.

(a) If
 A and
 B are Hermitian matrices and they have same set of eigenvectors, then determine
A, B .
   
(b) Show that A, B = B , A .
 2       2 
(c) Starting
  from LHS, prove the RHS: A , B = A A, B + A, B A and A , B = A A, B
A, B A.

4. Hermitian operators:

(a) Given A and B are Hermitian operators. What can you say about the Hermiticity of the
following operators: (i) AB; (ii) AB + BA; (iii) [A, B]; (iv) i[A, B].
(b) Show that the diagonal elements of Hermitian operators are always real.
(c) Show that the eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are always real. Also show that the
eigenvectors of Hermitian operators corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are orthogonal.
   
(d) Suppose A and B are Hermitian. Is A, B Hermitian ? If A, B is Hermitian, then what
are the possible values of the scalar (number) ?
(e) When is the product of two Hermitian operators Hermitian?
(f) Show that two non-commuting observables cannot have a complete set of common eigen-
vectors.

5. Unitary operators:

(a) If U and V are two unitary operators, then show that UV is also a unitary operator.
(b) Let us assume | i = U | i, where | i is a normalized (unit) vector. Then show that | i
will also be a normalized vector.
 
u11 u12
(c) Let U = is a unitary matrix. Then calculate |u11 |2 + |u12 |2 and |u11 |2 + |u21 |2 .
u21 u22
 (d) Show that the eigenvalues of a unitary operator are complex number of unit modulus. Also
show that the eigenvectors corresponding to two distinct eigenvalues are mutually orthogonal.
(e) If H is a Hermitian operator, then show that exp(iH) is a unitary operator.

6. Consider the matrix:

0 0 1
A= 0 0 0
1 0 0

(a) Is it Hermitian ?
(b) Find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
(c) Write down the matrix U AU , U being the matrix whose columns are eigenvectors of A.

7. Consider the matrix:  

cos sin
V=
sin cos

(a) Show that it is unitary.

(b) Show that its eigenvalues are ei and ei .
(c) Find the corresponding eigenvectors. Show that they are orthogonal.
(d) Show that U VU is a diagonal matrix where U being the matrix whose columns are eigen-
vectors of V . What are those diagonal elements of U VU ?

8. Let us consider an operator A V where V is a 2-dim vector space with basis vectors {|1 i, |2 i}.
If r r
1 2 2 1
A|1 i = |1 i = |1 i + |2 i and A|2 i = |2 i = |1 i |2 i,
3 3 3 3
then:

(a) Show that {| i, |2 i} are also basis states for the vector space V .
(b) Give matrix representation of A in {|1 i, |2 i} and {|1 i, |2 i} basis.
(c) What kind of operator A is ? Hermitian/Unitary.
(d) Determine eigenvectors of A and express them in terms of basis vectors {|1 i, |2 i} and
{|1 i, |2 i}. Calculate eigenvalues of A.

9. Representation of state: Consider two different orthonormal bases {|i i} and {|i i} for a Hilbert
space H (N) . So any arbitrary state | i can be represented in these bases as:
N N
| i = ci |i i = di |i i.
i=1 j=1

Show that
c = S d,
where c is the N-dimensional column vector formed by the coefficients ci , similarly d is formed by
the coefficients {di }, and S is a unitary matrix whose elements are Si j = hi | j i. [Hint: Use the
completeness relation of the orthonormal bases]
10. Representation of operator: A and A are the matrix representations of an operator A H (N) in
the orthonormal bases {|i i} and {|i i}, respectively. Show that these two matrix representations
of A are related as
A = S A S
where S is a unitary matrix whose elements are Si j = hi | j i. [Hint: Use the completeness relation
of the orthonormal bases]

11. If A V , where V is a discrete and finite dimensional (n) linear vector space. Show that
n
A= ai j |i ih j |
i, j=1

where ai j are matrix elements of A in the orthonormal basis {|i i, i = 1, . . . , n}.

12. Using bra-ket algebra, show that the trace of a matrix is basis independent.

13. Using bra-ket algebra, show that any two linear operators in a given linear vector space satisfy
Tr(AB) = Tr(BA), where Tr denotes the trace of a matrix.

14. {|i i, i = 1, . . . , n} and {|i i, i = 1, . . . , n} are two different orthonormal basis of a given linear
vector space V of dimension n. Show that the operator
n
U = |i ihi |
i=1

is a unitary operator. When it operates on any normalized state |i V , then show that the
new state | i is also normalized.