coverage, coverage rate, covering powerambiguous terms efflorescence, na condition that occurs when soluble salts in
that are used in some instances to refer to hiding power and a dry coating or the substrate migrate to the surface due to
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in others to mean spreading rate. The precise terms hiding the movement of water through the film; characterized by a
power and spreading rate are preferred. (commonly) white, nonuniform powder or crystalline
incrustation, not removable with neutral water but usually
cracking resistance, nthe ability of a coating to resist breaks removed with dilute mineral acid. D1736, D1848, D01.42
of the film where the breaks extend through to the surface DISCUSSIONThe previously water-soluble salts become insoluble at
painted and the previously applied coating or the substrate is the surface of the film due to reaction with carbon dioxide of the air.
visible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diameters
is recommended in cases where it is difficult to differentiate emulsion paintunder paint, see emulsion paint.
between cracking and checking. See checking resistance. enamel, na paint that is characterized by an ability to form
an especially smooth film.
crawling, ndefect in which the wet film recedes from
localized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insuffi- epoxy resinsunder resin, synthetic, see epoxy resins.
cient wetting) leaving those areas uncoated. D1848, D01.42 erosion resistance, nthe ability of a coating to withstand
being worn away by chalking or by the abrasive action of
curtainingsee sag or sagging. water or windborne particles of grit. The degree of resistance
density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substrate at a is measured by the amount of the coating retained. See
specified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in abrasion resistance.
g/mL, kg,L, g/cm3, g/L, kg/m3 or lb/gal. See specific
gravity. D01.23, D01.24 ester gumunder resin, synthetic, see ester gum.
3 3
DISCUSSION(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm ; g/L = kg/m . (2) Density extended pigments, norganic pigments diluted with an
(lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) 8.345405 ... (3) The temperature should be extender (for example, alumina trihydrate, blanc fixe, or
25C for best conformance with Test Method D1475. For liquids and calcium carbonate).
flatting agent, na material added to paints, varnishes, and japan, na vehicle for japan colors; frequently contains
other coating materials to reduce the gloss of the dried film. shellac.
forced drying temperature, na temperature between room japan color, na paste containing pigment and a grinding
temperature and 150F (65C). japan vehicle used for lettering and decoration.
japan drier, na resinate-base liquid drier.
fossil resin, nunder resin, natural, see fossil resin.
gallon, U. S., na volume equal to 231 in.3 For paint, varnish, lacquer, na coating composition that is based on synthetic
lacquer, and related products this is measured at 77F thermoplastic film-forming material dissolved in organic
(25C). solvent that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical
lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellu-
glaze, na very thin coating of a paint product usually a lose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
semi-transparent coating tinted with Van Dyke brown, burnt
sienna, or a similar pigment, applied on a previously painted lake, na special type of pigment consisting essentially of an
surface to produce a decorative effect. organic soluble coloring matter combined more or less
definitely with an inorganic base or carrier. It is character-
glazing compound, na dough-like material consisting of ized generally by a bright color and a more or less pro-
pigment and vehicle, used for sealing window glass in nounced translucency when made into an oil paint.
frames. It differs from putty in that it retains its plasticity for Under this term are included two (and perhaps three) types
an extended period.
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of pigment: (a) the older original type composed of hydrate
paint brush bristle, nhair of the swine (for example: pig, pigment, nfine solid particles used in the preparation of paint
hog, boar), used in brushing material. or printing ink and substantially insoluble in the vehicle.
Asphaltic materials are not pigments except when they
paint brush ferrule, nouter band that joins the brushing contain substances substantially insoluble in the vehicle in
material to the handle. which they are used.
paint brush filament, na synthetic polymer extrusion used pigment volume, nthe percent by volume of pigment in the
in brushing material. nonvolatile portion of a paint or printing ink, as calculated
from bulking value and composition data. The letters PV are
paint brush head, nbrush without the handle.
commonly used as an abbreviation.
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paint brush length clear, nalso called length out, the
pinholes, nsmall pore-like flaws in a coating that extend
exposed length of the brushing material from the ferrule to
entirely through the applied film and have the general
the tip end.
appearance of pin pricks when viewed by reflected light.
paint brush thickness, nmeasurement of the brushing ma- pinholing, nthe presence of a series of fine holes or voids in
terial across the narrow opening of the ferrule. a film. D1848, D01.42
paint pad, na paint application tool consisting of short plasticizer, na substance added to paint, varnish, or lacquer
filamentary material usually bonded to a flat, resilient to impart flexibility.
backing connected to a handle designed to apply paint by a
wiping action. polyurea coating, na fast curing, two component coating,
with a repeating urea group (nitrogen-carbon double bond
paint roller, na complete paint application tool consisting of oxygen-nitrogen). Film formation is accomplished through
a roller frame and a roller cover designed to apply paint by an addition reaction between an isocyanate terminated resin
a rolling action. and an amine terminated resin.
paint roller core, na structural tube that forms the base of primer, nthe first of two or more coats of a paint, varnish, or
the roller cover to which paint applicating material is lacquer system.
attached.
printing ink, na colored or pigmented liquid or paste
paint roller cover, na tubular sleeve consisting of a paint composition that dries to a solid film after application as a
applicating material secured to a core. thin layer by printing machinery.
paint roller cover pile height, nalso called nap length; the print resistance, n(coatings) the ability of a coating to resist
length of the roller cover paint applicating material from pile taking on the imprint due to the pressure of another surface
backing to pile face. placed against it.
bisphenol A.
darker color of the same sort, it is easy to conceive of another shade not
ester guma resin made from rosin or rosin acids and a quite so dark and therefore lighter.
polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerine or pentaerythritol.
sheepskin paint roller cover, na cover in which the paint
maleic resina resin made from a natural resin and maleic
applicating material is wool fleece still attached to its tanned
anhydride or maleic acid.
natural skin.
melamine resina synthetic resin made from melamine and
aldehyde. size, nusually a liquid composition to prevent excessive
penta resinester gum made from rosin and pentaerythritol. absorption of all paints into plaster, old wall paint, and
similar porous surfaces; also a liquid composition used as a
phenolic resina synthetic resin made from phenols and first coat on metal to improve adhesion of succeeding coats
aldehydes. (latter usage is limited to the metal decorating industry).
styrene resina synthetic resin made from vinyl benzene. The terms sealer and size are almost synonymous, but usage
urea resina synthetic resin made from urea and an alde- has established certain differences. A sealer is ordinarily a
hyde. thin varnish or clear lacquer and is usually applied on wood
and metal surfaces. Ordinary painters size is a thin solution
vinyl resina synthetic resin made from vinyl compounds.
of glue, starch or other water-soluble substance and is
roller spatter resistance, nthe ability of a paint to resist the usually applied on plaster surfaces, but size used in metal
formation of various size droplets generated during paint decorating is a thin varnish.
roller application, which results in undesirable spots splash-
ing on areas that are not being painted including the person spar varnishunder varnish, see spar varnish.
applying the paint. spirit varnishunder varnish, see spirit varnish.
soil, nof coatings, disfiguring foreign materials such as dirt,
rust, n(coatings) the reddish material, primarily hydrated
soot, or stain, other than microorganisms, deposited on or
iron oxide, formed on iron or its alloys resulting from
embedded in a dried film of applied coating material; also
exposure to humid atmosphere or chemical attack. See white
called dirt.
rust.
rust resistance, n(coatings) the ability of a coating to protect soilant, na discoloring substance with a dispersed color
the substrate of iron or its alloys from rusting. component that is not in solution, and therefore can cling to
the surface of a coating without penetrating into the film.
sag or sagging, nnonuniform downward flow of a wet paint D3450, D01.42
film that occurs between the times of application and setting, DISCUSSIONA soilant differs from a stain in that the colorant of a
resulting in an uneven coating having a thick lower edge. stain is in solution and therefore can penetrate into the film.
synthetic resinsee resin, synthetic. accelerator, or crosslinking agent such as a monomeric polyol
talcsee industrial talc. or polyamine contained in a second package. This type has
temporary coating, na coating designed to protect or limited pot-life after the two components are mixed.
decorate a substrate for a limited time that can be readily Type V, two-package polyolurethane coatings that com-
removed either by mechanical or chemical means. prise systems wherein one package contains a prepolymer or
vernonia oil, na low-viscosity epoxidized drying oil from water vapor transmission (WVT) rate, nthe steady state
the seed of an African plant, Vernonia galamensis, contain- rate of water vapor movement through a free film under
ing three reactive epoxy groups and three carboncarbon specific conditions of temperature and humidity at each
double bonds per triglyceride molecule and is characterized surface; customarily expressed in grains per square foot per
by its very low viscosity and melting point. hour (gr/ft2 h) or grams per square metre per day (g/m2 d).
DISCUSSIONIt flows easily even at temperatures below 0C and thus D1653, CED, D01.23
needs only a fraction of the volatile solvents usually used for other DISCUSSION1 gr/ft2 h = 16.74 g/m2 d.
drying oils. Thus, it can be used as a reactive diluent for high solids DISCUSSIONCoatings that are too brittle or otherwise unsatisfactory
alkyds and epoxy coating formulations. for handling as free films are sometimes tested on a porous support
surface, although such a support can have an effect on test results.
vinyl resinunder resin, synthetic, see vinyl resin.
volatile thinnersee thinner. weight percent solids, nthe portion of a coating that remains
volume percent solids, nthe portion of a coating that as part of the dry film expressed as weight.
remains as part of the dry film expressed as percent by DISCUSSIONAnother convention of expressing solids content is by
volume. volume percent.
DISCUSSIONThis contrasts to another convention of expressing wet adhesion, nthe ability of a coating film to adhere tightly
solids content by weight percent. Often a percent is given without
to the substrate directly beneath it under wet conditions such
specifying whether it is volume or weight. This is confusing and leads
to errors in coating calculations. as rain, dew, washing, etc.
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water-based coating, ndeprecated term. Use the preferred wet edge, nthe edge of a wet, painted area that remains
term, waterborne coating. workable for continued painting.
DISCUSSIONWhen painting large surfaces, it is generally necessary
DISCUSSIONThe term water-based is common usage but is inappro-
to join up to the edge of a paint film that has been left to dry for some
priate since the water evaporates. (Consider oil-based or alkyd-based in
period of time. When this can be done by blending this edge with
which - based indicates a film component). This term should be
free-working paint, without any lap mark between the drying and
avoided in favor of waterborne.
freshly painted area, the paint is said to present a wet edge.
waterborne coating, na coating in which the principal
volatile constituent is water. See also water-reducible coat-
ing. 5
ASTM International, MNL 4.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D1614)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2016.)
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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