Electromagnetic
Analysis Guide
ANSYS Release 9.0
002114
November 2004
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ANSYS High-Frequency
Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
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Table of Contents
1. Overview of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis .................................................................... 1–1
2. Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields .................................................. 2–1
3. Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis ..................................................... 3–1
4. Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis .............................................................................. 4–1
4.1. Creating the Physics Environment ................................................................................................. 4–2
4.1.1. Specifying Element Types ..................................................................................................... 4–2
4.1.2. Specifying the System of Units ............................................................................................. 4–3
4.1.3. Specifying Material Properties .............................................................................................. 4–3
4.2. Building the Model, Assigning Region Attributes, and Meshing ...................................................... 4–4
4.2.1. Defining Model Region Attributes ........................................................................................ 4–4
4.2.2. Meshing the Model .............................................................................................................. 4–4
4.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads) ................................................................. 4–5
4.3.1. Applying Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................. 4–5
4.3.1.1. Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) ................................................................................... 4–6
4.3.1.2. Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) .............................................................................. 4–7
4.3.1.3. Surface Impedance ...................................................................................................... 4–7
4.3.1.4. Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) ................................................................................... 4–9
4.3.1.5. Periodic Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 4–12
4.3.2. Applying Excitation Sources ............................................................................................... 4–15
4.3.2.1. Excitation Port ........................................................................................................... 4–16
4.3.2.2. Current Source .......................................................................................................... 4–21
4.3.2.3. Plane Wave Source .................................................................................................... 4–23
4.3.2.4. Surface Magnetic Field Source ................................................................................... 4–23
4.3.2.5. Electric Field Source ................................................................................................... 4–24
4.3.2.6. Equivalent Source Surface ......................................................................................... 4–25
4.3.2.7. Lumped Circuits ........................................................................................................ 4–26
4.4. Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses ................................................................................ 4–28
4.4.1. Defining the Analysis Type ................................................................................................. 4–28
4.4.2. Defining Analysis Options and Estimating Computer Resources .......................................... 4–28
4.4.3. Setting the Analysis Frequencies ........................................................................................ 4–29
4.4.4. Defining a Scattering Analysis ............................................................................................ 4–29
4.4.5. Defining a Radiation Analysis for a Phased Array Antenna ................................................... 4–29
4.4.6. Starting the Solution .......................................................................................................... 4–29
4.4.7. Finishing the Solution ........................................................................................................ 4–32
4.5. Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses .................................................................... 4–32
4.5.1. Reviewing Results .............................................................................................................. 4–32
4.5.2. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing .......................................................................... 4–33
4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters ................................................ 4–34
4.5.3.1. Near Fields ................................................................................................................ 4–34
4.5.3.2. Far Fields and Far Field Parameters ............................................................................ 4–35
4.5.3.3. Symmetry .................................................................................................................. 4–36
4.5.3.4. Radiation Solid Angle ................................................................................................ 4–37
4.5.4. Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices ................................................. 4–38
4.5.4.1. Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters) ........................................................................ 4–38
4.5.4.2. Reflection Coefficients in a COAX Fed Device ............................................................. 4–39
4.5.4.3. Power and Frequency Selective Surface Parameters ................................................... 4–39
4.5.4.4. Voltage, Current, and Impedance ............................................................................... 4–39
4.5.4.5. Smith Chart and Network Parameter Conversion ........................................................ 4–41
5. Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis ................................................................................... 5–1
5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor and Specifying the Modal Analysis Type .................................... 5–2
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ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
List of Figures
2.1. Computational Domain for a FEM Analysis .......................................................................................... 2–3
2.2. Open Microstrip Structure ................................................................................................................... 2–4
2.3. Equivalent Circuit ............................................................................................................................... 2–5
2.4. Open Microstrip Structure Model ........................................................................................................ 2–6
3.1. Mixed Elements .................................................................................................................................. 3–1
3.2. Object with a Large Aspect Ratio ......................................................................................................... 3–2
4.1. Flow Chart for a Harmonic Analysis ..................................................................................................... 4–1
4.2. Electric Field Distributions ................................................................................................................... 4–5
4.3. Solid and Finite Element Models ......................................................................................................... 4–5
4.4. PEC Boundary Condition ..................................................................................................................... 4–6
4.5. PMC Boundary Condition .................................................................................................................... 4–7
4.6. Microstrip Structure with PML Regions ................................................................................................ 4–9
4.7. PML Region Attached to Interior Region ............................................................................................ 4–10
4.8. Attenuation Distribution ................................................................................................................... 4–10
4.9. Buffer Elements in Interior Domain .................................................................................................... 4–11
4.10. Distance between Source/Objects and PML Region ......................................................................... 4–12
4.11. Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure ................................................................................................. 4–12
4.12. Unit Cell .......................................................................................................................................... 4–13
4.13. Periodic Array Models ..................................................................................................................... 4–15
4.14. Exterior and Interior Ports ............................................................................................................... 4–18
4.15. Soft Source Port .............................................................................................................................. 4–18
4.16. Hard Source Port ............................................................................................................................. 4–18
4.17. IMPD Option for Waveguide Port ..................................................................................................... 4–18
4.18. HARD Option for Waveguide Port .................................................................................................... 4–19
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ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
List of Tables
2.1. Physical and Model Features ............................................................................................................... 2–3
3.1. High-Frequency Elements ................................................................................................................... 3–1
4.1. Element DOFs ..................................................................................................................................... 4–2
4.2. Material Guidelines ............................................................................................................................. 4–4
4.3. High-Frequency Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................. 4–6
4.4. Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................ 4–7
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x
Chapter 1: Overview of High-Frequency
Electromagnetic Analysis
The ANSYS program supports high-frequency electromagnetic analysis. This type of analysis calculates the
propagation properties of electromagnetic fields and waves in a given structure. The ANSYS program supports
both time-harmonic and modal high-frequency analysis.
Except in a few cases, most-high-frequency devices use electromagnetic waves to carry information. For this
reason, frequency plays a vital role in the design of such devices. High-frequency electromagnetic field analysis
simulates the electromagnetic phenomena in a structure when the wavelength of the signal is of the same order
of magnitude or smaller than the dimensions of the model. The high-frequency band ranges from hundreds of
MHz to hundreds of GHz.
In general, you use high-frequency electromagnetic field analysis to solve interior problems or exterior problems.
For interior problems, an electromagnetic field propagates or oscillates in a closed structure such as an acceler-
ator chamber, a microwave filter, or a high-speed electronic package. The oscillating frequencies and scattering
matrix parameter (S-parameter) are usually investigated. For exterior problems, an electromagnetic wave radiates
into open space or it is scattered by an object in the open domain. Examples are phased antenna arrays and
radar reflection from a metallic object. The radiation pattern, directive gain, or radar cross section (RCS) is usually
investigated.
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of
High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
In practice, finite element analysis (FEA) is one of the most successful frequency domain computational methods
for electromagnetic field simulation. It provides the capabilities you need to model any geometry and any ma-
terials of composition. This material capability is particularly important in electromagnetic field engineering
since most applications dealing with antennas, microwave circuits, scattering devices, motors, generators, etc.
require simulation of nonmetal composite materials. Throughout the frequency spectrum, FEA enjoys wide
popularity. It plays a major role in electromagnetic engineering applications such as:
The ANSYS high-frequency electromagnetic simulator (ANSYS Emag HF) uses tangential vector finite element
technology. It provides 3-D elements to perform harmonic analyses (see Chapter 4, “Performing a High-Frequency
Harmonic Analysis”) and 2-D and 3-D elements to perform modal analyses (see Chapter 5, “Performing a Modal
High-Frequency Analysis”) analyses, with an exp (jωt) dependence assumed.
ANSYS Emag HF has a preprocessor, a solver, and a postprocessor. The preprocessor provides facilities for de-
scribing the high-frequency structure to be simulated, the excitation to be applied, and the boundary conditions
or other constraints to be imposed. It includes the following:
Geometry Tool
Meshing Tool
• Automatic Meshing
• Manual Meshing
• Adaptive Meshing
Material Model
Boundary Conditions
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Excitation Sources
The solver generates the element descriptions, assembles the element matrices into global finite element matrices,
imposes the appropriate boundary conditions, constraints, and excitation sources, and then solves the equations.
It consists of the following:
Modal Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
The postprocessor provides facilities to calculate parameters and visualize results. This includes the following:
ANSYS Emag HF is a frequency domain simulator that can analyze a large class of high-frequency devices and
systems. This includes uniform wave-guiding structures, cavity resonators, antennas, and antenna arrays. A high-
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
frequency electromagnetic analysis can be coupled with another field analysis to simulate complicated physical
phenomena, such as RF heating.
To solve the full set of Maxwell's differential equations that govern high-frequency electromagnetic fields, the
finite element method discretizes the infinite continuous wave propagating space into a finite element model.
Boundary conditions and excitations are applied to the solid model or finite element entities.
A typical electromagnetic configuration simulated by FEA is shown in Figure 2.1: “Computational Domain for a
FEM Analysis”.
#.! ! ),A / ;) / B
H C ! " #+ - ) $? H E
#$&%
' ( *) *) ! @60 &;) / $ ? I F
+ *), .- ( *)
/ ")0! 12+ * )3 I
The high-frequency FEA procedure uses a weak integral form of the electric field vector Helmholtz equation as
the basis. For improved accuracy for scattering applications, the scattered field is investigated instead of the
total electric field. Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for more information on the pure scattering field formulation.
The ANSYS high-frequency elements use the tangential vector finite element method. The vector electric field
consists of the linear combination of the vector basis functions. The associated coefficients are the degree of
freedom (DOF) of the final matrix equation. The DOFs of the tangential vector method are the projections of the
vector electric field on the edges and faces of the element. For example, for the first order tetrahedral element,
its DOFs are the projection of the electric field along the edge of the element at the middle of the edge:
Refer to the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details on this method.
As in any other type of ANSYS analysis, you must build a finite element model that correctly represents the system.
The following table shows how physical features of an electromagnetic system correspond with model features.
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
For an enclosed structure, you must mesh the entire structure. For propagation, radiation, and scattering problems,
the electromagnetic field extends to infinity. You must trunicate the infinite space using absorbing boundary
conditions. Usually, the inside of an electric conductor is not meshed because a high-frequency electromagnetic
wave can only penetrate the surface a short distance.
If the ohmic loss does not play a significant role or is not a major concern in the design, a perfect electric conductor
(PEC) is a very good approximation for metallic objects. The tangential electric field vanishes on the surface of
a PEC. It leads to a constraint condition DOF = 0 on the surface.
Often, meshing the skin of a non-perfect electric conductor or a dielectric coating on a PEC leads to extremely
small elements inside of those layers. Instead of meshing those very small layers, apply a standard impedance
boundary condition on those surfaces to obtain a good approximation.
You can reduce the size of your model by taking symmetry of the electromagnetic field into account. If the tan-
gential electric field is zero (that is, only the normal electric field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a PEC
boundary condition to the symmetry plane. If the tangential magnetic field is zero (that is, only the normal
magnetic field exists on the symmetry plane), apply a PMC boundary condition to the symmetry plane. In a ANSYS
high-frequency analysis, a PMC boundary condition is a natural boundary condition. You do not need to apply
a constraint condition to a PMC symmetry plane.
If an electromagnetic wave radiates into infinity, you must use an absorbing boundary condition to truncate the
finite computational domain. If an electromagnetic wave in a propagating system is absorbed by a matching
load, you must replace that matching load with an absorbing boundary condition.
The following example of an open microstrip structure with a capacitance gap shows you how to create a
model.
The equivalent circuit including a matched source, s-parameter extractor, and matching load is shown in Fig-
ure 2.3: “Equivalent Circuit”.
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
To create the model, you need to make use of the characteristics of electromagnetic fields and simplify the
model as follows:
• The thickness of the microstrip is assumed to be small compared to the other dimensions and is ignored.
The ohmic loss of the microstrip is also assumed to be small and is ignored. These assumptions lead to a
PEC microstrip with zero thickness.
• For the fundamental mode, the electric field is assumed to be symmetric about a vertical center line on
the cross section. Accordingly, the analysis can be done on a half model. A PMC boundary is applied to
the symmetry plane.
• Since the electromagnetic field decays rapidly in the transverse direction with the distance from a microstrip,
PEC boundaries are added to enclose the open space at a proper separation distance. The distance from
the microstrip to the top PEC boundary should be at least equal to two times the height of the substrate.
The distance from the microstrip to the side PEC boundary should be at least two times the width of the
microstrip.
• The wave source is assumed to be a matched electric current source and the output of the two-port network
is terminated by a matching load (see Figure 2.3: “Equivalent Circuit”). Absorbing boundary conditions
are added to represent the matching loads.
• The real current source will be equivalent to the impressed current density. Considering the electric field
distribution on the transverse cross section, the line current density pointing from the microstrip to the
ground will excite the fundamental mode in the microstrip. Since the line current density source launches
a bidirectional electromagnetic wave, an absorber must be located behind the line current density source
to prevent a reflected wave.
These electromagnetic field characteristics and assumptions yield the following unmeshed model for the open
microstrip structure.
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Chapter 2: Finite Element Analysis of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
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Chapter 3: Elements Available in
High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis
Three elements are available for high-frequency analysis: HF118, HF119, and HF120. HF118 is a 2-D element that
applies only to modal analyses. You can use it to compute dispersion characteristics of high-frequency transmission
lines, including the cutoff frequencies and the propagating constants for multiple modes. HF119 and HF120 are
3-D elements. You can perform harmonic analyses or modal analyses with them.
You can use one element shape (hexahedral, wedge, pyramid, or tetrahedral) or any combination of shapes in
your 3-D model. Figure 3.1: “Mixed Elements” (a) shows a mix of hexahedral and wedge elements and (b) shows
a mix of hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements are transitional elements between
the hexahedral and tetrahedral elements.
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral and wedge elements:
/prep7
et,1,120 ! define hexahedral element
et,11,200,5 ! define 2-D 6-node triangle mesh element
et,12,200,7 ! define 2-D 8-node quadrilateral mesh element
rect,0,1,0,1 ! create area 1
rect,1,2,0,1 ! create area 2
aglue,all ! glue areas together
esize,0.25 ! define the element size
asel,s,loc,x,0,1 ! select area 1
type,11 ! select triangle element type
mshape,1 ! define the triangle element shape
amesh,all ! mesh area 1 with triangle mesh element
asel,s,loc,x,1,2 ! select area 2
type,12 ! select quadrilateral mesh element type
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Chapter 3: Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis
As an example, the following command input listing creates mixed hexahedral, pyramid, and tetrahedral elements:
/prep7
ch=10.16e-3
cw=22.86e-3
cl=2.e-2
h=2.e-3
et,1,hf120,1 ! define hexahedral element
et,2,hf119,1 ! define tet element
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,0,cl/2 ! create volume 1
block,-cw/2,0,-ch/2,ch/2,cl/2,cl ! create volume 2
vglue,all ! glue volumes together
esize,h ! define element size
type,1 ! select hexahedral element type
mshape,0,3d ! define hexahedral mesh
mshkey,1 ! use mapped mesh
vmesh,1 ! mesh first volume
mshape,1,3d ! define tetrahedral element
mshkey,0 ! use free meshing
vmesh,3 ! mesh second mesh
tchg,120,119,2 ! covert degen. hexahedral element into tetrahedral element
fini
Although a geometrically complex structure can be meshed with tetrahedral elements, it may require many
elements and that may lead to simulation failure because of computer resources. Even a regular shaped volume
may require many tetrahedral elements if it has a very large aspect ratio. Here, hexahedral or wedge elements
would be a better choice. Figure 3.2: “Object with a Large Aspect Ratio” illustrates this difference. It shows that
the number of tetrahedral elements (a) is much larger than the number of hexahedral elements (b), if a similar
mesh density is maintained on the transverse cross section.
You can automatically refine a model meshed with HF119 elements. To decrease discretization error, the
HFEREFINE macro refines elements that exceed a specified error limit. Moreover, based on the error indicated
by HFEREFINE, you can manually refine a model meshed with HF120 elements. For more information on this
capability, see Chapter 6, “Adaptive Remeshing” in this guide and HFEREFINE in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
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Chapter 3: Elements Available in High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis
See HF118, HF119, and HF120 in the ANSYS Elements Reference for more details on these elements. Refer to High-
Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for additional information on
the tangential vector finite element method and vector basis functions.
You cannot use other ANSYS Emag electromagnetic elements in a high-frequency analysis. They are not based
on a full-wave formulation. They do not account for displacement current.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency
Harmonic Analysis
As in any other type of ANSYS analysis, a harmonic high-frequency electromagnetic analysis consists of these
steps:
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
KEYOPT(1) defines the polynomial order of the elements. KEYOPT(1) = 0 or 1 defines a first order element with
a 0.5 order polynomial vector basis function. KEYOPT(1) = 2 defines a second order element with a 1.5 order
polynomial vector basis function. Greater accuracy is obtained using higher order elements (KEYOPT(1) = 2) at
the expense of additional degrees of freedom internally generated by the element. The second order elements
are not available for pure scattering or periodic boundary condition problems. The following table shows the
number of DOFs per element.
You cannot mix first and second order elements in a model. Both first and second order elements have midside
nodes to follow the curvature of a model. If you use MESH200 elements to generate 3-D high-frequency electro-
magnetic elements (HF119 or HF120) choose one of theMESH200 options for midside nodes, KEYOPT(1) = 5 for
3-D triangle elements or KEYOPT(1) = 7 for quadrilateral elements.
KEYOPT(4) allows you to specify element types for special high-frequency electromagnetic applications. KEYOPT(4)
= 0 defines the normal element (default). KEYOPT(4) = 1 defines an electromagnetic wave absorbing element
referred to as a perfectly matched layer (PML) element. KEYOPT(4) = 2 defines a special scattering element. You
need to specify KEYOPT(4) = 2 for the region of the domain receiving the reflected wave when you are using a
soft magnetic field excitation source that propagates in one direction (BF,,H option). For example, the following
command input listing defines first order normal and PML elements:
et,1,119,1,,,0 ! define normal tetrahedral element
et,1,119,1,,,1 ! define PML tetrahedral element
See Section 4.3.1.4: Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) for information on the PML element. See Section 4.3.2.4:
Surface Magnetic Field Source for information on the scattering element and soft source magnetic field excitation.
The HF118 element applies only to modal analyses. Chapter 5, “Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis”
describes this type of analysis in detail.
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Section 4.1: Creating the Physics Environment
See the EMUNIT command in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more details. The EMUNIT command defaults
to the MKS system of units. See Section 1.3: System of Units in the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for details
on MKS units.
High-frequency analysis requires three material properties: relative permeability diagonal tensor (MURX, MURY,
MURZ), relative permittivity diagonal tensor (PERX, PERY, PERZ), and resistivity (inverse of conductivity) diagonal
tensor (RSVX, RSVY, RSVZ). For isotropic materials, MURY and MURZ default to MURX; likewise, PERY and PERZ
default to PERX and RSVY and RSVZ default to RSVX. X, Y, and Z refer to the orthogonal coordinates in the element
coordinate system specified by the ESYS command. The permeability and permittivity must be relative values
with respect to their free-space definitions. Permeability of the material is equal to the product of the free-space
permeability and the relative permeability constant (MURX, MURY, MURZ). Permittivity of the material is equal
to the product of the free-space permittivity and the relative permittivity constant (PERX, PERY, PERZ).
For an isotropic lossy material, you can define the lossy characteristics of the material by the loss tangent (LSST).
Loss tangent (tan δ) is defined by:
tan δ = σ/(2πfεoεr)
where:
f = frequency (Hz)
σ = conductivity (S/m)
εo = free-space permittivity (F/m)
εr = relative permittivity
εr = εr' - J.εr”
εr = εr' + jεr”
The following table gives some guidelines for specifying material properties.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
For example, the following command input listing defines two isotropic lossy materials:
mp,perx,1,2.5 ! the relative permittivity of material 1 is 2.5
mp,murx,1,1.0 ! the relative permeability of material 1 is 1.0
mp,rsvx,1,1.E-4 ! the resistivity of material is 1.E-4
mp,perx,2,9.8 ! the relative permittivity of material 2 is 9.8
mp,murx,1,2.0 ! the relative permeability of material 2 is 2.0
mp,lsst,2,0.5 ! the loss tangent of material 2 is 0.5
If you want to calculate the specific adsorption rate (SAR) of a lossy material, you must specify the mass density
of the material (Lab = DENS).
See the MP command in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more details.
For a full-wave FEA formulation, the mesh must be fine enough to minimize numerical dispersion effects from
finite discretization. In general, it should have at least 10 elements per propagating or resonant wavelength for
the material.
Note — If the propagating wavelength is 1 cm in free space, the wavelength is 0.5 cm in a dielectric with
relative permittivity εr = 4.
To obtain accurate S-parameters, the elements located at the ports should have as close to a 1:1 aspect ratio as
possible in the direction of the wave propagation.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
You should also employ your knowledge of electromagnetic fields to determine an appropriate mesh density.
For example, consider the following electromagnetic fields shown in Figure 4.2: “Electric Field Distributions” :
Since the electric field of a TE10 mode varies sinusoidally along the wide side of a rectangular waveguide and is
uniform along the narrow side, there should be at least five elements along the wide side. Since the electromag-
netic field concentrates under the metallic microstrip, to obtain the acceptable results, there should be at least
four elements along the thickness of the substrate and at least five elements along the width of the microstrip.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
1. You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is a natural boundary condition.
µ,ε σ→ ∞ µ,ε
To reduce your model size, you can also apply PEC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a zero
tangential component of the vector electric field. You must know the electric field distribution before you can
take advantage of the symmetry.
To specify PEC boundary conditions, you can use the DL or DA command to set the AX DOFs to zero on the
surface of the model or you can use the D command to set the AX DOFs to zero on the nodes of the finite element
model. Alternatively, you can specify a PEC boundary condition from the GUI, which will impose AX = 0.
Command(s): D, DL, or DA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric Wall> On
Areas
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
To reduce your model size, you can also apply PMC boundary conditions to symmetry planes that have a zero
tangential component of the vector magnetic field. You must know the magnetic field distribution before you
can take advantage of the symmetry.
Note — You do not need to specify a PMC boundary condition because it is the natural boundary condition
in ANSYS Emag HF. Any exterior surface without a specified boundary condition assumes a PMC
boundary condition.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 4–7
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
1. Enter the Z value calculated by this equation in the VALUE field of SF or SFA.
2. µo and εo are the free-space permeability and free-space permittivity, respectively.
f is the frequency.
ω = 2πf
You can apply surface impedance to the nodes of the finite element model or the areas of a solid model using
the following commands and GUI menu paths with Lab = INF, IMPD, or SHLD:
Command(s): SF,Nlist,IMPD,VALUE,VALUE2 SFA,AREA,LKEY,IMPD,VALUE,VALUE2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Impedance>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Impedance> On
Areas
For the impedance surface load label (Lab = IMPD), VALUE and VALUE2 are the real and imaginary components
of the impedance, respectively.
When explicit values of impedance are not known or when a harmonic solution over a wide frequency range is
required, it is more convenient to specify the surface impedance in terms of the conductivity (COND) and relative
permeability (MUR) of the non-perfect conductor. You can apply surface shielding properties using one of the
following commands or menu paths (Lab = SHLD):
Command(s): SF,Nlist, SHLD,COND,MUR SFA,AREA,LKEY,SHLD,COND,MUR
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On
Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On Areas
Note — Be sure to specify conductivity in MKS units (Siemens/meter). The default for relative permeability
is 1.0.
You can flag any exterior boundary and assign it as an infinite boundary using one of the following commands
or menu paths (Lab = INF):
Command(s): SF,Nlist,INF SFA,AREA,LKEY,INF SFL,LINE,INF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Areas
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Flag> Infinite Surface> On
Lines
For modeling a far-field radiating boundary, you need to flag the exterior nodes or exterior areas where the
propagating wave is treated as a plane wave. When such an infinite far-field radiation boundary is close to the
objects and the scattering wave is not a plane wave or a spherical wave, numerical error will occur. Using perfectly
matched layers (PML) is a more accurate method for modeling the far-field radiation boundary (see the next
section).
Applying boundary conditions to the solid model offers the advantage that they are independent of the under-
lying finite element mesh. This allows you to make mesh modifications without having to reapply the loads.
If the electromagnetic wave needs to be absorbed in only one direction, as in the case of a traditional waveguide
port or a planar transmission line port, you construct a 1-D PML region in the global Cartesian coordinate system
or a local Cartesian coordinate system as shown in the following figure.
/
( )**
+, .-
213475 6 21345 6
98:1;< / +,0)
'68:=>7?
A 3-D PML region consist of layers of elements extending from the interior volume towards the open domain as
shown in the following figure. You construct a block about the origin of the global Cartesian coordinate system
or a local Cartesian coordinate system. You align the edges of the 3-D PML region with the axes of the Cartesian
coordinate system.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 4–9
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
To optimize the absorbing efficiency of the PML, you must properly construct the PML regions and appropriately
choose the following PML parameters:
Use the ET command to define PML elements. Set KEYOPT(4) = 1 for HF119 or HF120 and then mesh the PML
region with this type of element.
More than one 1-D PML region may exist in a finite element model. The element coordinate system (ESYS com-
mand) uniquely identifies each PML region. Use the LOCAL command to define a Cartesian coordinate system,
and then assign this coordinate system to the elements in the PML region (VATT or ESYS command prior to
meshing or the EMODIF command after meshing).
The attenuation from the PML interface to the PML exterior surface is a parabolic distribution that minimizes
numerical reflections from the PML elements. The numerical reflections are caused by the discretization of a
continuous distribution of material from element to element. To obtain satisfactory numerical accuracy, you
should use at least four layers of PML elements. At lower operating frequencies (< 1 GHz), the PML thickness may
need to be greater than a quarter wavelength.
89:^Q5S AG[A?(@V
8$9:<;>= ?/@AB"C DBFE2DGH
C ?='?(@A
B'IJHK(A L HKMNAOP8Q5R
XYUZG[AB"C K(HS8$9:-\@A]^E*C V<@B"C WU@C D? = OAH0S89:-RTD?(@"C ?UD0UVE*C V<@B"C WU/@C D?
Since PML acts as an infinite open domain, any boundary conditions and material properties need to be carried
over into the PML region. Material properties such as permittivity, permeability, and conductivity in the PML region
must be the same as the adjacent interior region. For example, in the model of a microstrip structure with PML
regions, you should carry over the dielectric and air properties to the adjacent PML layers (see Figure 4.6: “Microstrip
Structure with PML Regions”).
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
A PEC boundary condition must back all exterior surfaces of the PML region, except for symmetric surfaces with
a PMC boundary condition. To specify a PEC boundary condition on the outer surfaces of the PML region, use
the D command for a finite element model or the DL or DA command for a solid model. PEC or PMC boundary
conditions can be applied on the symmetric surfaces of a PML region. For a high frequency structure that has a
matching load, rather than an open domain, the PML region plays the role of the matching load.
You should include some buffer elements (at least four) between the PML region and a discontinuity or object
in the interior domain. The PML will then absorb the outgoing wave effectively and minimize numerical reflections.
!#"%$ &' (
)+*-,
Since PML is an artificial anisotropic material, excitation sources are prohibited in the PML region.
The attenuation of the electromagnetic wave in a PML region may be controlled. You can specify the normal
reflection coefficient (harmonic) for propagating waves or the attenuation factors (modal) for evanescent waves
by using one of the following:
Command(s): PMLOPT,ESYS,Lab,Xminus,Xplus,Yminus,Yplus,Zminus,Zplus
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield> On
Nodes
The direction designations are Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus. The minus and plus refer to the
negative and positive directions along the Cartesian coordinate axes, respectively. If the propagating wave is
only absorbed in one direction, you define a 1-D PML region (Lab = ONE). You only need to specify the Xminus
argument for a 1-D PML region. For a 3-D PML region, you can define a different normal reflection coefficient
for each direction (Xminus, Yminus, Zminus, Xplus, Yplus, and Zplus). The normal reflection coefficients default
to 1.E-3 (-60 dB) for a harmonic analysis. The attenuation factors default to 4.0 for a modal analysis. Normal reflec-
tion coefficients should be less than 1.0, and the attenuation factors should be greater than 1.0. If only a few PML
layers are used (for example, four layers), specifying a very small normal reflection coefficient (such as -100 dB)
may lead to significant numerical reflection. Increase the number of layers before specifying a very small reflection
coefficient. Repeat the PMLOPT command for additional PML regions. Refer to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE
commands in the ANSYS Commands Reference and Section 5.5.2.4: Perfectly Matched Layers in the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference for more information.
The number of PML layers dominates the absorbing efficiency of PML. However, an excessive number of PML
elements will significantly increase the computational requirements. The number of PML layers (n) for acceptable
numerical accuracy can be determined by one of the following:
Command(s): PMLSIZE,FREQB,FREQE,DMIN,DMAX,THICK,ANGLE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> PML
where
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 4–11
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
"!$# % "!'&
(
If n is less than 5, the number of layers is set to 5 in order to reduce the numerical reflection. If n is greater than
20, the number of layers is set to 20 to avoid having an excessive number of PML elements.
The PMLSIZE macro must be issued before you mesh your model. If the thickness of the PML region is known, it
specifies an element edge length. If the thickness of the PML region is unknown, it species the number of layers
(n).
Refer to the PMLOPT and PMLSIZE commands in the ANSYS Commands Reference and Section 5.5.2.4: Perfectly
Matched Layers in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information.
/ +
)*-,
)*+
For scattering problems, an arbitrarily polarized plane wave impinges on the periodic structure at some arbitrary
oblique arrival angle with respect to the Z direction. The reflection, transmission, absorption, and polarization
characteristics of the periodic structure are simulated. For most scattering problems, the periodic structure will
not include internal excitation sources. For radiation problems, an electromagnetic current source or other excit-
ation source will exist inside the periodic structure.
The infinite extension assumption allows you to investigate a single periodic unit cell as shown in the following
figure. The electromagnetic fields on the cell sidewalls exhibit a dependency described by the theorem of Floquet.
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information
on this theorem.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
The cell sidewalls are assigned as master and slave boundaries, and they are bound together by the periodic
boundary conditions. The electromagnetic wave in the periodic volume radiates into infinity or is absorbed in
the z direction. You must use PML to truncate the open space because Floquet's electromagnetic wave
propagates in the periodic structure. You should also use PML or a matched impedance port to terminate a tra-
ditional waveguide port, if it exists inside the periodic structure.
To impose periodic boundary conditions, the mesh pattern on the master boundary must be identical to the
mesh pattern on the slave boundary. You must mesh the master boundary using the AMESH command. You
then use the AGEN or MSHCOPY command to generate the mesh on the slave boundary prior to meshing the
cell volume. Matching the nodes on the master boundary to the nodes on the slave boundary imposes the
periodic boundary conditions. You use the CPCYC or CP command to generate the coupled nodes.
As an example, the following command input listing creates periodic boundary conditions for a unit cell of a in-
finite rectangular waveguide periodic array:
/batch,list
/title, S11 of JRM Array, E plane scan, 9.25 GHz
/com, Problem: Compute S11 of JRM Array for E-Plane scan at 9.25 GHz
/com, Numerical Model: Waveguide + Radiation Space + PML
/com, Waveguide: 0.9"x0.4"x0.75"
/com, Radiation Space: 1.0"x0.5"x0.75"
/com, PML: 1.0"x0.5"x0.75"
/com,
/nopr
/prep7
freq=9.25e9
lamda=3.e8/freq
scal=25.4e-3
a1=scal*0.9/2.
b1=scal*0.4/2.
a2=scal*1.0/2.
b2=scal*0.5/2
c1=scal*0.75
c2=scal*0.5
c3=scal*0.75
c4=scal*1.5
rmin=c3
rmax=sqrt(2.)*c3
dpml=c4-c3
h=lamda/5
tiny=1.e-5
ang=30
angmax=60.
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,2,119,1,,,1 ! cycle element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
local,11
wpcsys,,11
block,-a1,a1,-b1,b1,0,-c1
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
!block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,0,c2
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,0,c3
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,c3,c4
vglue,all
type,11
esize,h
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,0,c3
amesh,all
PMLSIZE,9e9,9.5e9,rmin,rmax,dpml,angmax
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c4
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
agen,2,all,,,2*a2
asel,s,loc,y,-b2
agen,2,all,,,0,2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1 ! create normal element
vsel,s,loc,z,-c1,c3
esize,h
vmesh,all
type,2 ! create PML element
PMLSIZE,9e9,9.5e9,rmin,rmax,dpml,angmax
vsel,s,loc,z,c3,c4
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*b2,0,1
alls
finish
The finite element models created are shown in the following figure.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
The SPSCAN macro can perform a harmonic analysis of the unit cell and extract the S-parameter at the port over
a specified scanning angle range. You can then use the PLSYZ command to plot the S-parameter over the
scanning angle range.
You can use the HFPA command to specify the scan angle for a harmonic analysis. In POST1, you can issue the
HFARRAY command to define the antenna array. You can then use PRHFFAR or PLHFFAR to obtain the radiation
pattern and the directive gain of the phased array antenna, based on the solution for the unit cell.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
Specifying the excitation port option is a two-step process. First you select the solid model area (or nodes) to
define the port location and assign a port number. The port number assigned must be between 1 and 50. For
an exterior port, you choose the areas or nodes and then use one of the following to assign a port number and
apply a surface load:
Command(s): SF, SFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exter-
ior> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior>
On Areas
For an interior port, you would use one of the following to assign a port number and apply a body load:
Command(s): BF, BFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Areas
Next, you need to identify the port type: coaxial waveguide, rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide, parallel-
plate waveguide, transmission line, or plane wave. You also need to specify the attributes of the port (geometric
properties and excitation conditions). You may define geometric properties of a waveguide with respect to a
local coordinate system. For a waveguide port, the origin of the local coordinate system must be centered about
the face of the port without considering symmetry and the Z direction must correspond with the wave
propagation direction. A local coordinate system is not necessary for a transmission line port. For a plane wave
port, the z direction of either the global Cartesian or a local coordinate system must be perpendicular to the
periodic plane (see Figure 4.11: “Arbitrary Infinite Periodic Structure”).
To identify the port, use the command or menu path shown below.
Command(s): HFPORT,Portnum,Porttype,Local,Opt1,Opt2,VAL1,VAL2,VAL3,VAL4,VAL5
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exter-
ior> On Nodes
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Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Exterior>
On Areas
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Port> Interior>
On Areas
The Porttype argument defines the port type. The Opt1 argument defines the mode type for a waveguide port
or the path name for a transmission line port.
Transmission Line (TLINE) Voltage Path Name (no default, maximum 8 characters)
Plane Wave (PLAN) Not Used
1. The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the wide side and narrow side of the
waveguide, respectively.
2. The subscripts m and n mean the variation of the field along the angular and radial directions of the
waveguide, respectively.
3. The subscript zero means no field variation and the subscript n means the variation of the field between
the plates.
The VAL1 - VAL5 arguments specify inputs such as geometric properties and excitation conditions. See the HFPORT
command for additional information.
As shown in the following figure, a port may exist on the exterior surface or interior surface of a modeled domain.
An exterior port allows you to launch an incident wave and the port absorbs the reflected wave for the launched
mode. An interior port allows you to launch a bidirectional incident wave. All reflected modes will pass through
the interior port and will be absorbed by a PML absorbing boundary condition if the interior port is assigned as
a matched port. The Opt2 argument controls the ability to launch a wave and to pass reflected waves.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
You may consider a port to be a soft source or a hard source as shown in the following figures. At a soft source
port, the electromagnetic field represents the summation of the incident field launched and the reflected wave
passing through the port. The soft source port is equivalent to a matched voltage source as shown in Fig-
ure 4.15: “Soft Source Port”. At a hard source port, the electromagnetic field is fixed by the port type and mode.
The reflected wave is reflected back into the computational domain again by the hard source port. The hard
source port is equivalent to an unmatched voltage source as shown in Figure 4.16: “Hard Source Port”. You use
a hard source port only when you want to ignore the reflection of the electromagnetic field on the source plane
in order to simplify the model and reduce the size of the computational domain.
Opt2 = IMPD defines a port impedance boundary as shown in the following figure. For this option, if VAL3 and
VAL5 are left blank (see HFPORT VALUE Arguments for definitions), the port is treated as a matched port for the
specified mode. If VAL3 or VAL5 is not blank, you may launch an incident wave and the port will absorb the same
reflected mode. The port becomes a matched source port for the specified mode. When launching a fundamental
mode using the IMPD option, you should locate the port at least half of a wavelength away from any discontinuity
or structure to ensure that other reflected higher order modes are damped out. You may extract S-parameters
at this port for the single mode.
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Opt2 = HARD defines a hard feeding source aperture. As shown in the following figure, this port launches an
incident wave but it does not absorb any reflected waves. You should not extract S-parameters from this port
because the electromagnetic field is fixed at the port.
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Note — An interior port can only be defined in the normal element region (KEYOPT(4) = 0), and not at
the interface between the normal region and the PML region or in the PML region.
Use Opt2 = SEXT strictly as a port to extract S-parameters. Locate it ahead of the 1-D PML region as shown in
Figure 4.19: “Interior Soft Source and Extraction Ports”. This port will extract single mode S-parameters.
Opt2 = SOFT will launch the specified electromagnetic wave as a soft source on both sides of the port. In addition,
all reflected modes will pass through the port. A PML region can be located behind the interior port to absorb
the reflected and incident waves as shown in the following figure. For waveguides (Porttype=COAX, RECT, CIRC
or PARA), you can extract S-parameters of the specified single mode at this port.
Opt2 = HARD will launch a waveguide mode on both sides of the port, but it will not allow any reflected waves
to pass through the port. You should not extract S-parameters at this port. A hard interior port is not recommended.
You can define a transmission line port (Porttype = TLINE; Opt2 = SEXT) to extract parameters for a planar
transmission line. In addition to defining the transmission line port plane using the BF or BFA command, you
need to specify a voltage path from the central conductor to the ground on the port plane. Since a closed form
solution for the planar transmission line structure is not available, you should introduce a current density source
to excite the propagating modes in the structure. They will propagate along the transmission line structure,
while the excited evanescent modes damp out quickly away from the current density source. You must use PML
to terminate the computational domain. The parameter extraction plane of the transmission line port should be
between the excitation current density source and the discontinuity for a input port. It should be between the
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 4–19
Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
discontinuity and the PML region for output ports. A PML region should be behind the current density source.
The model is shown in the following figure.
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3
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-, % .0/12
The plane wave source port (Porttype = PLAN, Opt2 = SOFT) launches a plane wave for a scattering analysis of
a periodic structure. Here, you need to define the coupled master and slave surfaces of the solid model or nodes
of the finite element model. You must use PML to truncate the open space because Floquet's electromagnetic
wave propagates in the periodic structure. The plan wave port must be an interior soft port as illustrated in the
following figure. For information on how to define a plane wave, see Section 4.3.2.3: Plane Wave Source.
T: <B>YTW^F`_<R>
9+X6J OPG2FQ<RG S D=79EDF!GH2TOUWV;M
The HFPORT arguments VAL1 - VAL5 define the other port inputs.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
1. If time-averaged power is input, it overrides the applied voltage or field input. See the HFPORT command
for more information on the VAL1 -VAL5 arguments.
2. VAL3 is a RMS value.
For a surface current source, you should specify the current density on at least three nodes on an element face.
The surface current source must coincide with the element faces. You can define a current density surface source
using one of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr
Density> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr Density>
On Areas
For a line current source, you should specify the current density at two nodes connected by an element edge.
The line current source must coincide with the element edges. To define a current density line source, use one
of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFL
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr
Density> On Nodes
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr Density>
On Lines
A point current source must be at the element nodes. You can define a current density point source using one
of the following:
Command(s): BF, BFK
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr
Density> On Nodes
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr Density>
On Keypoints
In general, a current density source launches the electromagnetic wave in all directions. For a propagating or
resonant system, you can use a current density source to excite the propagating modes or resonant modes of
the structure. Only proper modes can exist in the structure. In order to reduce the parasitic modes, you should
choose the distribution of the current density based on the electric field distribution of the excited mode. The
following figure shows an example for a planar transmission line. You can excite the fundamental propagating
mode by defining a line current density source pointing from the central conductor to the ground.
The following guidelines apply when a current density source is used to excite a high-frequency propagating
structure:
• To avoid the parasitic modes around the excitation source, locate parameter extraction planes at least
1/4 wavelength away from the excitation position.
• Use PML to terminate the computational domain along the wave propagating direction.
You can also define a radiation source using a current density distribution in terms of a conducting current dis-
tribution on the radiator. For example, you can choose a sinusoidal current distribution to model a very thin half-
wavelength dipole antenna.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
If a plane wave port is assigned, you can define a plane wave in a local Cartesian coordinate system.
Define a external plane wave (a free-space harmonic incident plane electromagnetic wave) using one of the
following:
Command(s): PLWAVE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Excitation> Plane Wave>
Define Wave
θ
Note — As shown in Figure 4.24: “Spherical Coordinates”, the wave vector points to the origin of the
Cartesian coordinate system.
When used together with an unbounded domain model (using PML as an absorber), the scattering effects of an
incident field on a body can be simulated using the scattering analysis command HFSCAT.
You cannot use the PLWAVE command to define an incident plane wave for a scattering analysis of a periodic
structure. Here, a plane wave port must be specified using the HFPORT command. The scattering analysis
command HFSCAT is not valid because a total field formulation is used for the scattering analysis of a periodic
structure.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
You should impose a hard surface magnetic field excitation source on the exterior nodes of a computational
domain as shown in Figure 4.25: “Exterior Hard Surface Magnetic Field Excitation”. Specify a soft excitation source
if the surface magnetic field source is on the interior nodes of a computational domain as shown in Fig-
ure 4.26: “Soft Interior Surface Magnetic Field Excitation”.
!#"$&%'
For a surface magnetic field source, you should specify the magnetic field at three nodes on an element face, at
least. The surface magnetic field source must coincide with the element faces. The magnetic field is input by
defining up to three components of a vector quantity (HX, HY, HZ) and a phase angle. If the magnetic field vector
does not align with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advantage of a rotated nodal coordinate
system (NROTAT command). The magnetic field specified at nodes (BF command) or transferred to nodes from
a solid model entity (BFA, BFL, or BFK) may use a rotated nodal coordinate system to align the magnetic field
vector. To view the magnetic field vectors, use the /PBC,H,,2 command option.
You can also apply a soft excitation source as shown in the following figure. It allows reflection waves to go
through the source surface without any reflection. To do so, you define an interior surface magnetic field source
using the BF or BFA command. The HF119 or HF120 elements in the region that the reflection wave propagates
into must be scattering elements (KEYOPT(4) = 2). However, you still define the elements in the PML region by
a KEYOPT(4) = 1 setting.
W H XPJ G W GIOFU
W I HN&Y
For a line electric field source, you should specify the electric field at two nodes connected by an element edge.
For a surface electric field source, you should at least specify the electric field at three nodes on an element face.
The surface electric field source must coincide with the element faces. The line electric field source must coincide
with the element edges.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
The electric field is input by defining up to three components of a vector quantity (EFX, EFY, and EFZ) and a phase
angle. If the electric field vector does not align with the global Cartesian coordinate system, you may take advant-
age of a rotated nodal coordinate system (NROTAT command). The electric field specified at nodes (BF command)
or transferred to nodes from a solid model entity (BFA, BFL, or BFK) may use a rotated nodal coordinate system
to align the electric field vector. To view the electric field vectors, use the /PBC,EF,,2 command option.
The electric field source is a fixed hard excitation source, which is equivalent to an unmatched voltage source.
The AX DOF updates automatically after the excitation electric field is imposed on the element nodes.
Only the first order HF119 and HF120 elements are available for this excitation.
The surface equivalence principle enables you to calculate the electromagnetic fields beyond the FEA domain.
It states that the electromagnetic field exterior to a given surface can be exactly represented by an equivalent
electric and magnetic current placed on that surface and allowed to radiate into the region external to that surface.
Refer to the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information on this principle.
For problems requiring near-field and far-field computations (for example, antenna parameters, radar cross
section, and electromagnetic field values) you must first define an equivalent source surface in the preprocessor
as shown in the following figure. The surface must enclose the radiator or scatter, except for symmetry planes.
The equivalent electric and magnetic current are computed and stored on the surface. This enables you to quickly
calculate near-field and far-field information in the postprocessor.
*(+
! #"$
%&'
()
Equivalent Surface
For radiation and scattering problems, you must use an absorbing boundary condition, either PML or far-field
radiation boundary (INF). Since the ideal radiation or scattering plane wave leads to a very large spherical com-
putational domain for an acceptable numerical accuracy, you should use PML to truncate the computational
domain. The equivalent source surface should be between the radiator or scatter and the PML region. In principle,
the equivalent source surface should be close to the radiator or scatter to obtain good near-field and far-field
results. However, because of the lower order element discretization of the computational domain and the nu-
merical integration on the equivalent source surface, you should use half a wavelength or greater separation
between the radiator or scatter and the equivalent source surface. You should also place some buffer elements
between the equivalent source surface and the PML region.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
You define an equivalent source surface using a surface boundary condition with the Maxwell flag MXWF. Exercise
care when applying a MXWF surface load to define an equivalent source surface. Do not flag any surface on a
symmetry plane (for example, the y-z and x-z planes in Figure 4.27: “Equivalent Source Surface”). The following
is one way to flag an equivalent source surface:
The following is another way you can flag an equivalent source surface:
Caution: Do not apply the surface flag using the SFA command. This option will transfer the surface flag
to adjacent elements on either side of the equivalent source surface and may lead to erroneous results.
You do not need to define an equivalent source surface when performing a scattering analysis of a periodic
structure. The interior plane wave port surface serves as the equivalent source surface.
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Section 4.3: Applying Boundary Conditions and Excitations (Loads)
When applying lumped circuit loads to multiple edges, you must generate equivalent circuit loads whose sum
is equal to the given lumped circuit load. For example, consider the 2-port lumped network shown in the following
figure.
C7D C C7D
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
The following figure shows the equivalent circuit model and impedance values for a FEA mesh with the impedance
load shown in Figure 4.29: “2-Port Lumped Network”. The 2Z/3 loads are applied to the mid-nodes of the corres-
ponding edges.
You cannot restart a harmonic analysis. If you want to apply a different set of harmonic loads, do a new analysis
each time.
For a relatively small-size problem (50,000 DOFs or less), the sparse solver is recommended. For larger problems,
you can also use the ICCG solver. If you are using second order elements, the ICCG solver is not recommended.
If the ICCG solver does not converge, you must switch to the sparse solver. In general, if a FEA model has 1 million
DOFs, it requires 2 GB RAM and 10-15 GB disk space for the SPARSE solver. For the number of DOFs per element,
see Table 4.1: “Element DOFs” in this chapter.
If Ne is the total number of HF119 tetrahedral elements and M is defined by M=(Ne/5)1/3, the number of DOFs
for 1st order and 2nd order elements are 3M(M+1)(2M+1) and 6M(M+1)(4M+1)+8M3, respectively. If Ne is the
total number of HF120 hexahedral elements and M is defined by M=Ne1/3, the number of DOFs for 1st order and
2nd order elements are 3M(M+1)2 and 6M(M+1)(3M+1)+6M3, respectively.
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Section 4.4: Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
If you specify the frequency range on the HARFRQ command to perform a frequency sweep, you have to store
each load step of data and manually process each result.
Use the HFSCAT command to specify a scattering analysis and the type of electromagnetic field output:
• Use the scattering formulation and store the scattering field Esc(Lab = SCAT).
• Use the scattering formulation and store the total electromagnetic field Etotal = Einc + Esc (Lab = TOTAL)
• Turn off scattering formulation analysis (Lab = OFF)
If a Radar Cross Section (RCS) is required at postprocessing, you must specify Lab = SCAT. You must also flag the
virtual equivalent current source surface that encloses the scatter using the SF command (Lab = MXWF).
Note —
• Only first order HF119 or HF120 elements are available for a scattering analysis.
• The HFSCAT command is not applicable to a scattering analysis of a periodic structure.
Only first order HF119 or HF120 elements are available for a radiation analysis of a phased array antenna.
To specify a radiation scan angle for a phased array antenna analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFPA
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
To solve the analysis over a range of frequencies, you can either execute the HFSWEEP macro or specify the
frequency range by the HARFRQ command. HFSWEEP saves you some steps in that it automatically solves the
analysis and executes ANSYS macros (such as SPARM, IMPD and REFLCOEF) which calculate S-parameters and
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
other coefficients automatically. If you specify the frequency range by HARFRQ to perform a frequency sweep,
you need to store the data for each load step and manually process each result set to obtain S-parameters and
coefficient data. For detailed information on SPARM, IMPD, REFLCOEF and other macros, see Section 4.5.4:
Calculating Circuit Parameters for High-Frequency Devices in this guide. Information on these macros can also
be found in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
When using HFSWEEP, for a coaxial waveguide, you may elect to calculate multi-port S-parameters or reflection
coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss, and impedance at a specified location from the driven port.
For rectangular waveguides, you may calculate S-parameters for up to four ports. The ANSYS program calculates
the data and stores it in the array parameter HFDATA. The program displays the results interactively in tabular
form and on an output file, HFSWEEP.OUT. The data is also displayed on graphs stored in a file, HFSWEEP.GPRH.
You can view the graphs with the externally supplied DISPLAY program. It you want to export the data to a third-
party package, you can do so through the HFSWEEP.OUT file or the HFDATA array parameter. To ensure that
all input data for executing the macro is defined properly, run a short sweep (one or two frequencies) before
initiating a lengthy frequency sweep.
Note — Using the HFSWEEP macro may require you to define one or more paths through your model.
You must define these paths in the postprocessor (with the PATH and PPATH commands) and save
them to an external file (PASAVE command) or to an array parameter (PAGET command) before issuing
the frequency sweep. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for information about paths or the descriptions
of the PATH, PPATH, and PAGET commands.
The SPSWP macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a frequency range and executes the SPARM
macro to calculate S-parameters. It outputs a Touchstone file of S-parameters, filename.snp, where n is the
number of ports. The SwpOpt argument specifies the solution method: Full, Variational Technology, or Variational
Technologyusing a perfect absorber. The full method uses the direct or iterative solver to perform solutions at
every frequency between the beginning and ending frequencies (FREQB and FREQE arguments) as determined
by the frequency increment (FREQINC argument). For more information on this method, see the information
under Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters). The separately licensed ANSYS Frequency Sweep VT performs a
factorization solution of the linear equations at the mid-frequency of the specified range. It then performs good
approximations of the results over the frequency range. Variational Technology can be much faster than the full
method. For more information on that method, see ANSYS Frequency Sweep VT in the ANSYS Advanced Analysis
Techniques Guide.
It is recommended that you perform an initial solution at a single frequency to ensure that all input arguments
are properly set before you run a frequency sweep. To run a single frequency, set FREQB to FREQE.
SPSWP performs a sequence of solutions whereby for each solution, one port is “excited” and the other ports
are “matched”. Each solution represents one column of a S-parameter matrix (i.e., if Port 1 is excited for a three-
port system, the resulting column represents the S11, S21 and S31 S-parameters). A full S-parameter matrix for
an n port system at one frequency requires n solutions alternating “excited” and “matched” port boundary
conditions at each port. SPSWP will solve a column of the S-parameter matrix for each port that has a defined
excitation. If all ports have a defined excitation, then the full S-parameter matrix will be computed.
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Section 4.4: Solving Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
To use this function, you must flag the ports. Use the SF or SFA commands for exterior waveguide ports, and
use the BFA, BFL or BF commands for interior waveguide or transmission line ports. Number the ports sequentially
from “1” with no gaps in the numbering.
To prepare the ports for SPSWP, you must define the port excitations. For waveguide ports, excitation is defined
using the HFPORT command. For transmission line ports, excitations are defined using BFA, BFL or BF and
current density sources. Transmission line excitation must be offset from the transmission line port plane defined
by the HFPORT command. Each current density source must be bound to the associated transmission line port.
For example, the following command input listing ties a current density source to port number 1.
…
hfport,1,tline,,'volt_1',50.
bf,js,jx,jy,jz, -1
…
For transmission line ports, you also need to define a voltage path on the transmission line port plane with the
PATH command. Save the path to the Jobname.PATH file using PASAVE,ALL.
For each solution, SPSWP computes S-parameters with the excitation on all ports nullified except for one. It restores
all excitation loads after the sequence of solutions is completed.
Postprocessing is limited to the solution with the last port excited and the other ports matched. The OutPut
argument controls the results file output. The minimal size results file (OutPut = 0) only contains information
on elements attached to the flagged waveguide ports or to the defined paths for transmission line ports. It is
recommended if you have a large number of frequencies.
S-parameters results are written to a Touchstone format file jobname.snp, where n is the number of ports. The
first line is a general description of the output data and starts with an exclamation point (!). The second line
contains the following information:
• starts with a #
• frequency unit (GHz, MHz, KHz, Hz)
• parameter type: S = scattering parameters, Y = admittance parameters, and Z = impedance parameters
• data format: magnitude-angle (MA), dB-angle (DB), or real-imaginary (RI)
• normalizing impedance: R n, where n = ohms
The output then lists the S-parameters in row format for each frequency. Up to four ports are listed in a row.
Rows are repeated for each frequency until all port data is listed. The following examples demonstrate the format.
Frequency appears as f and magnitude and phase appear as m and p, respectively.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
The SPSCAN macro automatically performs harmonic analyses over a range of angles and executes the SPARM
macro to calculate S-parameters at the input port of a phased array antenna. It outputs a Touchstone-like file of
S-parameters, filename.snp. The Variational Technology solution method is not available in SPSCAN.
Derived data:
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
Additional data are available. See the ANSYS Elements Reference for details.
You can review analysis results in POST1, the general postprocessor. In general, the results are out-of-phase with
the input loads. The solution is calculated and stored in terms of real and imaginary components as detailed
above.
Use POST1 to review results over the entire model at specific frequencies. For viewing results over a range of
frequencies, use the time-history postprocessor, POST26.
See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information on the notation. The ETABLE command lets you view
less frequently-used items. The HF119 and HF120 descriptions in the ANSYS Elements Reference discuss these
items.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
You can view most of these items graphically. To do so, substitute plotting commands or GUI paths (see the in-
dividual commands for the appropriate GUI paths) for the commands whose names begin with "PL" (for example,
use PLNSOL instead of PRNSOL, as illustrated below):
You also can plot element table items. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more information.
The ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) also contains commands that may be useful in postprocessing,
and results processing purposes. For more information about the APDL, see the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable
Features.
The following two sections discuss some typical POST1 operations for calculating the near and far-fields and
parameters for high-frequency devices. For a complete description of all postprocessing functions, see the ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
4.5.3. Calculating Near Fields, Far Fields, and Far Field Parameters
Postprocessing commands are available for calculating the near or far electromagnetic fields beyond the FEA
computational domain. The commands HFNEAR, PRHFFAR, and PLHFFAR use the surface equivalence principle
to determine the fields. The surface equivalence principle states that equivalent currents can exactly represent
the electromagnetic fields exterior to the surface. Refer to Surface Equivalence Principle in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory
Reference for more information.
Use of near and far-field commands requires that an equivalent source surface be defined in the preprocessor.
See Section 4.3.2.6: Equivalent Source Surface for details.
You can obtain the near electric field or near magnetic field at a point (X, Y, Z) in a coordinate system or along a
path. When determining the field at a point, you specify a coordinate value in the global or a local coordinate
system. You also specify a global coordinate system for the output vector. When determining the field along a
path, you define a path using the PATH command and you set VAL to PATH. All previous path items are cleared
before HFNEAR executes.
To use HFNEAR, you must first define an equivalent current source surface in the preprocessor. You must issue
the HFSYM command to account for symmetry planes in the modeled region.
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
You can display the magnitude or the Cartesian or spherical components of the far electromagnetic field.
Radar Cross Section (RCS) and Normalized Radar Cross Section (RCSN)
The bistatic scattering cross section (radar cross section), measures the scattering characteristics of a target for
an incident plane wave. The radar cross section (RCS) depends on the dimensions and material properties of the
object and the wavelength and incident angle of the plane wave. It is also a function of the polarization of the
incident wave. You can calculate the RCS for the pth component of the scattered field for a q-polarized incident
plane wave where p and q represent the φ and θ spherical components, respectively.
θ
The RCS can be normalized by the wavelength in a 2-D analysis and the wavelength squared in a 3-D analysis.
Using PLHFFAR or PRHFFAR, you can calculate a 3-D RCS for radar echo area, φ-φ polarization, φ-θ polarization,
θ-φ polarization, or θ-θ polarization. You can calculate a 2-D RCS using a 3-D computational model. You extrude
a 2-D model a distance ∆z in the z direction to generate a 3-D numerical model. You can use PLHFFAR or
PRHFFAR to calculate a 2-D RCS for a TE or TM incident plane wave.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information
on RCS.
Antenna Parameters
You can obtain various antenna design parameters (for example, radiation pattern, radiation power, directive
gain, directivity, power gain and radiation efficiency) based on the far field results. Refer to High-Frequency
Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for definitions of these parameters.
You can display Cartesian or polar components of the antenna radiation pattern and direct gain.
Before issuing PLHFFAR or PRHFFAR, you need to flag a virtual equivalent current source surface using Lab =
MXWF on the SF command in the preprocessor before solution. See Section 4.3.2.6: Equivalent Source Surface
for details. You must issue the HFSYM command if there is a symmetry plane in the modeled region. When cal-
culating antenna parameters, use the HFANG command to define the spatial angles if the radiation space is not
the entire spherical domain.
Before calculating far field or antenna parameters, you need to define the characteristics of a phased array antenna
using one of the following:
Command(s): HFARRAY
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Far Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct Gain)
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Far Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct Gain)
The total field of a phased array antenna is equal to the product of an array factor and the unit cell field.
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for the definition
of Array Factor.
4.5.3.3. Symmetry
You must account for symmetry planes in the modeled domain for postprocessing near or far electromagnetic
fields beyond the computational domain. To do so, use one of the following:
Command(s): HFSYM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map onto Path> HF Near Field
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Far Field (or RCS, RCS Normal-
ized)
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain)
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Far Field (or RCS, RCS Normalized)
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Field Extension> Antenna> Pattern (or Direct
Gain, Rad Power, Power Gain, Efficiency)
The HFSYM command accounts for PEC or PMC symmetry planes that coincide with the X-Y, Y-Z or Z-X planes
of the global or a local Cartesian coordinate system. It applies the image principle on the symmetric part of the
computational domain to represent the radiation effect of the partial equivalent current source beyond the
modeled domain. HFSYM accounts for the radiation that would be present if the entire structure was modeled.
If there is a PEC or PMC symmetry plane, you must issue the HFSYM command before issuing HFNEAR, PLHFFAR
or PRHFFAR. Although a PMC symmetry plane is a natural boundary condition in a finite element analysis, it
must be defined by the HFSYM command.
The HFANG command defines the radiation space of an antenna in terms of the type of antenna. For example,
the solid angle of a dipole antenna is determined by φε[ 0,360°] and θε[ 0,180°] and (Figure 4.32: “Solid Angle -
Dipole Antenna”), while the solid angle of a monopole antenna above ground plane is associated with φε[ 0,360°]
and θε[ 0,90°] (Figure 4.33: “Solid Angle - Monopole Antenna above Ground Plane”). If the electromagnetic wave
is not radiated into the entire space, you must issue the HFANG command before issuing the PLHFFAR or
PRHFFAR command.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
A phased array antenna is approximated by an infinite array of unit cells with periodic boundary conditions.
When you calculate the antenna parameters of the entire array based on the solution of the unit cell , only half
a radiation space should be defined (that is, φε[ 0,360°] and θε[ 0,90°]).
You can do this in POST1 by first reading in the solution for a given frequency and then performing certain
postprocessing tasks based on the corresponding definition of a parameter.
This section illustrates the basic steps you need to do to calculate parameters for high-frequency devices.
SPARM returns two S-parameters: Sii and Sji, where i represents the driven port and j is the matched port. For a
multi-port network, the S-parameters are defined as follows where a and b are the normalized incoming voltage
wave and the normalized outgoing voltage wave, respectively.
bj
b
Sii = i S ji =
ai a j = 0 ai a j = 0
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
The condition aj = 0 indicates a matched port. In your model, you should use an absorbing boundary condition,
such as PML, to truncate the computational domain. It represents the matched ports of the equivalent network.
If you are modeling a transmission line, you must define a voltage path from the central conductor to the ground
on the transmission line port where the parameters will be extracted. You must also input the characteristic im-
pedance of the transmission line prior to the solution. Usually, the characteristic impedance of the planar trans-
mission line is assigned to be 50 Ohms. A current density source should be located away from the extraction
port, which is located between the transmission line port and the PML region. PML must back the current density
excitation source for wave absorption. The defined transmission line ports (see the HFPORT command) are only
used for the extraction of parameters. You have to specify a current density excitation source for each port. If
the SPSWP macro is used, the current density sources need to be bound to an associated port using the BF, BFL,
or BFA command with the current density (JS) load label.
For a multi-port device, you issue multiple commands to retrieve the required S-parameter matrix terms. The
SPARM macro will output the magnitude and phase angle of the S-parameters.
If you define a matching output port, the HFPOWER macro can also calculate the transmitted power, insertion
loss, and power transmission coefficient. For lossy materials and conducting surfaces, you can also use it to cal-
culate the time-averaged dissipated power (from surface impedance or shielding boundary conditions). To cal-
culate dissipated power in a region, you must select the elements that are associated with the lossy material or
the conducting surfaces.
For a periodic structure that is used as a frequency selective surface, you need to specify input and output ports.
You can then calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients, power reflection and transmission coefficients,
and return and insertion loss using one of the following:
Command(s): FSSPARM
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Port> FSS Parameters
Refer to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Simulation in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for parameter
definitions.
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Chapter 4: Performing a High-Frequency Harmonic Analysis
To calculate it you need to define a path from the central conductor to the ground as shown in the following
figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
()
!
!
+, -
.$ 0/1 2$ +3-45$
'6*$ %57$ +,-
%' /1 '2'$
You first define the path using the following commands or GUI paths:
Command(s): PATH, PPATH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> Path Status> Defined Paths
Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes (or By Location)
The EMF command macro stores the results as the EMF parameter. All path items clear after EMF executes.
Current is defined as the line integral of the magnetic field H along a closed path containing the inner conductor:
I = Ñ H ⋅ dl
∫
c
To calculate it you need to define a closed current path contain the central conductor as shown in the following
figure for a coaxial waveguide (a), a microstrip line (b), and a coplanar waveguide (c).
After defining the current path using PATH or PPATH, you calculate the current using one of the following:
Command(s): MMF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Path Based> MMF
A counter clockwise ordering of points on the PPATH command will yield the correct sign for MMF. The MMF
command macro stores the results as the MMF parameter. All path items clear after MMF executes.
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Section 4.5: Postprocessing Harmonic High-Frequency Analyses
V
Z =
I
To calculate the impedance, you calculate both the EMF (voltage drop) and the MMF (current). The IMPD macro
calculates the complex impedance at the specified location. You must define the voltage and current paths before
issuing IMPD. The impedance calculation can work with a symmetry sector of a model. For example, if you
model only 10 degrees of a coax cable, you can supply a multiplier term on the MMF (current) calculation to ac-
count for a full model.
You can also convert and list scattering, admittance, or impedance parameters input by a Touchstone file. The
PRSYZ command generates a new Touchstone file jobname_SYZ.snp for the network parameters.
You can also convert and plot scattering, admittance, or impedance parameters as a function of frequency.
For more information on Touchstone files, see Section 4.4.6: Starting the Solution. For an example problem, see
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters.
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4–42
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency
Analysis
You can use the ANSYS program to perform modal high-frequency analyses. Using a high-frequency modal
analysis in 3-D, you can perform tasks such as finding the resonant frequencies and modal shapes for the elec-
tromagnetic field in a structure, as well as the quality factor if dielectric and surface losses are present. Fig-
ure 5.1: “Flow Chart for a Modal Analysis” shows the flow of an ANSYS modal analysis.
For a 3 D modal analysis, the program uses the tetrahedral element HF119 or the hexahedral or triangular prism
element HF120 to calculate the resonant frequencies of multiple modes of a resonant cavity. The eigenvalue
solution does not consider any damping effects from lossy dielectric materials or surface losses. Input excitation
is ignored, and the port is treated as an open circuit condition. Infinite surfaces (SF command, INF option (or GUI
equivalent)) are treated as a Magnetic Wall boundary. Electric Wall conditions are accounted for properly. Specified
lossy materials or surface impedance will be used in postprocessing to calculate a quality factor, but again will
have no bearing on the eigenvalue solution.
For a 2 D modal analysis, the ANSYS program uses the mixed nodal-edge element HF118 to determine the cutoff
frequencies and propagating constants of multiple modes in a guided wave structure. Only a first order element
is available for determining the propagating constant for a fixed frequency.
For a modal high-frequency electromagnetic analysis you begin with the same steps as a harmonic high-frequency
analysis as described in Section 4.1: Creating the Physics Environment and Section 4.2: Building the Model, As-
signing Region Attributes, and Meshing. You then follow the procedures illustrated in the following figure and
described in the next few sections.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis
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5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor and Specifying the Modal Analysis
Type
To enter the SOLUTION processor, use one of the following:
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
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Section 5.5: Solving a Modal High-Frequency Analysis
Use the HFEIGOPT command to specify one of the following modal analysis types:
For a 2-D propagating constant analysis, only the first order HF118 element option (KEYOPT(1) = 1) is available.
To obtain propagating constants over a frequency range, you have to execute a separate solution for each fre-
quency and manually process each result. See the HFEIGOPT command for detals.
To specify solver options for your modal analysis, use one of the following:
Command(s): MODOPT
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options
For a modal analysis, the Block Lanczos solver (MODOPT,LANB) or the subspace solver (MODOPT,SUBSP) should
be selected. The Block Lanczos solver, which is the default, is highly recommended.
Specifying a proper frequency range will make eigenvalue calculations more efficient and accurate. Input a lower-
end frequency just below the anticipated frequency, using the FREQB argument on the MODOPT command. In
addition, specify an upper-end frequency using the FREQC argument. Use the NMODE argument to request the
number of modes to extract. Normalizing the mode shapes to unity (via the Nrmkey argument) is recommended.
The MXPAND command is valid only within the first load step.
For a Quality factor computation, you may include effects from dielectric losses. To do so, specify a material res-
istivity (RSVX) or loss tangent property (LSST) in the preprocessor. To include effects from surface losses, specify
a surface impedance or shield properties using the SF or SFA command or their GUI paths. Specifiy these surface
quantities using the methods described for a harmonic analysis in Section 4.3.1: Applying Boundary Conditions.
Once the solution process completes, use one of the following to leave the SOLUTION processor:
Command(s): FINISH
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 5–3
Chapter 5: Performing a Modal High-Frequency Analysis
The HFPCSWP macro calculates the propagating constants of a transmission line or waveguide over a frequency
range. It displays them as a function of frequency in tabular or graphical output form. HFPCSWP writes out data
to the file HFPCSWP.OUT and graphical displays to the file HFPCSWP.GRPH. You can use the DISPLAY program
to display these graphis.
It is strongly recommended that you perform an initial solution at a single frequency to ensure that all input ar-
guments are properly posed before you run a frequency sweep. To run a single frequency, set the begining and
ending frequencies to the same value. HFPCSWP can only be used with HF118 elements. See the HFPCSWP
macro for details.
You can use the ANSYS macro QFACT to calculate the Quality factor of the resonance. It takes into account
dielectric losses (Qd) and surface losses (Qs):
1 1 1
= +
Q Qs Qd
5–4 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 6: Adaptive Remeshing
Among the electromagnetic field boundary conditions, the normal electric flux should be continuous at the
element interfaces. However, discretization of the computational domain and numerical error lead to differences
at the element interfaces. Refining the mesh reduces these differences so that numerical accuracy is improved.
For tetrahedral elements, you can use the HFEREFINE macro to automatically refine the mesh. It refines the
elements with a difference value greater than the mean difference value. For a periodic structure, you cannot
perform adaptive tetrahedral element meshing because identical mesh patterns are required on the master and
slave surface.
HFEREFINE removes all boundary conditions, excitation sources, and loads on the finite element model. You
must reapply them. If you apply them to the solid model, they transfer automatically to the finite element
model.
The number of elements may increase very quickly with the number of refinements. Therefore, it is necessary to
start with a reasonable initial mesh and only perform a few refinements. You can adjust the HFEREFINE refinement
factor to reduce the number of elements refined. You can always start with a reasonable coarse mesh (for example,
a mesh size of about 1/5 wavelength). See the HFEREFINE macro for details.
You can use APDL *do-loop to perform the refinement iterations. The following command input listing implements
two refinements:
...
et,1,HF119,1 ! define tetrahedral element
...
_n=3 ! two refinements are performed
*do, i, 1, _n ! _i=1 skip refinement
*if, _i, gt, 1, then
/prep7
hferefine
fini
*endif
/solu
...
fini
/post1
...
fini
*enddo
See Example Harmonic Analysis of a Waveguide with a Dielectric Post (Command Method) for a problem using
adaptive meshing.
Automatic re-meshing is not available for the hexahedral element. However, HFEREFINE will list the elements
with the largest errors. You can then manually refine the local meshes by adjusting the mesh size on the associated
solid model.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
6–2
Part I. Basic Wave Radiation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a Point Current Radiation
Source (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the near and far electric fields of a point current source using
ANSYS commands.
In this example, you calculate the near and far electric fields of a point current source with a current density Jo
= 0.00125 A/m2. You use a PML region and reflective symmetry.
Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Point Current Radiation Source (Command Method)
6 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Part II. Basic Wave Propagation Examples
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example describes how to do a simple harmonic high-frequency electromagnetic analysis of a coaxial
waveguide by issuing ANSYS commands, either manually during a session or in batch mode. You can also perform
the analysis through the ANSYS GUI menus, using the procedures described in the next example.
This example calculates the scattering parameters (S-parameters), impedance, and reflection coefficients for a
coax waveguide terminated in a matched port. Due to symmetry, the problem models only a 5° circumferential
angle.
εr = 1.0
Note — Nodes nbo, nbi, and nba are shown on the sketch for clarity. (These nodes are used in postpro-
cessing.)
ro = .075 m
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (Command Method)
l = .375 m
Loading Used
Port voltage = 1.0
Ω = 0.8 GHz
10 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI
Method)
Problem Description
This example shows how to use the ANSYS GUI to perform the same harmonic coaxial cable analysis done by
the command stream in the previous example.
1. Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A dialog
box appears.
2. Enter the title text, “Harmonic response analysis of a coaxial cable.”
3. Click OK.
4. Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5. Select High Frequency, located under Electromagnetic.
6. Click OK.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI Method)
3. Click OK. The ANSYS Graphics Window will show a wedge shape.
4. Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. Click Iso. Click Close.
12 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
26. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> All Lines. The Element Sizes on
All Selected Lines dialog box appears.
27. Set the "No. of element divisions" field to 1.
28. Click OK.
29. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Volumes> Mapped> 4 to 6 Sided. A picking
menu appears.
30. Click Pick All.
31. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 13
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI Method)
Step 10: Display Vector Plots of the Magnetic and Electric Fields
1. Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step. The Read Results by Load Step
Number dialog box appears.
14 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
2. For both the "Load step number" and "Substep number" fields, enter 1.
3. Click OK.
4. Choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box
appears.
5. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Mag Field H.
6. In the "Mode" field, click vector mode on.
7. In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
8. Click OK. The image in the Graphics Window becomes a vector plot of the magnetic field (H).
9. Again, choose Utility Menu> Plot> Results> Vector Plot. The Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog
box appears.
10. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight Flux & Gradient and Elec Field EF.
11. In the "Mode" field, click vector mode on.
12. In the "Vector location for results" field, click Elem Nodes on.
13. Click OK. The Graphics Window now displays a vector plot of the electric field (EF).
14. Click SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
Step 11: Define Paths for EMF (Voltage Drop) and MMF (Current)
1. Choose Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Change Active CS to> Global Cylindrical.
2. Choose Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box appears.
3. Enter the values shown below:
After typing each parameter value, click Accept. If you make a mistake typing a parameter value, backspace
and retype it. To erase an incorrect parameter after you have entered it, click on that parameter then
click Delete.
4. Click Close.
5. Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes. The picking menu
appears. At this point you may use the mouse to pick the nodes defining a path from the inner coax ra-
dius to the outer coax radius identified as "nbi" and "nbo" in Figure 1: “Symmetry Model of a Coax
Waveguide”. Alternatively, since we have captured the node numbers at those locations as parameters,
you can input the parameter values in the picker command line. We will detail this last procedure here
(although the former procedure is simpler).
6. In the picker, enter NBI and press the ENTER key.
7. In the picker, enter NBO and press the ENTER key.
8. Click OK. Another dialog box appears.
9. In the "Define Path Name" field, enter VLTG.
10. Click OK. Close the PDEF window.
11. Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path> By Nodes. The picking menu
appears.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 15
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI Method)
12. In the picker, enter NBO and press the ENTER key.
13. In the picker, enter NBA and press the ENTER key.
14. Click OK. Another dialog box appears.
15. In the "Define Path Name" field, enter CURR.
16. Click OK. Close the PDEF window.
Step 13: Calculate Reflection Coefficients, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and
Insert Loss, and Finish the Analysis
1. Choose Main Menu> General Postproc> Elec&Mag Calc> Port> Refl Coeff. The Calculate Reflection
Coefficients dialog box appears.
2. Set the "Input port number" field to 1.
3. Set the "Input port voltage" field to 1.
4. Set the "Voltage phase angle" field to 0.
5. Set the "Propagation distance" field to .375.
6. Set the "Propagation path name" field to VLTG.
7. Click OK. A pop-up window appears, showing you the reflection coefficient results.
8. Click Close to close the pop-up window.
9. Choose Main Menu> Finish.
10. Click on QUIT on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and click OK.
Calculated results: (see commands SPARM, IMPD, and REFLCOEF for parameter definitions): S11 = 0.0, S12 =
1.007, ZRe = 65.14 Ω, Zim = -0.16 Ω, REFLC = 6.87e-4, VSWR = 1.001, RL = 63.26.
16 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 17
Harmonic Analysis of a Coaxial Waveguide (GUI Method)
18 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Part III. Basic Wave Resonance Examples
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example describes how to do a modal high-frequency analysis of a cavity using ANSYS commands. You can
also perform the analysis through the ANSYS GUI menus, using the procedures described in the next example.
This example analysis calculates the TE101 mode eigenfrequency and quality factor in a Teflon filled cavity with
copper walls. The example assumes that the dielectric and surface losses are small and do not affect the eigen-
frequency solution.
εr = 2.05
ρ = 1.0361x105
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (Command Method)
µr = 1.0
22 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (GUI Method)
Problem Description
Calculated Quality Factor = 3006.1
This example describes how to use the ANSYS GUI doing the same modal high-frequency analysis done using
ANSYS commands in the previous example.
1. Activate the ANSYS GUI. When the GUI is fully active, choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. A dialog
box appears.
2. Enter the title text, Eigenvalue analysis of a dielectric filled cavity.
3. Click OK.
4. Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5. Select High Frequency under Electromagnetic and click OK.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (GUI Method)
Step 6: Apply the Electric Wall Condition and Specify Surface Shielding Prop-
erties
1. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Electric
Wall> On Areas. The Apply Electric Wall picking menu appears.
2. Click Pick All. The Graphics Window displays the electric wall boundary condition
3. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Shield>
On Areas. The Apply SHLD on Areas picking menu appears.
4. Click Pick All. The Apply SHLD on Areas dialog box appears.
5. Set COND = .58e8 and MUR = 1.0
6. Click OK.
7. Choose Main Menu> Finish.
24 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
4. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis dialog box ap-
pears.
5. Make sure that Block Lanczos is selected.
6. Specify the number of modes to extract (1).
7. Set the Expand mode shapes button to Yes.
8. Specify the number of modes to expand (1).
9. Set the Calculate elem results button to Yes.
10. Click OK. The Block Lanczos Method dialog box appears.
11. In the "FREQB Start Freq" field, enter 2.2e8.
12. In the "FREQE End Frequency" field, enter 4.0e8.
13. Set the Nrmkey Normalize mode shapes button to To Unity.
14. Click OK.
15. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. A pop-up window displays the analysis options
you specified. Review the window contents and then click Close.
16. In the Solve Current Load Step dialog box, click OK. A pop-up message notifies you when solution is
complete. Click Close to close it.
17. Choose Main Menu> Finish.
XV field: .75
YV field: .5
ZV field: .6
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 25
Modal Analysis of a Cavity (GUI Method)
13. In the "Vector item to be plotted" scrollable lists, highlight “Flux & gradient“ on the left and “Elec field
EF” on the right.
14. For "Mode," click vector mode on.
15. For "Vector location for results," click Elem Nodes on.
16. Verify that “Edge element edges” is set to Displayed.
17. Click OK. The Graphics Window now displays a vector plot of the electric field (EF).
26 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 27
28
Modal Analysis for a Circular Waveguide
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the dispersion characteristics of a waveguide using ANSYS com-
mands.
In this example, you calculate the propagating constants and cutoff frequencies for a circular waveguide with a
radius of 1 meter.
Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Modal Analysis for a Circular Waveguide (Command Method)
solve
finish
30 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Part IV. Basic Wave Scattering Examples
Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering
from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic plate using ANSYS
commands.
In this example, you calculate the RCS of a PEC plate (1λo x 1λo). You use a PML region and reflective symmetry.
Target Results
The target results for this example problem are as follows:
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Plane Wave Scattering from a Metallic Plate (Command Method)
34 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 35
36
Part V. Advanced Wave Radiation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter and antenna parameters of a 25×25 JRM array
antenna using ANSYS commands.
The JRM array consists of 0.9" × 0.4" rectangular waveguides in a 1.0" × 0.5" rectangular lattice, as shown on the
left in the following figure. Only one radiation unit is modeled. The FEA model consists of a waveguide of 0.9" ×
0.4" × 0.75" and an air box of 1.0" × 0.5" × 0.75" as shown on the right. The air box is covered by Perfectly Matched
Layers (PML) of absorbing material, 0.75" thick. An E-plane (φ=90°) scan is performed at 9.25 GHz.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna (Command Method)
a1=scal*0.9/2.
b1=scal*0.4/2.
a2=scal*1.0/2.
b2=scal*0.5/2
c1=0
c2=c1+scal*0.5
c3=c2+scal*0.25
c4=c3+scal*0.25
c5=c4+scal*0.5
c6=c5+scal*0.75
! --- Mesh definition ---
h1=lamda/10
h2=0.5*h1
tiny=1.e-5
ang=43
! --- Define elements and material
et,11,200,5
et,1,119,1,,,0
et,2,119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! --- Numerical model ---
local,11
wpcsys,,11
block,-a1,a1,-b1,b1,c1,c2
block,-a1,a1,-b1,b1,c2,c3
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,c3,c4
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,c4,c5
block,-a2,a2,-b2,b2,c5,c6
vglue,all
type,11
esize,h2
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c3,c4
amesh,all
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c4,c5
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
asel,a,loc,y,-b2
asel,r,loc,z,c5,c6
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-a2
agen,2,all,,,2*a2
asel,s,loc,y,-b2
agen,2,all,,,0,2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1
vsel,s,loc,z,c1,c2
esize,h1
vmesh,all
vsel,s,loc,z,c2,c4
esize,h2
vmesh,all
vsel,s,loc,z,c4,c5
esize,h1
vmesh,all
! --- PML element ---
type,2
vsel,s,loc,z,c5,c6
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
40 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
nsel,r,loc,x,-a1+tiny,a1-tiny
nsel,r,loc,y,-b1+tiny,b1-tiny
cm,ndapt,node
! --- Define master/slave coupling ---
nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,a,loc,y,b2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*b2,0,1
alls
! --- Set PEC on waveguide & PML wall ---
nsel,s,loc,x,-a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,y,-b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,r,loc,z,c1,c3
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,u,,,ndapt
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,all
! --- Flag equivalent source surface with MXWF ---
nsel,s,loc,z,c3,c4
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,z,c4
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! --- Define waveguide port ---
hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,impd,2*a1,2*b1,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,c1
sf,all,PORT,1
alls
save
fini
/solu
! --- Perform angle scanning for S-parameter calculation ---
spscan,freq,,90,90,,10,80,3.3,1
! use PLSPmacro command to plot out S-parameter in GUI
fini
/solu
! --- Perform an analysis at 43 degree
antype,harmic
hfpa,scan,,90,ang
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
fini
/post1
hfang,angle,0,360,0,90 ! define the radiation space (semi-space)
/thra,0,360 ! define the range of theta angle (undocumented)
plhffar,dgain,polar,90,90,,-70,85,155 ! plot the directive gain of unit cell
hfarray,25,25,_px,_py ! define a 25×25 array
plhffar,dgain,polar,90,90,,-70,85,155 ! plot the directive gain of 25×25 array
fini
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 41
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna (Command Method)
42 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
Figure 3 Directive Gain of Unit Cell with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 43
Harmonic Analysis for a JRM Array Antenna (Command Method)
Figure 4 Directive Gain of a 25×25 JRM Array with E-Plane Scan at 9.25 GHz
44 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array
Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a Lee-Jones array antenna with a triangular
lattice using ANSYS commands.
The Lee-Jones array consists of 1.122" × 0.497" rectangular waveguides in a 1.25" × 0.625" triangular lattice, as
shown on the left in Figure 1: “5×5 Lee-Jones Array and FEA Model of Unit Cell”. Only one radiation unit is modeled.
The FEA model shown on the right consists of a waveguide of 1.122" × 0.497" × 1.0" and an air box of 1.25" ×
0.625" × 1.0". The air box is covered by Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) of absorbing material, 0.5" thick. An H-
plane (φ=0°) scan is performed at 9.5 GHz. The periodic boundary conditions are shown in Figure 2: “Periodic
Boundary Condition for Lee-Jones Array”.
"!#$
% %
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array Antenna (Command Method)
46 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
asel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
agen,2,all,,,a2,-2*b2
asel,s,loc,y,b2
asel,r,loc,x,0,a2
agen,2,all,,,-a2,-2*b2
alls
nummrg,all
mat,1
type,1
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,c1,c2
vsel,a,loc,z,c4,c5
vmesh,all
esize,h2
vsel,s,loc,z,c2,c4
vmesh,all
! --- PML element ---
type,2
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,c5,c6
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,11
alls
! --- Define master/slave coupling ---
nsel,s,loc,y,b2
nsel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
cm,edge11,node
nsel,s,loc,y,b2
nsel,r,loc,x,0,a2
cm,edge21,node
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,r,loc,x,-a2,0
cm,edge22,node
nsel,s,loc,y,-b2
nsel,r,loc,x,0,a2
cm,edge12,node
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,r,loc,x,-a1,a1
nsel,r,loc,y,-b1,b1
cm,ndapt,node
nsel,s,loc,x,-a2
nsel,a,loc,x,a2
cpcyc,ax,,,2*a2,0,0,1
nsel,s,,,edge11
nsel,a,,,edge12
cpcyc,ax,,,a2,-2*b2,0,1
nsel,s,,,edge21
nsel,a,,,edge22
cpcyc,ax,,,-a2,-2*b2,0,1
alls
! --- Set PEC on waveguide wall & PML wall ---
nsel,s,loc,x,-a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,y,-b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,r,loc,z,c1,c3
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c3
nsel,u,,,ndapt
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,c6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,all
! --- Define waveguide port ---
hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,impd,2*a1,2*b1,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,c1
sf,all,PORT,1
alls
save
fini
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 47
Harmonic Analysis for a Lee-Jones Array Antenna (Command Method)
/solu
! --- Perform angle scanning for S-parameter calculation ---
spscan,freq,,0,0,,0,55,5,0
fini
Target Results
The figure below depicts the S-parameter at the waveguide port over a range of angles, from 0° to 55°.
48 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch
Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a line-fed microstrip patch antenna using
ANSYS commands.
The line-fed microstrip patch antenna consists of a 16 mm × 12.45 mm metallic rectangular patch on the substrate
with the thickness of 0.794 mm and εr = 2.2. The width of the microstrip is 2.46 mm and the characteristic imped-
ance is assumed to be 50 Ohms. The distance from the edge of the microstrip to the edge of the patch is 2.09
mm, as shown on the top in the figure below. The structure is enclosed by Perfectly Matched Layers (PML) of
absorbing material, excepting the ground plane, as shown on the bottom.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
50 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- define geometry ---
ws=2.46
wp1=2.09
wp2=7.9
hp=16.
hm=4.
hs=0.794
scal=1.e-3
a3=-wp1
a4=0
a2=a3-ws
a1=a2-ws
a5=ws
a6=a5+wp2
a7=a6+ws
a8=a7+ws
b5=0.
b6=hp
b7=b6+hm
b8=b7+1.25*hm
b4=b5-hm
b3=b4-hm
b2=b3-hm
b1=b2-1.25*hm
rect,a2,a3,b2,b3
rect,a3,a4,b2,b3
rect,a4,a5,b2,b3
rect,a5,a6,b2,b3
rect,a6,a7,b2,b3
rect,a2,a3,b3,b4
rect,a3,a4,b3,b4
rect,a4,a5,b3,b4
rect,a5,a6,b3,b4
rect,a6,a7,b3,b4
rect,a2,a3,b4,b5
rect,a3,a4,b4,b5
rect,a4,a5,b4,b5
rect,a5,a6,b4,b5
rect,a6,a7,b4,b5
rect,a2,a3,b5,b6
rect,a3,a4,b5,b6
rect,a4,a5,b5,b6
rect,a5,a6,b5,b6
rect,a6,a7,b5,b6
rect,a2,a3,b6,b7
rect,a3,a4,b6,b7
rect,a4,a5,b6,b7
rect,a5,a6,b6,b7
rect,a6,a7,b6,b7
rect,a1,a2,b1,b2
rect,a2,a3,b1,b2
rect,a3,a4,b1,b2
rect,a4,a5,b1,b2
rect,a5,a6,b1,b2
rect,a6,a7,b1,b2
rect,a7,a8,b1,b2
rect,a1,a2,b2,b3
rect,a7,a8,b2,b3
rect,a1,a2,b3,b4
rect,a7,a8,b3,b4
rect,a1,a2,b4,b5
rect,a7,a8,b4,b5
rect,a1,a2,b5,b6
rect,a7,a8,b5,b6
rect,a1,a2,b6,b7
rect,a7,a8,b6,b7
rect,a1,a2,b7,b8
rect,a2,a3,b7,b8
rect,a3,a4,b7,b8
rect,a4,a5,b7,b8
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 51
Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
rect,a5,a6,b7,b8
rect,a6,a7,b7,b8
rect,a7,a8,b7,b8
aglue,all
! --- define mesh size ---
nx1=8
nx2=4
nx3=5
ny1=4
ny2=16
nz1=5
nz2=4
hx1=(a3-a1)/nx1
hx2=(a4-a3)/nx2
hx3=(a5-a4)/nx3
hy1=(b2-b1)/ny1
hy2=(b6-b5)/ny2
lsel,s,loc,x,(a1+a2)/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(a2+a3)/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(a6+a7)/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(a7+a8)/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(a3+a4)/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(a5+a6)/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(a4+a5)/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,y,(b1+b2)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b2+b3)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b3+b4)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b4+b5)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b6+b7)/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(b7+b8)/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(b5+b6)/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
alls
type,11
asel,all
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,r,loc,x,a2,a7
asel,r,loc,y,b2,b7
cm,agr1,area
! --- meshing ---
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-hs
alls
mat,2
esize,,nz1
asel,s,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
alls
! --- PML element ---
type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-hs
mat,2
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
52 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,hs
vext,all,,,0,0,hs
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for microstrip and PML wall ---
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,a4,a5
nsel,r,loc,y,b1,b5
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,a3,a6
nsel,r,loc,y,b5,b6
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,a1
nsel,a,loc,x,a8
nsel,a,loc,y,b1
nsel,a,loc,y,b8
nsel,a,loc,z,-hs
nsel,a,loc,z,2*hs
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current ---
nsel,s,loc,y,b3
nsel,r,loc,x,a4,a5
nsel,r,loc,z,-hs,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.e-3,-1
! --- define transmission line port ---
hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,b4
nsel,r,loc,z,-hs,hs
nsel,r,loc,x,a2,a7
bf,all,port,1
alls
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! --- define voltage routines ---
y1=scal*b4
xv1=scal*0.5*(a4+a5)
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*hs
nv11=node(xv1,y1,zv1)
nv12=node(xv1,y1,zv2)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
pasave,all
fini
/solu
! --- perform a frequency sweep for s-parameter from 1GHz to 20 GHz ---
spswp,1.0e9,20.0e9,0.5e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “S-Parameter of Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna” depicts the S-parameter at the microstrip line
feeding port from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. The pattern of the electric field at 7.5 GHz is shown in Figure 3: “Contour of
Electric Field Magnitude at 7.5 GHz”.
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Harmonic Analysis for Line-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna (Command Method)
54 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 55
56
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a
Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radiation pattern of a waveguide antenna with no flare using
ANSYS commands.
The geometry of the modeled three-dimension PEC waveguide radiator with no flare is as follows: width = 2λ0/3,
height = λ0/3 and length = 2λ0. A sinusoidal source is excited on a wide-side-directed monopole feed centered
in the waveguide wide side and λ0/3 from the closed end. One half of the structure is used for numerical modeling,
because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. A uniform current density is used to model the excitation
source. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric plane.
λ
λ
λ
λ
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
_b(5)=lambda/6
_b(6)=_b(5)+lambda/8
_b(7)=_b(6)+lambda/8
_b(8)=_b(7)+lambda/4
_c(6)=0
_c(5)=_c(6)-5*lambda/3
_c(4)=_c(5)-lambda/3
_c(3)=_c(4)-lambda/8
_c(2)=_c(3)-lambda/8
_c(1)=_c(2)-lambda/4
_c(7)=_c(6)+lambda/8
_c(8)=_c(7)+lambda/6
_c(9)=_c(8)+lambda/2
et,11,200,7 ! temporary element
et,1,120,1
et,2,120,1,,,1 ! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
h1=lambda/15
h2=lambda/12
*do,_i,1,8
_nz(_i)=nint((_c(_i+1)-_c(_i))/h2)
*enddo
*do,_i,1,4
*do,_j,1,7
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
agen,2,all,,,0,0,-(_c(6)-_c(2))
asel,s,loc,z,_c(6)
adel,all
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
asel,s,loc,x,_a(1),(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
cm,airs,area
asel,all
! 2-d meshing
type,11
esize,h1
amesh,all
! 3-d meshing
mat,1
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
esize,,_nz(1)
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c(2)-_c(1))
*do,_i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,_c(_i)
*if,_i,eq,2,then
asel,u,,,airs
*endif
esize,,_nz(_i)
vext,all,,,0,0,_c(_i+1)-_c(_i)
*enddo
! normal element
type,1
*do,_i,2,7
asel,s,loc,z,_c(_i)
asel,r,loc,x,_a(1),(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
asel,r,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
esize,,_nz(_i)
vext,all,,,0,0,_c(_i+1)-_c(_i)
*enddo
! PML element
type,2
asel,s,loc,z,_c(8)
esize,,_nz(8)
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c(9)-_c(8))
asel,s,loc,z,_c(2)
aclear,all
58 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
alls
nummrg,all
! flag equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(3),_b(6)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(3),_c(7)
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(6)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(3)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(7)
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define PEC
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(4),_b(5)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(4),_c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(4),_c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(5)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(4),_c(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(4),_b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(5)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(8)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(9)
d,all,ax,0
alls
! set up excitation line current
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(5)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(4),_b(5)
bf,all,js,0,1.e-3,0
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
eqslv,sparse
solve
finish
! post-processing
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,pmc, ! define image symmetric plane
prhffar,patt,,0,0,,0,360,360 ! print out radiation pattern
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “Radiation Pattern of Waveguide Radiator Without Flare on E-Plane” depicts the radiation pattern of
the waveguide antenna on the E-plane (φ=0°). Figure 3: “Electric Field Contour of Waveguide Radiator Without
Flare” shows the electric field contour in the computational domain.
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Harmonic Analysis for Radiation of a Waveguide Antenna with No Flare (Command Method)
60 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 61
62
Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength
Dipole Antenna (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radiation far field and antenna parameters of a half wavelength
dipole antenna using ANSYS commands.
Assume that the distribution of current density along the wire is J = 0.08 sin β(h-|z|) z A/m2, where β is the vacuum
wave number and h is the half-length of the dipole antenna. Only 1/8 structure is used for the numerical simulation,
because of the symmetry of the electromagnetic field. PML is used to truncate the open domain. PEC is imposed
on the symmetrical plane perpendicular to the current density vector. The analytic directivity and radiation power
of the antenna are 2.156 dB and 0.058 watt, respectively.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength Dipole Antenna (Command Method)
asel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
asel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(3)
cm,_area1,area
type,1
mat,1
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,area,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
type,2
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c2-_c1)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
asel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(3)
cm,_area1,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c3-_c2)
esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
asel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
asel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(3)
cm,_area1,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
asel,u,,,_area1
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c4-_c3)
esize,,_npml
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c5-_c4)
asel,a,loc,z,_c1
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c1,_c3
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(2)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(2)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c3
sf,all,mxwf
nsel,all
esel,all
! define boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,y,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c5
d,all,ax,0.
allsel,all
_ll=_c2-_c1
_hz=_ll/_nz1
*do,_i,0,_nz1 !define sinusoid line current source
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,0
nsel,r,loc,z,_i*_hz
cc= sin(beta*(_ll-_i*_hz))*curr !current density distribution
*if,cc,eq,0,then
cc=1.e-9
*endif
bf,all,js,0,0,cc
64 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
*enddo
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
/post1
set,1,1
hfsys,11,pmc,pmc,pec !set up symmetry
hfang,,0,360,0,180 !set up radiation solid angle
plhffar,field,EF,0,0,,0,180,18,10.,2,Z !plot theta component of E on E-plane
plhffar,patt,polar,0,0,,0,180,18 !radiation pattern on E-plane
plhffar,dgain,polar,0,0,,0,180,18
prhffar,dgain,max !print out directivity
prhffar,prad !print out radiation power
fini
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Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength Dipole Antenna (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
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Harmonic Analysis for a Half Wavelength Dipole Antenna (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 69
70
Part VI. Advanced Wave Propagation Examples
Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass
Filter (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a microstrip low-pass filter using ANSYS
commands.
The microstrip low-pass filter is distributed on a dielectric substrate backed by a PEC ground plane. The width
of the input and output microstrip lines are 2.413 mm. The width of the stub is 2.54 mm. The strip is assumed to
be perfectly conducting of thickness 0 m. The substrate material is a lossless dielectric of relative permittivity
2.2. The thickness of the substrate is 0.794 mm. The top and side views of the structure are shown in the figure
below. The characteristic impedance of the microstrip line is assumed to be 50 Ohm. To extract the S-parameter,
the current density source is used to excite the system. The PML absorbing material is used to enclose the
structure excepting the ground plane.
ε
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass Filter (Command Method)
*dim,_b,array,9
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+s1/2
_a(3)=_a(2)+s1/2
_a(4)=_a(3)+s1
_a(5)=_a(4)+w1
_a(6)=_a(5)+s2
_a(7)=_a(6)+w1
_a(8)=_a(7)+s1
_a(9)=_a(8)+s1/2
_a(10)=_a(9)+s1/2
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+s1
_b(3)=_b(2)+s1/2
_b(4)=_b(3)+s1/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+s1/4
_b(6)=_b(5)+w2
_b(7)=_b(6)+s1/4
_b(8)=_b(7)+s1/4
_b(9)=_b(8)+s1
h1=s1/8
h2=w1/5
h3=w2/5
h4=s2/7
nz1=6
nz2=4
npmlz=3
scal=1.e-3
*do,_i,1,9
*do,_j,1,8
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! --- 2d meshing ---
type,11
esize,h1
asel,all
asel,u,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
asel,u,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
asel,a,loc,x,_a(6),_a(7)
asel,u,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
lsel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(9)
cm,lgr1,line
lesize,lgr1,h1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
cm,lgr2,line
lesize,lgr2,h2
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,_a(5),_a(6)
asel,u,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
lsel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(9)
cm,lgr3,line
lesize,lgr3,h1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lgr4,line
lesize,lgr4,h4
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
asel,u,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
lsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(10)
cm,lgr4,line
lesize,lgr4,h1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr5,line
lesize,lgr5,h3
74 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
asel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
asel,u,loc,x,_a(5),_a(6)
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
cm,lgr6,line
lesize,lgr6,h2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr7,line
lesize,lgr7,h3
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,_a(5),_a(6)
asel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lgr8,line
lesize,lgr8,h4
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,lgr9,line
lesize,lgr9,h3
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(9)
asel,r,loc,y,_b(2),_b(8)
cm,agr1,area
! --- 3d meshing ---
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c
alls
mat,2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,c
alls
! --- 3d PML elements ---
type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c
mat,2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,area,,agr1
vext,all,,,0,0,c
alls
type,2
mat,2
esize,,npmlz
asel,s,loc,z,c
vext,all,,,0,0,c
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for strip, ground plane and PML walls ---
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(1),_b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(6),_a(7)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(6),_b(9)
d,all,ax,0
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Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass Filter (Command Method)
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(3),_a(8)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(6)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(10)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(9)
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z,2*c
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current ---
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- define the ports ---
hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,c
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(9)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,50.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(7)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c,c
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(9)
bf,all,port,2
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! --- define voltage paths on ports ---
y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(4)+_a(5))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*c
nv11=node(xv1,y1,zv1)
nv12=node(xv1,y1,zv2)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(7)
xv2=scal*0.5*(_a(6)+_a(7))
nv21=node(xv2,y2,zv1)
nv22=node(xv2,y2,zv2)
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
! --- launch the full-method frequency sweep solution ---
/solu
spswp,0.5e9,20e9,0.5e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “S11 of microstrip low-pass filter” and Figure 3: “S21 of microstrip low-pass filter” depict the S11 and
S21 of the microstrip low-pass filter from 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz, respectively.
76 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
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Harmonic Analysis for a Microstrip Low-Pass Filter (Command Method)
78 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub
Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a three-stub rectangular waveguide filter using
ANSYS commands.
The waveguide filter consists of a straight rectangular metallic hollow waveguide with a cross-section 19.05 x
9.252 mm2 and three tuning stubs. The side view of the structure is shown on the left in the figure below, and
the FEA model is shown on the right. Due to the symmetry of the geometry and of the TE10 waveguide excitation
to be analyzed, only one-half of the filter needs to be modeled. The perfect electric condition is applied to the
metallic surfaces of the waveguide and the impedance matching condition of TE10 mode is imposed at the input
and output ports.
Figure 1 Side View and FEA Model of Filter (Dimensions are in mm)
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command Method)
/batch,list
/title, Three-Stub Waveguide Filter
/nopr
/prep7
! define elements and materials
et,11,200,7
et,1,120,1,,,0
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
! define dimensions of the geometry
scal=1.e-3
cw=19.05
ch=9.525
_s1=cw
_s2=17.23
_gap1=2.86
_gap2=2.01
_stub=18.9
_xg1=_gap1
_xg2=_gap2
_yg1=0.25*ch
! set up 2d numerical domain
*dim,_a,array,14
*dim,_b,array,5
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+(_s1-_xg1)
_a(3)=_a(2)+_xg1
_a(4)=_a(3)+_gap1
_a(5)=_a(4)+_xg1
_a(6)=_a(5)+(_s2-_xg1-_xg2)
_a(7)=_a(6)+_xg2
_a(8)=_a(7)+_gap2
_a(9)=_a(8)+_xg2
_a(10)=_a(9)+(_s2-_xg2-_xg1)
_a(11)=_a(10)+_xg1
_a(12)=_a(11)+_gap1
_a(13)=_a(12)+_xg1
_a(14)=_a(13)+(_s1-_xg1)
_b(1)=-ch/2
_b(2)=_b(1)+ch-_yg1
_b(3)=_b(2)+_yg1
_b(4)=_b(3)+_yg1
_b(5)=_b(4)+(_stub-_yg1)
*do,_i,1,13
*do,_j,1,2
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
*do,_j,3,4
rect,_a(3),_a(4),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
rect,_a(7),_a(8),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
rect,_a(11),_a(12),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
aglue,all
! 2d meshing
nx1=20
nx2=8
nx3=12
nx4=18
nx5=8
nx6=12
hx1=(_a(2)-_a(1))/nx1
hx2=(_a(3)-_a(2))/nx2
hx3=(_a(4)-_a(3))/nx3
hx4=(_a(6)-_a(5))/nx4
hx5=(_a(7)-_a(6))/nx5
hx6=(_a(8)-_a(7))/nx6
ny1=8
ny2=6
ny3=15
hy1=(_b(2)-_b(1))/ny1
80 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
hy2=(_b(3)-_b(2))/ny2
hy3=(_b(5)-_b(4))/ny3
nz=10
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(3)+_b(4))/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(4)+_b(5))/2
cm,ly3,line
lesize,ly3,hy3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(13)+_a(14))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(10)+_a(11))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(12)+_a(13))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(11)+_a(12))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(9)+_a(10))/2
cm,lx4,line
lesize,lx4,hx4
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(6)+_a(7))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(8)+_a(9))/2
cm,lx5,line
lesize,lx5,hx5
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(7)+_a(8))/2
cm,lx6,line
lesize,lx6,hx6
alls
type,11
amesh,all
nummrg,all
alls
! 3d meshing
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz
asel,s,loc,z,0
vext,all,,,0,0,cw/2
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
etdele,11
alls
nummrg,all
! PEC on waveguide wall
nsel,s,loc,z,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(5)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(4),_a(7)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(8),_a(11)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(12),_a(14)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(3)
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(3)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(4)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(7)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(8)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(11)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(12)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(3),_b(5)
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 81
Harmonic Analysis for a Three-Stub Rectangular Waveguide Filter (Command Method)
d,all,ax,0
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! define a local coordinates for waveguide ports
local,11,,,,,,,90
csys,0
! define port
hfport,1,rect,11,TE10,IMPD,scal*cw,scal*ch,1.
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)*scal
sf,all,port,1
hfport,2,rect,11,TE10,IMPD,cw*scal,ch*scal
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(14)*scal
sf,all,port,2
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
spswp,10.e9,15.e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “|S11| of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter” depicts the S11 of simulated 3-stub waveguide filter from 10
GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: “Electric Field Contour of Three-Stub Waveguide Filter at 15 GHz” shows the electric
field contour at 15 GHz.
82 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 83
84
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip
Interconnect (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a multi-layer microstrip interconnect using
ANSYS commands.
The multi-layer microstrip interconnect is distributed over three signal layers. The input and output ports are at
the uppermost layer. The distance to the second signal layer is 0.4 mm. The distance between the second and
third signal layer is 0.4 mm. The third (bottom) layer is 0.8 mm above a perfectly conducting plane. The substrate
material is a lossless dielectric of relative permittivity 0f 9.8. The entire structure is placed inside a perfectly con-
ducting box of length 20 mm, width 10 mm and height 6.6 mm. Hence, the uppermost interconnect is 5.0 mm
below the top of the box. The graphic on the left in the figure below depicts the structure without showing the
substrate and enclosing box. The graphic on the right shows the geometry of the three-layer interconnect (top
view). The microstrip is taken to be infinitesimally thin, perfectly conducting, of width 1.2 mm and the character-
istic impedance 55 Ohms. The transitions from one layer to other are effected through perfectly conducting
square vias of side 1.2 mm. To extract the S-parameter, the current density source is used to excite the system.
The PML absorbing material is placed behind the excitation source and terminates the output port.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip Interconnect (Command Method)
86 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
bh=5.0
*dim,_a,array,6
*dim,_b,array,11
_a(1)=0
_a(2)=_a(1)+bw
_a(3)=_a(2)+w
_a(4)=_a(3)+s
_a(5)=_a(4)+w
_a(6)=_a(5)+bw
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+l/2
_b(3)=_b(2)+l/4
_b(4)=_b(3)+l/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+l
_b(6)=_b(5)+w
_b(7)=_b(6)+ls
_b(8)=_b(7)+w
_b(9)=_b(8)+l
_b(10)=_b(9)+l/8
_b(11)=_b(10)+l/2
*do,_i,1,5
*do,_j,1,10
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! --- choose mesh size ---
hx1=w/4
hx2=s/6
hx3=(_a(2)-_a(1))/5
hy1=hx1
hy2=(_b(7)-_b(6))/10
hy3=(_b(2)-_b(1))/5
nz1=4
nz2=7
nz3=12
scal=1.e-3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lxblnk,line
lesize,lxblnk,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
cm,lxstrip,line
lesize,lxstrip,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lxstub,line
lesize,lxstub,hx2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
*do,_i,2,4
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
*do,_i,8,10
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
cm,lyprp,line
lesize,lyprp,hy3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(7)+_b(8))/2
cm,lystrip,line
lesize,lystrip,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
cm,lystub,line
lesize,lystub,hy2
alls
asel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(2)
asel,a,loc,y,_b(10),_b(11)
cm,apml,area
! --- 2-d meshing ---
type,11
asel,all
amesh,all
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Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip Interconnect (Command Method)
alls
! --- 3-d meshing ---
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
vext,all,,,0,0,-c2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
vext,all,,,0,0,-c3
mat,2
esize,,nz3
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bh
alls
! --- PML element ---
type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-c1
asel,s,loc,z,-c1
asel,u,loc,y,_b(2),_b(10)
vext,all,,,0,0,-c2
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
asel,u,loc,y,_b(2),_b(10)
vext,all,,,0,0,-c3
mat,2
esize,,nz3
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bh
alls
! --- clean up 2-d element ---
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
alls
! --- set up PEC for microstrip, vias, ground plane and PML walls ---
nsel,s,loc,z,0
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(3)
nsel,u,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec1,node
nsel,s,loc,z,-c1
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(8)
nsel,u,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec2,node
nsel,s,loc,z,-(c1+c2)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec3,node
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(2),_a(3)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(8)
nsel,u,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
nsel,r,loc,z,0,-c1
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec4,node
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(5),_b(8)
nsel,u,loc,y,_b(6),_b(7)
nsel,r,loc,z,-c1,-(c1+c2)
88 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
d,all,ax,0
cm,npec5,node
nsel,s,,,npec1
nsel,a,,,npec2
nsel,a,,,npec3
nsel,a,,,npec4
nsel,a,,,npec5
cm,npec,node
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(6)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(11)
nsel,a,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3)
nsel,a,loc,z,bh
d,all,ax,0
alls
! --- assign excitation current ---
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(2),_a(3)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- define transmission line port ---
hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,55.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),bh
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(6)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,55.
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(9)
nsel,r,loc,z,-(c1+c2+c3),bh
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(6)
bf,all,port,2
alls
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! --- define voltage paths
y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(2)+_a(3))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*(c1+c2+c3)
nv11=node(xv1,y1,zv1)
nv12=node(xv1,y1,zv2)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(9)
xv2=scal*0.5*(_a(2)+_a(3))
nv21=node(xv2,y2,zv1)
nv22=node(xv2,y2,zv2)
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
/solu
! --- perform solution over the frequency range ---
spswp,55.e6,10.05e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “S11 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect” and Figure 3: “S21 of the Multi-Layer Microstrip Inter-
connect” depict the magnitude of S11 and S21 fro 0.55 GHz to 10 GHz, respectively. The pattern of electric field
at 6.5 GHz is shown in Figure 4: “Electric Field Contour of Multi-Layer Microstrip Interconnect at 6.5 GHz”.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 89
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip Interconnect (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 91
Harmonic Analysis for Multi-layer Microstrip Interconnect (Command Method)
# GHz S DB R 55.
! Freq |S11| <S11 |S21| <S21 |S12| <S12 |S22| <S22
0.5500 -10.586 -139.524 -0.386 -53.065 -0.386 -53.065 -10.586 -139.524
0.8000 -9.474 -163.757 -0.516 -72.785 -0.516 -72.785 -9.474 -163.757
1.0500 -8.519 177.585 -0.657 -93.033 -0.657 -93.033 -8.519 177.585
1.3000 -7.798 159.309 -0.788 -113.339 -0.788 -113.339 -7.798 159.309
1.5500 -7.265 140.275 -0.902 -133.354 -0.902 -133.354 -7.265 140.275
1.8000 -6.920 121.118 -0.986 -153.086 -0.986 -153.086 -6.920 121.118
2.0500 -6.799 101.999 -1.017 187.257 -1.017 187.257 -6.799 101.999
2.3000 -6.952 82.741 -0.978 167.493 -0.978 167.493 -6.952 82.741
2.5500 -7.494 62.693 -0.854 147.187 -0.854 147.187 -7.494 62.693
2.8000 -8.468 42.305 -0.674 126.413 -0.674 126.413 -8.468 42.305
3.0500 -10.071 21.466 -0.456 105.029 -0.456 105.029 -10.071 21.466
3.3000 -12.746 -0.348 -0.238 82.806 -0.238 82.806 -12.746 -0.348
3.5500 -17.579 -24.110 -0.075 59.706 -0.075 59.706 -17.579 -24.110
3.8000 -30.635 -56.537 -0.002 36.011 -0.002 36.011 -30.635 -56.537
4.0500 -23.199 113.152 -0.019 12.185 -0.019 12.185 -23.199 113.152
4.3000 -16.041 86.057 -0.107 -11.287 -0.107 -11.287 -16.041 86.057
4.5500 -12.735 62.480 -0.235 -34.213 -0.235 -34.213 -12.735 62.480
4.8000 -11.057 40.321 -0.352 -56.716 -0.352 -56.716 -11.057 40.321
5.0500 -10.419 18.522 -0.410 -79.079 -0.410 -79.079 -10.419 18.522
5.3000 -10.630 -3.630 -0.390 -101.655 -0.390 -101.655 -10.630 -3.630
5.5500 -11.726 -26.854 -0.299 -124.832 -0.299 -124.832 -11.726 -26.854
5.8000 -13.972 -52.099 -0.174 -148.953 -0.174 -148.953 -13.972 -52.099
6.0500 -18.143 -80.242 -0.063 185.844 -0.063 185.844 -18.143 -80.242
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Section 1: Problem Description
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94
Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a microstrip meander line using ANSYS com-
mands.
Microstrip meander lines are used to introduce delay (or phase shift in the case of time-harmonic excitations).
The figure below depicts the top view of the meander line. The strip is assumed to be perfectly conducting of
thickness 0 mm and width 0.4 mm. The microstrip meander line is embedded in a lossless substrate of relative
permittivity 9.8. The meander line is placed 0.5 mm above a perfectly conducting plane. The entire structure is
placed inside a perfectly conducting box of width 5 mm and height 2.5 mm. Hence the top wall of the box is 2.0
mm above the meander line. For these dimensions, the characteristic impedance of the buried microstrip is
about 45 Ohm.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line (Command Method)
_a(5)=_a(4)+w
_a(6)=_a(5)+xright
_b(1)=0
_b(2)=_b(1)+lz1/2
_b(3)=_b(2)+lz1/4
_b(4)=_b(3)+lz1/4
_b(5)=_b(4)+lz1
*do,_i,6,22,2
_b(_i)=_b(_i-1)+w
_b(_i+1)=_b(_i)+gap
*enddo
_b(24)=_b(23)+w
_b(25)=_b(24)+lz2
_b(26)=_b(25)+lz2/4
_b(27)=_b(26)+lz2/2
*do,_i,1,5
*do,_j,1,26
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
asel,all
asel,s,loc,x,_a(2),_a(3)
*do,_i,1,4
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,8,20,4
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
cm,strip1,area
asel,all
asel,s,loc,x,_a(3),_a(4)
*do,_i,1,4
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,6,22,2
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
cm,strip2,area
asel,all
asel,s,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
*do,_i,6,22,4
asel,u,loc,y,_b(_i),_b(_i+1)
*enddo
cm,strip3,area
asel,all
asel,s,,,strip1
asel,a,,,strip2
asel,a,,,strip3
cm,strip,area
asel,all
asel,s,loc,y,_b(1),_b(2)
asel,a,loc,y,_b(26),_b(27)
cm,apml,area
asel,all
! --- set up element size ---
hx1=w/5
hx2=stub/14
hx3=(_a(2)-_a(1))/4
hy1=hx1
hy2=gap/6
hy3=(_b(2)-_b(1))/6
nz1=4
nz2=16
scal=1.e-3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
96 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
*do,_i,2,4
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
*do,_i,24,26
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
cm,ly3,line
lesize,ly3,hy3
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
*do,_i,7,23,2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(6)+_b(7))/2
*do,_i,6,22,2
lsel,a,loc,y,(_b(_i)+_b(_i+1))/2
*enddo
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(5)+_a(6))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_a(4)+_a(5))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
alls
! --- meshing the model ---
type,11
amesh,all
alls
type,1
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-blow
esize,,nz2
asel,s,loc,z,0
asel,u,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bup
! --- PML elements ---
type,2
mat,1
esize,,nz1
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,-blow
esize,,nz2
asel,s,,,apml
vext,all,,,0,0,bup
alls
! --- clean up 2-d element ---
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nummrg,all
! --- PEC for microstrip and exterior walls except ports
asel,s,,,strip
da,all,ax,0.
alls
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1)
nsel,a,loc,x,_a(6)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(1)
nsel,a,loc,y,_b(27)
nsel,a,loc,z,-blow
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Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line (Command Method)
nsel,a,loc,z,bup
d,all,ax,0
! --- excitation current ---
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(3)
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(4),_a(5)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,0
bf,all,js,0,0,1.,-1
alls
! --- transmission line port ---
hfport,1,TLINE,,v1,,Z0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(4)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,bup
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(6)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,TLINE,,v2,,Z0
nsel,s,loc,y,_b(25)
nsel,r,loc,z,-blow,bup
nsel,r,loc,x,_a(1),_a(6)
bf,all,port,2
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! --- define voltage routines ---
y1=scal*_b(4)
xv1=scal*0.5*(_a(4)+_a(5))
zv1=0
zv2=-scal*blow
nv11=node(xv1,y1,zv1)
nv12=node(xv1,y1,zv2)
path,v1,2
ppath,1,nv11
ppath,2,nv12
y2=scal*_b(25)
nv21=node(xv1,y2,zv1)
nv22=node(xv1,y2,zv2)
path,v2,2
ppath,1,nv21
ppath,2,nv22
pasave,all
alls
save
fini
! --- launch the solution ---
/solu
spswp,100.e6,10.1e9,200.e6,1,,2,0
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “S11 of the Microstrip Meander Line” depicts the S11 of the microstrip meander line from 0.5 GHz to
10 GHz. Figure 3: “The Contour of Electric Field Magnitude” shows the contour of electric field magnitude.
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Section 1: Problem Description
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Harmonic Analysis for Microstrip Meander Line (Command Method)
100 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular
Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a rectangular waveguide with a ridge discon-
tinuity using ANSYS commands.
The metallic ridge discontinuity is located at the center of the rectangular waveguide, shown in the figure below.
Due to the symmetry of the geometry and of the TE10 waveguide excitation to be analyzed, only one-half of the
structure needs to be modeled. The perfect electric condition is applied to the metallic surfaces of the waveguide
and perfectly matched layers (PML) terminate the input and output ports.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
_a(2)=_a(1)+_w/2
_a(3)=_a(2)+_w
_a(4)=cw/2
_b(1)=-ch/2
_b(2)=_b(1)+_h
_b(3)=ch/2
_c3=0
_c2=_c3-_dp
_c1=_c2-_dpml
_c4=_c3+_dw
_c5=_c4+_ds
_c6=_c5+_l
_c7=_c6+_ds
_c8=_c7+_dw
_c9=_c8+_dp
_c10=_c9+_dpml
*do,_i,1,3
*do,_j,1,2
rect,_a(_i),_a(_i+1),_b(_j),_b(_j+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
! set up the mesh
_nx1=4
_nx2=8
_nx3=18
_ny1=18
_ny2=8
_nz1=2
_nz2=14
_nz3=3
_nz4=15
_nzpml=4
hx1=(_a(2)-_a(1))/_nx1
hx2=(_a(3)-_a(2))/_nx2
hx3=(_a(4)-_a(3))/_nx3
hy1=(_b(2)-_b(1))/_ny1
hy2=(_b(3)-_b(2))/_ny2
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(1)+_b(2))/2
cm,ly1,line
lesize,ly1,hy1,,ny1,1.0
lsel,s,loc,y,(_b(2)+_b(3))/2
cm,ly2,line
lesize,ly2,hy2,,ny2,1.0
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
cm,lx1,line
lesize,lx1,hx1
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(2)+_a(3))/2
cm,lx2,line
lesize,lx2,hx2
lsel,s,loc,x,(_a(3)+_a(4))/2
cm,lx3,line
lesize,lx3,hx3
alls
! 2d mshing
type,11
amesh,all
alls
! 3d meshing
type,1
mat,1
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c3-_c2)
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,_c4-_c3
esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
vext,all,,,0,0,_c5-_c4
esize,,_nz4
asel,s,loc,z,_c5
102 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
vext,all,,,0,0,_c6-_c5
esize,,_nz3
asel,s,loc,z,_c6
vext,all,,,0,0,_c7-_c6
esize,,_nz2
asel,s,loc,z,_c7
vext,all,,,0,0,_c8-_c7
esize,,_nz1
asel,s,loc,z,_c8
vext,all,,,0,0,_c9-_c8
type,2
esize,,_nzpml
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c2-_c1)
asel,s,loc,z,_c9
vext,all,,,0,0,_c10-_c9
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
etdele,11
alls
nummrg,all
! PEC on waveguide wall
nsel,s,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,a,loc,y,-ch/2
nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
nsel,a,loc,z,_c1
nsel,a,loc,z,_c10
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,_a(1),_a(2)
nsel,r,loc,y,_b(1),_b(2)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c5,_c6
d,all,ax,0
alls
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
! define input and output port
hfport,1,rect,,TE10,SOFT,cw*scal,ch*scal,1.
nsel,s,loc,z,scal*_c3
bf,all,port,1
hfport,2,rect,,TE10,SOFT,cw*scal,ch*scal
nsel,s,loc,z,_c8*scal
bf,all,port,2
alls
save
fini
! perform the solution
/solu
spswp,10e9,15e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “|S21| of the Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity” depicts the |S21| of the simulated
structure from 10 GHz to 15 GHz. Figure 3: “Electric Field Contour of the Waveguide with a Ridge at 15 GHz”
shows the electric field contour at 15 GHz.
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Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Ridge Discontinuity (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
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106
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular
Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive
Mesh (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the S-parameter of a rectangular waveguide with a dielectric post
by adaptive meshing using ANSYS commands.
The dielectric post (12 × 10.16 × 6 mm3, εr = 8.2) is located at the center of the rectangular waveguide (22.86 ×
10.16 mm2), shown in Figure 1: “Waveguide with Dielectric Post (Dimensions are in mm)”. The perfect electric
condition is applied to the metallic surfaces of the waveguide and the impedance matching boundary condition
of TE10 mode is used at the input and output ports. Four iterations of adaptive meshes are used to approach an
accurate solution for the S-parameter at 10 GHz. Then, the S-parameters are calculated on the refined mesh from
8 GHz to 12 GHz.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive Mesh (Command
mp,perx,2,epsr
block,-cw/2,cw/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-cl/2,cl/2
block,-c/2,c/2,-ch/2,ch/2,-d/2,d/2
vsbv,1,2,,delete,keep
vglue,all
! 3-d meshing
h1=cw/5
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,3
mat,2
vmesh,2
! Tangential E is zero on all side walls
asel,s,loc,y,-ch/2
asel,a,loc,y,ch/2
asel,a,loc,x,-cw/2
asel,a,loc,x,cw/2
da,all,ax,0.
! define waveguide ports
asel,s,loc,z,-cl/2
sfa,all,,port,1
hfport,1,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch,1
asel,s,loc,z,cl/2
sfa,all,,port,2
hfport,2,rect,,te10,impd,cw,ch
alls
fini
! set up adaptive loop and perform solution at 10 GHz
_n=4
*do,_i,1,_n
*if,_i,gt,1,then
/prep7
hferefine,_i-1
fini
*endif
/solu
ANTYPE,harmic
harfre,10e9
eqslv,sparse
solve
fini
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
*enddo
! perform final solution on refined mesh over frequency band
/solu
spswp,8e9,12e9,0.25e9,1,,2,1
fini
108 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
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Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive Mesh (Command
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Section 1: Problem Description
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Harmonic Analysis for a Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post on Adaptive Mesh (Command
112 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
Figure 6 |S11| of Rectangular Waveguide with a Dielectric Post from 8 GHz to 12 GHz
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 113
114
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate
Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the s-parameter of a parallel-plate waveguide with a lumped circuit
load using ANSYS commands.
The finite element model is shown in Figure 1: “3-D Parallel-plate Waveguide Model”. The waveguide is 15 mm
high by 5 mm wide. A perfect electric conductor boundary condition is applied to the top and bottom walls of
the waveguide. The impedance matching boundary condition of TEM mode is used at the input and output
ports. The lumped circuit load is shown in Figure 2: “1-D Transmission Line Impedance Load”. The calculations
are performed at a frequency of 5 GHz.
The circuit loads applied are equivalent to the circuit load for the 1-D transmission line. As shown in Fig-
ure 3: “Lumped Circuit Loads”, since there are three elements on a cross section and the lumped loads are applied
at the vertical edges of the hexahedral elements, 2Z/3 is applied at the mid-nodes of the edges using the BF
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis of a Parallel-Plate Waveguide with a Lumped Circuit Load (Command Method)
command with Lab = LUMP. HF Emag imposes the lumped circuit loads on the end nodes of the element edges
as well as the mid-nodes. Impedance Z represents a shunt RCL circuit as shown in Figure 4: “Shunt RCL Circuit”.
116 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
nsel,a,loc,y,ch/2
d,all,ax,0.
! define input and output port
hfport,1,para,11,tem,impd,cw,ch,1
hfport,2,para,11,tem,impd,cw,ch
nsel,s,loc,z,cl
sf,all,port,1
nsel,s,loc,z,-cl
sf,all,port,2
! define shunt RCL circuit at vertical edges
nsel,s,loc,x,-cw/2
nsel,a,loc,x,cw/2
nsel,r,loc,z,0
bf,all,lump,1,_R,_C,_L
alls
save
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! extract s-parameter
/post1
sparm,1,1
fini
Target Results
A S11 value of 0.5002 is calculated for 5 GHz. Transmission line theory gives value of 0.5.
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118
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and
Impedance Parameters
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to convert, list, and plot S (scattering), Y (admittance), and Z (impedance)
parameters of a T-type transmission line using the ANSYS postprocessor. The T-type transmission line network
is shown in the following figure.
where:
R = 10 Ω
C = 10-11 F
L = 7 x 10-9 H
Z01 = 50 Ω; Z02 = 75 Ω
ω = angular frequency
The Touchstone file T_network.s2p of S-parameters for the T-type network follows:
# GHz S MA R 50. 75.
1.000 0.6297 169.6 0.5316 26.08 0.5316 26.08 0.7363 99.68
2.000 0.6470 100.7 0.6755 -9.873 0.6755 -9.873 0.7126 65.89
3.000 0.7459 73.82 0.6105 -28.45 0.6105 -28.45 0.7846 51.31
4.000 0.8192 58.46 0.5315 -40.29 0.5315 -40.29 0.8442 41.82
5.000 0.8681 48.31 0.4622 -48.53 0.4622 -48.53 0.8855 35.09
Smith Charts
To plot network parameters on a Smith chart, the following commands are issued in interactive mode:
/post1
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,S,1 ! plot S11 on Smith Chart
PLSCH,T_network,s2p,Y,1 ! plot Y11 on Smith Chart
fini
S11 and Y11 plots are shown in the following figures. PLSCH,T_network,s2p,Y,1 converts the S-parameters to Y-
parameters and plots them.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters
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Section 1: Problem Description
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Postprocessing Scattering, Admittance, and Impedance Parameters
122 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
PLSYZ T_network,s2p,Y,MA converts the S-parameters to Y-parameters and creates the following Touchstone
file with the name T_network_SYZ.s2p.
! 2-port Y-parameter file, 5 frequency points
# GHz Y MA R 50. 75.
!freq magY11 angY11 magY21 angY21 magY12 angY12 magY22 angY22
1.00000 0.24744 -25.2489 0.10135 143.034 0.10135 143.034 0.05352 -56.8150
2.00000 0.02924 -85.4203 0.01401 90.8503 0.01401 90.8503 0.01264 -89.9250
3.00000 0.01681 -87.4959 0.00826 90.1989 0.00826 90.1989 0.00791 -89.9931
4.00000 0.01203 -88.2378 0.00596 90.0865 0.00596 90.0865 0.00582 -89.9947
5.00000 0.00943 -88.6262 0.00468 90.0374 0.00468 90.0374 0.00461 -90.0011
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124
Part VII. Advanced Wave Resonance Examples
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a
Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the resonant frequencies of a dielectric resonator (DR) on a mi-
crostrip substrate using ANSYS commands.
A cylindrical dielectric resonator is located on the top of a microstrip substrate with metallic enclosure (D = 10
mm, h = 5 mm, εr = 36, εs = 9.6, Hs = 1 mm, H = 6 mm, R = 15 mm), as shown on the left in the figure below.
Modal analysis is used to find the resonant frequencies in the structure. One quarter of the structure is used for
the numerical model because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. Since the structure is open and the
fringe fields exist in the space, the metallic enclosure should be placed far enough away from the resonator in
order to minimize the effect of the metallic enclosure that is necessary for modal analysis. The resonant modes
can be obtained by the combination of boundary conditions on two symmetric planes, in other words, PMC-
PEC, PMC-PMC or PEC-PEC. The wedge element is used for analysis as shown on the right in the figure below.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
eps2=36
scal=1.e-3
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Section 1: Problem Description
nsel,a,loc,x,0
*elseif,_bc,eq,2,then
nsel,a,loc,x,0
nsel,a,loc,y,0
*endif
d,all,ax,0
vlscale,all,,,scal,scal,scal,,,1
fini
! perform a solution
/solu
antype,modal
modopt,lanb,2,1.e6,10.e9,,on
mxpand,,,,yes
solve
fini
Target Results
The three lowest resonant modes are TM01δ, HEM and TE01δ. The corresponding resonant frequencies are 3.98
GHz, 5.18 GHz and 5.94 GHz, respectively. The electric fields of the three lowest modes are shown in the following
three figures.
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Modal Analysis for Resonant Frequencies of a Dielectric Resonator on Microstrip Substrate (Command
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Section 1: Problem Description
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132
Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip
Line (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the dispersion of a microstrip line using ANSYS commands.
Modal analysis is used to find the dispersion of the fundamental mode of the microstrip line, shown on the left
in the figure below. One half of the structure is used for the numerical model because of the symmetry of the
fields and geometry. The metallic enclosure should be placed far enough away from the resonator to minimize
the effect of the metallic enclosure that is necessary for modal analysis. The triangular element is used for ana-
lysis as shown on the right in the figure below.
ε
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Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip Line (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
MODE NUMBER: 1.
______________________________________________________________________
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Modal Analysis for Dispersion of a Microstrip Line (Command Method)
Figure 2 Electric field of the Fundamental Mode in the Microstrip Line at 20 GHz
136 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Part VIII. Advanced Wave Scattering Examples
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic
Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer
(Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic sphere coated by a lossy
dielectric layer using ANSYS commands.
The radius of the metallic sphere is 0.8 cm. The relative complex permittivity of the lossy dielectric layer is εr=4-
i, with thickness 0.2 cm. To calculate the normalized RCS of the lossy dielectric-coated metallic sphere, the incident
plane wave is taken as -x-polarized with incident angles φ=0° and θ=180°. One half of the structure is used for
the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry as shown in Figure 1: “FEA Model for
Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere”. The PML absorbing material encloses the
modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 3-element buffer is placed between
the dielectric sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 3-element buffer is placed between the equivalent
source surface and the PML interface.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
Figure 1 FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
140 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
b=a+3*h
c=b+4*h
! define the elements and materials
et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,lsst,1,loss
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! set up numerical model
sphere,ra,rb,0,180
block,-a,a,0,a,-a,a
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,4,3,,delete,keep
vsbv,3,2,,delete,keep
vsbv,2,1,,delete,keep
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! meshing
esize,wave1/10
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
esize,h
mat,2
vmesh,4,6,2
type,2
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
nsel,s,loc,x,-a,a
nsel,r,loc,y,0,a
nsel,r,loc,z,-a,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,a,loc,x,-a
nsel,a,loc,y,a
nsel,a,loc,z,-a,
nsel,a,loc,z,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z, c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
! define incident plane wave
plwave,1,0,0,0,180
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by Lossy Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the lossy dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Fig-
ure 2: “Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere”. Figure 3: “Normalized
RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and H-plane” depicts the RCS of the dielectric-
coated metallic sphere on the E-plane (φ=0°) and H-plane (φ=90°), respectively.
Figure 2 Scattering Electric Field Contour of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere
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Section 1: Problem Description
Figure 3 Normalized RCS of the Lossy Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere on E-plane and
H-plane
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144
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric
Sphere (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) from the scattering of a dielectric
sphere using ANSYS commands.
The relative permittivity of the dielectric sphere is εr = 2.56. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the dielectric sphere,
the incident plane wave is taken as x-polarized with incident angles φ = 0° and θ = 0°. The electric size is k0a = 1
(k0 is the wave number in free space). One half of the structure is used for the numerical model, because of the
symmetry of the fields and geometry, as shown in Figure 1: “FEA Model for Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric
Sphere”. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve
the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is placed between the dielectric sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also,
a 4-element buffer is placed between the equivalent source surface and the PML interface.
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Sphere (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z, c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
alls
! incident plane wave
plwave,1,0,0,0,0
fini
! perform solution
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
! RCS calculation
/post1
set,1,1
! set up image symmetric plane
hfsym,,,pmc
prhffar,rcs,,0,90,1,0,180,36
fini
Target Results
Figure 2: “RCS of the Dielectric Sphere” depicts the RCS of the dielectric sphere on E-plane (φ=0°) (black line) and
H-plane (φ=90°) (gray line). The contour of the scattering electric field is shown in Figure 3: “Contour of the
Scattering Electric Field from a Dielectric Sphere”.
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Sphere (Command Method)
148 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic
Cube (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic cube using ANSYS
commands.
The edge lengths of the metallic cube are 0.755 wavelength. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the metallic cube,
the incident plane wave is taken as x-polarized with incident angles φ=90° and θ=0°. One half of the structure is
used for the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry. The PML absorbing material
encloses the modeled domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is
placed between the metallic cube and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 4-element buffer is placed between
the equivalent source surface and the interface of 6-layer PML.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Cube (Command Method)
_c8=_c7+_npml*h
_c3=_c4-_n1*h
_c2=_c3-_n2*h
_c1=_c2-_npml*h
_nz=nint((_c5-_c4)/h)+1
*do,_i,1,4
*do,_j,1,8
rect,_b(_j),_b(_j+1),_a(_i),_a(_i+1)
*enddo
*enddo
aglue,all
asel,all
agen,2,all,,,,,-a/2
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,r,loc,y,_a(1),_a(2)
asel,r,loc,x,_b(4),_b(6)
cm,_soli,area
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,u,,,_soli
cm,_air,area
asel,all
lsel,s,loc,y,(_a(1)+_a(2))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_b(4)+_b(5))/2
lsel,a,loc,x,(_b(5)+_b(6))/2
cm,_lxy,line
lesize,_lxy,h
lsel,all
lsel,u,,,_lxy
cm,_lair,line
lesize,_lair,h
type,11
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
amesh,all
asel,s,area,,_soli
agen,2,all,,,,,(_c5-_c4)
esize,,_nz
type,1
mat,1
asel,s,area,,_air
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c5-_c4)
esize,,_n1
asel,s,loc,z,_c5
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c6-_c5)
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c4-_c3)
esize,,_n2
asel,s,loc,z,_c6
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c7-_c6)
asel,s,loc,z,_c3
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c3-_c2)
type,2
esize,,_npml
asel,s,loc,z,_c7
vext,all,,,0,0,(_c8-_c7)
asel,s,loc,z,_c2
vext,all,,,0,0,-(_c2-_c1)
asel,s,loc,z,_c4
asel,a,loc,z,_c5
aclear,all
esel,s,type,,11
edel,all
alls
nsel,s,loc,y,_a(1),_a(4)
nsel,r,loc,x,_b(2),_b(8)
nsel,r,loc,z,_c2,_c8
cm,_inte,node
nsel,s,loc,z,_c2,_c7
nsel,u,,,_inte
esln,s,1
emodif,all,type,2
alls
nummrg,all
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Section 1: Problem Description
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the metallic cube is shown in Figure 1: “Scattering Electric Field
Contour from the Metallic Cube”. Figure 2: “Normalized RCS of the Metallic Cube on E-Plane and H-Plane” depicts
the RCS of the metallic cube on E-plane (φ=0°) and H-plane (φ=90°), respectively.
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Cube (Command Method)
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Section 1: Problem Description
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154
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic
Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the radar cross section (RCS) of a metallic sphere coated by a
dielectric layer using ANSYS commands.
The radius of the metallic sphere is 0.333 wavelength. The relative permittivity of the dielectric layer is εr = 4 with
thickness 0.067 wave length. To calculate the bistatic RCS of the dielectric-coated dielectric sphere, the incident
plane wave is taken as - x-polarized with incident angles φ = 0° and θ = 0°. One half of the structure is used for
the numerical model, because of the symmetry of the fields and geometry as shown in Figure 1: “FEA Model for
Scattering Analysis of a Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere”. The PML absorbing material encloses the modeled
domain except on the symmetric planes. To improve the accuracy, a 4-element buffer is placed between the
dielectric-coated metallic sphere and the equivalent source surface. Also, a 3-element buffer is placed between
the equivalent source surface and the PML interface.
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
156 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
b=a+3*h2
c=b+4*h2
! --- define elements and materials ---
et,1,HF119,1
et,2,HF119,1,,,1
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,epsr
mp,murx,2,1.
mp,perx,2,1.
! --- set up the geometry ---
sphere,ra,rb,0,180
sphere,rb,a,0,180
vsel,all
cm,vequi,volu
block,-b,b,0,b,-b,b
block,-c,c,0,c,-c,c
vsbv,4,3,,delete,keep
vsbv,3,vequi,,delete,keep
csys,2
vsel,s,loc,x,0,ra/2
vdel,all
alls
csys,0
vglue,all
! --- meshing ---
csys,0
smrtsize,4
! meshing
esize,h1
type,1
mat,1
vmesh,1
mat,2
esize,h2
vmesh,3
esize,h2
vmesh,6
! --- PML element ---
type,2
vmesh,5
alls
nummrg,all
! define equivalent source surface
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,0,a
esln,s,1,all
nsel,s,loc,x,a
sf,all,mxwf
alls
! define boundary condition
csys,0
nsel,s,loc,x,c
nsel,a,loc,x,-c
nsel,a,loc,y,c
nsel,a,loc,z,-c
nsel,a,loc,z,c
d,all,ax,0.
nsel,all
csys,2
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
d,all,ax,0.
csys,0
allsel,all
! incident plane wave
plwave,-1,0,0,0,0
fini
/solu
hfscat,scat
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
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Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Metallic Sphere Coated by a Dielectric Layer (Command Method)
fini
/post1
set,1,1
hfsym,,,pmc
prhffar,rcsn,,0,0,,0,180,36,,
fini
Target Results
The contour of the scattering electric field from the dielectric-coated metallic sphere is shown in Figure 2: “Scat-
tering Electric Field Contour of The Dielectric-Coated Metallic Sphere”. Figure 3: “Normalized RCS of the Dielectric-
Coated Metallic Sphere on E-Plane” depicts the RCS of the dielectric-coated metallic sphere on the E-plane (φ=0°).
158 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 1: Problem Description
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160
Harmonic Analysis of a Thick Bandpass
Frequency Selective Surface (Command
Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine the power transmission coefficient for a thick bandpass frequency
selective surface using ANSYS commands. The frequency selective surface is a thick perfectly conducting screen
perforated with a periodic array of annular apertures. The conducting screen is 0.1 cm thick. The outer radius of
the annular slot is 0.45 cm. The inner radius is 0.40 cm. A square grid is selected with a periodic spacing of 1 cm.
The FEA model is shown in Figure 1: “Unit Cell”. Perfect electric conductor boundary conditions are applied to
the aperture and PML wall. The calculations are performed at normal incidence and a frequency of 10 GHz.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis of a Thick Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface (Command Method)
/com
/nopr
/prep7
_frq=10e9 ! working frequency
lamda=3.e8/_frq
scal=1.e-2
phi=0 ! incident phi angle
! define element and geometry
theta=0 ! incident theta angle
et,1,119,1 ! normal element
et,2,119,1,,,1 ! PML element
mp,murx,1,1.
mp,perx,1,1.
x0=scal*0.5
y0=scal*0.5
rb=scal*0.45
ra=rb/1.125
plate_h=scal*0.1
cyl4,0,0,ra,0,rb,360,plate_h
h1=lamda/15
h2=0.3*h1
_n1=6
_n2=4
_npml=6
*dim,_c,array,10
_c(4)=0
_c(3)=_c(4)-0.05*lamda
_c(2)=_c(3)-0.25*lamda
_c(1)=_c(2)-_npml*h1
_c(5)=_c(4)+plate_h
_c(6)=_c(5)+0.05*lamda
_c(7)=_c(6)+0.25*lamda
_c(8)=_c(7)+0.25*lamda
_c(9)=_c(8)+_npml*h1
*do,_i,5,8
block,-x0,x0,-y0,y0,_c(_i),_c(_i+1)
*enddo
*do,_i,4,2,-1
block,-x0,x0,-y0,y0,_c(_i),_c(_i-1)
*enddo
alls
vglue,all
numcmp,all
/number,1
! meshing master surfaces and copy mesh to slave surfaces
et,3,200,5
type,3
esize,h2
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
asel,a,loc,y,-y0
asel,r,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
amesh,all
esize,h1
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
asel,a,loc,y,-y0
asel,u,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
amesh,all
alls
asel,s,loc,x,-x0
agen,2,all,,,2*x0
asel,s,loc,y,-y0
agen,2,all,,,0,2*y0
alls
nummrg,all
! meshing volumes
type,1
esize,h2
vsel,s,loc,z,_c(3),_c(6)
vmesh,all
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,_c(2),_c(3)
vsel,a,loc,z,_c(6),_c(8)
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Section 1: Problem Description
vmesh,all
! create PML element
type,2
esize,h1
vsel,s,loc,z,_c(1),_c(2)
vsel,a,loc,z,_c(8),_c(9)
vmesh,all
alls
aclear,all
etdel,3
alls
! coupling master/slave nodes
nsel,s,loc,x,-x0
nsel,a,loc,x,x0
cpcyc,ax,,,2*x0,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-y0
nsel,a,loc,y,y0
cpcyc,ax,,,0,2*y0,0,1
alls
! set up PEC on aperture and PML wall
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(9)
d,all,ax,0
csys,1
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(4)
nsel,a,loc,z,_c(5)
nsel,u,loc,x,ra,rb
d,all,ax,0
nsel,s,loc,x,ra
nsel,a,loc,x,rb
nsel,r,loc,z,_c(4),_c(5)
d,all,ax,0
alls
csys,0
! port definitions
nsel,s,loc,z,_c(7)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,1,PLAN,,,SOFT,0.,1.,0.,phi,theta
alls
save
fini
! perform a solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,_frq
solve
fini
! calculate power transmission coefficient
/post1
fssparm
fini
Target Results
A 0.50 power transmission coefficient is calculated for 10 GHz. The mode matching method presented in the
paper “Bandpass Grids with Annular Apertures” by Ann Roberts and Ross C. McPhedran, IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36, No. 5., May 1988, pp. 607–611 gives a value of 0.47.
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164
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric
Grating (Command Method)
Problem Description
This example demonstrates how to determine scattering of a dielectric grating using ANSYS commands.
The dielectric grating has the dimensions and material properties shown in the following figure. Period D = 11.28
mm, thickness h = 4.37 mm, l1 = l2 = 5.64 mm. The relative permittivities are: ε1 = 6.13 (E-glass) and ε2 = 3.7 (silica)
The oblique incident wave is a transverse electric polarization (TE) wave, E = Eox, with incident angles φ = 90o
and θ = 5o. A unit cell is under investigation. PML absorbing elements are used to truncate the model in the z
direction.
θ
φ
ε ε
mp,murx,2,1. ! E-glass
mp,perx,2,eps1
mp,murx,1,1. ! silica
mp,perx,1,eps2
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Grating (Command Method)
mp,murx,3,1. ! air
mp,perx,3,1.
! generate volumes for numerical model
*dim,_z,array,7
*dim,_y,array,4
_z(4)=0
_z(3)=_z(4)-h
_z(2)=_z(3)-lamda/4
_z(1)=_z(2)-zpml
_z(5)=_z(4)+zprt
_z(6)=_z(5)+lamda/4
_z(7)=_z(6)+zpml
_y(1)=-D/2
_y(2)=_y(1)+D/4
_y(3)=_y(2)+D/2
_y(4)=_y(3)+D/4
*do,_i,1,6
*do,_j,1,3
block,-_xd,_xd,_y(_j),_y(_j+1),_z(_i),_z(_i+1)
*enddo
*enddo
vglue,all
numcmp,all
alls
! mesh master surfaces
type,3
esize,h_grt
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
asel,u,loc,z,_z(2),_z(6)
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
asel,r,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
amesh,all
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
asel,a,loc,y,_y(1)
asel,u,loc,z,_z(1),_z(2)
asel,u,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
asel,u,loc,z,_z(6),_z(7)
amesh,all
alls
! copy mesh to slave surfaces
asel,s,loc,x,-_xd
agen,2,all,,,2*_xd
asel,s,loc,y,-D/2
agen,2,all,,,0,D
alls
nummrg,all
! mesh the volumes
type,1
mat,1
esize,h_grt
vsel,s,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
vsel,u,loc,y,_y(2),_y(3)
vmesh,all
mat,2
vsel,s,loc,z,_z(3),_z(4)
vsel,r,loc,y,_y(2),_y(3)
vmesh,all
mat,3
esize,h_grt
vsel,s,loc,z,_z(2),_z(3)
vsel,a,loc,z,_z(4),_z(6)
vmesh,all
! PML meshes
type,2
mat,3
esize,h_grt
vsel,s,loc,z,_z(1),_z(2)
vsel,a,loc,z,_z(6),_z(7)
vmesh,all
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Section 1: Problem Description
alls
! delete surface mesh
aclear,all
alls
! coupling master/slave nodes
nsel,s,loc,x,-_xd
nsel,a,loc,x,_xd
cpcyc,ax,,,2*_xd,0,0,1
nsel,s,loc,y,-D/2
nsel,a,loc,y,D/2
cpcyc,ax,,,0,D,0,1
alls
! define ports
nsel,s,loc,z,_z(5)
bf,all,port,1
hfport,1,PLAN,,,SOFT,1.,0.,0.,phi,theta
alls
! set up PEC
nsel,s,loc,z,_z(1)
nsel,a,loc,z,_z(7)
d,all,ax,0.0
alls
fini
! perform the solution
/solu
spswp,12.5e9,17.5e9,0.25e9,1,,2,0
fini
! postprocessing
/post1
/yrange,0,1
plsyz,file,s1p,s,mag,1,1
fini
Target Results
The following figure depicts the magnitude of the reflection coefficient |S11| from 12.5 to 17.5 GHz.
Note — Reflectance is equal to the power reflection coefficient and the square of the reflection coefficient.
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc. 167
Harmonic Analysis for Scattering of a Dielectric Grating (Command Method)
168 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
HFSCAT command, 4–29
Index HFSYM command, 4–36
high-frequency analysis, 1–1
A advanced example problems, 39
adaptive remeshing, 6–1 basic example problems, 5
analysis boundary conditions, 4–5
high-frequency electromagnetic, 1–1 circuit parameters, 4–38
antenna arrays, 4–12 current source, 4–21
electric field source, 4–24
elements, 3–1
B excitation sources, 4–15
boundary conditions
field calculations, 4–34
harmonic high-frequency analysis, 4–5
material properties, 4–3
perfect electric conductor, 4–6
mesh refinement, 3–1
perfect magnetic conductor, 4–7
modal analysis, 5–1
perfectly matched layers, 4–9
physics environment, 4–2
surface impedance, 4–7
plane wave source, 4–23
quality factor, 5–4
C S-parameters, 4–38
Cutoff frequencies, 29, 101 scattering field analysis, 4–29
surface magnetic field source, 4–23
D units, 4–3
dispersion characteristics, 5, 29, 101 waveguide modal source, 4–16
E I
elements IMPD command, 4–39
high-frequency, 3–1
EMF command, 4–39 L
example problems lumped circuits, 4–26
high-frequency advanced analysis, 39
high-frequency basic analysis, 5 M
wave propagation, advanced, 73
MMF command, 4–39
wave propagation, basic, 9
modal analysis, 5–1
wave radiation, advanced, 39
wave radiation, basic, 5
wave resonance, advanced, 127
N
wave resonance, basic, 21 network parameter conversion, 4–41
wave scattering, advanced, 139
wave scattering, basic, 33 P
perfect electric conductor, 4–6
F perfect magnetic conductor, 4–7
frequency selective surface, 4–39 perfectly matched layers, 4–9
attenuation factors, 4–9
normal reflection coefficients, 4–9
H periodic arrays, 4–12
HF 118 element, 3–1
periodic boundary conditions, 4–12
HF119 element, 3–1
permittivity, 4–3
HF120 element, 3–1
physics environment
HFANG command, 4–37
high-frequency electromagnetic analysis, 4–2
HFEIGOPT command, 5–2
plane wave source port, 4–16
HFEREFINE command, 3–1
PLHFFAR command, 4–35
HFNEAR command, 4–34
PLSP command, 4–38
HFPORT command, 4–16
PLWAVE command, 4–23
ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index
postprocessing, 4–33
power parameters, 4–39
PRHFFAR command, 4–35
Propagating constants, 5, 29, 101
Q
QFACT command, 5–4
R
relative permittivity, 4–3
S
scattering field analysis, 4–29
Smith chart, 4–41
SPARM command, 4–38
specific absorption rate, 4–32
SPSWP command, 4–38
surface impedance, 4–7
T
transmission line port, 4–16
U
units, 4–3
W
wave propagation
advanced examples, 73
basic examples, 9
wave radition
advanced examples, 39
basic examples, 5
wave resonance
advanced examples, 127
basic examples, 21
wave scattering
advanced examples, 139
basic examples, 33
waveguide port, 4–16
Index–2 ANSYS High-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.