EM 4: SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Task: to measure some of the characteristics for a three phase synchronous

generator

Theory: The characteristics here measured are the no load characteristics, the short
circuit characteristics and the load characteristics

Circuit Diagram :

rpm

A A U2 V2 W2 Im
F2 A2 F2

M TG G

F1 A1 U1 V1 W1 F1

U IA

S Rmy
- + - + - +
220 V 0-220 V
F

RB
Equipment:

M = Electric torque meter MV 100

G = Synchronous machine MV 122

TG = Tachometer generator MV153

Rmy = Shunt rheostat TS 500/440

U = Voltmeter 300 V TI 105

Im = Ammeter 1.6A TI 101

IA = Ammeter 6A TI 102

S = Switch TO 3

RB = Load resistor TB 40

F = Power pack TF 123A

For later use

 XL = Load inductor TB 41

XC = Load capacitor TB 42

1. Connecting up and start

1.1 Connect the torque meter as motor and the synchronous machine as generator in
accordance with the circuit diagram

1.2 Make a note of the ratings of the synchronous machine shown on the rating plate on
the rear of the machine. These ratings must not be exceeded at any time during the
laboratory exercises

1.3 The supervisor should now check the connections

1.4 Turn on the fixed DC voltage switch

Adjust the shunt rheostat of the torque meter so as to obtain max excitation current.
The switch S must be off

1.5 Set the variable DC voltage control on the power pack to zero and turn on the
variable DC voltage switch. Then slowly turn up the variable DC voltage to 230V and
continuously check the rotor current on the ammeter of the torque meter. The motor
should rotate in the direction of the arrow

1.6 Adjust the torque meter to bring the speed to exactly 1500 rpm. This speed must be
kept constant throughout the exercise
2. Measurement of no load characteristic = ()

i.e. the induced no load voltage as function of the exciting E

current

2.1 The switch S must be off. Vary the excitation current Im in

steps of 0.2A from zero to maximum (see ratings). For Im
every step make a note of Im and the induced voltage read
on the voltmeter U

Check the speed!

3. Measurement of short circuit characteristic = ( )

i.e. the armature current as function of the excitation current when the stator is short
circuited
IA
3.1 Adjust the shunt rheostat Rmy of the synchronous machine
to bring the excitation current to zero. Short circuit all three
phases on the S on the side on which the load resistor is
Im
connected

3.2 Turn on switch S. Vary the armature current in steps of 0.5A from zero to maximum
(see ratings) with the shunt rheostat Rmy and for each step make a note of IA and Im

Check the speed!

3.3 Adjust the shunt rheostat of the synchronous machine to bring the exciting current to
zero. Turn off switch S and remove the short circuit

4. Measurement of load characteristic = ( )

i.e. the generator voltage as function of the armature current

4.1 Adjust the shunt rheostat Rmy of the synchronous machine

U
to bring the voltage (U) to 220V. Make a note of setting of = -90o

the generator exciting current Im. This value of Im, like the
speed, must be keptconstantthroughout the experiment and = 0o

should therefore be checked from time to time = +90o

IA
4.2 Turn on switch S and with the load resistor RB vary the armature current in steps of
0.5A up to maximum (see ratings)

For each step make a note of current IA and voltage U

Check the speed excitation current and speed!

4.3 Turn off switch S and replace the load resistor by the delta connected load inductor

4.4 Turn on switch S and with the load inductor vary armature current in steps up to
maximum (see Ratings). For each step make a note of current IA and voltage U

Check the speed excitation current and speed!

4.5 Turn off switch S and replace the load inductor by the star connected load capacitor

4.6 Turn on switch S and with the load capacitor vary armature current in steps up to
maximum (see Ratings). For each step make a note of current IA and voltage U.
terminate the measurement when the voltage has risen to 300V.

Check the speed excitation current and speed!

Tasks

a. Draw graphs of the no load characteristic and short circuit characteristic in the same
diagram and with common Im axis

b. Draw graphs of the three load characteristics in the same diagram and with common
IA axis

c. Read the no load characteristic the excitation current Imo corresponding to the read
voltage

d. Read the short circuit characteristic the short circuit current Iko obtained at the
excitation current Imo

e. Calculate the synchronous reactance of the generator per phase as :

127
= =


f. calculate the short circuit ratio of the generator = , where In = rated current of

the generator.

g. Draw three vector diagrams to scale with E = 127V, IA = 2A and = 0 o, +90o, -90o
respectively. The numerical values of Xs will be obtained from task e

Read U in the vector diagrams and compare with the corresponding values on the
load characteristic

No load Short circuit Load characteristic

characteristic characteristic
Im = const =
= 0o = +90o = -90o
Im E Im IA IA U IA U IA U
(A) (V) (A) (A) (A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (V)
0 220 0 220 0 220
EM 5: SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Task: To synchronous a synchronous machine to a three phase mains and to study

its properties when connected to a power bus

Theory: The synchronous machine is started with the torque meter and the
synchronization is done by means of sequential lighting of the synchronous
lamp. The machine is then drive as synchronous capacitor and as motor

Circuit Diagram:

Rmy

rpm 220 V

A A U2 V2 W2 Im
F2 A2 F2

G TG M

F1 A1 U1 V1 W1 F1

- +
220 V
F RB

IA

Cos meter

0 R S T
3x220 V F

Equipment :

G : Electric torque meter MV 100

M : Synchronous machine MV122
TG : Tachometer generator MV153
Rmy : Shunt rheostat
UG, UN : Voltmeter 240V TI 105
IA : Ammeter 6A TI 102
Im : Ammeter 1.6A TI 101
S : Switch T0 30
K : Terminal board with short circuit button TM 125
E : Power factor meter 5A (Cap. 0.5-1-0.5 Ind)
P1 :3 phase Wattmeter
RB : Load resistor TB 40
F : Power pack TF 123A

1. Connecting up and start

1.1 Connect all of the equipment as shown in the circuit diagram above and make sure
that the load switch S must be off.
1.2 Make a note of the ratings of the synchronous machine marked on the rating plate.
These ratings must not be exceeded at any time during the laboratory exercise
1.3 The teacher check the connections
1.4 Turn on the variable 3 phase AC voltage switch & adjust its voltage regulator to 220
V.The motor then starts and comes up about 1450 rpm.
1.5 Turn on the fixed DC voltage switch.it will bring the speed to exactly 1500 rpm.
During the experiment, the shunt rheostat of Rmycan be adjusted to control the
excitation current&continuously check that the current would not be too great for its
nominal current.

3. The synchronous motor as phase compensator

Measurement of V characteristics = ( ), i.e. the rotor current as function of the
exciting current of the synchronous motor
3.1 With the shunt the rheostat Rmy vary the excitation current of IA
the synchronous motor in steps of 0.2A from maximum to
minimum as determined by the current ratings of the
synchronous motor (see ratings). For each step make a note
Im
of Im, IA, UN, P1 and cos. If in any measurement the power
factor deflection goes outside the scale, note ind and cap. Observe that with
overexcited synchronous motor the power factor must be capacitive
3.2 Adjust the shunt rheostat Rmy of the synchronous motor to bring the rotor current to
minimum. Adjust the shunt rheostat of the torque meter to bring the excitation current
to zero, set the load resistor RB to minimum load current and turn on switch S
3.3 Turn up the shunt rheostat and load resistor of the torque meter to bring the torque to
3.0 Nm
3.4 With the shunt rheostat Rmy vary the excitation current of the synchronous motor in
steps from maximum to 0.4A in steps of 0.1A. For each step make a note of I m, IA,
UN, P1 and cos. Check that the torque is 3.0 Nm throughout.

4. The synchronous machine as driving motor

Measurement of power characteristics = ( )and = ( ), i.e. the armature
current and reactive power, respectively, as function of the power output

Q
IA

Pout
Pout

4.1 Adjust the shunt rheostat of the torque meter to bring the torque to minimum. Adjust
the shunt rheostat of the synchronous machine to bring the rotor current to minimum.
Make a note of the excitation current of the synchronous machine. The excitation
current must be kept constant throughout the experiment
4.2 Load the synchronous machine by varying the shunt rheostat of the torque meter
and the load resistor RB in steps of 0.5A up to the rated current of the synchronous
motor. For each step make a note of M, Im, IA, UN, P1 and cos.
4.3 With the shunt rheostat of the torque meter adjust the torque to minimum. Change
the excitation current of the synchronous machine to 1.0A and maintain this value
constant throughout the experiment
4.4 Load the synchronous machine by varying the shunt rheostat of the torque meter
and the load resistor RB in steps of 0.5A up to the rated current of the synchronous
motor. For each step make a note of M, Im, IA, UN, P1 and cos.

Problem and Tasks

a. Calculate for all measurements:
The total input power Pin = 3 . P1
The apparent power S = 3 .Un .Ia
The reactive power = 2 2
2 .1500
The power output =
60

Observe the sign of Q which is obtained from cos .

b. Draw graphs of the V-charateristicsIa = f ( Im ) for measurement 3 with common Im
axis.
c. Draw graphs of the power characteristics Ia = f (Pout ) and Q = f(Pout) for
measurement 4.
d. Calculate what percentage of the rated power of the synchronous machine can be
used when operating as overexcited phase compensator.
e. What is it that limits the available power under d?
f. How could the available power be increased when operating as under excited phase
compensator?
g. Why is there little change in the active power during measurement 3?
 MEASURED VALUES CALCULED VALUES
Meas. M Im IA UN P1 cos S Pin Q
no (Nm) (A) (A) (V) (Watt) (VA) (Watt) (VAR) (Watt)

3.1

3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

4.2

0.8
0.8
0.8
4.4
0.8
0.8
0.8