Hi Im Anne Yongco, and Im Lexi Gomez, and today, we are going to talk about something mysterious;

unmeasurable; and probably, pretty unusual in our universe.

So lexi, What is the universe? What is it composed of?

Okay, lets try to imagine it

Imagine yourself in a clear meadow, alone, and just looking up onto the heavens of the night sky. Cant
you just imagine how there really is much more beyond what we know about the universe? From
where we are as of now, all we could see are little twinkling lights, up above, with various patters
surrounding the great big moon illuminating our little world. As mere human beings, technically little
specs in the universe, let us try exploring this idea beyond our comprehension.

Thinking of what the universe is comprised of, we know we have the sun, the planets, asteroids, comets,
billions of stars that illuminate the sky And maybe aliens? :D just kidding *NO ALIENS* But surely,
there are more than what meets the eyematter that is beyond our human observation capabilities. All
this leads to what we are to talk about today, which isLexi?

Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

*Simply*

Dark matter and dark energy are two different things, for dark matter is more of what is invisible, and
dark energy is a force that actually repels gravity. Dark matter takes 25% of our galaxy while dark energy
takes up 70%.

Dark matter, usually unobservable by the naked eye is a mysterious mass holding galaxies and clusters
of galaxies together, normalizing the speed of each one moving in rapid, uncontrollable speeds.

*Show photo*

What you see is a simulation of the dark matter distribution in the universe 13.6 billion years ago.
Illustration courtesy Volker Springel, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

What does it remind you of? Well, were not sure what it looks to you, but for us, we could compare this
to the axioms/the connectors in the brain that transport memories and various information for
processing.

*Show both pictures*

See the similarity? It actually really puts life into a different perspective that maybe our brains are just
as complex as the universe as we know it already.

History

Having an idea of what it looks like, we could start on explaining how it all came to be in astronomical
discovery. According to Joe Primack, an Astrophysicists of the University of California, Sta. Cruz, Dark
Matter was first brought up in the 1930s

-in early 1980s when other astronomers were convinced that the largest mass that is holding galaxies
together is invisible.
-theories were proposed and challenged for almost 2 decades, it was only in the 21st century when it
was accepted. It was called Cold Dark Matter, it is a non-atomic matter which is different from the
matter that makes up other objects in the universe like us, planets, and stars.

-Dark energy and dark matter makes up 95% of the visible universe, which means that the ordinary
matter such as the sun, galaxies, planets, us, my dog, your annoying neighbour which are made of
protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom only take 5% of the mass of the universe.

-Dark matter, which is an invisible substance takes 25% of the known universe, and 70% is taken up by a
gravity repelling force known as Dark Energy

-We apparently know more about what we dont know when It comes to dark matter and dark energy
because scientists currently have no way of observing dark matter directly since it does not interact with
ordinary matter and it does not emit any form of light or any electromagnetic radiation which makes it
impossible to detect with the current technology. However, researchers can confidently say that these
mysterious matter exist because they have observed its gravitational effects on galaxies and clusters.

-One of the observed effects of dark matter in the universe would be the travelling speed of stars in
spiral galaxies. It would make more sense for the stars at the edge to travel slower than those at the
denser part of the galaxy, which is the galactic center where most of the visible matter is highly
concentrated. But scientist saw that these stars travel at the more or less the same speed whether it is
at the center or on the edges.

Difference between dark matter and dark energy

Direct evidence

We keep explaining what dark matter is, but were pretty sure that you wouldnt exactly believe in us,
students. Weeeell, after researching in depth on this topic, wed like to prove our credibility by actually
proving the existence of dark matter through our astronomy gurus, NASA.

According to NASA, Dark matter and normal matter have been wrenched apart by the tremendous
collision of two large clusters of galaxies. The discovery, using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and
other telescopes, gives direct evidence for the existence of dark matter.

The most obvious and the strongest evidence to prove that dark matter exists is shown through looking
up into the sky at night, and see what actually fills the sky. Well, look up! Our heavens are filled with
darkness.

-There may be several evidences that point to the existence of dark matter, but as we mentioned before
some scientists challenged this idea and proposing that gravity is stronger on intergalactic scales than
predicted by none other than Einstein and Newton. They are trying to remove the need for dark matter
but these theories simply cannot explain the effects of the observed collision.
-NASA was able to get a statement from Doug Clowe of the University of Arizona at Tucson who was the
head of the research. They found direct proof that dark matter does exist.

-Normal matter in the galaxy clusters is basically in the form of hot gas and stars. The mass of the so
called hot gas between galaxies are far greater than the mass of dark matter. Without Dark matter,
these rapidly moving galaxies and the hot gas would fall scatter.

-Doug Clowes team spent more than 100 hours on the Chandra Telescope in order to observe the
cluster 1E0657-56, also known as the bullet cluster due to its bullet shaped clouds of insanely high
temperature of gas. The reason why for its shape is because of a wind that was produced by a fast
collision of a smaller cluster to a bigger one.

-His team was also able to have access to the Magellan optical telescopes to locate the mass in the
clusters and the Hubble Space Telescope, this bad boy is the European Southern Observatorys HUGE
telescope. And it was done through measuring the gravitational lensing. This is where gravity from the
clusters distorts the light from galaxies beyond. This was mentioned in the theory of general relativity by
Einstein.