CHAP.

1: EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE JAWS

- Serial homologous structures: vertebral jaw and the gill arches

- classical belief: first 2 arches jaw
pharyngeal structures walls arranged as an interative series
- in sharks: paloquadrate, Meckels cartilage, hyomandibula
- behind the jaw: 5 paired pharyngeal cartilages sustain teeth (1-2 rows) and gills

OBS: the modern sharks have an eixterative set of extrabranchial cartilages resembling
lamprey branchial basket interative cartilages of the lampreys branchial basket cannot
have given rise to the inner cartilages of the jaws and gill supports because both exist in
modern sharks

- de Beer: showed paired medial structures that were thought to represent the
mandibular and hyoid precursors of the cartilaginous jaws (development of the
vertebrate skull in the lamprey
- in jawed vertebrates, development of the jaw cartilages and the hyoid precedes that
of the pharyngeal arches
- the serial, medial pharyngeal cartilaginous skeleton in a secondary evolutionary
acquisition
- Galeaspida and Osteostraci are dead jawed-vertebrates more closely related to
extant jawed than the lamprey
- Long et all: because sclerotic bones appear in fossil species before bones of the jaws
and arepresentin both the jawless Osteostraci and in extant jawed forms, they are
potential candidates to develop bone in the lower jaw

CHAP. 2: CLASSIC AND NOVEL THEORIES OF TOOTH EVOLUTION

CHAP. 3: MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE VERTEBRATE BREATHING MECHANISMS

CHAP. 4: EVOLTUION OF THE TURTLE BODY PLAN

CHAP. 5: ANATOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND RESPIRATORY INNOVATIONS OF THE

ARCHOSAUR TRUNK

CHAP. 9: RESPIRATORY TURBINATES AND THE EVOLUTION OF ENDOTHERMY IN MAMMALS

AND BIRDS

Respiratory turbinates = temporal counter current exchanger te reduce heat and water loss
in expired air (located in nasal cavity)
Called conchae in birds

- their loss in some bird species show that they are not necessary in avian endothermy
(if heat and water savings can occur in the trachea)
- originally, they might have had a role in brain cooling

- endothermy evolved independently:

 facilitation of diurnal niche invasion (Crompton)
consequence of body miniaturization (McNab)
selection for greater aerobic capacity (Bennett and Ruben)
support of improved parental care(Farmer)
corollary of increased foraging and assimilation costs(Koteja)
enhancement of metabolic power (Clarke and Porter)

- it is wrong to associate change in posture with metabolic rate

- hair and feathers might have a role in sensitivity, requiring an enlargement of the
sensorimotor cortex in synapsids and archosaurus and contributed to the increasing resting
metabolic rate

- basal metabolic rates of endotherms is 6-10 times higher than the standard metabolic rate
of similarly sized ectotherms at equivalent body temperature

- ectothermic amniotes (lepidosaurus, turtles, crocodilians) exhibit a reversed breathing

pattern: expiration precedes inspiration

- RT have been lost only in aquatic mammals (cetaceans), and reduced in warm, humid
climate living mammals (primates); lost in diving birds (pelicaniform species)

- might depend on the trachea length (but maybe its length might be related to vocalisation)

- heat conservation happens in the trachea too

- presence of preconcha in extant crocodilians suggests that turbinate-like structures and

exothermy are not mutually exclusive

- in extant mammals play a role in heat dissipation and selective brain cooling during heat
stress; in birds, the nose plays a small role; more important is the heat lost through the eyes

- endothermy develops in neonatal mammals with age and growth (Frappell)

- the drop in atmospheric level of oxygen at the end of the Triassic would have resulted in
elevated ventilation rates

CHAP. 10: ORIGIN OG THE MAMMALIAN SHOULDER