BANDHU PRAKASHAN Science Study Material

BIOLOGY

The Living World 1

grasp it

Plants and animals exhibit considerable diversity at the cellular level.

The major groups of organisms under the 5 kingdom.

Classification: Monera protista Mycota Metaphyta Metazoa.

(i) Multicellular Algae: They are classified into three groups namely: Red algae,
Brown algae and green algae.
Green algae contain the green pigment called chlorophyll.
In red algae chlorophyll a and b pigments are found. In addition a red
pigment called phycoerythrin and a blue pigment called phycocyanin are
found.
Brown algae contains chlorophyll a and c pigments .
(ii) Bryophytes are commonly called as amphibians of the plant kingdom.
They have root like structures called Rhizoids.
The life cycle of bryophytes includes two successive generations called
gametophyte and sporophyte.
(iii) Pteridophytes are included in the group called tracheophytes.
There are two generations in the life cycle namely sporophyte and
gametophyte.
(iv) Gymnosperms are a group of seed bearing vascular plants.
These plants produce multicellular structure called cones.
Microsporophylls produce male sex cells and megasporophylls produce female
sex cells.
(v) Angiosperms are the most evolved among plants.
The seeds are enclosed in a structure called fruit
Angiosperms are commonly called as flowering plants.
A special branch bearing a cluster of flowers is called inflorescence.
Seeds are of two types: 1. Monocotyledonous 2. dicotyledonous.
Monocot plants have fibrous root system while dicot plants have tap root
system.
Vertebrates represent a major group among the advanced animals called
Chordates.

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Chordates in which the notochord is replaced in the adult by a vertebral

column are grouped under vertebrata. All other animals other than chordates
are described as invertebrates.
Vertebrata is grouped into the following 5 classes:
1. Pisces 2. Amphibia 3. Reptila 4. Aves 5. Mammalia
i) Pisces: The members belonging to this class are commonly called fishes.
Paired fins help in balancing the body.
Fishes are cold blooded animals and heart is 2 chambered
ii) Amphibia: Members of this class are commonly called amphibians.
Amphibians are the first vertebrates to appear on land.
Amphibians are cold blooded animals and a three chambered heart is found.
iii) Reptila: Members of this class are commonly called reptiles.
These are the first terrestrial vertebrates
Respiration takes place through lungs.
The hearted is three chambered.
Nervous system consists of a brain, a spinal cord and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
iv) Aves:
Members of this class are commonly called birds.
The body is covered by feathers
The bones are hollow, light and filled with air such bones are called pneumatic
bones.
A four chambered heart is present
Birds are active warm blooded animals.
12 pairs of cranial nerves are found.
v) Mammalia
Members of this class are commonly called mammals.
The animals bear mammary gland to feed their young ones.
Limbs are pentadactyl. Ending in claws or nails.
Nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord, cranial spinal nerves.

Multiple Choice Questions and answers:

Choose the correct answer from the 3. Two chambered heart is found in
following ..................
1. The brown alga among the following
a) Pisces b) Reptiles
is..............
a) Polysiphonia b) Sargassum c) amphibians d) Aves
c) spirogyra d) Ulothrix
4. An egg laying mammal among the
2. The multicellular cone like structure following is............
are found in
a) Bat b) Giraffe
a) Gymnosperms b) Bryophytes
c) Pteridophytes d) algae. c) platypus d) kangaroo.

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5. The number of chambers in the heart a) Multicellular Algae

of birds are........... b) Gymnosperms
a) four b) two c) Bryophytes
c) three d) one d) Pteridophytes.

6. Fungi belongs to Kingdom. 14. Name the first terrestrial plants to

a) Monera b) Mycota develop vascular tissues.
c) Metazoa d) Protista a) Riccia b) Mosses
c) Ferns d) Funarid
7. An example for green algae is
15. In Bryophytes female gametes are
a) Spirogyra b) Sargassum produced
c) Ectocarpus d) Polysiphonia a) Megasporophylls
b) Microsporophylls
8. Name the red alga used in c) Antheridium
preparation of condiment and soup d) Archegonium
a) Algin b) Gelidium
c) Porpyra d) Ulothrix 16. The gametophyte of pteridophyta is
also called as
9. Blue pigment present in red-algae is
a) Cone b) Prothallus

c) Thallus d) Spores
a) Chlorophyll b) Phycocyanin
c) Phycoerythrin d) Xanthophylls.
17. In Cycas plant ovule is produced in
a) Hood b) Stalk
10. The cell wall of algae is composed
c) Bunch d) Cone
of ..
a) Starch and pectin
18. A special branch bearing a cluster of
b) nucleus and pectin
c) cytoplasm and pectin flowers
d) cellulose and pectin a) Bunch b) Inflorescence
c) Cone d) Stalk
11. Name the giant alga used in
production of iodine and potassium 19. Example for monocot plant is
chloride. a) Beans b) Redgram
a) Laminarid b) Spirogyra c) Paddy d) Horsegram
c) ulthorix d) Algin
20. In monocot leaves, pattern of veins
12. Name the plants commonly called as is
amphibians of plant kingdom. a) straight b) parallel
a) Algae b) Pteriodophytes c) network d) perpendicular
c) Gymnosperms d) Bryophytes.
21. The plant having tap root system is
13. Marchantia, Moss, Funaria are the a) Wheat b) Coconut
examples of .. c) Red gram d) Paddy

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22. An example for a beverage plant is 32. Limbless reptile is

a) Coffee b) Ragi a) Tortoise b) Chameleon
c) Grapes d) Pepper c) Crocodile d) Snake

23. Number of chambers in heart of a fish 33. Name the respiratory organ of
is reptiles
a) Four b) Two a) Moist skin b) Buccal cavity
c) Three d) One c) Lungs d) Mouth
24. Fishes have .. shaped body.
34. The function of feathers in birds is
a) Square b) flat
a) Protection of body
c) spindle d) round
b) Covers the body and maintains
25. Name the body art of fish which help body temperature
it in balancing the body. c) Maintains body temperature and
a) Scales loss of water
b) paired fins d) Protection, maintains body
c) mucous glands on skin temperature and loss of water,
d) Gill cover sexual attraction.

26. Oil obtained from the livers of shark 35. The voice box or syrinx of bird is
and cod are rich in vitamins found at the base of
a) A and C b) A and B a) trachea b) food pipe
c) A and D d) A and K. c) Lungs d) Beak

27. Pick the odd one out from the group Name the smallest bird.
a) Flying fish b) Sea horse a) Ostrich b) Myna
c) Shark d) Ichthyophis c) Flemingo d) Humming bird.
28. In fish paired fins help in 36. Muscular membrane called
a) Locomotion diaphragm in present in
b) locomotion and turning
a) Mammals only b) Aves only
c) locomotion and floating
c) Reptiles only d) Amphibians only
d) locomotion and balancing

29. Name the limbless amphibian 37. Identify the odd one out of the group
a) Frog b) Toad a) Elephant b) Kangaroo
c) Salamander d) Ichlthyphis c) Whale d) Platypus

30. Number of cranial nerves present in 38. Animals giving birth to young ones
Amphibia. are called
a) 10 pairs b) 12 pairs a) Oviparous b) Viviparous
c) 31 pairs d) 32 pairs. c) Omnivores d) Carnivorous

31. The first terristrial vertebrates are 39. Four chambered heart is found in
a) Amphibia b) Aves a) Pisces b) Amphibia
c) Mammals d) Reptila c) Reptile d) Aves

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40. Biggest mammal on earth is 19 c) Paddy

a) Kangaroo b) Giraffe 20 b) parallel
c) Blue whale d) Elephant 21 c) Red gram
Answers: 22 a) Coffee
1 b) Sargassum 23 b) Two
2 a) Gymnosperms 24 c) spindle
3 a) Pisces 25 b) paired fins
4 c) platypus 26 c) A and D
5 a) four 27 d) Ichthyophis
6 b) Mycota 28 a) Locomotion
7 a) Spirogyra 29 d) Ichlthyphis
8 c) Porpyra 30 a) 10 pairs
9 b) Phycocyanin 31 d) Reptila
10 d) cellulose and pectin 32 c) Crocodile
11 a) Laminarid 33 d) Mouth
12 d) Bryophytes 34 a) Protection of body
13 c) Bryophytes 35 d) Beak
14 c) Ferns 36 a) Mammals only
15 d) Archegonium 37 d) Platypus
16 b) Prothallus 38 b) Viviparous
17 b) Stalk 39 d) Aves
18 b) Inflorescence 40 c) Blue whale

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

II) Answer the following questions: 2) List any two important

1. Mention any two salient features of
multicellular algae.
Ans: Most of the algae are multicellular
and have a flat plant body called
Thallus.
They are non-vascular plants.
3) Differentiate between a gametophytes
Ans: Gametophytes
Gametophytes produce gametes.
Larger in size than sporophytes.
Manufacture food with the help of
chloroplasts.
characteristics of Bryophytes.
Ans: In Bryophytes, the plant body is a
flattened, thalloid structure and can
be differentiated into stem, leaves and
rhizoids.
In these plants root like structures
called rhizoids are present.
and a Sporophyte
Sporophytes
Sporophytes produces spores
Smaller in size then gametophytes.
Depend upon the gametophytes for
their food.

4. Why are Pteredophytes called tracheophytes?

Ans: Pteredophytes are called tracheophytes because they have the vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem) to conduct water and mineral salts.

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5. List any two important
characteristics of gymnosperms
Ans: Gymnosperms are seed bearing
plants. Seeds are not enclosed in
fruits.
They produce two kinds of spores
namely micro spores and
megaspores for sexual reproduction.
6. List any two characteristics of angio-
sperms.
Ans: In angiosperms the seeds are
enclosed in a structure called fruit
Seeds are of two types
1) Monocotyledonous
2) Dicotyledonous.
7. What is inflorescence?
Ans:A special branch bearing a cluster of
flowers in angiosperms is called the
inflorescence.
8. Mention any two general features of
vertebrates.
Ans: Back bone (Vertebral column) will be
present
The body is divided into three
regions called the head, trunk, and
limbs.
9. What are amphibians? Give an
example.
Ans: Amphibians are the first vertebrates
to appear on land. They are adopted
living on land and in water e.g. Frog.
10. What is external fertilization?
Ans: Fusion of gametes outside the bodies
of the parent organisms, in water
medium is called external fertilization
e.g. Fish and amphibians.
11. In which animals do you find meta
morphosis?
Ans:Metamorphosis is found in
amphibians. (frog and toad)
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
12. Mention any two salient features of
reptiles.
Ans: Reptiles have an elongated body
covered by a dry skin bearing an
exoskeleton of horny scales.
Heart is three chambered.
Reptiles are cold blooded animals.
13. List out two salient features of birds.
Ans: The body of the bird is covered by
feathers.
The body will have bones, which are
hollow, light, and filled with air such
bones are called Pneumatic Bones
14. What is prothallus?
Ans: The gametophytes of Pteridophytes
is called the prothallus. Prothallus is
an independent small structure. Male
gametes are produced in an
antheridium and female gametes are
produced in archegonium both found
in the prothallus.
15. What are cones?
Ans: Cones are the reproductive
structures in gymnosperms. There are
two types of cones namely male and
female cones.
Microsporophylls produce male, sex
cells and Megasporophylls produce
female sex cells.
16. What are pneumatic bones?
Ans: In birds bones are hollow, light and
filled with air. Such bones are called
pneumatic bones.
17. Mention two salient features of
mammals.
Ans:Mammals bear mammary glands to
feed the young ones.
Limbs will be pentadactyl ending in
claws (or) nails.
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III. Draw a neat labelled diagrams of a fish.

Ans:

External features of a fish.

2. Draw a neat diagram of ulothrix cell Additional questions and answers

and label the following parts. (2 marks)
Ans: Ulolhrix Cell 1. Name the kingdoms into which the
following are classified?
Ans:a) Blue green algae- Monera
b) Fungi - Mycota
c) Bryophyte - Metaphyta
d) Amphibia -Metazoa (Chordata)

2. Name any two groups of Algae with

an example each any two group of
algae are
Ans:1) Red algae e.g.: Polysiphonia
3. Draw labelled diagrams of tap root 2)Brown algae e.g.: Sargassum
and fibrous root systems.
3. Classify the following into red algae
and brown algae.
Ans: a) Sargassum Brown Algae
b) Batrochospermum Red Algae.

4. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a cell

of Spirogyra
iv) Match the following Ans:
A B
1. Pisces a) Tortoise
2. Amphibian b) Platypus
3. Reptile c) Sea horse
4. Aves d) Inchlhyophis
5. Mammal e) Arctic term
Answers:
1-c 2-d 3-a 4-e 5-b

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5. Where do green algae exists ? Name
the pigment present in it.
Ans: Green algae are mostly freshwater
forms found in ditches, ponds, lakes
and rivers. Green algae contain the
green pigment called chlorophyll.
6. Name the two successive generations
seen in bryophytes.
Ans: The two successive generations are
a) Gametophyte b) Sporophyte
7. What is Algin? What are the uses?
Ans: Algin is a useful substance obtained
from brown algae. It is used in the
preparation of ice cream, chocolates.
8. What are Rhizoids? What are the uses
of it?
Ans: The root like structures seen in
bryophytes are called rhizoids. They
absorb water and mineral salts from
the soil.
9. Draw a neat diagram
of Riccia. Why it is a
liverwort?
Ans:Riccia is called as
liverwort because the
shape of it resembles
hence it is called as
liverwort.
10. Draw a neat diagram of a
Moss. What are its uses?
Ans: Moss Plants are used in
packing flowers. In garden
moss pads are constructed
while growing creepers.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
11. Name the first terrestrial plants to
develop vascular tissues. What are its
uses?
Ans:Ferns are the first terrestrial plants
develop vascular tissues.
Uses of ferns are:
They are grown for ornamental
purposes.
Fern leaves are used in flower
bouquet
Some ferns are used as medicine.
12. Name the two types of spores
produced by gymnosperm.
Ans:The two types of spores produced by
gymnosperm are a) microsporophylls
b)Megasporophylls.
13. Draw a neat diagram to represent
microsporophylls and
megasporophyll in Cycas plant.
Microsporophyll Megasporophyll
(Cycas plant) (Cycas plant)
14. What are angiosperms? Give four
examples.
Ans: Angiosperms are the most evolved
among plants and are commonly
called as flowering plants. e.g.:
Coconut, Maize, wheat, and paddy.
15. Draw a neat diagram of venation
patterns in angiosperm leaves.
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Parallel venationReticulate venation
in monocot leaf. in dicot leaf.
16. Name the two kinds of seeds
produced in angiosperm.
Ans: Seed are produced in flowers. The
two kinds of seeds are a)
monocotyledonous b)dicotyledonous.
17) What is Bonsai? Who invented the
technique?
Ans: The technique of growing dwarf trees
is called bonsai. This technique being
the invention of Japanese helps to
grow orange, lime and mango trees
etc in pots as dwarf trees. The trees
21. Distinguish between monocot plants and dicot plants.
Ans: Monocot plants
Leaves have parallel veins
Fibrous root system
Seeds contains one cotyledon
Exhibit hypogeal germination
22. Distinguish between taproot and fibrous
Ans: Taproot System
In tap root system the primary root
from the radicle of the seed grows
to become the main part of the root
system.
It produces many secondary and
tertiary branches.
23. Name the five groups of vertebrates.
Ans: 1) Pisces 2) Amphibia 3) Reptila 4) Aves 5) Mammals
24. What do you mean by Hibernation ?
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grown by this method will be of the
same height even after 20-30 years.
They bear fruits and flowers.
18. What are monocots ? Give two
examples.
Ans: Monocot seeds contain only one
cotyledon during germination the
cotyledon remains below the soil. E.g.
coconut, wheat, paddy.
19. What are dicots? Give two examples.
Ans: The seeds containing two cotyledons
are called the dicot seeds. In dicots the
cotyledons appear above the soil.
E.g. Mustard, horsegram, beans.
20. Write two types of root system in
angiosperms.
Ans: Two types of root system in
angiosperms are a) Tap root system b)
fibrous root system.
Dicot plants
Leaves have network of veins
Tap root system
Seeds contain two cotyledons
Exhibit epigeal germination
root system?
Fibrous root system
The primary root dies before the
plants mature.
Roots develop from the base of the
stem and branch
A single main root is absent.
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Ans: In cold weather and in very dry
periods frogs bury themselves
underground in damp places. These
periods of inactivity are termed as
hibernation. During these phases of their
life they do not take food and live only
on stored fat.
26. Differentiate between cold blooded and Hot blooded animals. Give examples.
Ans: Cold blooded animals
These are animals in which the These are animals in which the body
body temperature keeps changing
according to changes in the
surrounding environment.
E.g. Snake, Frog
27. How do amphibians respire?
Ans: Amphibians respire by gills in the
embryonic stage (or) tadpole stage.
Adult amphibians respire by skin,
buccal cavity and lungs.
28. What is the nervous system of
reptiles consists of?
Ans: Nervous system of reptiles consists
of a brain, a spinal cord and 12 pairs
of cranial nerves.
29. How are feathers useful to birds?
Ans: The body of the bird is covered with
feathers
They are useful in protection,
maintaining body temperature and
preventing loss of water.
Feathers also help in sexual
altercation.
30. Mention the number of chambers of
heart present in the following
Ans: Pisces 2 Chambers.
Amphibia 3 Chambers.
Reptila 3 Chambers.
Aves 4 Chambers.
Mammal 4 Chambers.
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25. What do you mean by
metamorphosis?
Ans: The changes which a lar va
undergoes in order to become an
adult are collectively called
metamorphosis.
Hot blooded animals
temperature does not change
according to changes in the
surrounding environment.
E.g.: kiwi, Man, Lion.
Answer the following questions.
(3 marks)
1) Write the salient feature of
vertebrates?
Ans: Vertebrates have a back bone or
vertebral column
Their skeletal system consists of hard
rigid structures called bones.
Their body is divided into head,
trunk and limbs.
They have ventral heart and it is
chambered.
They posses dorsal tabular ner ve
cord.
They excrete through kidneys.
2) Write the salient features of
mammals.
Ans: Mammals have mammary gland to
feed their young once.
Their skin is hairy.
Mouth is provided with jaws bearing
teeth.
They have movable eyelids and eye
lashes.
Ear has fleshy external pinna.
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Limbs have five digits ending in

claws (or) nails.

3) Name the following in fish.

Ans:a) Locomotor structures
paired and unpaired fins.
b) Balancing organs paired tins.
c)Respiratory organs phar yngeal
Gills.

4. Draw a neat diagram of a monocot

plant and label the parts.
Ans: External features of a Bird

Answer the following questions:

(4 marks)
1) Write the general characteristics of
the class Pisces.
Ans:1) Fishes are aquatic vertebrates.
2) They have stream lined (or)
spindle shaped body with mouth
at the anterior end of the body.
3) Jaws have teeth.
4) Skin is covered with scales which
provides protection.
5) Skin contains mucous glands.
6) Locomotor structures are in the
Monocot Plant (Maize Plant) form of paired and unpaired fins.
7) Paired fins help in balancing also.
5. Draw a typical flower and mark the 8) Digestive system is well developed
parts. with an alimentary canal.
Ans: 9) Respiration is by pharyngeal gills.
10) Heart is two chambered.
11) Fishes have two chambered heart.
12) Fishes are poikilothermic i.e. cold
blooded animals.
13) Nervous system is well developed
with brain and spinal cord.
14) Fishes are unisexual and reproduce
sexually.
15) Fishes exhibit great diversity in
6. Draw the diagram of a bird and label habitat colour and shape.
the parts. (Select only 10 points and write)

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2) List the important characteristics of
the class amphibian.
Ans: 1) Amphibians are adapted to
live both on land and in water.
2) The body is divisible into three
regions namely the head, trunk
and limbs.
3) The skin will be soft and moist due
to the secretions from the mucous
glands present in the skin.
4) Mouth is provided with jaws.
5) Nostrils are exposed above the
mouth.
6) Fore limbs have four digits while
hind limbs have five digits each.
7) A well developed digestive system
with alimentar y canal and
associated glands.
8) Amphibians respire by gills, skin or
lungs.
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9) Amphibians have three
chambered heart.
10) Amphibians are cold blooded
animals.
11) Ner vous system with a brain, a
spinal cord, 10 pairs of cranial
ner ves and an autonomous
nervous system will be present.
12) Amphibians are unisexual and
reproduce sexually
13) Amphibians are oviparous. These
lay eggs on stagnant water. During
life cycle metamorphosis occurs.
(Select only 10 points and write)
3. Draw a neat diagram of a fish and
write any four salient features of it.
Ans: [For diagram refer textual questions
answers III Q 1]
[For salient features refer VII main Q
1. (Select only 4 features)]
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