1

) (titanium metal )titanium

(alloys ).(titanium compounds

) (titanium
5 ) (TiCl4) (titanium tetrachloride Hunter .Kroll
) (sodium ) .(magnesium ) (titanium
) (K2TiF6) (hexafluorotitanate
) (electrolytic reduction )(TiO2) (titanium dioxide
TiO2 ) (magnesium ) .(calcium
10 ) (titanium
) (reducing agents.
) (titanium 45
) (titanium .

1 ) (aluminum 0.1 . 15

.
.

.
20
.

:
 2

M11TiF6
M12TiF6 ) aXb(M1:
M11 ) (cation )
(hexafluorotitanate
5 M1 ) (ammonium
X ) (anion ) (halide ) (sulphate )(nitrite
) (acetate ) (nitrate
a b 1 2
M12TiF6 ).(titanium
10 ) M11 (nitrate .
M11 +Fe2+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Mg2+ Cu2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ CO2 .+Ni2
) (lithium ) (sodium )
.(potassium M11TiF6 FeTiF6 ) aXb(M1 .NH4Cl
) (slags )(ilmenite
15 ) (rutile ) (anatase ) (provskite )(brookite
- ) (pseudo-brookite ) (sphene ) (leucoxene
. ) (ilmenite .FeTiO3 ) (rutile )(anatase
) (brookite ) (leucoxene TiO2
. TiO2
20 ) .(ilmenite ) (sphene CaTiSiO5 )(provskite
.CaTiO3
) (ilmenite )(provskite
Ti: M11 1:1 M11

Ti . Ti .M11
25 M11TiF6 FeTiF6 FeTiF6
) (ilmenite HF.
 3

) (ilmenite . HF 5
.60 20 .24

) Fe(III ) .Fe(II
5 . Fe Al

Zn Cu Mn .Mg
) aXb(M1
.
M11TiF6 .
10 M12TiF6 ) 2TiF6(NH4 ) 2TiF6(NH4
Li2TiF6 Na2TiF6 K2TiF6 ) (lithium )
(sodium ) (potassium .
.
) (sodium chloride ).(sodium sulphate
15 Li2TiF6 Na2TiF6 K2TiF6 )
.(titanium " " .
) (sodium ) (magnesium )(potassium
) .(calcium Na2TiF

. 20

Na3AlF6 Na2VF7
) (aluminium ) (vanadium .
Na3AlF6 Na2VF7
) 6 4( .
AlF3 VF5 VF4 VF3 25

.
 4

TiO2 )
(rutile ) (anatase ) (brookite M11
: HF M11
M11 .M11TiF6
5 ) 2TiF6(NH4
IV III- III- TiF3

TiF3 . " ".

) 2TiF6(NH4 )) Ti(III
) (aluminium ) (manganese ) (zinc ) (iron ).(magnesium
10 ) 2TiF6(NH4) (electrolytically ).Ti(III

) Ti(III ) 3TiF6 (NH4)2TiF5(NH4 .NH4TiF4

400 700 .TiF3
TiF3
.
TiF3 .NH4TiF4 15

TiF3 .6
TiO2
:
) (hydrofluoric acid M11
20 TiO2 M11TiF6
M12TiF6 ) aXb(M1:
M11 ) (cation )
(hexafluorotitanate
M1 ) (ammonium
X ) (anion ) (halide ) (sulphate )25 (nitrite

) (acetate ) (nitrate
a b 1 2
 5

M12TiF6 ).(titanium
TiO2 ) (rutile )(anatase
) (brookite ) (leucoxene .
TiO2 .
5 M11
M11 HF . ) (oxide )
(hydroxide ).M11 (carbonate
2 M1 +NH4 )Ti(NH4
F6 NH4TiF4 NH4TiF4 TiF3
10 TiF3 .
:


.
15

.
.

) (vanadium ) (aluminum ) (palladium )(molybdenum
20 ).(nickel
M2TiF6
M3AlF6 M2VF7 M
. M ).(sodium
.
25 .NH4TiF4
NH4TiF4 .5
 6

NH4TiF4
).2TiF6(NH4
.
) Al(Hg )
5 .(aluminium carbide

:
TiF3 .AlF3
:
10 AlF3
AlF3 .
AlF3
0.05 10 0.1 .5
AlF3
15 . )
(spontaneous combustion 250 600
. .
AlF3
AlF3 0.05 10 0.1 .AlF3 5
20 :
TiF3 AlF3
AlF3
.

25

.
 7

.
) (argon ) .(helium
.
AlF3 MgF2 .NaF
5 .


.

10

. .
.
.
15 .
.


.
20
:
HF FeTiF6
) 2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6(NH4
25 ) 2TiF6(NH4 NH4TiF4
NH4TiF4 TiF3
TiF3 .
 8

TiO2 :
M11
TiO2 M11TiF6
5
) 2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6(NH4 NH4TiF4
NH4TiF4 TiF3
10 TiF3 .
TiO2 ) (anatase ) (rutile
) (brookite ) (leucoxene .

) (titanium nitride ) (titanium carbide
15 ) (titanium boride ) (titanium hydride
) (titanium silicide ) (titanium phosphide
) (titanium sulphide :
)(nitrogen
) (carbon ) (boron ) (hydrogen ) (silicone
20 ) (phosphorous ).(sulphur


.
.
25 .
.12

 9

. HF
.
FeTiO3+6HF = FeTiF6 + 3H2O
HF 42-20 FeTiF6 5

. FeTiF6
) II
(+Fe3 HF .
.
10 +Fe3 +Fe2 :
+
Fe0 + 2Fe3+ = 3Fe2
+Ti4 +Ti3
. )
(leachate +Fe3 +Fe2 +Ti4
15 .
) aXb(M1 .
M11TiF6.6H2O M11 +Fe2+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Mg2+ Cu2
M1Cl M1 +Li+ Na+ K +NH4 M12TiF6
M11Cl2 .
20 K2TiF6
Li2TiF6) 2TiF6(NH4
.
) 2TiF6(NH4 4
NH4Cl 1 .M11TiF6
25 ) .2M11Cl4(NH4
K2TiF6 .K2M11
2 KCl 1 K2SO4
 10

.K2TiF6 +Li +Na

.M11 -SO42
. -CH3COO- NO2
-NO3 +Fe2 .+Mn2
M11 5

M11 .
)<.(90
M12TiF6
)
10 ( .
. K2
TiF6 Na2TiF6
) (MlBK .HCl
Li2TiF6 ) 2TiF6(NH4 .
15 ) .2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6(NH4 )
(
.
.TiO2
20 ) 2TiF6(NH4 .
) 2TiF6(NH4 .
" " Na2TiF6 K2TiF6 ).2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6(NH4 ) Na2TiF6
( Na2TiF6 ) 2TiF6(NH4
25 . NH4Cl
.
 11

) Na2TiF6 700(
. .
) 10 (
.
5 900 1100
. ) 6NaF(Ti ).2NaMgF3(Ti
-
. 1300 1700 .
) 6NaF 990( ) 2NaMgF3 1030
( 10

) 1670( .

) (elutectic 40 NaF 60
) LiF 652( 700 .
15 .
2 " " )TiF6(NH4
+Ti3 +Ti3 TiF3 TiF3 .
) 2TiF6(NH4
Hg-) Al( Mn .
NH4TiF4) 3AlF6(NH4 ) 2TiF5(NH4 .MnF2 20

) 3AlF6(NH4 NH4TiF4
. 700 ) NH4F(g
) .TiF3(S ) 3AlF6(NH4 ) Na3AlF6 (
NaCl .
) (HF 25 Zn Al Mn

Fe .Mg ) 2HtiF6(NH4 )
(2-1 - )
 12

2HtiF6(NH4 . ) NH4OH (6
) .3TiF6(NH4 700 3NH
) 4F(g ).TiF3(S
) 2TiF6(NH4 .
5 .
. HF 0.1
) 2TiF6(NH4 HF
.1 ) (electrolytic reactions :
-
H2O = 1/2 O2 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e :
10 )2Ti4+ (aq) + 2e- = 2Ti3+ (aq :
= aq.
) 2HtiF6(NH4
NH4OH 6 ) .3TiF6(NH4
700 ) 3NH4F(g ) .TiF3(S +Ti3
15 .
TiF3 Na Mg Al ) 3NaF(Ti) 1.5 MgF2(Ti
2 ) AlF3(Ti . TiF3 )TiF6(Na,K
700.
NaF MgF2
20 AlF3 1300.
HF 1030
. )(leachate
.
. 45.
)( ) 25

( . .90
 13

" " Na2TiF6

.
. 16 17
.
" " Ti4 Ti3 5
+ +

.1
) +Ti4 (+Ti3
. ) +Ti3 (Ti AlF3
400
10 :
.2AlF3 + 3H2O = Al2O3 + 6HF
Al2O3 .
Fe2O3 .
Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 .
15
1
:
1
2
20 3 ) 2TiF6(NH4 .
4 ) 2TiF6(NH4 3
2 5 NH4TiF4 )TiF6(NH4
)Al(Hg
6 TiF3 NH4TiF4 5
25 7 TiF3 FeF3
8 TiF3 750
9 AlF3 1250
 14

10 8 AlF3
11 10
12
10 1350
13 NH4VF4 ) 2VF6(NH4 5

)Al(Hg
14 VF3 NH4VF4
13
15 10 1250
10 16
17
1
.
1 .
15

)(
.

1
20 2 ) Al(Hg )TiF6(NH4
:1 HF
. 89.5 6

2.5 2 . 98 45 + -

106 . :
V Ti Si Mn Mg Fe Ca Al
0.5 28.3 1.18 0.95 0.27 37.2 0.1 0.35
25 HF : 500
 15

) FeTiO3 (89.5) Fe2O3 (6) SiO2 (2.5

) .(2 447.5) FeTiO3 2.95 (30) Fe2O3
0.19 ( 12.5) SiO2 0.21 ( 500 .
FeTiO3 FeO3 SiO2 6 HF
5 FeTiF6 FeF3 .H2SiF6 HF )+ 2.95
20.1 = 6 (0.21 + 0.19 .98
20 .
94 .
: 2 )
10 600( ) 500 20( . 900) HF
(40 .
10 5.
12) Fe (
) Fe(III ).Fe(II
15 ) 50 2( . 200
. 1375
.FeTiF6

Ti 100 / Ti 137.5.
20 :
500) Ti 141.5 : ( = 97
20 169.8 : 600) Ti ( = 81
94 144 : 505) Ti ( = 95.5
2 :2 )TiF6(NH4
25 ) 1.375( 137.5) Ti 2.865 ( .
4 2.865 = 11.46) NH4Cl 613.11(.
 16

613) NH4Cl( FeTiF6 1375) 1(

. 10 15
. 15.
) 2TiF6(NH4 20-15
. ) 184 5( 5

. ) ( )(NH4
2TiF6 . .
) 2TiF6(NH4 60 . 522 .
XRD .3
10
) 2TiF6(NH4 522) 100 = 2.631
(Ti .Ti 92 Fe
.0.4 0.5 Si .Al
) (
15 . Fe NaCl Na2SiF6 .Na3AlF6
2 )TiF6(NH4
) 400) 2TiF6(NH4( 60
) 500( 2 . ) 2TiF6(NH4
) 2TiF6.x H2O(NH4 . 100) A1
20 25 ( .
0.5) HF (40
) Ti(IV .Al )100
( . .
) .Ti(III
25 ) .Fe(II TiF3
3 A1 . )AlF6(NH4

 17

) .(3
. A1 ) ( .
40
10 ) 2TiF6(NH4 .
. 5

) 50 50( .
) (
. .
) 2TiF6(NH4 60 . 70
10 . XRD .4
) 2TiF6(NH4
) 5 ( HCl 25) CP (32
50 . 5 HCl
. HCl
1 15 .Fe 0.01

) 2TiF6(NH4.
:3 ) 2TiF(NH4 )Al(Hg
Al Hg
) 15-10 3-1
150( NaOH 1 500 20 Hg

) 50 ( . .Hg 5
.Hg

.
Hg Hg 500 25

. 2-1 Hg
Hg .
 18

) 500) Al(Hg(
Hg ) 2TiF6(NH4 .

2 ) 2TiF6(NH4 500) 2(
5 ) 1.5( . 30 .
) 150) -Al(Hg( )
2TiF6(NH4 ) ( . 30
70 75 . 15 70 30
.
10 ) -Al(Hg .
) 50 2(.
60 ) 475( . NH4T
iF4) 3AlF6(NH4 25 :75 NH4TiF4 .
HF HF .
)) 3AlF6(NH4 ( . XRD 15 .5

) 2TiF6(NH4 )Fe(II
) -Al(Hg .
) Ti(IV ) .Ti(III Fe
) 2TiF6(NH4 .
20 ) -Al(Hg HCl .Fe
3 :4 NH4TiF4)AlF6(NH4
3 NH4TiF4) 3AlF6(NH4
600 . 4-2
- TiF3 AlF3
NH4F . . 25

NH4F Al 750.
 19

NH4TiF4) 3AlF6(NH4
60 70 .
XRD TiF3 NH4TiF4
.6
NH4TiF4 5

XRD NH4TiF4 .5 XRD

XRD .NH4FeF4 TiF3
NH4TiF4 XRD .FeF3 XRD
FeF3 TiF3 .7
10 :5 TiF3 A1 AlF3
TiF3 AlF3 ) (4
125 >) -Al( . Al 1) TiF3
1 : ( .
750 . .
15 XRD .8
) (static unit Al
> 125 .
Al TiF3 . Al Zn
A1 . Zn 950
20 .
750 1250
. AlF3 .
XRD AlF3 .9 .
2 10.
25 -Ti . XRD .10
AlF3
) (5-0.1 .-Ti
 20

. -Ti
250 .
< 600 AlF3 .
) ( AlF3 .
5 -Ti 1250 )
.(15 AlF
AlF3 . 3

:6 -Ti
-Ti ) (5
10 . )(
AlF3 . XRD .11
-Ti )> (Ti-1
.
XRD )( Ti- Ti
Al .Al-Ti XRDS -Ti 15

8 10 AlTi3
) Ti( AlTi XRDs
AlTi Al . " "Ti3
AlTi3 "" Al )> 1300(
20 .
Ti N2 .TiN XRD 12
-Ti N2 1350 .
Al .Al
XRD -Ti ) Al (8
AlF3 AlTi3 . 25 Al

TiF3 Al ) ( Ti AlTi3
TiF3 25 .XRD
 21

Ti Al ) (
Al ) Ti(III ) .Ti(IV
:
TiF3 + Al = Ti + AlF3 G = -80KJ/ mol Ti, ][log (K) = 4
5 ]TiF4 + 11/3Al = Ti + 11/3AlF3 G = -300KJ/mol Ti, [log (K) = 15
) (
.
. AlF3
1100 AlF3
10 .
) Ti(IV ) Ti(III
. )
2TiF6(NH4 ).Al(Hg
2
15 -
:1 NH4VF4 VF3
-Ti Ti-6Al-4V ) (
TiF3 .Al Ti-6Al-4V
VF3 TiF3 Al 6 -
20 .AlF3
V VF5 VF4
. V
.
58.5) NH4VO3( ) 300( . ) NH4Cl
25 53.5( 40) HF 130( .
 22

14) Fe ( ) V(V ).V(IV

.
.
NH4VO3 + 6HF + 1/2 Fe + 2NH4Cl = (NH4)2VF6 + 1/2(NH4)2FeCl4 + H2O
5 20
) .-Al(Hg 3 40 .
) V(IV ) V(III Fe ) -Al(Hg .
NH4TiF4 .
NH4VF4.2H2O 67 . XRD .13
) Al(Hg ) V(V ) V(IV ) 10

3AlF6(NH4 .
:2
NH4TiF4 NH4VF4.2H2O 700 VF3(+A
) lF3 . XRD .14 VF3 AlF3
15 ) TiF3(+AlF3 .
3
2 NH4Cl )FeCl4(NH4
Fe(OH)2 NH4OH )FeC(NH4
2

l4 2 1
.NH4Cl . 20

Fe(OH)2 )) FeO(OH (NH4Cl

H2O2
.
) Fe(II ) Fe(III
25 . :
2)FeCl4 + current = Fe + Cl2 + 2NH4Cl(NH4
Cl2 + 2(NH4)2FeCl4 =2FeCl3 + 4NH4Cl
 23

2FeCl3 + 6NH4OH = 6NH4Cl + 2FeO(OH) + 2H2O

2FeCl4 + 6NH4OH + current = 12NH4Cl + Fe + 2FeO(OH) + 2H2O(NH4)3

1 ) 2FeCl4(NH4
5-4 NH4OH . /
5 6 2
) ( . 9-6 .
70-60 .
5-4
.NH4OH Cl2
10
) Fe(II ) .Fe(III 3
. 300 ).NH4OH (25
Fe - .
80 200 ) FeO(OH TiOF2
.
15 310) NH4Cl( . 80
NH4Cl .
Fe FeTi
.
4
20 HF
NH4F NH4 600
) (4 1 NH4OH .CaF2 NH4O
H NH4Cl ) .2FeCl4(NH4 ) CaF2 (
H2SO4 .HF
25 5
) 2TiF6(NH4
 24

) (TiO2. X H2O
.-Ti Ti
M11TiF6 M11 1
M11: 1 .TiiV M11 .+Zn2
40.7) Zno 0.5 ( ) 65( 5

.Zno 130) HF 3 40 ( ZnO .

.ZnO 69.6) TiO2.2H2O0.6
( .
. .
. .HF 10

40 . ) 20 1( . NH4Cl
) 117 2 ( ) 200 30(
) 2TiF6(NH4 :
)ZnTiF6 (aq) + 4NH4Cl (S) = (NH4)2TiF6(ppt) + (NH4)2ZnCl4(aq
15 = aq.
5 15
10 . ) 2TiF6(NH4
60 80.25 . < .80 ) (90
.
20 ) 2TiF6(NH4 .
HF H2TiF6 ZnO H
2TiF6 . ) NH4Cl(s Ti
) 2TiF6(NH4 .
6
25 ) 2TiF6(NH4
5 ) 2TiF6(NH4
.
 25

7
) 2TiF6(NH4
5 MgO ZnO
) 2TiF6(NH4 .
5 8
Na Na2TiF6
16 ) 800( HF 20 )
1.5( 2 .
)100( 5 .
10 . 74 . )12
( ) (III ) (II .
1) FeTiF6 Ti = 438 (
) ( . ) 1.5( 164
. NH4Cl ) 49.4 5( ) 876(
15 10 .
20 . ) 454) 2TiF6(NH4(
68 ) 386( . 395.8 2
) .2TiF6(NH4 97.5
.98 NH4
20 Cl ) 75 ( ) 442( .
66 ) 376( 95 .99
) 332( ) 442( 98
. 10 .
2 ) 60( )(NH4
TiF6 ) 242( 37 ) 25 205

< .(99.9 .
 26

NaCl ) 121.2( ) 300( ) 2TiF6(NH4 )

242( 30 .
NaCl ) 50 ( 60 Na2TiF6
) 210(.
5 ) 115 20( 750
.
) ( 700 .
900 .
900 30
10 .

NaF ) 270( ) 300(
15-2 . .
1700
. )( 5 )15 40
10
< (99.9 .NaF
NaF . 42) NaF 500-
( HCl ) 100 (32 250
HF . NaCl
20 ) 57 120 < (98 ) 96( .
HF 84 20 ) HF .(95
) 2TiF(NH4 FeTiF6 NH4Cl
) 2FeCl2(NH4
Fe.NH4Cl .3
25 HCl NaOH NaCl .
ChloorKop South Africa
.
 27

) Si(Fe
.
9
5 Mg Na2TiF6
17 ) 800( HF 20
.1 ) 149 5( )438
( 20 .
Na2SO4 ) 25 3
( 60 Na2TiF6 ) 195 94 10

.(99
Na2TiF6 ) 195( ) 57 20
( 750
. ) ( 700
15 900
.
. 1100
30 .

NaMgF3 .
20 -Ti 1700.
17 .
10

1
25

.
 28

.
) (1
.
) (2 5

.
) (3
.
) (4 ) 2TiF6(NH4
10
.TiCl4 ) TiF6(NH4
) (non-corrosive
. TiCl4

1000 .
15 TiCl4 O N H C
.
) (5
.
) (6
20 ) (
.
) (7
. )(pyrometallurgical
. )
(metallurgy . 25

)(
. )(
 29

.AlF3 AlF3 .
) (8 2
TiF3
. 5

.
) (9 HF
HF .
1
10 .
 30

1
) (

Ni Mo Pd V Al



0.015 0.2 0.03 0.18 0.08 1
0.015 0.3 0.03 0.25 0.08 2
0.015 0.3 0.05 0.35 0.08 3
0.015 0.5 0.05 0.40 0.08 4
0.015 4 6 0.4 0.05 0.20 0.08 5
0.015 0.2 0.3 0.03 0.25 0.08 7
0.015 2.5 3 0.25 0.02 0.12 0.05 9
0.015 0.2 0.2 0.03 0.18 0.08 11
0.015 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.03 0.25 0.08 12
0.015 0.0 0.3 0.03 0.25 0.08 16
5
0.015 0.0 0.2 0.03 0.18 0.08 17
5
0.015 0.0 2.5 3 0.25 0.03 0.15 0.05 18
5
*

2 / KSI KSI
/
24 25/45 35 1
20 40/65 50 2
18 55/75 64 3
 31

15 70/95 80 4
10 **120 130 5
20 40/65 50 7
15 **70 90 9
24 26/46 35 11
12 **50 70 12
20 40/85 50 16
24 25/45 35 17
15 **70 90 18
* .
** .
 32

9 5
11 7 4 3 2 1
18 17 16 12
0.162/ 0.160/ 3
0.163 /
3
3

81015/ 81016/ 81015 /

1715 1800 16351735 - )25
(
Btu/ft 10 Btu/ft 4 Btu/ft 13-10

/10-65.5 /10-65.3 /10-65.1 )
600-32
(
3000 3000 3000



) (
5 .
.
.
.
.
10