OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

Senior High School Department

1st Sem. SY 2017-2018
READING AND WRITING
REVIEWER

PART I CLASSIFICATION OF DISCOURSE

EXPOSITION is a discourse which tries to reveal the center of the discussion or gives the importance of certain topic.
Example: Giving reasons why many schools imposed uniforms.
School Uniforms are good for the development of children. First of all, everyone is dressed
unified. So no one has better clothes than others and no one can threaten others only because of their
clothes.
NARRATION is a discourse which narrates or tells a story by means of written or spoken language
Example: Experience in riding a bicycle
Learning how to ride a bike for the first time was a nerve-racking independent moment. I was
about five years old when my sister informed me that I was too old to still be riding a bike with training wheels.
DESCRIPTIVE is a discourse which defines particular person, object, place, event or situation
Example: Describing three types of planets in the Solar system
There are three types of planets in the Solar system. The terrestrial planets are made of rock and
metal and are closest to the sun. The gas giants are formed from gases such as hydrogen and helium. Finally, planetoids
are objects made up of rock and ice and are too small to be true planets.
ARGUMENT is a discourse which objects, rejects or accepts issues, opinions and beliefs of other people.
Example: Critique paper, debate or persuasive writing about Korean Curriculum in the Philippines next year, 2018.

*In order to identify the classification discourse, always consider the topic. What is the topic being mentioned? How does
the topic discuss in the following sentences? Does the topic being argued? Exposed? Narrated? Or described?

PART II GRAPHIC AIDS

CHART uses slices by means of fraction, and sometimes getting the percentage of the data.
GRAPH shows the numbers of information by using x and y-axis
TABLES uses rows and columns to set larger data
MAP CHART presents geographical place or location of distribution
STRATA CHART is somehow looks like a wavelength
LINE GRAPH still has an x and y-axis but lines and dots are used to connect interrelated data.
FLOW SHEET shows successive movements using geometric symbols
FLOW CHART shows a process of particular information using connected shapes
DRAWINGS focus on the details
DIAGRAMS focus on the parts
FIGURES focus on the shapes being used

PART III TOPIC SENTENCE

TOPIC SENTENCE simply states the thesis statement of a main text. It states or suggests the main idea (topic) of a
paragraph.
Example: It was a very nice place to live then. Now it is much bigger than before. More people move there and
some big businesses have been established. My parents still live there but they say it was better in the past.
TOPIC SENTENCE: I lived in a small town when I was a child.

Example: First, you know everyone and everyone knows you. This helps you to feel safe, and it is friendlier. Then,
it is quiet and there are fewer cars. This means there is less pollution than in a big town or city.
TOPIC SENTENCE: There are two main advantages of living in a small town.

Example: I am not talking about writing or printing. I am talking about the codex we may leaf through, that may
be put away on a shelf for whole centuries and will remain there, unchanged and handy.
TOPIC SENTENCE: What a piece of work is a book!

PART IV THESIS STATEMENT

THESIS STATEMENT in Argumentation offers a concise summary of any written material you go with. It is not just a
sentence but sometimes appeared as sentences but not a paragraph.
Example:
Eating fast food is bad and should be avoided. (wrong)
Americans should eliminate the regular consumption of fast food because the fast food diet leads to
preventable and expensive health issues, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. (correct)
 Example:
There are high numbers of homeless people living in Berkeley, California. (wrong)

Homeless people in Berkeley should be given access to services, such as regular food donations, public
restrooms, and camping facilities, because it would improve life for all inhabitants of the city. (correct)

PART V COMPARISON-CONTRAST
COMPARISON is used when similarities are given
CONTRAST is used when only the differences are included

*Comparison-contrast uses transitional words in order to emphasize positive or negative ideas. And the following are the
transitional words we can see in reading sentences and paragraph to show uniqueness of making it clear.

CONTRAST TRANSITION WORDS COMPARISON TRANSITION WORDS

whereas Likewise
But Like
yet In the same way
Despite Similarly
Even so
unlike
However
In another way
While
Nevertheless
On one hand
Different

Examples:
I want to buy an ice cream, but my mother does not want me to buy one. (contrast)
I eat ice cream slowly; in the same way I eat cotton candies. (comparison)
A car is useless in New York, essential everywhere else. The same with good manners. (comparison)
George likes to read science fiction, but Paul likes to read poetry. (contrast)
Kim likes prime rib while Tom prefers rice and vegetables (contrast)

PART VI CAUSE AND EFFECT

CUAE AND EFFECT is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the reasons forand/or
the consequences ofan action, event, or decision. A cause-and-effect paragraph or essay can be organized in various
ways. For instance, causes and/or effects can be arranged in either chronological order or reverse chronological order.
Alternatively, points can be presented in terms of emphasis, from least important to most important, or vice versa.

Examples:
We received seven inches of rain in four hours. The underpass was flooded. (cause)
I never brush my teeth. I have 5 cavities. (effect)
Smoking cigarettes. Lung cancer (effect)
Many buffalo were killed. Buffalo almost became extinct. (cause)
The streets were snow-packed and icy. Cars needed more time to stop. (effect)
He broke his arm. The doctor put it in a cast. (effect)
The boss was busy. Her secretary took a message. (cause)
A basketball player was traveling. The referee called a penalty. (effect)
I flipped the light switch on. The light came on. (cause)
An oil spill. Many deaths to wildlife (cause)
Sedentary lifestyle. Childhood obesity (cause)

PART VII CHRONOLOGICAL, SPATIAL, LOGICAL

CHRONOLOGICAL helps to record events in the order in which they occurred. It uses transitional words such as then,
when, during, after, before and meanwhile.
SPATIAL describes physical setting left, right, bottom, top, far and near.
LOGICAL follows the rule of logic or reasoning

Example of SPATIAL ORDER: Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a
restaurant. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. The top section of the
tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.