Lean

Lean practices are defined processes that maximise customer value while minimising waste (Endsley
et al., 2006; Koning et al., 2006)

The lean practice ultimate goal is to achieve organisational efficiency and greater productivity while
providing quality services at lower cost (Koning et al., 2006; Shook, 2009; Smart et al., 2003)

Lean principles that reduce waste include: specifying customer value, identifying value streams,
creating flow processes, highlighting demand and prioritising problem resolution (Waring and
Bishop, 2010; Yang et al., 2011; Staats et al., 2011).

Lean practices involve Plan-Do-CheckAdjust (PDCA) cycles (Baker et al., 2009; Liker and Franz, 2011)

Wadhwa (2002) states that influencing patient perception is increasingly recognised in healthcare
systems. Patient perception is positively linked to their healthcare quality perceptions. She also
stresses that when patient perceptions are positive, their clinical experience and outcomes are more
likely to be positive.

Intense global competition, rapid technological changes, advances in manufacturing and information
technology and discerning customers are forcing manufacturers to optimize manufacturing process,
operations, and all the possible nodes of supply chains that enable them to deliver high-quality
products in a short period of time.

designed to eliminate waste in every area extending from production to customer relations, product
design, supplier networks and factory management

incorporate less human effort, less inventory, less time to develop products, and less space to
become highly responsive to customer demand while producing top quality products in the most
efcient and economic manner possible

Manufacturers can use different lean tools and lean principles to reduce wastes and non-value
added (NVA) activities

reduce waste anywhere in the company, optimize core resources and establish a corporate culture
dedicated to identifying and continuously fostering customer satisfaction

They usedvaluestreammapping(VSM)asleansupplychaintooltoreducecostandleadtime and enhance

quality through P-D-C-A improvement cycle

Various lean adaptive methods (just-in-time According to the fourth principle of lean, production
process should be arranged like a pull system where the wastes are eliminated from the process and
the ow of the product is smooth

Increasing global competitiveness worldwide has forced manufacturing organizations to produce

high-quality products at a faster rate and at a competitive cost.

Azharul Karim Kazi Arif-Uz-Zaman, (2013),"A methodology for effective implementation of lean
strategies and its performance evaluation in manufacturing organizations", Business Process
Management Journal, Vol. 19 Iss 1 pp. 169 196

Lean manufacturing is one of the most widely accepted performance

Lean implementation can lead to improvement in

flexibility,wasteelimination,optimization,processcontrolandpeopleutilization
5S: The 5S program focuses on systematically achieving total organization, visual order, cleanliness
and standardization. A well-organized workplace results in a safer and more productive operation.
The experts believe that 5S advocates eliminating delays by maintaining good housekeeping facility,
as it helpsinchoosingtherighttoolwithoutdelay

ThepurposeofERPistofacilitatetheflow of information between all business functions inside the

boundaries of the organizationandmanagetheconnectionstooutsidestakeholders.ERPsystems
automate and integrate internal and external management information across
anentireorganizationincludingfinance/accounting,manufacturing,salesand
serviceandcustomerrelationshipmanagement.

Undersuchconditions,eliminatingallkindsofwastesassumeshigh
significance,makingLeanimplementationanaturalchoiceforthemanufacturingsectofrom

Vikram Sharma Amit Rai Dixit Mohd. Asim Qadri , (2016),"Modeling Lean implementation for
manufacturing sector", Journal of Modelling in Management, Vol. 11 Iss 2 pp. 405 - 426
improvementstrategiesworldwide

Ithelpsinrepresentingvisuallywhatisgoingon
inthevaluestreamtoimprovetheflowofmaterialandinformationinthevalue chain by eliminating over-
production, unnecessary inventory or any other non-value-adding activity (Devadasan et al., 2012).

ThegoaloftheLeanmanufacturingsystemis doing more with less time, space, human effort while
giving the customer what they wantinahighlyeconomicalmanner(Paranitharanetal.,2011