Ipasolink Ethernet PDF

iPASOLINK
Ethernet Functions Overview
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

What is new in iPASO Series Product ?
Latest NEC Radio Product

iPASO iPASO iPASO
NEO HP
1000 400 200
Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM)

Packet Radio (PWE Inside)
VLAN
QoS QoS/Diffserve
Policer/Shaper
All IP PWE(E1)
Sync Ether
Clock Synch.
IEEE1588V2
OAM
Ethernet OAM
Hot Standby(1+1)
RF Link Aggregation
Link Protection E1 SNCP
RSTP
Ethernet Ring(G.8032)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 1

Hub, Bridge & Switches

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address
The Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology, and represents the protocol itself as well.
Developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox corporations, the Ethernet is standardized by the IEEE 802.3.
The most important technologies on the Ethernet are:
Layer 2 based protocol and standards
IEEE 802.3 standard
48 bits MAC is used to identified the nodes
Commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.
Currently 4 data rates are defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-
pair cables:
10Base-T Ethernet (10 Mbps)
Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Ethernet Equipments
Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) (HUB / Switch / Bridge)
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps)
Terminal B
Terminal A
Ethernet Frame MAC=222
MAC=111
SA DA
Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
DA SA
DA: Destination Address Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
SA: Origination Address

Collision Domain
HUB
HUB
Host C Host n
Host A Host B
Collision Domain
Collision Domain A Bridge / Switch / Router

Collision Domain B
HUB

What is L2 Switch?
L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC

address of the L2 frame.
Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge.
Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain.
L2 Switch
Hub Hub
1 234 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 234 56 7 8
Hub Hub
PCA PCB PCC PCA PCB PCC
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 234 5 6 7 8
PCA PCB PCC PCA PCB PCC

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address
Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC
Max. MTU 1518 Byte
Ethernet Frame Format
Preamble SFD DA SA Length Data

FCS
(7B) (1B) (6B) (6B) (2B) (46 to 1500B)
SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter
DA: Destination address
SA: Source Address
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
MAC Address Format

1bit 1bit 3~24bit 25~48bit
Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address

Universal (0) / Local (1) address
Vender ID
Serial Number
Broadcast Address: all 1, these frames sent out through all ports
Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports
Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port

Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure
Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning
MAC Address Table

Forwarding Data Table (FDB)
FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K Port MAC address
Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec
1 A 00-00-00-00-00-01
4 D 00-00-00-00-00-04
1 2 3 4
Dst MAC: D Dst MAC: A

Src MAC: A Src MAC: D
MAC A
MAC B MAC C MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-04
00-00-00-00-00-01

What is VLAN?

Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN)
Enables to make virtual group in LAN

But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router
Enables to divide broadcast domain

Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except port where broadcast frame was
received when VLAN is not used
Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group
VLAN setting

Broadcast frame is
Broadcast frame is not
transmitted to all port
transmitted to different
except received port
VLAN group

VLAN Architecture
Features of VLAN
Traffic Control
In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to
all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion.
Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications
among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.
Improvement of Security Performance
A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the
same VLAN.
For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a
commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible
between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great
deal.
Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices

Conventional networks require a lot of network administrators manpower for replacing and
moving network devices. When a user moves to another subnet, it is necessary to reset all
addresses of the users terminal devices. Introducing VLANs can exempt administrators from
this kind of troublesome work for resetting.
For example, when moving a terminal in the VLAN of a marketing division to another network
port and maintaining the subnet setting, it is sufficient only to change the setting of the port so
as to belong to the VLAN of the marketing division.

VLAN Architecture - 1
The VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a technology to construct a virtual network independent of
physical network structure. The conventional LANs centering around hubs and routers
take a lot of time and cost because of their physical restrictions encountered during the
initial designing or expansion stages. Introducing VLAN makes it possible to construct or
modify the network more easily and flexibly.
VLAN2 VLAN3
(Department B) (Department C)
HUB VLAN Switch
2nd Floor (Department B) 2nd Floor
HUB VLAN Switch
VLAN-1(Department A)
1st Floor (Department A) 1st Floor
Need to change Just change setting, not

physical connections physical connections
Router Router/L3 Switch
Conventional LAN VLAN

Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN
Port Based VLAN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
VLAN Switch
iPASO200 named
it as Access VLAN type
VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3
iPASO200 named
Tag Based VLAN it as Trunk VLAN type
(VLAN ID 10)
VLAN SW VLAN SW
1 1 (VLAN ID 10)
2 2
3 3
(VLAN ID 20) 4 4
5 5
6 6 (VLAN ID 20)
Tag 10
Tag 20

Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ?
Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN)
Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc..
iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte
Ethernet Header 18Bytes
Max 1518 Bytes

Usual
Ethernet Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard)
1500 18 Max Frame Size = 1518bytes
Frame
802.1q Max 1522 Bytes

Ethernet
Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag
Frame 1500 4 18 Max Frame Size = 1522 Bytes
Q in Q Max 1526 Bytes Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN

Ethernet Tag)
Frame 1500 4 4 18 Max Frame Size = 1526 Bytes

Extended VLAN ( Q in Q)
Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad

VLAN tag (4byte) is stacked to Ethernet frame
iPASO200 named the extended VLAN as Tunnel VLAN
Company A Company B
VLAN100 VLAN100
Data 100 Data 100
Data 100 300

Data 100 200 Common Network
Data 100 Data 100

VLAN100 VLAN100
Company A Company B

Ethernet Packet Format
Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q

VLAN tag (4byte) is inserted to Ethernet frame
IFG Preamble Destination Source MAC VLAN Length Data FCS

MAC address tag / type
12 Byte 8 Byte address (SA) 46 - 1500byte 4byte
(DA) 6byte 4byte 2byte
6byte
802.1q tag type TCI field

Example: traffic assignment 2byte 2byte Range: 1 - 4094
7 (High) Traffic management (0, 4095 reserved)
6 Voice
5 Video
Priority CFI VLAN-ID
4 Control signal
3bit 1bit 12bit
3 Excellent effort
CoS value
2 Best effort
1 Reserved
IFG: Inter Frame Gap
0 (Low) Background CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
TCI: Tag Control Information
TOS: Type Of Service

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
TCI: Tag Control Information TPID: Tag Protocol Identifier
802.1q Q-in-Q COS: Class Of Service
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

Address Address
2Bytes 2Bytes
Priority CFI VLAN
VLAN Tag 8100 bit ID
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
Priority CFI VLAN Priority CFI VLAN

VLAN Tag-2(outer) 8100 bit ID 8100 bit ID VLAN Tag-1 (inner)
802.1ad Q-in-Q
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
2Bytes 2Bytes
Priority CFI VLAN
VLAN Tag 8100 bit ID
To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Address Address
Priority CFI VLAN Priority CFI VLAN

VLAN Tag-2(outer) 88a8 bit ID 8100 bit ID VLAN Tag-1 (inner)

Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch
MC-A4
Main Board In-band In-band
1.Access FE1/GbE FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE 1. Access FE1/GbE

Modem1 Mod(slot1)
Trunk
2.Trunk FE1/GbE L2 SW /GbE
Modem2 VLAN 2. Trunk L2 SW Mod (slot2)
Trunk
FE1/GbE GbE Mod (slot3) VLAN
3.Tunnel
3.Tunnel Mod (slot4)
GbE
NMS NE
NMS NE
GbE
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q
In-band
iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad
MC-A4 In-band
FE1/GbE
1. C-Access FE1/GbE
Mod(slot1)
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad
/GbE
not available 2. S-Trunk L2 SW Mod (slot2)
S-Trunk
GbE Mod (slot3) VLAN
3.C-Bridge
Mod (slot4)
NMS NE

VLAN Setting (1) Types of VLAN setting at ports
Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel
How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?
1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN
2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN
Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example
Send with VLAN 10
Data Data 10
iPASO200
Data 100 FE Port 1: Modem 1:
Access Trunk
VLAN 10 VLAN 10
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic

How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?
1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access
2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
Data Data 2 Send with VLAN 2 Set for Un-tag packet
Data 20 20 Send with VLAN 20

Data
FE Port 2: iPASO200 Modem 1:

Data 100 Access LAN 2 Trunk VLAN 2, 20
Trunk VLAN 20
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface

How to create tunnel type ( Q in Q ) VLAN?

FE port set to tunnel port type VLAN (almost 802.1ad or Radio Hop Q in Q)
Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
All packets will be sent transparently with additional tag added on
Data Data 30 Add on tag VLAN30
Data 20 Data 20 30 Add on tag VLAN 30
No packets will iPASO200 Modem 1:

FE Port3:
be drooped Trunk VLAN 30
Tunnel VLAN 30
Recommendation: To be used when required Q in Q features

VLAN Setting (4) Setting methods at Modem ports
Modem port parameter setting methods
Data 2 Data 2
Data 30 Data 30
Data 20 Data 20 Modem 1:

Data 40 Trunk
Data 10 Data 10 VLAN 2,10,20,30
Drop
iPASO200

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Access Port
802.1ad
Only Untagged frames and all

C-tag frames are processed on
Port 1, and these frames are
assumed to belong to S-VLAN
ID = 200 any incoming S-VLAN
tag frames are dropped
FM- To- C-VLAN MSG FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG

A B any A B 200 Y
FM- To- MSG FM- To- S-VLAN MSG

A B A B 200
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG

A B any any Modem port Type: S-Trunk
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of S-Trunk Port
802.1ad
At port 1, Frames without a S-Tag

will have S-VLAN ID 200 and
forwarded (both untagged and
with any C-tag)
Frames with S-VLAN IDs
100,200,300 are only passed. Any
othe S-VLAN ID will be dr opped

A B any A B 200 any
FM- To- MSG FM- To- S-VLAN MSG
A B A B 200
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
A B 100 any A B 100 any
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG
A B 300 any A B 300 any
P1 (FE)
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
A B other any
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Bridge Port
In the example shown: 802.1ad
Only frames with C-VLAN IDs, defined will pass at
port1 with corresponding S-VLAN inserted:
C-VLAN 10, 20 will be inserted with S-VLAN 100 and
forwarded
C-VLAN 25, 30 will be inserted with S-VLAN 200 and
forwarded
All the other C-VLANs are dropped
Any S-VLANs are dropped

A B 25,30 A B 200 25,30
A B 10,20 A B 100 10,20

A B 200 25,30 P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN C-VLAN MSG Modem port Type: S-Trunk
A B 100 10,20 S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
A B 300 any
FM- To- MSG
A B

Quality of Service

Summary of locations for Policing and Shaping
Default Setting Shaping: 4XSP

Default Setting of Policing : Nil
iPASOLINK iPASOLINK
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
Modem Port Modem Port FE Port

FE Port
Ingress
Egress

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame
1) IP Packet ToS(3bit)
DSCP/Diffserve(6bit) IP ECN Explicit Congestion Notification
Version Header TOS IP address etc.

Length
8bits
To MAC Fm MAC Type TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

Address Address
2Bytes
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
VLAN Tag Priority CFI VLAN
bit (CoS) ID TCI: Tag Control Information
3bits COS: Class Of Service
(802.1q CoS)
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
2) MPLS Packet
MPLS MPLS IP Header IP data

Label Label
3bits
Label Exp S TTL
EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)

AMR with Advanced QoS
Protected
TDM TDM Radio
Radio Capacity
Packet
Capacity
Packet Policing/Shaping
according to QoS
TDM TDM
Egress Queue
Classification TDM
Determine
Ingress Policer +
equipment Classify (Mapping) for Packe
internal priority Token Token Egress Queue with Class 3 queue Sent t
internal priority
frames QoS
VLAN CoS
IPv4 precedence Packet
Class 2 queue
IPv4/v6 DSCP
MPLS EXP Token
Ether Token
bucket bucket
Class 1 queue Scheduling &
Two-Rate, Shaping User can define TDM
Three-Color Metering
Class 0 queue bandwidth for each radio
modulation
SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection

Summary of iPASOLINK QoS Functions and Features
iPASOLINK series supports fully functioned QoS control

Supported classification methods: CoS/IP Precedence/DSCP/EXP
Internal Classification: 8 classes
(8 classes mapped to 4 classes (default) / 8 classes (option) for Egress Queue)
Internal Priority to CoS Mapping
Ingress policing: CIR, EIR (Two-Rate Three-Color Marking)
Profile based QoS management is supported
Scheduling: SP, SP+3DWRR, 4DWRR (default) / SP+7DWRR, 2SP+6DWRR (option)
Congestion Avoidance: Weighted Tail Drop / WRED
Egress hierarchical shaping (Port + each QoS Class)
Classification Modes
Equipment Based QoS Mode

Profile Based ( one profile for the equipment)
Port Based QoS Mode

Port (Default Priority for each port can be set)
CoS (C-Tag) ( use Port priority or CoS)
DSCP IPv4/v6 (set DSCP to internal Priority)
Frame Classification Mode & Internal Priority

Port CoS (C-Tag) DSCP IPv4/v6
Untag IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority Default Port Priority
Tagged IP packet Default Port Priority CoS DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet Default Port Priority CoS Default Port Priority

Classification
Classification process of
distinguishing one kind of
traffic from another by
examining the Layer 2
through Layer and QoS
fields in the packet
Determine equipment internal priority
VLAN CoS
IPv4 Profile No.0 (ex) Profile No.1 (ex) Profile No.2
precedence
IPv4/v6 DSCP Internal IP Internal Internal
VLAN CoS DSCP
priority Precedence priority priority
MPLS EXP
7 7 7 7 63 7
6 6 6 6 : :
5 5 5 5 47 5
4 4 4 4 : :
3 3 3 3 31 3
2 2 2 2 : :
1 1 1 1 15 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
Classification profile is configurable.

Port Base QoS Mode (Port classification)
Classifies according to ingress physical port
iPASOLINK
Port mode
Default Port
Port 1 Port No. Modem VLAN
priority
IP packet SA DA (access/ (trunk) IP packet Tag SA DA
trunk) 1 7 (CoS7)
2 6
3 5
4 4
VLAN VLAN
IP packet Tag SA DA MODEM 1 3 IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS0) (CoS7)
MODEM 2 2
MODEM 3 1
MODEM 4 0
Update CoS value to
Default port priority value

Port Base QoS Mode (CoS classification)
Classifies according to CoS value
iPASOLINK
CoS (C-Tag) mode
Default Port priority = 1
VLAN
IP packet SA DA IP packet Tag SA DA
Port 1 Modem (CoS1)
(access+ (trunk)
trunk)
Update CoS value to

Default port priority value
VLAN VLAN
IP packet Tag SA DA IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS0) (CoS0)
No update CoS value

Port Base QoS Mode (DSCP classification)
Classifies according to DSCP value even if the frame is VLAN

tagged frame Update CoS value to
internal priority value
iPASOLINK
VLAN
IP header IP header
IP packet SA DA DSCP IPv4/v6 mode IP packet Tag SA DA
(DSCP=0) (DSCP=0)
Default Port priority = 1 (CoS5)
DSCP Classification Mapping
VLAN Internal VLAN

IP header Port 1 DSCP Modem IP header
IP packet Tag SA DA priority IP packet Tag SA DA
(DSCP=47) (access/ (trunk) (DSCP=0)
(CoS7) 63 7 (CoS5)
trunk)
: :
47 5
Classifies by this value : : Update CoS value to

31 3
internal priority value
: :
15 1
0 0
VLAN
Non-IP packet SA DA Non-IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS1)
VLAN
Non-IP packet Tag SA DA VLAN
(CoS7) Non-IP packet Tag SA DA
(CoS1)
Update CoS value to

default port priority value
What is CIR, EIR?
CIR (Committed Information Rate) -

Minimum BW guaranteed for an Ethernet service.
Policing is enforcement of CIR
Zero CIR means Best effort (no BW is guaranteed) CIR Conformant
Traffic CIR
EIR (Exceeded Information Rate) -

Service frames colored yellow may be
delivered but with no performance commitment.
EIR Conformant
PIR (Peak Information Rate) - Traffic CIR
Maximum rate at which packets are allowed to be forwarded.

PIR = CIR + EIR (greater or equal to the CIR)
Service frames exceeding PIR are red packets and
are unconditionally dropped No traffic
Traffic PIR

Dual Token bucket (TRTCM)
Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also
named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering
Example: consider the extreme case

One bucket is used:
CIR=2Mbps, CBS=2KB, EIR=0,EBS=0
Case 1:
Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back
First frame take 2000-1518 token remain
482 byte, the second frame is immediately
Discarded
Case 2:
One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another
1518 byte arrive, since token bucket
Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s
The token bucket is full again and able to
sent the second frame out with green
color.
CBS/EBS should be set depend on traffic

Our Recommendations: type
1. Bursty TCP-based traffic
2. UDP based type such as VoIP
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)

Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO
Business Package: 30 Mb PIR

30Mbps PIR
15Mbps CIR 20 Mb
EIR
Recognize the
15Mbps EIR service according to
DSCP/TOS/IP and 10 Mb
prioritize it. CIR
0 Mb
VLAN 20
Video Conf. iPASO400
iPASO200
Voice
Data / VPN iPASO400

Scheduling or Queuing Methods

Methods of Scheduling
FIFO
Strict Priority
WFQ(WRR)

Elements of QoS - Scheduling /Queuing
Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to
Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination.
Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.
High Priority Round Robin (RR)
Police Car ETC Car
ETC Car
ETC System
Electronic Toll Collection System

Deficit Round Robin
75 Credits
50 100 Credit counter:
50 50 50 75 Initially the counter start or reset from zero.
For this example, it was set to size value
50 50 50 75
of 75 for all the queue. When the queue is
150 75 not serve to send any packet, the credit
counter will be increased with another 75
50 100 75 Credits 1st round:
The first and fourth queue packet size is
50 50 25 50 50 bigger than credit counter value, these
50 50 25 two queue will hold back and not sending
Time
any packets, but second and third queue

150 75
sent out 50 packets. And their credit
150 Credits counter reduce to 25.
50 100 50 100
50 50 100 2nd round:
50 50 The first and fourth queue counter credit
50 50 100 increase to 150 byte
50 50
150 150 The result is Q1 send 150 byte
150 Q2 send 100 byte
Q3 send 100 byte
7 Credits Q4 send 150 byte
5
75 3rd round:
75 All credit counter with value 75 byte
75

Egress Scheduling and Shaping (4 Class
queue)
Classify (Mapping) for Egress Class 3 Scheduling and Shaping

Queue with internal priority
Shaper
Class 2
Shaper SP Shaper
Class 1 DWRR
Shaper
Shaper Class 3 absolute priority

Class 0 Divided throughput
by weighted condition
Mapping table is
Configurable.
SP or 1SP + 3 DWRR or 4 DWRR
WTD/WRED discard based on
color (Green/Yellow)

Egress Scheduling and Shaping ( 8 class
queue)
Classify (Mapping) for Egress Class 5

Scheduling and Shaping
Queue with internal priority
Class 7
Shaper
Class 6
Class 5
Shaper SP Shaper
Class 4
DWRR
Class 3 Shaper
Class 2 Class 7 absolute priority

Shaper
Divided throughput
Class 1
by weighted condition
Class 0
Mapping table is
Configurable.
1SP + 7 DWRR or 2SP + 6 DWRR
WTD/WRED discard based on color
(Green/Yellow)

Strict Priority mode How it works?
Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains
packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted).
Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority
queues become empty
iPASO200 Output port

shaper
Class-a Rate 25 function
25 Mbps Class-a
Mbps
Class-b [Breakdown]
20 Mbps Rate 20 Class-a 25 Mbps
Class-c Class-b Mbps Class-b 20 Mbps
Class-c 10 Mbps
10 Mbps Rate 10
Class-c Class-d 5 Mbps
Class-d Mbps
Rate 60 Mbps
15 Mbps Class-d Rate 15
Mbps
1. Operation of the output port shaper function

2. The total value 70 Mbps of class-a to class-d will be shrank to 60 Mbps by the output
shaper function when it is output.
3. The total value 70 Mbps of output frames class-a to class-d will be shrank by the output
port shaper function to 60 Mbps (class-a 25 Mbps; class-b 20 Mbps; class-c 10 Mbps;
class-d 5 Mbps) in the order of the priority from the lowest class to be output (when the
frame length for the output bandwidth for each input frame is 1500 bytes).
Out port control -- SP + D-WRR mode How it works?
Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of
each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being
completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler
transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it
transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.
iPASO200
Output port
Class-a class-a Rate42 Mbps shaper
42 Mbps SP (Strict Priority) function
Class-b
50 Mbps Rate 9 Mbps Rate 60 Mbps
class-b DWRR
Class-c
50 Mbps Rate 6 Mbps [Breakdown]
class-c DWRR class-a 42 Mbps
Class-d
Rate 3 Mbps class-b 9 Mbps
50 Mbps
class-d DWRR class-c 6 Mbps
class-d 3 Mbps
WRR only fair and good solution for data traffic with rather fixed packet length,
instead D-WRR will be perfect fair for variable packet size oriented data traffic,
iPASO support with D-WRR scheduling or shaping

Elements of QoS ( Discard Control)
Determines whether the current frame to be queued or discarded, depending on the

packet priority and the state of the queue.
Too Late!! Comfortable!!
Little
Not slow..
connecte
d well
Traffic Early detect and

Concentration restrain
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Window Size decrease globally Average Utilization

Average Utilization
Time
Time
Effective Window size variation

Congestion Avoidance ( Discard Control)
iPASO200 support Weight Tail Drop at Release Threshold2

1.07and later with WRED (75%)
Congestion avoidance techniques on the Threshold3 Threshold1
egress queues. (100%) (50%)
Both techniques will drop packets when pre-
configured thresholds on the egress queues
have been reached.
Weighted Tail Drop (WTD), with thresholds

Setting on each queue, for congestion
avoidance
Queuing Priority1: 0% discard

Queuing Priority2: 0 discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)

Ethernet OAM
To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks,
powerful OAM toolset is required.
Provide Fault management by

Ethernet OAM (ITU-T Y.1731 and CFM or IEEE 802.1ag).
Fault Management
CC (Continuity Check)
LB (Loop Back) It corresponds to ping in IP.
LT (Link Trace) It corresponds to trace route in IP.
Provider X
BTS/Node-B Operator A Operator B BSC/RNC
CC
LB
LT
Y.1731 Performance Management not yet supported

By iPASO200

Ethernet OAM
Function Y.1731 802.1ag Mechanism

Connectivity Fault
Management
Fault Detection
CCM
Fault verification-Loop back

LBM / LBR
Fault isolation
LTM / LTR
Discovery
LTM / LTR
Fault Notification
- AIS RDI
Performance
Monitor
Frame Loss
- CCM, LTM, LTR
Frame Delay
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
Delay Variation
- DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
CCM : Continuity Check Message

LBM: Loopback Message
LBR: Loopback Reply
LTM: Link Trace Message
LTR: Link Trace Reply
DM: Delay Measurement
DMM: Delay Measurement Message
DMR: Delay Measurement Reply

Example of Maintenance Entities
Provider X
Customer Operator A Operator B Customer
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Customer
Level (5-7)
Service
Provider
Level (3-5)
Operator
Level (0-2)
Maintenance Entity Points

Maintenance Entities
Maintenance Intermediate Points

ETH-CC (Fault Detection)
1 2 3 4
Legend
: MEP
: CCM
: CCM
Objectives
To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks.
To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs
periodically
Operations
Each MEP transmits ETH-CC frames periodically

If MEP does not receive any ETH-CC frames for 3.5 times of the ETH-CC frame
transmission interval, it provide alarm indication (loss of connectivity)

ETH-LB (Fault Verification)
1 2 3 4
Legend
:MEP
:MIP
:LBM
:LBR
Objectives
To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments
Unicast ETH-LB verification between the designated 2 equipments
Multicast ETH-LB verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG
Operations
MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4
MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame
MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame
iPASOLINK Ethernet
NEC Functions
Corporation 2010 53
ETH-LT (Fault Isolation)
1 2 3 4
TTL=n TTL=n-1 TTL=n-2

Legend
TTL=n : MEP
TTL=n-1 : MIP
TTL=n-2
: LTM
: LTR
Objectives
To verify the route status and localization of the fault
Operations
MEP#1 sends a ETH-LTM frame to MEP#4

Each MIP (#2,#3) sends a reply ETH-LTR to MEP#1,
and forwards the ETH-LTM frame with the decreased TTL value to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LTM frame and reply a ETH-LTR frame
MEP#1 receives the ETH-LTR frames which have the different TTL value.

iPASO200 Ethernet OAM functions (2)
iPASO200 #1 iPASO200 #2
MODEM
L2SW MODEM LAN
LAN
Reply frame NG Reply frame OK

Reply frame NG
ETH-CC/LB/LT
iPASOLINK200 supports only Down MEP/MIP

Ether OAM reply frame from Switch to LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay
But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not supported

For this application, ETH-CC/LB/LT reply frame only at iPASO #1MODEM port
The MEP of IPASO #1should be set only at Modem port

OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (1)
VLAN ID 20
Access One
Access One
OAM Test Set
OAM Test Set MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP
MEP 2
MEP 1
By external OAM Test Set Set as MIP

Left Access One MEP Index: 1
Right Access One MEP Index: 2
MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name)
MEG Level: 0
VLAN ID: 20
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup OAM
Use Access One test set to perform OAM Test

Check ETH CC ETH LB/LT results

OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (2)
VLAN ID 20
SW SW SW SW
MIP MIP MIP MIP 2

1
Modem port Modem port
set as MEP1 set as MEP2
1 2
MEP Index: 1 1 From left to right perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name)
MEP ID: 1 at IDU1
MEP ID: 2 at IDU4 2 From right to left perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
MEG Level: 0
VLAN ID: 20
Peer MEP ID: 2 at IDU1
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup

OAM
1 2 MEP

What is STP/RSTP?

Problems of L2 Loop
<MAC Table>
MAC A -- Port# 1
??
MAC A -- Port# 2
(1)Storming:
Broadcast / Multicast Storm

DLF (Destination Lookup Failure)/Unknown Uni-cast Storm
(2)MAC Mis-Learning
Storm Frames rewrite MAC Table.
It caused flapping of Mac Learning Table.
MAC A

STP Parameter - Bridge ID & Path Cost
Bridge ID (STP, RSTP)
Bridge ID (8 Bytes)
Bridge ID is main Parameter for
Spanning Tree Algorithm,
Bridge Priority Bridge MAC Address
The Bridge with lowest Bridge ID
is selected as Root Bridge
2bytes 6bytes
Default Bridge Priority = 32768 (IEEE 802.1d)
Root Bridge
Path Cost is accumulated Cost between a Bridge to Root Bridge.
Path Cost defined in IEEE802.1d 1000Base-T 100Base-Tx
Link Speed Cost 0+4=4 0+19 =19
10Gbps 2
1Gbps 4
100Mbps 19 4+19 =23 100Base-Tx
10MBps 100 10Base-T
*Port Cost is manually configurable 19+100 =119

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Root Port
Root Bridge Designated Port
Blocking Port
Data Flow
Loop#1
Disabled Redundant Path
Blocking Port
1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)

2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment

Difference between STP and RSTP
STP RSTP
STABLE ONLY THE ROOT SEND BPDU AND ALL BRIDGES SEND BPDU EVERY HELLO (2SEC) AS A
TOPOLOGY OTHERS RELAY THEM. KEEP ALIVE MECHANISM.
ROOT (FORWARDING) ROOT (FORWARDING)
DESIGNATED (FORWARDING) DESIGNATED (FORWARDING)
PORT ROLES
NON-DESIGNATED (BLOCKING) ALTERNATE (DISCARDING)
BACKUP ( DISCARDING)
DISABLED , BLOCKING, LISTENING, DISCARDING (DISABLED, BLOCKING, LISTENING)
PORT STATES
LEARNING FORWARDING LEARNING, FORWARDING
USE TIMERS FOR CONVERGENCE PROPOSAL AND AGREEMENT PROCESS FOR
INFORMED FROM THE ROOT. SYNCHRONIZATION (LESS THAN 1 SEC)
TOPOLOGY
HELLO (2SEC) HELLO, MAX AGE AND FORWARDING DELAY TIMERS
CHANGES
MAX AGE (20SEC) USED ONLY FOR BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH
FORWARDING DELAY TIME (15SEC) STP. ONLY RSTP PORT RECEIVING STP
SLOW: (50SEC), BLOCKING (20SEC)=> FASTER: NO LEARNING STATES. DOESNT WAIT TO
LISTENING (15 SEC) => LEARNING BE INFORMED BY OTHERS, INSTEAD, ACTIVELY
TRANSITION
(15SEC) => FORWARDING. LOOKS FOR POSSIBLE FAILURE BY A FEED BACK
MECHANISM. (RLQ)
WHEN A BRIDGE DISCOVER A CHANGE EVERY BRIDGE CAN GENERATE TOPOLOGY CHANGE
IN THE NETWORK IT INFORM THE ROOT. AND INFORM ITS NEIGHBORS WHEN IT IS AWARE OF
THEN ROOT INFORMS THE OTHER TOPOLOGY CHANGE AND IMMEDIATELY DELETE OLD
TOPOLOGY
BRIDGES BY SENDING BPDU AND DB
CHANGE
INSTRUCT THE OTHERS TO CLEAR THE
DB ENTRIES AFTER THE FORWARDING
DELAY
IF A BRIDGE (NON-ROOT) DOESN'T IF A BRIDGE DOESNT RECEIVE 3X HELLOS FROM
RECEIVE HELLO FOR 10X HELLO TIME, THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING THE ROOT ROLE BY
CHANGE ROOT FROM THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING GENERATING ITS OWN HELLO
THE ROOT ROLE BY GENERATING ITS
OWN HELLO. iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 62
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (1)
1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)
2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment
Bridge: A Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768 Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2 Port 2
Step 1:
All bridges will send
BPDU packets to each other to elect
who will be the Root bridge
How to decide:
Smallest ID win
Smallest MAC Address win Port 1 Port 2
Step 2: Bridge: C
Result: Bridge A is the Root bridge Bridge ID 32768
Bridge B, Bridge C are non Root MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
bridge

Non Root Bridge

Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 RP
Port 1 as
Root port
Port 2 Port 2
Step 3
Every non root bridge must select
one root port to send traffic to root
Port 1 as
Bridge based on best root path cost
Root port
Suppose all connections are 100M
FE speed for this example
Port 2
RP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Non Root Bridge

Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 Segment 1
RP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port
DP Port 2
Step 4
Selections of Designated Ports Segment 2
Port provided the least parth cost
from the segment to the root Segment 3
is elected as designated port Port 1 as
Root port
Result:
Since the ports on Bridge A are directly
Port 2
connected to the root bridge, these ports RP
become the DP for S1 and S2
Port 1 of Bridge A as Designated port for Non Root Bridge

Segment 1 Bridge: C
Port 2 of Bridge A as Designated port for Bridge ID 32768
Segment 2 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Non Root Bridge

Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 Segment 1
RP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port BP
DP Port 2
Continue on Step 5:
Election of Designated Ports Segment 2
for segment 3
The path cost to the RB is the same for Segment 3
Bridge B and Bridge C Port 1 as
The tie breaker is the lower MAC address of Root port DP
bridge C
Port 2
Result: RP
Port 2 of Bridge B as DP
Step 6: Non Root Bridge

RP and DP ports go into the forwarding states Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
Step 7: MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Ports that are not DP or RP go to the blocking
state

Non Root Bridge

Root Bridge Bridge: B
Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768
Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Forwarding Forwarding
Port 1 RP
DP Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port BP Blocked
DP Port 2
Step 8 Forwarding
At this point STP has
fully converged BPDU
Bridge C continuous to send Port 1 as
BPDU advertising its superiority Root port DP
Over Bridge B Forwarding Forwarding
As long as this condition remain good
Port 2
The port 2 of Bridge-B remain blocked RP
For any reason if Bridge B port2 not

Receive a BPDU for max. 20 sec Non Root Bridge
It will start to transition to forwarding Bridge: C
mode Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Non Root Bridge

Root Bridge Bridge: B
Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768
Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Forwarding Forwarding
Spanning Tree Failure Port 1 RP
The blocked port has gone into
DP Port 2
Forwarding Port 1 as
Port 2 Root port DP
DP Was Blocked
Now forwarding
Forwarding
Port 1 as BPDU
Summary of STP Port States Root port
1. Blocking
2. Listening Forwarding
3. Learning Port 2
RP
4. Forwarding
5. Disabled
Non Root Bridge
Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

How STP and RSTP works (1)?
111
111
1 2
D 1 2
FOR STP CASE D
D
222 R 333
R
R 222 333
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
R D
D
D
D R
B 1 2
R
1 2
444
444
Switch 222 and 444 wait for 20 seconds for Max
Age Time
B Blocked + 15 seconds (listening)
R Root Port + 15 seconds ( learning)
Total 50 seconds to converge
D Designated

How STP and RSTP works (2)?
111
111
1 2
1 2
D
FOR RSTP CASE D
D
222 R
R 222 R 333 333
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
D
D R
D
R R
D
B 1 2
1 2
444
444
When 222 loses it connection to 111, it immediately
Start it port 2 to inform 444, then 444 place it P2 to
Forwarding. 444 perform a hand shake with 222
Called sync operation The sync required a BPDU
B Blocked
Exchange, but does not use timers, and therefore
R Root Port Perform fast switching!
D Designated

Ether Ring Protection

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection Switching
Utilizing widely-deployed Ethernet (802.1,3) with OAM (802.1ag/Y.1731)

Loop-free protection mechanism
Protection Switching Time <50ms
Scalable topologies
Single ring, interconnected rings, and logical rings
No. of nodes per ring: no limitation in theory
Administrative operation
Forced switching
Manual switching
Revertive/ Non-revertive
Traffic
separation
Client #1
with VLAN
Signal
ETH-CC Tag
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
Client #2
Signal
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection
G.8032 is an ITU Recommendation
Defines the APS (Automatic Protection Switching ) protocol and protection switching
mechanisms for ETH layer ring topologies.
Use of standard 802 MAC and OAM frames around the ring
Uses standard 802.1Q , but with xSTP disabled.
Prevents loops within the ring by blocking one of the links
Monitoring of the ETH layer for discovery and identification of Signal Failure (SF)
conditions.
Protection and recovery switching within 50 ms for typical rings.
Blocking Unblock
Port blocking Port
Client Traffic Submission of

FDB Flush,
1) Normal Condition Unblock blocking Port
2) Failure Event 3) Switchover Condition

Synchronization in iPASOLINK

Type of Synchronization
Timing signalof system A Frequency Synchronization all nodes align in

TA=1/fA both clock and radio channel frequencies generated
by the same frequency source.
t
Timing signalof systemB
TB=1/fB
Phase Synchronization all nodes have access to a
reference timing signal whose rising edges occur at the
t
same instant in time. This process is also referred to as
Timing signalof systemA
relative-time synchronization or adaptive frame
alignment in 3GPP mobile system. In phased 1PPS
(pulse per second) signal is applied for phase
t synchronization of 3GPP2(cdmaOne/cdma2000and
Timing signalof systemB WiMAX.
Time Synchronization
Timing signal of system A t all nodes have access to the information on
the reference time. The time synchronization is
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 also referred to as time-of-day synchronization
System A or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks
t in question are traceable to a time-base such
Timing signal of system B as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an
alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day)
00:00:00 00:00:01 00:00:03 00:00:04 signals are applied for this synch..
System B
t
Synchronous Ethernet Concept
Uses the PHY clock

Generates the clock signal from bit stream
Similar to traditional SONET/SDH/PDH PLLs
Each node in the Packet Network recovers the clock
Performance is independent of network loading
There are four quality levels for clocks in SDH:

Primary Reference Clock G.811 SSU Slave clock (transit node) G.812
SSU Slave clock (local node) G.812 SDH network element clock (SEC) G.813

IEEE1588v2 End-to-End Synchronization Concept
(1) Boundary Clock (BC) PRC (Primary Reference
Clock)
Sync Sync Sync Sync
S M S M S M S M
CX2200 CX2600
All intermediate node terminates messages link-by-link. M :Time synchronization Master
S :Time synchronization Slave
(2) Transparent Clock (TC) Defined on version 2

PRC
Sync
S M
CX2200 CX2600
t3 = t 2 tC C t2 = t 1 tB B t1 = t tA A t
Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Clock (PDU Information)
delay = tC delay = tB delay = tA Timestamp = t
Intermediate node doesnt terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.
(3) Slave Clock (SC) Defined on version 2

M
PTP Server
CX2200 CX2600
C B A
S

Circuit Emulation pseudo wire

Pseudo Wire Emulation (PWE)
ETH
E1
TDM SAToP/
E1
TDM -> CES CESoPSN
E1
TDM
TDM Data over E1 TDM

Node Node
ATM ATM
TDM(PDH/SDH)
Circuit Emulation
/Pseudo Wire Emulation
Data over Packet
TDM Node PWE TDM

PWE Node
ATM Packet Network ATM
PWE3 (Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge)

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
79
PWE-SAToP
RFC4553 - Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)over Packet
(SAToP)
- whole E1/T1 Frame based packetization (Unstructured)
E1 Payload (IP/VLAN/MPLS)
Transport
Packet Header
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0

TDM CESoP
CES Frame/Packet
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0 Header

E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
TS-31
TS-31
TS-31
TS-2
TS-2
TS-2
TS-1
TS-1
TS-1
.
.
.. .. ..
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
RTP
RTP
RTP
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
SUITABLE FOR UNSTRUCTURED TDM, IGNORE IF THERE IS A STRUCTURE

SAToP ENCAPSULATED N BYTES OF TDM STREAM IN EACH PACKET IGNORING ANY TDM FRAME ALIGNMENT
THE ENTIRE E1 IS PACKETIZED INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS WHETHER USED OR NOT.,
THE E1 STREAM IS SLICED INTO FIXED SIZE BLOCKS OF EQUAL SIZE FOR PACKETIZATION. THE SLICE POSITION IS
RANDOM AND NOT RELATED TO THE E1 FRAMING BITS (TS0)
PSEUDO WIRE REQUIRE AN OVERHEAD TYPICALLY 10 TO 20 % OVER THE NATIVE TDM BANDWIDTH.

PWE-CESoPSN
RFC5086 - Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN)
- NDS0 based packetization (structured)
E1 Transport
Payload (IP/VLAN/MPLS)Packet Header
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 Ch2 Ch1 Ch32 Ch2 Ch1 Header

CESoP
CES
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 Ch2 Ch32 Ch2 Header

UNUSED
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
UNUSED TS
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
E1 FRAME
TS-31
TS-31
TS-31
TS-2
TS-2
TS-2
TS-1
TS-1
TS-1
.. .. ..
. TS
. TS
. TS
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
PW HEADER
RTP
RTP
RTP
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
CESoPSN IS STRUCTURE AWARE TRANSPORT CONSIDER THE TDM STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT
THE FRAME ALIGNMENT SIGNAL (FAS) IS MAINTAINED AT PSN EGRESS POINT.
ENTIRE E1 STREAM CAN BE PACKETIZED, INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS USED OR NOT USED
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE NOT TRANSPORT UNUSED TIME SLOTS IN THE PAYLOAD SAVING BANDWIDTH

About ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)
Inserts clock information to packet header (Control Word or RTP)

Recover clock information at clock slave node
Central Customer
Office Carrier PSN Premises
Master Node Slave Node
TDM TDM
Equipment In-Band Equipment
E1 T1/E1
TDM to Time Packet
Queue
Packet Stamp to TDM
Primary Time
Reference Stamp
Source
Clock
Encode Filter
Service Service
fReference
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node ACR is used at slave node

iPASOLINK PWE configuratgion
Modem-1 Modem-2
E1
Ethernet BUS
Modem
XC
PWE CH1
MB
16E1 MSE L2SW
PWE CH64
STM-1 -Chanellized FE / GbE Ports
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node ACR is used at slave node

Ethernet Cables
Ethernet Specification Speed Cable Type Distance

10BASE-T 10M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
10BASE2 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 5mm) 185m
10BASE5 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 10mm) 500m
100BASE-FX 100M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 2000m
100BASE-X
100BASE-TX 100M UTP cable (CAT5) 100m
100BASE-T
100BASE-T4 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
100BASE-T2 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 550m
1000BASE- 1000BASE-LX
1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm SMF) 5000m
1000BASE-X FX
1000BASE-SX 1000M Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 550m
1000BASE-CX 1000M Coaxial cable 25m
1000BASE-T 1000M UTP cable (CAT5 e/CAT6) 100m
10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm MMF) 300m
10GBASE-X 10GBASE-TX1
10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-SR 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m
10GBASE-R 10GBASE-LR 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-ER 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km
10GBASE-SW 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m
10GBASE-LW 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-W
10GBASE-EW 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km
10GBASE-LW4 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km

Ethernet - 2
Ethernet Standards
The standardization of LAN is conducted by the IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers. It has already standardized many LAN-related technologies that we are familiar with
in everyday life. They includes IEEE802.3, standards on the Ethernet, and IEEE802.11a/b/g,
standards on the Wireless LAN.
Standard Working Group
IEEE802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols
Layer 7 Application Layer
IEEE802.2 Logical Link Control
IEEE802.3 Ethernet
Layer 6 Presentation Layer
IEEE802.4 Token Bus
IEEE802.5 Token Ring
Layer 5 Session Layer
IEEE802.1 IEEE802.6 Metropolitan Area Network
IEEE802.7 Broadband
Layer 4 Transport Layer
IEEE802.8 Fiber Optic
IEEE802.9 Isochronous LAN
Layer 3 Network Layer IEEE802.10 Security
IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN
LLC IEEE802.2 IEEE802.12 Demand Priority
Layer 2 Data Link Layer IEEE802.14 Cable Modem
MAC
IEEE802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
IEEE802.3 ..
IEEE802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX)
Layer 1 Physical Layer
IEEE802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
IEEE802.18 Radio Regulatory
IEEE802.19 Coexistence
IEEE802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

Thank you
This training document describes the current version of the equipment.

The specifications or configuration contained in this document are subject to change
without notice.

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iPASOLINK

Ethernet Functions Overview

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Latest NEC Radio Product

Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM)

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 1

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 2

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 3

Collision Domain A Bridge / Switch / Router

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 4

L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC

PCA PCB PCC PCA PCB PCC

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 5

Preamble SFD DA SA Length Data

MAC Address Format

Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 6

Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning

MAC Address Table

Dst MAC: D Dst MAC: A

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 7

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 8

Enables to make virtual group in LAN

Enables to divide broadcast domain

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 9

Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 10

HUB VLAN Switch

2nd Floor (Department B) 2nd Floor

HUB VLAN Switch

Need to change Just change setting, not

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 11

Port Based VLAN

VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 12

Ethernet Header 18Bytes

Max 1518 Bytes

802.1q Max 1522 Bytes

Q in Q Max 1526 Bytes Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 13

Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad

Data 100 300

Data 100 Data 100

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 14

Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q

IFG Preamble Destination Source MAC VLAN Length Data FCS

802.1q tag type TCI field

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 15

To MAC Fm MAC TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

Priority CFI VLAN Priority CFI VLAN

Priority CFI VLAN Priority CFI VLAN

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 16

FE1/GbE 1. Access FE1/GbE

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q

iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 17

Send with VLAN 10

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 18

Data Data 2 Send with VLAN 2 Set for Un-tag packet

Data 20 20 Send with VLAN 20

FE Port 2: iPASO200 Modem 1:

Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions 19