Indicative Facts and actual situations

Verb forms: Subjunctive Actions that are doubtful, possible, or desirable

Imperative Orders or commands
Present Tense ar: -ando
Present Participle (happen-ing) er, ir: -iendo
Present Progressive Happening RIGHT NOW estar + verb (with present participle)

Past Tense Preterite Finished or completed actions

Indicating the beginning or end of a process PRETERITE
Imperfect Past action with no defined beginning or end AR ER/IR
Habitual past actions I - -
Telling time or age in the past
ar: -ado You -aste -iste
Past Participle (happen-ed) He/She/It - -i
INDICATIVE

er, ir: -ido

We -amos -imos
They -aron -ieron
Future Tense (also used to express probably)
Conjugation (ar / er / ir): I -
You -s IMPERFECT
He/She/It - AR ER/IR
We -emos I -aba -a
They -n
You -abas -as
Can also use: ir a infinitive
He/She/It -aba -a
Conditional Tense (would or could) We -bamos -amos
Conjugation (inf. suffix) I -a They -aban -an
You -as
Note: He/She/It -a
We -amos
Poder to be able to RARELY USED
They -an

Compound Tense Present perfect (To have done something) - present form of haber + PP
Past perfect (Had done something) - imperfect form of haber + PP
PP= Past Preterite perfect (Did something right before something else) - preterite form of haber + PP
Participle Future perfect (Will have done something) - future form of haber + PP
Conditional perfect (Would have done something) - conditional form of haber + PP

Present Tense Imperfect Tense (used in preterite, imperfect, and conditional)

Conjugation AR ER/IR Conjugation AR ER/IR
SUBJUNCTIVE

I -e -a I -ara -iera
You -es -as You -aras -ieras
He/She/It -e -a He/She/It -ara -iera
We -emos -amos We -ramos -iramos
They -en -an They -aran -ieran

Compound Tense
Present perfect (used like present subjunctive but when the verb in subjunctive clause is completed)
present subjunctive form of haber + past participle

Past perfect (used like imperfect subjunctive but when the verb was completed before another action took place)
imperfect subjunctive form of haber + past participle
IMPERATIVE

NOTE: The second person imperative form changes depending on affirmative or negative

Conjugation AR ER/IR
You -a -e
no ____-es no ____-as
Ud. -e -a
We -emos -amos
Uds. -en -an
 3rd person impersonal
HABER SER ESTAR TENER CONOCER DECIR QUERER
He Soy Estoy Tengo Conozco Digo Quiero
Has Eres Ests Tienes Conoces Dices Quieres

have done
PRESENT Ha/Hay Es Est Tiene Conoce Dice Quiere
Hemos Somos Estamos Tenemos Conocemos Decimos Queremos
Han Son Estn Tienen Conocen Dicen Quieren
Hube Fui Estuve Tuve Conoc Dije Quise
did right before
something else

Hubiste Fuiste Estuviste Tuviste Conociste Dijiste Quisiste

PRETERITE Hubo Fue Estuvo Tuvo Conoco Dijo Quiso
Hubimos Fuimos Estuvimos Tuvimos Conocimos Diremos Quisimos
Hubieron Fueron Estuvieron Tuvieron Conocieron Dijeron Quisieron
Haba Era Estaba Tena Conoca Deca Quera
Habas Eras Estabas Tenas Conocas Decas Queras
had done

IMPERFECT Haba Era Estaba Tena Conoca Deca Quera

Habamos ramos Estbamos Tenamos Conocamos Decamos Queramos
Haban Eran Estaban Tenan Conocan Decan Queran
Habr Ser Estar Tendr Conocer Dir Querr
will have done

Habrs Sers Estars Tendrs Conocers Dirs Querrs

FUTURE Habr Ser Estar Tendr Conocer Dir Querr
Habremos Seremos Estaremos Tendremos Conoceremos Diremos Querremos
Habrn Sern Estarn Tendrn Conocern Dirn Querrn
Habra Sera Estara Tendra Conocera Dira Querra
would have done

Habras Seras Estaras Tendras Conoceras Diras Querras

CONDITIONAL Habra Sera Estara Tendra Conocera Dira Querra
Habramos Seramos Estaramos Tendramos Conoceramos Diramos Querramos
Habran Seran Estaran Tendran Conoceran Diran Querran
Haya Sea Est Tenga Conozca Diga Quiera
Hayas Seas Ests Tengas Conozcas Digas Quieras
SUB. PRESENT Haya Sea Est Tenga Conozca Diga Quiera
Hayamos Seamos Estemos Tengamos Conozcamos Digamos Queramos
Hayan Sean Estn Tengan Conozcan Digan Quieran
Hubiera Fuera Estuviera Tuviera Conociera Dijera Quisiera
Hubieras Fueras Estuvieras Tuvieras Conocieras Dijeras Quisieras
SUB. PAST Hubiera Fuera Estuviera Tuviera Conociera Dijera Quisiera
Hubiramos Furamos Estuviramos Tuviramos Conociramos Dijramos Quisiramos
Hubieran Fueran Estuviera Tuvieran Conocieran Dijeran Quisieran

***VERBS LIKE GUSTAR***VERBOS COMO GUSTAR***

PRESENT PRETERITE IMPERFECT FUTURE CONDITIONAL SUB. PRESENT SUB. PAST
Gusto Gust Gustaba Gustar Gustara Guste Gustara
GUSTAR Gustas Gustaste Gustabas Gustars Gustaras Gustes Gustaras
(to be pleasing Gusta Gust Gustaba Gustar Gustara Guste Gustara
to) Gustamos Gustamos Gustbamos Gustaremos Gustaramos Gustemos Gustramos
Gustan Gustaron Gustaban Gustarn Gustaran Gusten Gustaran

NOTE: This verb is often (or always) conjugated with the speaker as the indirect object.
Examples: Me gusta = It is pleasing to me = I like it
OTHER VERBS THAT WORK THIS WAY:
Aburrir (to be boring to) Disgustar (to be disgusting to)
Fascinar (to be fascinating to) Parecer (to appear to be to)
Bastar (to be sufficient for) Doler (to be painful to
Importar (to be important to) Picar (to be itchy to)
Caer bien (to be suited to) / Caer mal (to not Encantar (to be loveable to)
be suited to) Quedar (to have left over)
Interesar (to be interesting to) Quedar bien/mal (to look good/bad on)
Dar asco (to be loathsome to) Faltar (to be lacking)
Molestar (to be bothersome to) Volver loco (to be crazy about)
Prefixes / Prefijos
Cognates / Cognados
o anti- (against): anticuerpo (antibody)
o auto- (self): autodisciplina (self-discipline)
o bi-, bis-, biz- (two): bicicleta (bicycle), bilinge (bilingual)
o cent- (hundred): centuria (century)
o contra- (counter to/against): contraataque (counterattack)
o ex- (former, outside): excombatiente (military veteran),
exportar (to export)
o homo- (same): homnimo (homonym), homlogo
(homologous, equivalent)
o im-, in- (opposite): incapaz (incapable), inaudible (inaudible)
o inter- (between, among): interaccin (interaction), interestatal
(interstate)
o mono- (one): montono (monotonous), monopolio
(monopoly), monocarril (monorail)
o para- (together, with, for): paramdico (paramedic), paraguas
(umbrella), parachoques (vehicle bumper)
o poli- (many): poligloto (polyglot), politesta (polytheistic)
o pre- (before): prefijo (prefix), predestinacin (predestination),
prehistoria (prehistory)
o pro- (in favor of): proponer (to propose), pronombre
(pronoun), prometer (to promise)
o re- (again, with intensity): repaso (review), renacer (to be
reborn), renegar (to strongly deny)
o semi- (medium, half): semidifunto (half-dead), semifinalista
(semifinalist), semicrculo (semicircle)
o seudo- (false): seudnimo (pseudonym), seudociencia
(pseudoscience)
o sub- (under): subsuelo (subsoil), subyacer (to underlie),
subsector (subsection)
o super- (superior): supermercado (supermarket), superhombre
(superman), supercarburante (high-grade fuel)
o tele- (at a distance): telfono (telephone), telecontrol (remote
control), telescopio (telescope)
o uni- (one): unificacin (unification), unilateral (one-sided),
unisexo (unisex)
o ante- (before): antemano (beforehand), anteayer (day before
yesterday),
o con- (with): convivir (to live together), conjuntar (to
coordinate),
o des- (undo, diminish): desplegar (to unfold), desdecirse (to go
back on one's word), descubrir (to discover or uncover)
o entre- (between, among): entremeter (to place among),
entrecruzar (to interweave), entreabierto (half-open)
o mal- (bad): maltratar (to abuse or mistreat), malpensado
(malicious), malvivir (to live badly)
o sobre- (excessive, extraordinary): sobrevivir (to survive),
sobredosis (overdose), sobrecargar (to overload)
Suffixes / Sufijos
Cognates / Cognados
o -aje (-age) kilometraje (like mileage, but in kilometers)
o -ancia (-ancy) discrepancia (discrepancy)
o -arqua (-archy) monarqua (monarchy)
o -tico (-atic) luntico (lunatic)
o -ble (-ble) manejable (manageable)
o -cida, cidio (-cide) insecticida (insecticide)
o -cin (-tion) agravacin (aggravation)
o -cracia (-cracy) democracia (democracy)
o -crata (-crat) burcrata (bureaucrat)
o -esa, -iz, -isa (-ess) actriz (actress)
o -fico, -fica (-fic) horrfico (horrific)
o -filo, -filia (-file) biblifilo (bibliophile)
o -fobia (-phobia) claustrofobia (claustrophobia)
o -fono (-phone) telfono (telephone)
o -icio, -icia (-ice) avaricia (avarice)
o -ficar (-ify) dignificar (dignify)
o -ismo (-ism) budismo (Buddhism)
o -ista (-ist) dentista (dentist)
o -itis (-itis) flebitis (phlebitis)
o -tud (-tude) latitud (latitude)
o -izo (-ish) rojizo (reddish)
o -or, -ora (-er) pintor (painter)
o -osa, -oso (-ous) maravilloso (marvelous)
o -ada similar to English suffix "-ful" or "-load" cucharada,
spoonful (from cuchara, spoon)
o -ado, -ido can indicate similarity to root word dolorido,
painful
o -al indicates a tree or grove manzanal, apple tree
o -anza makes noun forms of some verbs enseanza,
education
o -ario indicates profession or place bibliotecario, librarian
o -azo a blow of the object of the root word estacazo, a hit
with a stick (from estaca, stake)
o -dad (-ity) pomposidad (pomposity)
o -dero indicates instrument, means, or capacity lavandero,
laundry (from lavar, to clean)
o -dor, -dora indicates agent, machine or place; sometimes
similar to "-er" jugador, player; comedor, diner; calculadora,
calculator
o -dura indicates the effect of an action picadura, puncture
(from picar, to pick)
o -ear common verb ending, often used with coined words
emailear, to email
o -ense indicates place of origin estadounidense, of or from
the United States, American
o -era place where items are made or sold zapatera, shoe
store
o -ero variety of meanings relating to root word sombrero,
hat (from sombra, shade); vaquero, cowboy (from vaca, cow)
o -s indicates place of origin holands, Dutch
o -eza makes abstract nouns from adjectives pureza, purity
o ote emphasizes size besote big kiss
Common Little Words I Want To Know / Palabras cotidianas que me gustara saber
Until Hasta (until later hasta luego / until tomorrow hasta maana / until then hasta entonces)
Maybe Tal vez, Quiz
Cool Qu padre (Mexican), Cool (most of Latin America)
Funny Chistoso
Tired Cansado
So far Hasta ahora
Have just done Acabar de + infinitive (Acabar to finish/end)
To do again Volver a + infinitive (Volver to return/go back)
primero, segundo, tercero, cuarto, quinto, sexto, sptimo, octavo, noveno, dcimo
Ordinal #s (NOTE: When preceding a singular, masculine noun, 1st and 3rd are primer and tercer.)
(NOTE 2: Ordinal numbers are generally not used after ten. la Calle Diecisis = 16th St.)
Months enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre
Seasons La primavera, El verano, El otoo, El invierno
Quin (who), Qu (what), Cundo (when), Dnde (where), Por qu (why),
Question words Cul/Cules (which), Cmo (how), De quin (whose for who), Cuyo (whose for which)
(NOTE: Use qu before nouns, and to ask definitions. Use cul with finite options and before ser.)
For some amount
Present tense form of verb + desde hace + time period
of time
For a while un rato (no por/para!!)
From to (TIME) De a (Ex. De febrero a marzo = From February to March)
Right now Ahora mismo

Weather expressions / Frases de clima

Cmo est el clima? What's the weather like? Se ve la luna. The moon is out.
Hace fro. It's cold. Hay relmpagos. It's lightning.
Hace calor. It's hot. Hay humedad. It's humid.
Hace viento. It's windy. Hay nubes. It's cloudy.
Hace sol. It's sunny. Hay lluvias torrenciales. It's pouring.
Hace buen tiempo. The weather is good. Hay un vendaval. There's a windstorm.
Hace mal tiempo. The weather is bad. Hay granizo. It's hailing.
Hace fresco. It's brisk. Hay lloviznas. It's sprinkling.
Hay niebla. It's foggy. Est oscuro. It's dark.
Hay neblina. It's misty. Est nublado. It's cloudy.
Hay sol. The sun is shining. Est lluvioso. It's raining.
Equality using adjectives or adverbs:
tan + adjective (adverb) + como
El libro es tan bueno como la pelcula.
(as good as)
Equality with nouns:
tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
Juan tiene tanto dinero como Mara.
(as much money as)
Equality with actions, and there is not an adjective:
verb + tanto + como
Sus estudiantes aprenden tanto como mis estudiantes.
(learn as much as)
Equality with actions, and there is an adjective:
verb + tan + adjective (masculine form) + como
Aqu se trabaja tan duro como ah.
(work as hard as)
Inequality:
ms (menos) + adjective + que
ms (menos) + adverb + que
ms (menos) + noun + que
If the comparative is followed by a number, use de rather than que.
Hay menos de veinte alumnos en la clase.
(less than twenty)
Note that when the sentence is negative, que is used even with numbers, to convey the meaning "only."
Tengo ms de cinco dlares.
(I have more than five dollars.)
BUT
No tengo ms que cinco dlares.
(I only have five dollars.)

The Passive Voice / La voz pasiva

In the active voice, a person or thing (agent) performs an action on an object (recipient). The agent is emphasized as the subject of the
sentence. Statements in the active voice usually follow the pattern [agent] + [verb] + [recipient].
Los senadores discutieron el proyecto de ley.
AGENT VERB RECIPIENT
In the passive voice, the recipient of the action becomes the subject of the sentence. Passive statements emphasize the thing that was
done or the person that was acted upon. They follow the pattern [recipient] + ser + [past participle] + por + [agent].
El proyecto de ley fue discutido por los senadores.
RECIPIENT SER + PP POR + AGENT
Note that singular forms of ser are used with singular recipients and plural forms are used with plural recipients. In addition, the past
participle must agree in number and gender with the recipients.
 Prepositions and other things / Preposicines y otras cosas
a to, at, in, into
a causa de because of
a diferencia de unlike
a partir de starting from, upwards of
a pesar de despite
a travs de through, across
abajo / arriba down / up
adems de in addition to
al lado de next to; compared to
alrededor de around
antes de before
as como as well as
cerca de near to
como as, like
con with; of, containing (un vaso con gua = a glass of water)
contra against
de of, from
debajo de under, beneath, below
debido a due to
delante de in front of
dentro de within
desde from, since (used instead of de when stressing notion of movement, or with times, prices, values)
despus de after
detrs de behind
durante during, for (a period of time)
en lo que as far as
en lugar de instead of
en medio de in the middle of
en nombre de on behalf of
en vez de instead of
encima de on top of
entre between, among
estos / aquellos these / those
fuera (de) outside (of)
hacia towards
hasta until, up to, as far as
lejos de far from
ms plus
ms all de beyond
mediante by mean of
opuesto opposite
prximo next
salvo except
segn according to, depending on
sin without
sobre on, about, concerning
todava still
tras behind, from behind; (with time phrases) after, subsequent to
va via
 Verbos de
English verbs Verbos de espaol English verbs
espaol
Abrir to open Deletrear to spell
Acabar to finish, end Descansar to rest, nap, lay to rest
Aceptar to accept, approve, to agree to Describir to describe
Aconsejar to advise Descubrir to discover
Acostarse to go to bed Despertarse to wake up
Afeitarse to shave oneself Destruir to destroy
Alcanzar to reach, catch up Dibujar to draw
Alegrarse to become happy Dirigir to direct
Amar to love Doler to hurt
Apagar to turn off Dormir to sleep
Aparecer to appear, show up Dormirse to fall asleep
Apoyar to support, base (something on) Ducharse to take a shower
Apoyarse to rely on, lean on, depend on Elegir to choose
Aprender to learn Empezar to begin, start
Apurarse to hurry up Empujar to push, impel, shove, pressure, urge
Arrodillarse to kneel down Enamorarse to fall in love, become enamored
Ayudar to help Encender to turn on
Bailar to dance Encontrarse to find, encounter
Baarse to take a bath Enfermarse to become (get) sick
Beber to drink Enojarse to become (get) angry
Buscar to search for, look for Ensear to teach
Caber to fit Entender to understand
Caerse to fall Entrar to enter, go in, come in
Cambiar to change Entristecerse to become sad
Cancelar to cancel Enviar to send
Cantar to sing Esconder to hide, conceal
Cerrar to close/shut Escribir to write
Cocinar to cook Escribir a mquina to type
Comenzar to begin, start, commence Escuchar to listen to, hear
Comer to eat Esperar to hope
Comparar to compare Estar to be (health, location, state)
Comprar to buy Estudiar to study
Comprender to understand, comprehend Existir to exist
Conducir to drive Explicar to explain
Conocer to know (people, places) Firmar to sign
Conseguir to get, obtain Formar to form, shape, fashion, make
Considerar to consider Fumar to smoke
Contar to count, relate, tell Ganar to win, gain, earn, get, acquire
Continuar to continue Gastar to spend
Convertir to convert, change Gritar to shout
Correr to run Gustar to please, be pleasing
Cortar to cut Hablar to speak, talk
Costar to cost Hacer to do, make
Crear to create, to make Intentar to try, attempt
Creer to believe Ir to go
Cumplir to fulfill, carry out Irse to go away, to leave
Daar, herir to hurt Jugar to play (a game or sport)
Dar to give Lanzar to throw, to launch
Darse vuelta to turn around Lavar to wash
Deber to owe, must, should, ought to Lavarse to wash up (wash oneself)
Decidir to decide Leer to read
Decir to say, tell Levantar to raise, to lift
Dejar to leave, abandon, to let, allow Levantarse to get up
COGNATES HIGHLIGHTED
 Verbos de Verbos de
English verbs English verbs
espaol espaol
Limpiar to clean Quedarse to stay (to stay put)
Llamar to call, to name Quejarse to complain
Llegar to arrive, come, reach Quemar to burn
Llenar to fill Querer to want, love
Llevar to carry, bring Querer/desear to want, love
Llorar to cry, mourn Quitarse to take off of oneself
Llover to rain Realizar to achieve, attain, accomplish
Lograr to get, obtain, to achieve, attain Recibir to receive, to welcome, greet
Luchar to fight Reconocer to recognize
Mandar to send, to order (give commands) Recordar to remember, remind
Mantener to maintain, get Rerse to laugh
Mejorar to improve Reparar to fix, repair
Mentir to lie Repetir to repeat
Meterse to get in (enter something) Responder to reply
Mirar to watch, look at Resultar to turn out (to be)
Morir to die Romper to break
Mostrar to show, demonstrate, exhibit Saber to know (information)
Mover to move, shift, induce Sacar to take out, stick out
Nacer to be born Salir to leave, go out
Nadar to swim Salir/marcharse to leave
Necesitar to need, require Saltar to jump
Ocurrir to occur, happen Secarse to dry off (dry oneself)
Odiar to hate Seguir to follow, continue
Ofrecer to offer Sentarse to sit (oneself)
Oir to hear Sentirse to feel (emotion, illness)
Olvidar to forget Ser to be (essential/permanent quality)
Organizar to organize Servir to serve
Pagar to pay, pay for Sonrer to smile
Parecer to seem, appear Suponer to suppose
Partir to divide, to leave Tener to have
to pass, to pass on, to spend (time),
Pasar Tener exito to succeed
to happen
Pedir to request, to ask for something Terminar to finish, end, terminate
to throw away, drop, squander, fire (a
Peinar to comb Tirar
gun)
Pensar to think Tocar to touch, to play (an instrument)
Perder to lose Tomar to take, drink
Perdonar to forgive, pardon Toser to cough
Permitir to permit, allow Trabajar to work
Poder to be able, can Traducir to translate
Poner to put, place, set Traer to bring, to get, fetch, to carry
Ponerse de pie to stand Tratar to treat, handle
Ponerse to put on oneself Usar to use
Preferir to prefer Utilizar to use, utilize
Preguntar to ask a question, to inquire Vender to sell, vend
Preocuparse to worry, preoccupy Venir to come
Preparar to prepare Ver to see
Presentar to introduce, to present Viajar travel
Prestar to borrow Visitar to visit
Producir to produce Vivir to live
Prometer to promise Volar to fly
Pulsar to press, to assess Volver to return, go back
to stay, remain, arrange to meet,
Quedar Volverse to turn, go
to agree, to end up, to keep
COGNATES HIGHLIGHTED
 Capitalization / Usando de maysculas (Using capital letters)
Calendar / El calendario: Names of the days of the week and months of the year arent capitalized. Hoy es martes. (Today is Tuesday.)
Mxico celebra su independencia el 16 de septiembre. (Mexico celebrates its independence on September 16.)

Titles / Ttulos: In formal written Spanish, titles of movies, books, plays and similar works capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. La
guerra de las galaxias ("Star Wars"), Harry Potter y la piedra filosofal ("Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone") Note: In informal written
Spanish, and on book covers and movie posters, it is not unusual to see such composition titles capitalized as in English.

Personal titles / Ttulos personales: Introductory titles arent capitalized, although common abbreviations of them (such as Sr. for seor, Dr.
for doctor, D. for don and Srta. for seorita) are. Conoces a la seora Wilson? (Do you know Mrs. Wilson?) Conoces a la Sra. Wilson? (Do
you know Mrs. Wilson?) La reina Victoria fue mi abuela. (Queen Victoria was my grandmother.)

Religions / Religiones: Names of religions and their adherents aren't capitalized. Mi madre es catlica. (My mother is Catholic.) Estudio el
cristianismo. (I'm studying Christianity.)

Ordinal numbers / Nmeros ordinales: When an ordinal number is used after a name, it isn't capitalized. Luis catorce (Luis the Fourteenth),
Carlos octavo (Charles the Eighth)

Place names / Nombres de sitios: Although the given name of rivers, lakes, mountains and other geographic features are capitalized, the
place identifier is not. No vimos el ro Amazonas. (We didn't see the Amazon River.) Vivimos cerca de la montaa Rainier. (We live near
Mount Rainier.)

Nationality / Nacionalidad: Although names of countries and cities are capitalized, words derived from them are not. Soy ingls. (I'm English.)
Prefiero los cocos puertorriqueos. (I prefer the Puerto Rican coconuts.)

Languages / Idiomas: Names of languages aren't capitalized. Hablo ingls. (I speak English.) Quiero estudiar alemn. (I want to study
German.)
Using the Personal A / Usando a personal
In Spanish when people are the direct objects of verbs, we need to place an
"a" in front of them. Direct objects can be things as well as people; but the We do not use the Personal "a" with things, places or
personal "a" is used only when the direct object is a person (or a pet by actions.
name! But not other animals.)
Veo a Janet los lunes. I see (human being) Janet on Mondays. Veo la bicicleta. I see the bicycle.
Franchesca llama a su esposo Franchesca calls (human being) her Franchesca llama por
Franchesca makes a phone call.
cada da. husband every day. telfono.
We visit (human beings) our Visitamos la
Visitamos a nuestros abuelos. We visit the university.
grandparents. universidad.
Quiero mucho Lucky
Quiero mucho a Keanu. I love (human being) Keanu a lot. I love Lucky Charms a lot.
Charms.
I kissed (human beings) Keanu and
Bes a Keanu y a Antonio. Bes el trofeo. I kissed the trophy.
Antonio.
I am acquainted with (know) (human Conozco Charleston, SC I am familiar with (know)
Conozco a Vicki.
being) Vicki. bien. Charleston, SC well.
Dnde se puede encontrar un polica?
The Personal a is not used when Where can you (do you) find a policeman?
you don't know if such a person
Ana quiere un novio inteligente.
exists, or is an unspecific person.
Ana hasn't met this intelligent boyfriend yet; but this is the type of boyfriend she wants.

People: Things:
Busco al dependiente. I'm looking for the sales clerk. Busco el bolgrafo de mi hermana. I'm looking for my sister's pen.
Miro al primo de I'm watching Maurice's Miro el programa de Animal
I'm watching the Animal Planet program.
Mauricio. cousin. Planet.
When asking a question about a person as a direct A quin llama Sara? Whom is Sara calling?
object, we need to include the "a" before quin or
quines. It translates as "whom": A quines visitas? Whom are you visiting?

To indicate motion Llegamos a St. Louis. (We arrived at St. Louis.) Se acerc a la casa. (He got near the house.)
To connect a verb with a following infinitive Empez a salir. (She began to leave.) Entr a hablar contigo. (He came in to talk to you.)
To indicate manner or method Vamos a pie. (We are going on foot.) Hay que fijarlo a mano. (It is necessary to fix it by hand.)
In various expressions of time Salimos a las cuatro. (We are leaving at four.) Estamos a lunes. (Today is Monday.)
After certain verbs when followed by an infinitive (see table of linked verbs later)
School (Escuela) Nouns / Sustantivos
Accounting Contabilidad Economics Economa Physics Fsica pen el lapicero (Latin Am.),
Algebra lgebra Foreign Languages Idiomas Political Science Ciencia el bolgrafo (Spain)
Art Arte Extranjeros Poltica professor el/la profesor/a
Biology Biologa Geography Geografa book el libro school la escuela
Business Negocio Geometry Geometra college el colegio student el/la estudiante
Calculus Clculo History Historia computer la computadora teacher el/la
Chemistry Qumica Math Matemticas dictionary el diccionario maestro/maestra
Computer Science Informtica Music Msica paper el papel test/quiz/exam el examen
Dance Danza Physical Education Educacin pencil el lpiz university la universidad
Fsica
Places (Lugares)
airport el aeropuerto factory la fbrica movie theater el cine restaurant el restaurante
bakery lapanadera garden el jardn museum el museo school la escuela
bank el banco grocery store el pastry shop la panaderia stadium el estadio
beach la playa almacn park el parque store la tienda
cafe el caf (coffee home el hogar pharmacy la farmacia train station la estacin del tren
shop), la cafeteria hospital la hospital police station la comisara town hall pasillo de ciudad
(dining hall) library la biblioteca post office el oficina de correos bookstore la librera
church la iglesia market el mercado pool la piscina zoo el parque zoolgico
Business (Empresa)
office la oficina bill la cuenta currency exchange el
city la ciudad estimate la estimacin cambio de moneda/divisas
the rent la renta check el cheque customs las aduanas
tax el impuesto travelers check el cheque de entrance la entrada
the cost el costo/valor viajar exit la salida
price el precio passport el passaporte information la informacin
luggage/baggage el equipaje
Transportation (Transporte)
by airplane en avin by moped en ciclomotor car tire la llanta turn left girar a la izquierda
by bicycle en bicicleta by motorcycle en motocicleta map la mapa turn right girar a la derecha
by boat en barco by subway en metro directions las direcciones go straight ir derecho
by bus en bus by taxi en taxi
by car en automovl by train en tren
on foot a pie engine el motor

House and Furniture (Casa y muebles)

house la casa
apartment el apartamento
room el cuarto
living room la sala
kitchen la cocina
dining room el cuarto de cenar couch sof
hallway el vestbulo
stairs las escaleras
bathroom el bao
bathtub la baera
shower la ducha
Religion (Religin)
Agnostic agnstico
angel el ngel
Anglican anglicano
Atheist ateo
baptism el bautismo
Bible la biblia
bishop el obispo
Buddhism el budismo
Buddhist budista
cathedral la catedral
Catholic catlico
Christian cristiano
sink la pila blanket la manta umbrella el paraguas
flat roof la azotea television la televisin sheet la sbana
closet el armario radio la radio razor la rasuradora
table la mesa refrigerator el refrigerador pan la sartn
chair la silla stove la estufa ceiling/roof el techo
oven el horno floor el piso
desk el escritorio dishwasher el lavaplatos basement el stano
window la ventana microwave el microondas washer la lavadora
door la puerta light la luz dryer la secadora
wall la pared garbage la basura brush el cepillo
bed la cama bedroom el dormitorio soap el jabn
Christianity el cristianismo Methodist metodista
church la iglesia monastery el monasterio
Episcopalian episcopalo Mormon mormn
Evangelical evanglico Muslim musulmn
faith la fe Pope el Papa
God el Dios Presbyterian presbyteriano
heaven el cielo prophet la profeta
hell el infierno Protestant el protestante
Hindu hind religion la religion
Jewish judo Rabbi el rabino
Judaism el judaismo sermon el sermn
Lutheran luterano temple el templo
Body and Clothing (El cuerpo y la ropa)
head la cabeza arm el brazo skirt la falda My arm hurts. Me duelle en
brain el cerebro elbow el codo socks los calcetines mi brazo.
hair el pelo wrist la mueca shoes los zapatos Are you hurt? Ests
face la cara hand el mano swimsuit el traje de baar lastimado?
ear el oreja finger el dedo underwear ropa anterior I have a headache. Tengo
eye el ojo leg la pierna gloves los guantes dolor de la cabeza.
mouth la boca foot el pie belt el cinturon Do you have aspirin?
nose la narz toe el dedo del pie coat el abrigo Tienes aspirina?
neck el cuello hat el sombrero ring el anillo You are hurting me. Me
shoulder el hombro earrings los pendientes suit el traje Ests lastimando.
chest el pecho shirt la camisa tie la corbata Don't hurt him/her. No lo/la
stomach el estmago blouse la blusa lastimas.
waist la cintura dress el vestido
back la espalda pants los pantelones
heart el corazn jeans pantalones vaqueros
Animals and Nature (Animales y naturaleza)
dog perro/a sheep oveja forest el bosque mountain la montaa
cat gato/a lion el len trees los rboles waterfall cascada
mouse ratn tiger el tigre bear el oso plant planta rainbow el arco iris
bird el pajaro wolf el lobo flower flor sky el cielo
chicken/rooster el/la elephant el elefante jungle selva cloud niebla
gallo/gallina monkey el mono ocean el ocano rain la lluvia
cow la vaca skunk la mofeta river el ro snow el nieve
duck el/la pato/a eagle guila pond la charca
goat la cabra fish pez lake el lago
horse el caballo whale la ballena hill la colina
pig el/la cerdo/a turtle la tortuga
Food and Drink (Comidas y bebidas)
appetizer el aperitivo fruit la fruta peanut butter la mantequilla de man
apple la manzana grape la uva pineapple la pia
banana la banana grapefruit el pomelo pizza la pizza
beans los frijoles green beans las habas popcorn el maz palomero
beef la carnederes ham el jamn pork chop el chuleta de cerdo
biscuit la galleta hamburger la hamburguesa potatoes las papas
bread el pan honey la miel rabbit el conejo
breakfast el desayuno hot chocolate el chocolate raisin la pasa
butter la mantequilla caliente raspberry la frambuesa
cake el pastel hot dog el perrito caliente rice el arroz
candy el dulce ice cream el helado salad la ensalada
carrot la zanahoria ketchup el kchup salmon el salmn
cauliflower la coliflor lamb chop la chuleta de salt la sal
celery el apio cordero sandwich el sndwich
cheese el queso lemon el limn sauce la salsa
cherry la cereza lettuce la lechuga sausage el chorizo
chicken el pollo lime la lima seafood los mariscos
chocolate el chocolate lobster la langosta soup la sopa
crab el cangrejo lunch el almuerzo steak el bistec
dessert el postre main dish el plato principal strawberry la fresa
dinner la cena meat la carne sugar el azcar
duck el pato melon el meln tomato el tomate
egg el huevo mustard la mostaza trout la trucha
fish el pescado omelette el omelet turkey el pavo
food la comida onion la cebolla vegetables las verduras
french fries las papas fritas orange la naranja yoghurt el yogurt
pancake el crepe
peach el durazno
apple juice el jugo de manzana drink la bebida soft drink el refresco
beer la cerveza juice el zumo sweet wine el vino dulce
cider la sidra lemonade la limonada tea el t
cocoa el cacao milk la leche water el agua
coffee el caf orange juice el jugo de naranja wine el vino
Occupations (Los ocupaciones)
Actor/actress actor/actriz
Accountant contador,
contable
Administrator administrador
Ambassador embajador
Architect arquitecto
Archaeologist arquelogo
Artist artista
Athlete atleta
Attorney abogado
Author autor
Baker panadero
Barber barbero
Bartender mesero
Beautician esteticista
Biologist bilogo
Businessman/businesswoman
hombre/mujer de negocios
Butcher carnicero
Captain capitn
Carpenter carpintero
Cashier cajero
Chef chef
ADJECTIVES (Los adjetivos)
absent-minded despistado
active activo
adventurous aventurero
affectionate afectuoso
aggressive agresivo
ambitious ambicioso
annoying pesado
anxious inquieto
arrogant arrogante
artistic artstico
attractive atractivo
bad-tempered malhumorado
boring aburrido
brave valiente
brilliant genial
cantankerous cascarrabias,
grun
careless descuidado, poco
cuidadoso
cautious prudente,
cauteloso, cauto
charming encantador,
simptico
cheerful alegre, jovial
clean limpio
clumsy torpe
cold fro
complex complejo
conceited presumido
conformist conformista
conservative conservador
cowardly cobarde
crazy, nuts loco, chiflado
creative creativo
critical crtico
cruel cruel
cultured culto
CEO director general
Chemist (scientist) qumico
Coach entrenador
Computer programmer
programador
Cook cocinero
Dancer bailarn/bailarina
Dentist dentista
Doctor, physician mdico
Driver conductor
Economist economista
Editor redactor
Electrician electricista
Engineer ingeniero
Entrepreneur empresario
Farmer agricultor, granjero
Firefighter bombero
Florist florista
Geologist gelogo
Guard guardia
Hairdresser peluquero
Hotelier, innkeeper hotelero
Janitor consejere
dangerous peligroso
delicate delicado
depressing deprimente
difficult complicado
disgusting repugnante
disorganized desorganizado
distrustful receloso,
desconfiado
dull soso
dynamic dinmico
educated culto
elegant elegante
endearing carioso
energetic enrgico
envious envidioso
faithful fiel
famous famoso
fascinating fascinante
fit atltico
flirtatious coqueta
friendly amigable, simptico,
agradable, amistoso
funny gracioso, chistoso
generous generoso
guilty culpable
happy feliz, contento
hard-working trabajador
healthy tener buena salud
helpful servicial
honest honesto
humble humilde
idealistic idealista
imprudent imprudente
impulsive impulsivo
indecisive indecisivo
ingenious ingenioso
innocent inocente
Jeweler joyero
Journalist cronista
Judge juez
King/queen rey/reina
Landlord dueo
Lawyer abogado
Librarian bibliotecario
Mail carrier cartero
Mechanic mecnico
Midwife comadrona
Minister (politics) ministro
Minister (church) pastor
Model modelo (no
separate feminine form)
Musician msico
Nurse enfermero
Optometrist optmetra
Painter pintor
Pharmacist farmacutico
Physicist fsico
Pilot piloto (separate
feminine form rarely used)
Poet poeta
interesting interesante
intolerant intolerante
introverted introvertido
irresistable irresistible
jealous celoso
kind amable, bondadoso
lazy perezoso, vago
liberal liberal
loyal fiel
malicious malvolo shallow superficial
mature maduro
mean tacao
mischievous travieso
modern moderno
modest modesto
nave ingenuo, inocentn
narrow-minded de actitud
abierta, sin prejuicios, de
mentalidad cerrada, intolerante
nonconformist disidente
old-fashioned chapado a la
antigua
open-minded de actitud
abierta, sin prejuicios
optimistic optimista
passionate apasionado
pessimistic pesimista
petty mezquino
polite corts, educado
possessive posesivo
proud orgulloso
prudent prudente
rebellious rebelde
refined refinado
reliable fiable, confiable
reserved reservado
responsible responsable
Policeman polica
President presidente /
presidenta
Professor profesor,
catedrtico
Psychologist sicolgico
Researcher investigador
Sailor marinero
Salesman/saleswoman
dependiente, vendedor
Scientist cientfico
Secretary secretario
Social worker asistente social
Soldier soldado
Student estudiante
Surgeon cirujano
Teacher maestro, profesor
Therapist terapeuta
Translator traductor
Veterinarian veterinario
Waiter camarero, mesero
Welder soldador
Writer escritor
romantic romntico
rude descorts, mal educado
sad triste
sarcastic sarcstico
seductive seductivo
selfish egosta
sensible sensato, prudente
sensitive sensitivo
serious serio
shy tmido, vergonzoso
simple (unassuming) sencillo
sincere sincero
solitary solitario
spontaneous espontneo
stingy tacao
strict estricto, severo, riguroso
strong fuerte
stubborn terco, testarudo,
tozudo
stupid tonto, estpido
superstitious supersticioso
sympathetic (understanding)
comprensivo
tactless poco diplomtico
talkative conversador,
hablador
trustworthy digno de
confianza
unfriendly antiptico
unusual curioso
versatile verstil
warm carioso
weak dbil
weird raro, extrao
wild salvaje
willing dispuesto
Using Lo / Usando lo
Used as a masculine direct-object pronoun: In such cases, lo can be translated as either "him" or "it." The feminine equivalent is la.
Pablo? No lo vi. Pablo? I didn't see him.
El coche es muy caro. Quiero comprarlo. The car is very expensive. I want to buy it.
Dmelo. Give it to me.
No creo que lo hayas conocido. I don't think you've met him.
Note that in the above sentences where lo means "him," referring to a person, it would be very common in some areas, particularly in Spain, to use le
instead of lo. The use of le as a direct object pronoun is known as lesmo.
Used as a neuter definite article: The definite articles in Spanish, typically el and la when singular, are the equivalent of the English "the." Lo can be used
as a neuter definite article before an adjective to make an abstract noun. For example, lo importante can be translated as "the important thing," "that
which is important" or "what is important."
Lo bueno es que hemos sido ms listos. The good thing is that we have been more clever.
Lo barato sale caro. What seems cheap ends up expensive.
Lo mejor es que me voy a casa. The best thing is that I'm going home.
Lo mo es tuyo. What is mine is yours.
El entrenador se especializa en lo imposible. The coach specializes in the impossible.
Used as a neuter direct-object pronoun: Lo can be used as an object pronoun to refer to something abstract, to an unnamed activity or situation, or to a
previous statement:
No podemos hacerlo. We can't do it.
No lo comprendo. I don't understand it.
Mi religin no lo prohibe, pero cada vez que lo hago, le doy las gracias al animal por darme vida. My religion doesn't prohibit it, but every time
I do it, I give thanks to the animal for giving me life.
Used with ser and estar to refer to a preceding noun or adjective: This is especially common when answering questions:
Es nueva tu computadora?. No lo es. "Is your computer new?" "It isn't."
Estaban felices?. S, lo estn. "Were they happy?" "Yes, they were."
Used as part of lo que or lo cual: These phrases serve as relative pronouns usually meaning "that," "what" or "that which":
(Ttulo) La marihuana: Lo que los padres deben saber. (Headline) Marijuana: What parents ought to know.
Mis padres me daba todo lo que yo necesitaba. My parents gave me everything that I needed.
No puedo decidir lo que es mejor. I can't decide what is better.
No todo lo que brilla es oro. Not everything that shines is gold.
Used as part of lo de: The phrase can be translated differently depending on the context, but generally means something like "the matter concerning":
Los senadores republicanos fueron informados sobre lo de la CIA. The Republican senators were informed about the CIA matter.
Lo de que las nias japonesas se perdieron no era una mentira. The story about the Japanese girls getting lost wasn't a lie.
Lo de Castro es todo pretextos y mentiras. Castro's way of doing things is all pretexts and lies.
Used in various phrases: Some examples:
a lo largo de, throughout por lo general, generally
a lo lejos, in the distance por lo menos, at least
a lo loco, like crazy por lo pronto, for now
a lo mejor, probably por lo tanto, as a result
lo saber todo, to know it all por lo visto, apparently

Por
Motion/place: Caminan por las calles. (They walk through the
streets.)
Means/manner: Lo envo por correo areo. (Im sending it by
air-mail.)
In exchange for/substitution: Voy a hacerlo por t. (Im going
to do it for you.)
Duration of an action: Trabajo por una hora. (Im working for
an hour.)
Indefinite time period: Duerme por la tarde. (He sleeps in the
afternoon.)
On behalf of: La firmo por Ud. (I am signing it on your behalf.)
Per: Me pagan por da. (They pay me per day.)
Many times por will be used to refer to things
that have happened in the past, while para
Por
is often used to refer to things in the future.
Para
Destination/place: Salimos para Madrid. (We are leaving for
Madrid.)
Destination/person: Esto es para Ud. (This is for you.)
A future time limit: Es para maana. (Its for tomorrow.)
Purpose/goal: Nado para divertirme. (I swim to have fun.)
Use/function: Es un cepillo para el pelo. (Its a hair brush.)
Comparisons: Para su edad, lee bien. (For her age, she reads
well.)
Opinion: Para m es demasiado crudo. (For me its too rare.)
Estuvo en cama por dos meses.
He was in bed for two months.
Para Rez por su hijo enfermo.
She prayed for her sick child.
El resultado va a estar listo para maana.
The results will be ready for tomorrow.
 INDICATIVE EXAMPLE SENTENCES
PRESENT: I go to the store. Voy a la tienda.
PRETERITE: I went to the store. Fui a la tienda.
IMPERFECT: I was going to the store every week. Iba a la tienda todas las semanas.
FUTURE: I will go to the store. Ir a la tienda.
CONDITIONAL: I would go to the store. Ira a la tienda.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT: I need you to go to the store. Necesito que vayas a la tienda.
PAST: I doubted that you would go to the store. Dudaba de que fueras a la tienda.
IMPERATIVE
ALL: Go to the store! Vaya a la tienda!
PERFECT
PRESENT: I have gone to the store. He ido a la tienda.
PAST: I had gone to the store. Haba ido a la tienda.
PRETERITE: After I went to the store, you called me. Despus hube ido a la tienda, me llamaste.
FUTURE: I will have gone to the store by tomorrow. Habr ido a la tienda maana.
CONDITIONAL: I would have gone to the store if you had not called. Habra ido a la tienda si no me llamaste.
SUBJ. PRESENT: I am glad that you have gone to the store. Estoy alegre de que hayas ido a la tienda.
SUBJ. PAST: I was glad that you had gone to the store. Estaba alegre de que hubieras ido a la tienda.

LINKED VERBS (probably not exhaustive)

VERBS FOLLOWED BY A + INFINITIVE: VERBS FOLLOWED BY DE + INFINITIVE: VERBS FOLLOWED BY CON + INFINITIVE:
to become to have just done
Acostumbrarse Acabar Amenazar to threaten with/to
accustomed to something
Aprender to learn how to Acordarse (ue) to remember Contar (ue) to count on
Aspirer to aspire to Alegrarse to be happy to Soar (ue) to dream of/about
Arrepentirse
Atreverse to dare to to regret, to repent of
(ie)
Ayudar to help to Cansarse to tire of, to grow tired of VERBS FOLLOWED BY EN + INFINITIVE:
Comenzar (ie) to begin to Dejar to stop doing something Consistir to consist of
Contribuir to contribute to Depender to depend on Convenir (ie) to agree to
Correr to run to Jactarse to boast of Insister to insist on
Decidirse to decide to Olvidarse to forget
Pensar (ie) to think about doing something
Dedicarse to devote oneself to Parar to stop doing something
Echarse to suddenly start to Pensar (ie) to have an opinion about Tardar to delay in
Empezar (ie) to start to Quejarse to complain of
Ensear to teach how to Terminar to finish/stop something VERBS WHICH ARE FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND:
Invitar to invite to Tartar to try to Acabar to end up doing something
to go to, to be going to walk/go around doing
Ir Andar
to something
Llegar to come to VERBS FOLLOWED BY POR + INFINITIVE: Continuar to continue doing something
to have finally done
Negarse (ie) to refuse to Acabar Entrar to enter doing something
something
Prepararse to prepare to to end up (by doing Estar to be doing something
Terminar
to start to, to set something)
Ponerse Ir to go doing something
about to
Rehusarse to refuse to VERBS FOLLOWED BY QUE + INFINITIVE: Salir to leave doing something
Salir to leave to to have to, must (used Seguir (i, i) to continue doing something
Hay que
Venir (ie) to come to impersonally) Terminar to end up doing something
to do something
Volver (ue) Tener to have to Venir (ie) to come doing something
again