Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

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Lithos
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Mesozoic arc magmatism along the southern Peruvian margin during Gondwana
breakup and dispersal
Flora Boekhout a,, Richard Spikings a, Thierry Sempere b, Massimo Chiaradia a,
Alexey Ulianov c, Urs Schaltegger a
a
Section of Earth Sciences and the Environment, Rue des Marachers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
b
ISTerre, Universit de Grenoble 1, IRD, CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
c
Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Lausanne, Anthropole, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A high-resolution UPb zircon geochronological study of plutonic units along the south Peruvian margin be-
Received 6 February 2012 tween 17 and 18S allows the integration of the geochemical, geodynamic and tectonic evolution of this part
Accepted 10 April 2012 of the Andean margin. This study focuses on the composite Jurassicearly Cretaceous Ilo Batholith that was
Available online 20 April 2012
emplaced along the southern Peruvian coast during two episodes of intrusive magmatism; a rst period between
173 and 152 Ma (with a peak in magmatic activity between roughly 168 and 162 Ma) and a second period be-
Keywords:
Peru
tween 110 and 106 Ma. Emplacement of the Jurassic part of the composite Ilo Batholith shortly post-dated the
Zircon accumulation of the volcanosedimentary succession it intruded (Chocolate formation), which allows to estimate
Jurassic a subsidence rate for this unit of ~3.5 km/Ma. The emplacement of the main peak of Jurassic plutonism of the
Batholith Ilo Batholith was also closely coeval with widespread and repeated slumping (during deposition of the Cachos
Subduction Formation) in the back-arc region, suggesting a common causal link between these phenomena, which is dis-
Extension cussed in the context of an observed 100 km trenchward arc migration at ~175 Ma, and the relation with exten-
sional tectonics that prevailed along the Central Andean margin during Pangaea break-up.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Gondwana (Fig. 1). Plutonic, subduction-related rocks intrude Palaeo-

Changes in the temporal and spatial evolution of volcanic arcs partly
reect changes in the kinematics of subduction zones at plate margins.
Intermittently magmatic arcs in Peru have been active since ~550 Ma
(Cawood, 2005) as a consequence of subduction of Pacic plates beneath
western South America. Therefore southern Peru can be considered as
a type locality for long-lived, active continental margins (Chew et al.,
2007; Mikovi et al., 2009; Mukasa, 1986; Pindell and Tabbutt, 1995).
Unlike other sections of the western South American margin, the
Peruvian margin has not been modied by terrane accretion since the
onset of subduction (Loewy et al., 2004; Mikovi et al., 2009), mainly
preserving original rock relationships, providing the opportunity to con-
struct a chronostratigraphic framework for the evolution of the Jurassic
arc system. This contribution presents geochronological and geochemi-
cal data from the Jurassic arc in southern Peru, which is used to constrain
the tectonic evolution of the region during and subsequent to the frag-
mentation of Gondwana.
The Jurassic continental arc has been documented along almost
the entire length of western South America, which formed during in-
creased subduction-related magmatism after the fragmentation of
Corresponding author. Tel.: + 41 22 379 6660; fax: + 41 22 379 32 10.
E-mail address: oraboekhout@hotmail.com (F. Boekhout).
zoic metamorphic rocks and Triassic high-temperature metamorphic
rocks that formed during periods of extension associated with rifting
in western Gondwana. Jurassic subduction is part of the active margin
stage of the Pacic Wilson cycle along the Peruvian margin, although
the exact timing of arc magmatism and the evolution of the continen-
tal margin have been poorly studied in southern Peru.
The composite Ilo Batholith fringes the coastline of southern Peru
(1718 S), and forms the northern termination of the continuous
Jurassic plutonic belt that extends southwards to central Chile (28S).
Jurassic plutonic rocks of the Ilo Batholith were emplaced as a large-
scale tabular body within an extensional regime that has been docu-
mented during the Middle and Late Jurassic (Sempere et al., 2002).
Slab roll-back and the formation of local pull-apart basins formed
during southeast-directed oblique subduction of the Paleo-Pacic plate
under the South American plate (Grocott et al., 1994; Jaillard et al.,
1990; Scheuber and Gonzalez, 1999).
The Ilo Batholith intrudes through sparsely exposed, Grenvillian-
aged basement (Loewy et al., 2004; Ramos, 2008b) of the Arequipa
Massif (Fig. 1), which is dened by its radiogenic Pb isotopic compo-
sitions with low 206Pb/204Pb ratios, typical of high-grade rocks (Mamani
et al., 2010), and is exposed along the coastal region of southern Peru and
northern Chile. The highest levels of the Ilo Batholith intrude Late
TriassicJurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Chocolate
Formation (Romeuf et al., 1995).

0024-4937/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.015
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864 49

7200
Cretaceous - Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic
cover
N
Volcanic rocks of the Chocolate Formation
(Triassic- Jurassic) intrudeded by the Ilo Batholith
(Jurassic - Cretaceous)
Carboniferous to Triassic sedimentary rocks
15- 30 (Yamayo Group)

Grenvillian basement with intrusives (Ordovician)

09FB122: 165 My

09FB116: max 165 Ma 1700 Sample location fo plutonic

09FB59: 164 Ma rocks (geochemistry and U-Pb
07FB14: 164 Ma dating)
07FB11:165 Ma 09FB109 Samples for geochemistry

No
09FB110

r th
Sample location of Chocolate

oc
07FB15: max 162 Ma

er
Huancabamba

ac
09FB117: 167 Ma Formation

n
Colombia

ha

Ilo
cr
Ecuador 07FB26: max 166 Ma Faults

Ba
09FB58: 167 Ma - Alto el Madero Pucar Basin

th
ol
(after Rosas et al., 2007)

ith
09FB108: 164 Ma
Pe

09FB56: 164 Ma 10- 25

ru

20 km

So
09FB52
20- 30

ut
he
Abancay 09FB51

rn
Ilo
AMCG suite

Ba
1730
Chile

th
ol
ith
09FB104: 174 Ma
09FB102 09FB101: 152 Ma
07FB34:
B 165 Ma 09FB105: 107 Ma
B
07FB35: 165 Ma 09FB107: 110 Ma
Ilo 09FB100
09FB49
09FB37: 108 Ma 09FB48
09FB47
09FB38: 170 Ma 09FB46
15- 30
0 km 1000 km 09FB41
Pacific Ocean 09FB43: 163 Ma Ite
09FB98: 172 Ma 09FB90:108 Ma
7130 09FB93
09FB94: 106 Ma 09FB96

Fig. 1. Geological map of the plutonic belt of southern Peru illustrating the locations of samples and distribution of UPb ages of intrusives of the Ilo Batholith and intruded Chocolate and
Puente formations (see Table 1 for UPb age data of plutonic rocks). Inset: Schematic representation of the Jurassic arc system along the western margin of South America. For references
see text in Section 1.

We construct a detailed chronostratigraphy for the Jurassic arc
along coastal southern Peru, and provide new age constraints for
plutons of the Ilo Batholith, and volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of
the Chocolate Formation. Zircon UPb ages were obtained using laser
ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS),
and chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spec-
trometry (CA-ID-TIMS) analyses of magmatic and detrital zircons. The
geochronological data have been combined with eld observations,
geochemical trace and major element analyses, and whole-rock Nd, Sr
and Pb isotopes to investigate the evolution of Jurassic, plate-margin
magmas, and the nature of the magmatic sources of the arc through
time. The combination of these new data provides constraints on the
temporal relationships between arc magmatism, back-arc extension
and sedimentation along the southern Peruvian margin during the
Jurassic.
2. Geological framework
2.1. Jurassic subduction related magmatism
Jurassic magmatic arcs are exposed semi-continuously along the
entire western margin of South America (Fig. 1 inset), extending
from Colombia to Patagonia. Jurassic magmatism in the Northern
Andes (north of 5S) occurred during 183145 Ma, and may have
been continuous into the Early Cretaceous (Cochrane et al., 2011);
using the geologic timescale of Gradstein et al. (2004). Plutons were
emplaced within an extensional setting coeval with sub-aerial, back-
arc sedimentation and sporadic fore-arc marine deposits (Litherland
et al., 1994). A NNE-trending belt of calc-alkaline, I-type intrusions (e.g.
the Ibagu, Abitagua and Zamora batholiths) is associated with Jurassic
(Cochrane et al., 2011) volcanic rocks (Misahualli Fm) in Colombia and
Ecuador (e.g. Litherland et al., 1994; Villagmez et al., 2011).
Within the Central Andean Segment, south of 5S, the Jurassic arc
in southern Peru was anked along its northeast side by a marine
back-arc basin. The Jurassic volcanic to volcaniclastic succession
(the Chocolate Formation) is intruded by partly coeval plutonic
rocks (e.g. Clark et al., 1990), including the Ilo Batholith, as its equiv-
alent in northern Chile (e.g. Oliveros et al., 2006). Jurassic volcanism
in northern Chile (La Negra Formation) commenced over a large re-
gional scale at ~ 200 Ma (Oliveros et al., 2006), although the precise
time of arc initiation is enigmatic due to a pervasive hydrothermal
overprint. Geochronological ages ( 40Ar/ 39Ar) span between 200
and 150 Ma (Lucassen et al., 2006), and indicate that magmatic activity
was nearly continuous during almost the whole Jurassic, as a conse-
quence of NWSE plate convergence.
Late Jurassic continental break-up related to the opening of the
Weddell Sea from 160 Ma onwards (Ghidella et al., 2002; Ramos,
2008a) formed a back-arc basin in Patagonia (the Rocas Verdes basin)
50 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

that was oored by transitional crust in the developing back-arc, as it
rifted away from the continent. This back-arc basin closed in the Late
Cretaceous (Bruhn and Dalziel, 1977; Rapela et al., 2005). I-Type Juras-
sic plutonism has been recorded between 186 and 178 Ma and between
153 and 145 Ma, with volcanic rocks between 188 and 145 Ma (Rapela
et al., 2005). Most recently, a broad range of ages between 170 and
150 Ma on the Patagonian Batholith was reported in the Bariloche
area, Argentina (Castro et al., 2011).
Enigmatic gaps in the occurrence of Jurassic calc-alkaline, I-type
magmatic rocks along the strike of the Andean margin exist in north-
ern Peru and southern Central Chile. The absence of Jurassic plutonic
rocks between the Ilo Batholith and southern Ecuador suggests i) they
may be located offshore and have been removed by subduction erosion
(Clift et al., 2003), or ii) no or only small volumes of magma may have
formed due to highly oblique convergence or at slab kinematics.
2.2. Jurassic back-arc basins
We dene the Jurassic back-arc region as the area that is located
on the continent side of the main magmatic arc axis, which is dened
by calc-alkaline magmatic rocks. In the subsequent discussion this
spans the region between the eastern limit of magmatic intrusion
of the arc, and at least as far east as the Jurassic alkaline plutonism
in the Eastern Cordillera in southern Peru (Mikovi et al., 2009).
The Pucar back-arc basin is the only remnant of a Late Triassic
Jurassic arc system in northern Peru (Rosas et al., 2007). A magmatic
arc axis is not observed, although the existence of ash beds in the Pucar
Basin implies that volcanism was active in the Late TriassicEarly Jurassic
(Schaltegger et al., 2008). Large back-arc basins have been documented
as a semi-continuous feature throughout Ecuador and Peru, and extend
southwards into Chile and Argentina (Vicente, 2006), although their
paleogeographic connections are still being debated (Vicente, 2006). A
signicant increase in water depth occurred from the Toarcian (183
175.6 Ma) onwards (Vicente, 2006) in the back-arc segment of southern
Peru, close to the town of Arequipa, caused by extension-related subsi-
dence. Interestingly, this time period precisely encompasses the Toarcian
Anoxic Event as described in the Neuqun Basin (Argentina), where
thermogenic methane released during contact metamorphism within
the extensional Karoo Basin was the main trigger of the initial phase
for this global event (Al-Suwaidi et al., 2010; Mazzini et al., 2010).

7500 7400 7300 7200 7100

Juliaca
Lomas Lago
Arequipa basin Titicaca

1600 Chala
Yura Llave
Punta Atico
Arequipa Juli
La Chira
Caman

1700
Mollendo
N Punta de Bombn
Moquegua
Palquilla
Pacific Ocean
Ilo
Punta Coles Palca

1800 Ite
0 100 km
Vila Vila TACNA
La Yarada
Scale: 1:100 000

(Early Jurassic plutons, Mukasa et al. 1986,

Demouy et al. unpublished data)
Schematic stratigraphy of the Arequipa basin
volcanic arc rocks
Ilo Batholith granitoids

Labra Fm marine volcaniclastic apron

shallow-marine
to deltaic sands clean sands

Cachos Fm black shales dominant

deep-marine shales
Yura group

(Callovian
164.7 - 161.2 Ma)
& slope deposits slumping
Puente Fm arc-derived
(Bathonian ( )
turbidites
167.7 - 164.7 Ma)
Socosani Fm shallow-marine
(Toarcian -Bajocian carbonates & shales
183 - 167.7 Ma)
Chocolate Fm
(216 - 185 Ma)
500 m

Fig. 2. Callovian paleogeography and facies distribution in the Arequipa Basin projected on a present-day map of southern Peru. A schematic stratigraphic section shows the relationship
between the different sedimentary units. Syn-extensional faulting was observed in the Socosani Formation by Vicente et al. (1982).
The schematic stratigraphic section is modied after Vicente (1989).
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864
Vicente (2006) concluded that the highest amount of Jurassic sub-
sidence in southern Peru occurred during the Bathonian (167.7
164.7 Ma). Vicente (1981) and Vicente et al. (1982) reported large-
scale slumping in the Cachos Formation (Figs. 2 and 3), a Callovian
unit in the Jurassic back-arc basin of southern Peru whose age is con-
strained by the occurrence of ammonites belonging to the Reineckeia
and Macrocephalites genera, which together are considered to span
the 164.7162.8 Ma interval (Gradstein et al., 2004).
Sedimentary facies reveal the existence of submarine slopes, where
sedimentation was accompanied by, at least locally, extensive normal
faulting (Fig. 2). No synsedimentary faulting has been documented or
observed along the Late Jurassic arc axis in the Ilo region.
2.3. Previous geochronology of Jurassic arc assemblages in Peru
The absence of reliable geochronological studies renders it chal-
lenging to assess the duration of Jurassic arc activity in southern
Peru. Previous geochronological analyses of intrusive rocks in Peru
were mainly based on the K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar methods. The K/Ar meth-
od, however, frequently yields inaccurate age data due to undetected
daughter isotope loss via thermally-induced diffusion and/or alteration.
Multiple episodes of magmatism and rock uplift during the Mesozoic
and Paleogene have been recorded along the southern Peruvian margin
(Mukasa, 1986; Wipf et al., 2008) and it is necessary to consider the
likelihood of thermal resetting of Jurassic rocks when interpreting the
K/Ar ages. The 40Ar/39Ar method permits a more accurate assessment
of disturbance to the isotopic system, although the ages are unlikely
to provide an accurate and precise age of emplacement of plutonic
rocks if they cooled slowly below solidus temperatures, and are
altered.
Alternatively, the UPb zircon system yields ages that can be
interpreted as plutonic emplacement ages because thermally-induced
Pb loss does not occur at signicant rates at sub-solidus temperatures.
Two zircon UPb multigrain TIMS analyses of a calc-alkaline, gabbro-
monzo-tonalite unit, located near the city of Yura, yielded ages of
184 1 Ma and 188.2 1.9 Ma (Mukasa, 1986; Fig. 2). Mikovi et al.
(2009) reported UPb LA-ICPMS zircon ages between ~ 192 and
~ 173 Ma from four syenites in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, in a
back-arc setting (Fig. 2). Most recently, partly coeval hornblende
bearing calc-alkaline plutonic rocks dated between ~200 and ~175 Ma
(UPb zircon) have been reported from the Arequipa region (Demouy
et al. unpublished), in the same location as Mukasa (1986) had already
found Early Jurassic subduction related plutonic units. This indicates
Cachos Fm (Callovian)
Rio Tambo, Quinistaquillas
Fig. 3. Field photograph of large scale slumping reported in the Cachos Formation at Rio Tambo, near Quinistaquillas.
51
that, combined with the new geochronological data presented here,
with time plutons were emplaced, younging to the present day
coastline.
No UPb zircon ages have been previously reported from the Ilo
Batholith, and hence its temporal relationship with the Jurassic and
younger plutonic rocks in Peru is unclear. Previous 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar
geochronology divided the Ilo Batholith into the Punta Coles and
Ilo super-units (Clark et al., 1990; Mukasa, 1986). We group these
super-units and surrounding plutons into the composite Ilo Batholith.
The 40Ar/ 39Ar and K/Ar ages were previously used to propose that
three main pulses of intrusive magmatism occurred at ~ 185 Ma,
165160 Ma, and 11095 Ma in the region of Ilo-La Yarada (Clark
et al., 1990; Mukasa, 1986; Snchez, 1983).
The shallower sections of the Ilo Batholith were emplaced into
Jurassic calc-alkaline volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Chocolate
Formation, which consist of a 13 km-thick accumulation of mainly
andesitic lavas, with subordinate volcanic agglomerates, breccias,
conglomerates and sandstones. Due to severe alteration of these rocks,
the sequence is mainly undated. Stratigraphic relationships in the
paleo-back-arc of southern Peru indicate that the Chocolate Formation
conformably overlies the Yamayo Group, and locally, the basement
(Boekhout et al., unpublished data). Recently dened geochronological
relationships show that the Chocolate Formation spans an interval of
time between 216 Ma and 194 to 185 Ma (Boekhout et al., unpub-
lished data) in the back-arc, and that its top is markedly diachronous
across the arc and back-arc. Magmatism within the Jurassic arc sys-
tem continued until 152 Ma (this work) along the present day coast-
line, reecting persistent activity of the arc system, while the back-arc
underwent lithospheric thinning and signicant crustal downwarping,
which generated slopes and sediment reworking by slumping. Along
the coastal area, the Chocolate Formation includes sedimentary rocks
that yield late Bajocian to Bathonian ammonites (Romeuf et al., 1995).
An 40Ar/39Ar age of ~177 Ma has been reported from a lava ow near
Chala (Clark et al., 1990; Mukasa, 1986; Stewart et al., 1974), indicating
prolonged volcanic activity in this region.
2.4. Geological setting of the Ilo Batholith
The Ilo Batholith is mainly composed of tonalites and granodiorites,
which were intruded by basalt to quartz-syenite dykes and sills (Fig. 4A
and B). The total thickness of the batholith can be estimated as >4 km.
The intruded Chocolate Fm was partly entrained as large xenoliths
within the Ilo Batholith (Fig. 4C), and the intrusive contact can be traced
Labra Fm (Malm)
52 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

A B

Fig. 4. A) Later mac dyking parallel to the margin intruded into the Cretaceous part of the Batholith near sample 09FB107 (109 Ma); B) Felsic dyke cross cutting the Ilo Batholith
along the coast just north of the town of Ilo. C) The Ilo Batholith (top left) intrudes the Chocolate Formation (bottom right), incorporating boulders of the latter; D) Sharp contact
between the Ilo Batholith (right) and the Chocolate Formation (left); E) Mingling between a dark-colored gabbro (sample 07FB34: 164 Ma) and a light-colored monzogranite (sample
07FB35: 164 Ma).

in the eld (Fig. 4E). The Ilo Batholith and the intruded host rocks have
been tilted, resulting in a 2030 dip towards the northeast that exposes
a complete section of the batholith and provides access to the volcani-
clastic rocks of the Chocolate and (overlying) Puente Fms from below
and above the intrusive rocks.
The northern part of the Ilo Batholith is mainly composed of tonalite
with uniform mineral assemblages. All sampled granitoids contain
varying proportions of plagioclase, hornblende, quartz and minor
K-feldspar, and in some cases, biotite. Granitoids that form the north-
ern Ilo Batholith have a pervasive phaneritic texture with grain sizes
of 34 mm, and homogeneous chemical compositions. These rocks are
intruded by quartz-syenitic to gabbroic porphyritic dykes, and infre-
quently by small monzodiorite and gabbro bodies.
Mac and felsic magmas are more intimately associated in the
southern part of the Ilo Batholith, although the mineral assemblage
is the same as in the north. Mac and felsic magma mingling is observed
in the coastal area north of Ilo (Fig. 4D), where globular enclaves of
diorite in granodiorite, elongate inclusions and both basaltic and
composite (basaltic/dacitic) dikes are observed. The southern tip of
the Ilo Batholith consists of phaneritic gabbros with a grain size of
~ 4 mm. Coarse grained (~ 6 mm), phaneritic diorites, monzonites
and a mixed granodioritediorite unit crop out in the central part
of the batholith, close to the town of Ilo.
The entire volcanic succession of the Chocolate Formation, and a
part of the plutonic assemblage (Romeuf et al., 1995) experienced
low-grade alteration that can be observed along the Coastal Cordillera,
where a chloriteepidotequartzcalcitetitanitesericiteactinolite
Kfeldsparzeoliteprehnitepumpellyite assemblage prevails. At Ilo
and La Yarada (Fig. 1), plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine are
completely transformed into actinolite, chlorite, calcite, epidote and
hematite. Hematite occurs as homogenous large crystals, as minute
disseminated phases in pseudomorphed phenocrysts, and in the
groundmass. Numerous hematite-bearing veins crosscut the Choco-
late Formation near Ilo. Tourmaline occurs in the volcanic breccias as
a hydrothermal product. These features indicate that contact meta-
morphism occurred in the Ilo and La Yarada areas, which overprints
hydrothermal-burial type, low-grade alteration (Clark et al., 1990)
and formed during emplacement and cooling of the Ilo Batholith.
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864
3. Analytical methods
3.1. Geochemistry
31 whole rock samples were crushed and grinded using a jaw
crusher and agate-ring mill, lithium tetraborate glass disks were pre-
pared and major and some trace elements were determined by X-ray
uorescence spectrometry using a Philips PW 2400 spectrometer. The
BHVO-1 basaltic standard was used for accuracy control. Abundances
of REE and additional trace elements (e.g. Th, U, Ta, Cs, Hf) were ana-
lyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry
(LA-ICP-MS) on the lithium tetraborate disks using an ELAN 6100 DRC
ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer) interfaced to a GeoLas 200 M 193 nm excimer
ablation system (Lambda Physik). Operating conditions of the abla-
tion system included a 10 Hz repetition rate, 120 m spot size and
c. 10 J/cm 2 on-sample energy density. Helium was used as the carrier
gas. The acquisition times for the background and the ablation interval
were c. 70 and 35 s, respectively. Dwell times per isotope ranged from
10 to 20 ms, and peak-hopping mode was employed. The ThO+/Th+
and Ba2 +/Ba+ ratios were optimized to 0.0036 and 0.0142, respective-
ly. The SRM 612 synthetic glass standard from NIST was used for exter-
nal standardization. The average element abundances in it were taken
from Pearce et al. (1997). Ca42 served as an internal standard. Raw
data were reduced off-line using LAMTRACE, a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet
written by Simon Jackson (Macquarie University, Australia). For each
sample 3 measurements were acquired and results were then averaged.
All geochemical analyses were carried out at the Institute of Mineralogy
and Geochemistry, University of Lausanne.
3.2. Zircon UPb geochronology
Several kilograms of rock were crushed and zircons were extracted
from the sub-300 m size fraction using a Wiley table, a Frantz magnetic
separator and gravimetric separation using di-iodomethane with a den-
sity of 3.32 g/cm3. A side slope of 2 on the Frantz magnetic separator
was used to separate the least magnetic zircons for ID-TIMS analysis
(see below). All zircons selected for analysis were handpicked in ethanol
using a binocular microscope.
3.2.1. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(LA-ICP-MS)
Zircons extracted from 19 granitoids, 2 lava ows and 2 arenites
were dated by LA-ICP-MS. 1520 zircon grains per plutonic and volcanic
sample and 70110 zircons per detrital sample were mounted into
epoxy resin blocks and polished. The zircon grains were characterized
by cathodoluminescence imaging on a CamScan MV2300 SEM (Institute
of Geology and Paleontology, University of Lausanne) to reveal their in-
ternal structure. Pb 206U238 and Pb207U 235 dates were obtained using
a 193-nm excimer ablation system UP-193FX (ESI) interfaced to an El-
ement XR sector eld, single-collector ICP-MS (Thermo Scientic) at
the Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Lausanne.
Operating conditions were similar to those described in Ulianov et al.
(2012) and included a 35 m spot size combined with a relatively low
on-sample energy density of 2.22.3 J/cm2 and a repetition rate of
5 Hz to minimize the fractionation. A GJ-1 standard zircon (206Pb/238U
age of 600.5 0.4 Ma; Schaltegger et al., unpublished) was used for
external standardization. The 91500 standard was measured along
with sample zircons on a routine basis to control the accuracy of results.
The ratio-of-the-mean intensities data reduction method was used to
calculate the mean Pb/U concentration ratio. No quantitative common
lead correction was applied, a qualitative control of the intensities for
masses 202 and 204 and a careful inspection of the cathodolumines-
cence images were used instead, following the approach of Jackson
et al. (2004). UPb data are plotted in concordia diagrams as 2 error
ellipses (See Electronic Appendix A). Only analytically concordant points
were used to calculated mean 206Pb/238U ages.
53
3.2.2. Chemical abrasionisotope dilutionthermal ionization mass
spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS)
Three samples were dated by CA-ID-TIMS (07FB14, 07FB34, 07FB35),
and the methodology used for zircon annealing and leaching, dissolution
and chemical separation of Pb and U is described in Schoene et al.
(2010). Isotopic analyses were performed at the University of Geneva
on a TRITON mass spectrometer equipped with a MasCom electron
multiplier, backed by a digital ion counting system.
Zircons were spiked using the EARTHTIME 205Pb 233U 235U tracer
solution. The uncertainties of the blank and common Pb were taken
into account and propagated to the nal uncertainties of isotopic ratios
and ages. Ages were calculated using ISOPLOT (Ludwig, 2003). UPb
data are plotted as 2 error ellipses.
3.3. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes
Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions were obtained from fteen
whole-rocks. Approximately 130 mg of powdered rock (b70 m) was
dissolved in closed Teon vials for 7 days on a hot plate at 140 C,
with a mixture of 4 ml concentrated HF(aq) and 1 ml of 15 M
HNO3(aq). The sample was then dried on a hot plate, and re-dissolved
in 3 ml of 14 M HNO3(aq) in closed Teon vials at 140 C, and subse-
quently dried down. Sr, Nd and Pb separation was achieved using cas-
cade columns with Sr-spec, TRU-spec and Ln-spec resins following a
modied method after Pin et al. (1994). Pb was further puried
with an AG-MP1-M anion exchange resin in a hydrobromic medium.
Pb, Sr and Nd isotope ratios were measured on a Thermo Scientic
TRITON mass spectrometer using Faraday cups in static mode. Pb
was loaded onto Re laments using the silica gel technique and all
samples (and standards) were measured at a pyrometer-controlled
temperature of 1220 C. Pb isotope ratios were corrected for instru-
mental fractionation by a factor of 0.10% per a.m.u., based on more
than 90 measurements of the SRM981 standard and using the standard
values of Todt et al. (1996). Sr was loaded on single Re laments with a
Ta oxide solution and measured at a pyrometer-controlled temperature
of 1480 C in static mode using the virtual amplier design to cancel out
biases in gain calibration among ampliers. 87Sr/ 86Sr values were in-
ternally corrected for fractionation using a 88Sr/ 86Sr value of
8.375209. Raw values were further corrected for external fraction-
ation by a value of 0.03, determined by repeated measurements
of the SRM987 standard (87Sr/86Sr=0.710250). External reproducibili-
ty of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio for the SRM987 standard is 7 ppm. Nd was loaded
onto double Re laments with 1 M HNO3 and measured in static mode
using virtual amplier switching. 143Nd/144Nd values were internally
corrected for fractionation using a 146Nd/144Nd value of 0.7219 and the
144
Sm interference on 144Nd was monitored on mass 147Sm and cor-
rected using a 144Sm/147Sm value of 0.206700. External reproducibility
of the JNdi-1 standard (Tanaka et al., 2000) is b5 ppm.
87
Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd whole rock compositions were corrected
for time-integrated decay of 87Rb and 147Sm using Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd
concentrations determined by LA-ICP-MS on the fused whole rocks
disks, and ages obtained in this study for the Ilo Batholith plutonic
rocks. The resulting time-integrated corrections are considerable
(up to 5000 ppm for 87Sr/ 86Sr and less to much less than 300 pm
for 143Nd/ 144Nd).
4. Results
4.1. Geochemistry
Sampled plutonic rocks of the Ilo batholith yield between 49 and 73
SiO2 wt.% (Table 1), ranging in composition from gabbro to granodiorite
(Fig. 5). The major-element characteristics of Jurassic, Early Cretaceous
and undated granitoids are indistinguishable, rendering it impossible
to assign undated samples to a particular age group. The LOI values
(Table 1) b2.79 indicate that the samples are reasonably fresh.
54 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

Table 1
Geochemical whole rock data (XRF and LA-ICP-MS) for the Ilo Batholith. OG = olivine gabbro; TL = tonalite; GB = gabbro; MGA = monzogabbro; DR= diorite; GD = granodiorite;
MG = monzogranite; QM = quartz monzonite; MD = monzodiorite; QS = quartz syenite.

Whole rock data for the Ilo Batholith

Sample Method 07FB11 07FB14 07FB34 07FB35 09FB37 09FB38 09FB41 09FB43 09FB46 09FB47 09FB48 09FB49 09FB51 09FB56 09FB58

Age (Ma) 165.1 164.7 164.66 163.99 107.6 170.2 162.7 163.7 166.8

Lithology OG TL GB MGA DR TL GB DR GD TL TL TL TL TL GD

SiO2 XRF 53.98 63.48 51.84 73.48 60.67 52.46 48.72 56.54 64.72 64.58 63.01 60.81 57.52 68.43 66.37
TiO2 XRF 0.73 0.44 0.58 0.20 0.58 0.80 0.88 0.91 0.81 0.67 0.96 1.05 0.54 0.53 0.54
Al2O3 XRF 18.29 15.88 18.28 13.94 17.96 19.09 20.27 16.66 15.34 15.41 15.45 15.30 17.10 15.89 15.17
Fe2O3 XRF 7.09 5.27 8.37 1.73 5.64 7.52 9.80 8.30 5.44 5.05 6.17 7.64 8.09 1.88 4.71
MnO XRF 0.09 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.03 0.08
MgO XRF 3.99 2.03 5.05 0.48 2.73 4.63 5.16 3.30 1.77 1.97 1.75 3.07 3.02 1.81 1.67
CaO XRF 6.34 3.72 8.67 1.88 6.31 10.34 7.74 6.61 3.86 4.31 4.34 5.33 5.35 6.62 3.75
Na2O XRF 4.63 3.51 2.56 4.47 3.18 3.93 2.47 3.13 2.75 3.00 3.16 2.83 2.79 4.10 2.62
K2O XRF 1.68 3.32 1.42 2.03 1.78 0.41 1.63 2.50 4.14 3.61 3.77 2.49 1.83 0.21 4.18
P2O5 XRF 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.17 0.18 0.02 0.22 0.17 0.14 0.27 0.26 0.13 0.13 0.12
LOI XRF 2.76 1.38 2.12 0.85 0.68 0.51 2.30 0.79 0.89 0.28 0.19 1.22 2.67 0.58 0.71
total XRF 99.8 99.2 99.1 99.1 99.8 100.0 99.2 99.1 100.0 99.1 99.2 100.1 99.1 100.2 99.9
Sc ICP-MS 25 14 30 4 19 34 28 28 16 17 17 22 23 16 15
V ICP-MS 266 139 241 18 132 197 224 129 176 192 118 134
Cr ICP-MS 69 67 78 66 116 136 86 79 155 63 111 135
Mn ICP-MS 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.09 0.09 24.36 0.14 0.10 12.96 13.46 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.07
Co ICP-MS 3 10 26 3 14 22 11 20 10 12 12 21 11 2 10
Ni ICP-MS 10 7 28 b.d.l 13 13 14 9 13 26 65 20 8 5 6
Cu ICP-MS 12 24 76 10 35 11 50 50 78 44 51 28 147 8 26
Zn ICP-MS 24 18 37 12 52 19 18 63 52 15 16 59 61 10 34
Ga ICP-MS 16 14 15 12 36 20 54 28 39 151 179 45 25 19 38
Rb ICP-MS 38 60 46 50 64 5 407 95 176 268 231 117 66 4 170
Sr ICP-MS 427 325 349 220 457 411 8 337 265 26 30 282 335 379 282
Y ICP-MS 17 12 11 11 21 19 38 26 24 79 251 30 14 16 19
Zr ICP-MS 54 91 50 138 99 128 2 167 287 7 9 276 79 174 195
Nb ICP-MS 2.8 4.3 1.3 5.4 4.4 5.8 0.5 5.5 7.7 2.6 3.1 8.7 2.5 5.1 6.7
Mo ICP-MS 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.6 3.0 1.3 1.4 11.3 14.1 1.0 1.1 0.4 1.4
Cs ICP-MS 0.3 1.0 1.7 0.6 3.7 0.4 198.0 4.2 11.4 657.2 670.9 8.8 1.4 0.7 6.4
Ba ICP-MS 272 1626 327 688 345 95 6 389 972 24 30 539 361 96 541
La ICP-MS 10.0 16.9 8.7 27.1 19.3 14.3 12.4 20.0 23.9 50.2 64.1 27.9 12.2 12.1 22.0
Ce ICP-MS 20.7 32.3 18.1 47.7 42.0 30.1 1.4 45.5 50.0 6.0 7.5 59.7 26.1 27.7 46.0
Pr ICP-MS 2.6 3.5 2.1 4.9 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.6 6.2 22.9 28.9 7.0 3.2 3.3 5.1
Nd ICP-MS 11.4 13.7 9.0 16.6 19.8 13.3 1.2 24.3 25.0 4.9 6.2 28.1 13.6 14.0 19.9
Sm ICP-MS 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 4.3 3.0 0.6 5.5 5.0 0.7 1.1 5.7 3.0 3.0 3.7
Eu ICP-MS 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.8 4.2 5.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7
Gd ICP-MS 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 3.8 3.0 0.2 5.0 4.7 0.7 0.8 5.3 2.5 2.6 3.6
Tb ICP-MS 0.48 0.28 0.27 0.29 0.58 0.45 1.40 0.69 0.65 4.45 5.18 0.79 0.34 0.35 0.51
Dy ICP-MS 2.8 2.1 2.2 1.6 3.8 3.4 0.3 4.8 4.1 0.9 1.1 5.4 2.2 2.5 3.2
Ho ICP-MS 0.60 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.74 0.65 0.87 1.04 0.81 2.49 3.02 1.04 0.44 0.52 0.63
Er ICP-MS 1.75 1.31 1.19 1.08 2.18 1.96 0.12 2.81 2.51 0.39 0.46 2.98 1.53 1.71 1.85
Tm ICP-MS 0.25 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.31 0.27 0.90 0.42 0.38 2.69 3.14 0.50 0.25 0.21 0.29
Yb ICP-MS 1.72 1.59 1.26 1.44 2.04 2.09 0.15 2.82 2.50 0.37 0.46 3.03 1.72 1.86 2.39
Lu ICP-MS 0.24 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.32 1.09 0.46 0.38 2.75 6.43 0.47 0.28 0.25 0.33
Hf ICP-MS 1.4 2.5 1.3 3.3 2.9 3.2 0.1 4.7 8.0 0.5 0.7 7.1 2.3 4.8 5.5
Ta ICP-MS 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 3.0 0.4 0.6 13.6 16.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5
Pb ICP-MS 2.9 4.1 2.7 7.7 8.2 2.2 1.9 7.8 18.7 16.4 20.6 12.0 10.6 2.5 11.7
Th ICP-MS 2.9 6.7 3.3 10.3 6.8 2.1 0.4 9.4 14.5 5.7 6.3 18.1 3.0 14.9 15.7
U ICP-MS 0.8 1.9 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.8 2.1 2.5 2.2 3.1 4.1 0.9 1.8 4.6
Be ICP-MS 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.6 b.d.l. 2.0 2.6 b.d.l. b.d.l. 2.8 2.1 2.1 1.5

Major element oxides concentrations displayed as wt%, trace elements as ppm.

Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for all granitoids
of the Ilo Batholith (Fig. 6A) are similar and show a strong enrichment
in LILE, which combined with negative Nb, Ta and Ti, and positive Pb
anomalies, suggests they formed in a subduction-related environment.
The Jurassic samples show a larger variation in LILE compared to
the Cretaceous, which may be due to the effects of alteration.
Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams reveal enrichment in LREE
with La/Yb ratios of ~ 310 for all three groups, and slight to no neg-
ative Eu anomalies (Fig. 6B), and plutonic rocks from different age
groups show no signicant differences. Flat HREE patterns preclude the
presence of substantial amounts of garnet in the source of the paren-
tal magmas or interaction with garnet-bearing cumulates. HREE
elements are enriched compared to the MREE, independent of age.
The concave-upwards MREE-HREE pattern may be indicative of am-
phibole fractionation.
The aluminum saturation index (Maniar and Piccoli, 1989) of all
granitoids of the Ilo Batholith is metaluminous to slightly peraluminous
(Fig. 7A), indicating that melting of pelitic rocks was not a dominant
process during magma generation.
A comparison of the composition of the Ilo Batholith with Jurassic
I-type granitoids from Patagonia, northern Chile and Ecuador (see
Introduction for references), suggests that a similar subduction set-
ting can be assumed for all of these intrusive rocks; a narrow range of
scatter also exists between the primitive mantle normalized REE plots
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864 55

09FB59 09FB090 09FB093 09FB094 09FB96 09FB100 09FB101 09FB102 09FB104 09FB105 09FB107 09FB108 09FB109 09FB110 09FB117 09FB122

163.8 107.6 106 151.5 173.3 109.4 163.6 x 167.5 162

TL GB OG QM GB TL TL GD TL GD GD TL MD MG QS TL

60.73 53.46 54.42 64.59 54.49 61.41 64.47 64.07 57.46 66.69 69.60 66.73 56.67 53.53 61.51 62.88
0.54 0.88 0.84 0.62 0.80 0.90 0.45 0.42 0.83 0.43 0.27 0.51 0.68 0.78 0.48 0.50
16.06 18.19 18.03 16.21 18.36 15.39 15.92 15.13 15.68 16.11 16.11 16.13 16.64 17.05 16.21 16.52
6.28 9.12 2.81 4.82 8.60 6.73 5.32 5.01 8.40 4.21 2.91 1.29 7.41 8.36 8.74 5.47
0.10 0.15 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.19 0.13 0.03 0.12
2.72 4.02 4.68 1.95 3.78 2.76 2.06 2.28 4.45 1.92 1.18 2.43 2.92 4.02 2.09 2.41
5.48 7.92 13.91 2.45 7.80 4.62 4.89 3.62 4.04 4.55 3.06 7.69 4.67 6.88 0.34 5.52
2.77 3.24 3.99 5.41 3.15 2.67 2.77 3.03 4.13 3.32 3.64 4.00 3.18 4.19 4.71 2.78
3.06 1.32 0.38 2.30 1.21 4.14 2.52 2.64 1.04 1.89 2.56 0.69 3.98 2.23 4.14 2.85
0.16 0.21 0.15 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.28 0.31 0.15 0.15
1.36 1.20 0.95 0.69 0.69 1.20 1.45 2.79 2.76 0.74 0.88 0.67 2.01 1.63 1.88 0.77
99.3 99.7 100.2 99.4 99.3 100.2 100.1 99.2 99.1 100.0 100.4 100.3 98.6 99.1 100.3 100.0
8 30 31 12 28 20 14 19 36 11 8 17 16 57 12 16
43 282 256 150 160 126 240 90 43 82 162 554 150 162
86 120 146 103 133 147 125 137 86 95 113 184 103 113
0.04 0.14 0.07 0.02 21.90 0.16 0.09 9.23 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.11 0.26 0.02 0.11
4 21 7 5 12 19 12 7 17 10 4 3 13 43 5 13
b.d.l. 6 11 7 112 18 9 22 11 8 b.d.l. 9 5 51 7 5
3 35 6 4 66 39 44 31 35 3 3 43 38 78 4 38
22 44 21 18 18 88 34 13 22 41 22 7 38 103 18 38
38 37 23 43 32 49 38 72 20 39 38 19 35 25 43 35
65 33 8 49 462 219 74 198 34 61 65 11 92 21 49 92
384 504 536 53 21 241 419 22 205 382 384 433 434 104 53 434
10 19 22 7 147 25 17 105 31 11 10 20 15 59 7 15
108 74 116 74 3 253 123 4 120 90 108 121 100 185 74 100
6.0 2.6 3.1 3.7 0.8 7.5 4.0 0.4 5.9 4.0 6.0 4.6 3.9 7.9 3.7 3.9
0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.6 1.7 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4
1.9 1.7 0.4 0.5 299.7 14.9 1.7 801.0 0.8 2.8 1.9 1.8 3.8 0.6 0.5 3.8
660 372 102 940 13 708 518 14 123 518 660 135 633 182 940 633
23.2 11.4 7.8 4.3 30.9 24.6 18.4 30.5 13.6 7.3 23.2 9.5 18.0 16.0 4.3 18.0
46.4 27.3 25.0 9.7 3.9 49.7 38.9 3.6 32.3 15.5 46.4 27.3 36.0 38.6 9.7 36.0
5.1 3.6 3.7 1.1 17.8 5.6 4.4 14.6 4.2 2.0 5.1 3.8 4.2 5.1 1.1 4.2
18.8 16.3 18.2 4.4 4.1 22.5 18.8 3.2 18.4 9.0 18.8 16.2 16.8 23.5 4.4 16.8
3.1 4.0 4.4 0.9 1.1 4.8 3.8 0.8 4.5 1.8 3.1 4.0 3.6 6.9 0.9 3.6
0.7 1.1 1.1 0.3 4.0 0.9 0.9 3.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 2.0 0.3 0.9
2.4 3.6 4.2 1.0 0.6 4.4 3.2 0.5 4.6 1.9 2.4 3.6 3.0 8.7 1.0 3.0
0.29 0.50 0.65 0.15 3.76 0.66 0.41 3.60 0.74 0.27 0.29 0.50 0.38 1.40 0.15 0.38
1.9 3.4 3.7 1.2 0.7 4.3 3.1 0.8 5.3 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.8 10.4 1.2 2.8
0.33 0.65 0.81 0.27 2.18 0.90 0.60 2.36 1.06 0.40 0.33 0.69 0.59 2.40 0.27 0.59
0.97 2.00 2.29 0.83 0.33 2.53 1.81 0.37 3.35 1.09 0.97 2.13 1.64 6.56 0.83 1.64
0.14 0.30 0.36 0.16 2.15 0.38 0.28 2.63 0.55 0.16 0.14 0.31 0.24 0.97 0.16 0.24
1.08 2.11 2.07 1.12 0.33 2.53 2.30 0.40 3.76 1.15 1.08 2.27 1.78 6.58 1.12 1.78
0.19 0.30 0.34 0.19 3.43 0.39 0.33 2.89 0.53 0.16 0.19 0.40 0.29 0.99 0.19 0.29
3.2 2.0 3.2 2.1 0.2 6.4 3.4 0.3 3.5 2.6 3.2 3.5 2.8 4.9 2.1 2.8
0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 5.3 0.6 0.3 3.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3
11.8 4.8 2.0 3.4 3.5 17.4 6.2 7.2 1.7 6.5 11.8 1.8 6.6 6.3 3.4 6.6
7.0 4.9 6.5 5.5 0.8 16.6 7.4 1.6 4.2 2.0 7.0 14.9 8.7 3.5 5.5 8.7
1.2 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.1 5.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.4 2.5 0.7 0.9 2.5
b.d.l. 1.3 1.7 1.4 b.d.l 2.2 b.d.l b.d.l 1.6 2.6 b.d.l 1.7 1.8 b.d.l 1.4 1.8

for all of these I-type batholiths (Fig. 7A). Regional variations in the
magnitude of Nb, Ta, Ti and Pb anomalies can be observed, although
the tectonic signature of the granitoids suggests they all originated in
a subduction-related environment.
The Jurassic granitoids exhibit cationic ratios that largely plot in the
eld associated with continental arc magmatism in the multicationic
R1R2 diagram (after Batchelor and Bowden (1985); Fig. 8). Granitoids
of the Abitagua Batholith (Ecuador) are generally more Si-rich than the
other Jurassic plutons. Together with the fact that they plot towards
peraluminous values in Fig. 6a, these plutons may have been formed
with a higher component of crustal melt due to prolonged extension
of the continental crust, which induced crustal anatexis.
4.2. UPb zircon geochronology of the Ilo Batholith
Magmatic, euhedral zircons from the Ilo Batholith range in length
between 50 and 400 m, are transparent to pale brown and show oscilla-
tory zoning that is indicative of magmatic growth (Fig. 9; Electronic
Appendix A). A majority of zircons lack inherited cores, suggesting that
the magmas only saturated zircon in later stages of their evolution.
The LA-ICP-MS and ID-TIMS UPb zircon ages from intrusive rocks
of the Ilo Batholith dene two distinct age groups, which range from
173 to 152 Ma (n = 14) and 110 to 106 (n = 5) Ma (Fig. 1, Table 2,
Appendix A). Ages obtained by the LA-ICP-MS method are reported
to one decimal place, whereas the ID-TIMS ages are reported to two
56 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

3000 4.2.2. Jurassic plutons

Not dated All 7 granitoids sampled from the northern part of the Ilo Batholith
e
in
Jurassic kal in
e yield Jurassic zircon UPb ages, one of which was dated by CA-ID-
Al kal TIMS (07FB14), and six were dated using the LA-ICP-MS method.
Cretaceous al
R2=1000[6Ca+2Mg+Al]

b This part of the batholith consists of hornblende tonalites (07FB14,

Su 09FB122, 09FB108, 09FB56 and 09FB59), hornblende granodiorite
2000
Gabbronorite (09FB58), and a quartz-syenite dyke (09FB117). Collectively, these

bb li
ga lka
ro
Olivine
samples yield mean 206Pb/238U ages that range between 167.5 0.9

Syeno
Essexite gabbro
Syenodiorite
1000
Nepheline
Syenite
Syenite
Quartz
syenite
0 the local end-member lithologies of a mingled zone (Fig. 4E). A diorite
1000
R1=1000[4Si-11(Na+K)-2(Fe+Ti)]
Fig. 5. Chemical classication of samples of the Ilo Batholith in the R1R2 diagram of
DelaRoche et al. (1980). The rock nomenclature used in this paper is derived from
this plot. Both axes in millications.
decimal places due to the higher precision of the method. The data
collected from four representative granitoids are shown in Fig. 9, and
the complete dataset (concordia diagrams, CL images and 206Pb/ 238U
age-ranked variation plots) is presented in the Electronic Appendix.
All ages are reported at two-sigma level.
4.2.1. Cretaceous plutons
The Cretaceous plutons are less voluminous than the Jurassic plu-
tons and occur in the southern half of the Ilo Batholith, located south
of Ilo (Fig. 1). Lithologies include hornblende granodiorites (09FB105
and 09FB107) and a hornblende diorite (09FB37), close to the town of
Ilo. The Cretaceous granitoids form the coarsest components of the
Ilo Batholith and yield ages of 106.6 0.7 (MSWD 2.5), 109.4 0.9
(MSWD 2.3) and 107.6 0.6 Ma (MSWD 1.2). The Cretaceous plutonic
rocks located at the southern tip of the batholith are gabbros (09FB90
and 09FB94), which yield ages of 107.6 0.7 (MSWD 1.9) and 106.0
0.7 Ma (MSWD 2.1).
A
gabbro
and 161.9 0.9 Ma (Table 2).
Monzo
gabbro Gabbro
Diorite
Three granitoid samples from the southern Ilo Batholith yield Ju-
Monzo Monzo Tonalite rassic crystallization ages that fall into the age range obtained from
nite diorite
the northern batholith. The youngest zircons obtained by the CA-
Quartz
monzonite ID-TIMS method are interpreted to date the age of emplacement
Granodiorite
Monzogranite (Schaltegger et al., 2009). The youngest single zircon grain ages of
Syenogranite
a gabbro (07FB34) and a monzogranite (07FB35) are 164.520.11 Ma
Alkali granite
(2) and 164.76 0.29 (2) respectively, and these samples dene
2000 3000
(09FB43) collected from the same region also yields a late Jurassic age
of 162.7 0.9 Ma (MSWD 2.3). Eleven of the fourteen plutons of Juras-
sic age dated in the Ilo Batholith yield mean ages between 167.5 0.9
and 161.9 0.9 Ma. Three plutonic emplacement ages from the south-
ern part of the Ilo Batholith do not fall within this age range. Two tona-
lites pre-date the timing of emplacement of the most voluminous
components of the batholith, with ages of 173.3 1.3 Ma (09FB104,
MSWD 1.9) and 170.2 0.8 Ma (09FB38, MSDW 1.1), and one tonalite
(09FB101) post-dates the main emplacement phases with an age of
151.46 0.80 Ma (MSWD 1.19).
4.3. Age from levels within the Chocolate Formation
An andesitic lava ow (09FB98) from the Chocolate Formation that
is structurally beneath the Ilo Batholith within the crustal column
yielded a mean 206Pb/238U age of 172.3 2.1 Ma (MSWD= 1.5, n = 5;
Fig. 10).
An andesitic lava ow (07FB26) located at the top of the Chocolate
Formation in the Alto El Madero section, i.e. NE of the batholith and
thus structurally above it, yielded a 206Pb/ 238U age of 165.5 1.9 Ma
(Fig. 11). The base of this ~3.5 km-thick pile of mainly volcanic rocks in
the Alto El Madero section is intruded by a pluton of the Ilo Batholith
(09FB108, 163.6 1.0 Ma), providing a direct eld relationship between
nearly coeval volcanism and plutonism of Jurassic age.
Two medium to ne-grained volcaniclastic sandstones (07FB15 and
09FB116) in the Cocachacra area were collected from the lower part of

1000
A B
(Sun + McDon. 1989 -REEs)
Rock/Primitive mantle

100
(Sun + McDon. 1989)

Rock/Chondrites

100

10
10

1
1
Cs Ba U Ta La Pb Sr Nd Sm Ti Y Lu La Pr Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu
Rb Th Nb K Ce Pr P Zr Eu Dy Yb Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
Undated (n=10) Cretaceous (n = 4) Jurassic (n=13)

Fig. 6. A) Trace-element diagrams, normalized to the primitive mantle, for Jurassic granitoids in the Ilo Batholith. Normalizing values taken from Sun and McDonough (1989). B) Chondrite-
normalized REE diagrams (Sun and McDonough, 1989) for rocks of the Ilo Batholith. Samples 09FB117, 09FB110, 09FB94 and 09FB41 were excluded because of alteration effects.
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864 57

1000
A B
3

Rock/Primitive mantle
(Sun + McDon. 1989)
Al/(NaK) Metaluminous Peraluminous 100

10

1
Peralkaline

0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 CsRbBaTh U NbTa K LaCePb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu
Al/(Ca+Na+K)
Jurassic plutons along the Andean margin

Northern Chile Patagonia Ecuador: Zamora Batholith Ecuador: Abitagua Batholith Southern Peru: Ilo Batholith
(Oliveros et al. 2007) (Herve et al. 2007) (Litherland et al. 1994, BGS) (Litherland et al. 1994, BGS) (This study)

Southern Peru: Ilo Batholith - Cretaceous samples Southern Peru: Ilo Batholith - undated samples
(This study) (This study)

Fig. 7. A) Plot of aluminum saturation index (ASI) for granitoids of the Ilo Batholith (Maniar and Piccoli, 1989). Al/(Na + K) and Al/(Ca + Na + K) are dened as molecular ratios
compared to other Jurassic plutons along the Andean margin. B) Trace-element diagrams, normalized to the primitive mantle, for Jurassic granitoids along the Andean margin.

the Puente Formation, which conformably overlies the Chocolate
Formation and consists of green, arc-derived, lithic arenites. Arenite
07FB15 yielded one dominant zircon population with a mean 206Pb/
238
U age of 166.9 0.7 Ma (MSWD 2.4, n = 65) (Fig. 12A), among
which the youngest single zircon yielded an age of 161.9 3.6 Ma
(2). Arenite 09FB116 lies stratigraphically below sample 07FB15
and yielded a dominant age population of 169.9 0.6 Ma (MSWD
2.5, n = 64) (Fig. 12B), and four zircons that were inherited from the
Grenvillian-aged basement. The youngest single zircon age is 165.0
3.6 Ma (2). These detrital zircon ages represent maximum depositional
ages for the lower part of the Puente Formation, which is structurally
beneath the Ilo Batholith within the crustal column, in this area.
A more extensive geochronological study of the Chocolate Forma-
tion and sedimentary units (including the Puente Formation) within
3000
2000
6Ca+2Mg+Al
the Yura Group shows that the age of the contact between the Chocolate
Formation and the overlying sedimentary units is strongly diachronous,
along and across strike (Boekhout et al., unpublished data.).
4.4. Whole-rock Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes
The Ilo Batholith is characterized by isotopic values that suggest
that the melts were derived from a primitive mantle source, with
limited amounts of crustal assimilation for both the Jurassic (87Sr/86Sr
0.703920.70599, 143Nd/ 144Nd 0.51250.5128) and the Cretaceous
(87Sr/86Sr 0.703100.70472, 143Nd/ 144Nd 0.512450.51274) granitoids
(Fig. 13A). The Cretaceous plutons are slightly more isotopically juve-
nile than the Jurassic plutons (Table 3).
Pb isotopic values for plutonic rocks of the Ilo Batholith plot at
the radiogenic edge of the Arequipa Massif eld (Fig. 13B), which
is characterized by present-day values of 16.083 b 206Pb/ 204Pb b
18.453, 15.435 b 207Pb/204Pbb 15.650 and 37.625 b 208Pb/204Pbb 38.655
Loewy et al. (2004). The present-day values for the Arequipa Massif
were recalculated for the Jurassic and Cretaceous using U, Th and
Pb values from the data in Loewy et al. (2004) for a representative
gneiss that forms part of the basement, and crops out along the
coastal area. The recalculated limits of the Pb isotope eld of the

Arequipa Massif, as dened by Mamani et al. (2010) are indicated

in Fig. 13B for the Jurassic and Cretaceous, together with the mantle
evolution line and upper and lower crustal evolution line as dened
CA by Zartman and Doe (1981). The Pb isotopic signature of the Ilo
PC
1000 Batholith can be described as a mixture of mantle, upper crust a
LO minimal amount of basement from the Arequipa Massif. Also, the
absence of any SiO2 vs 87Sr/86Sr or 143Nd/144Nd correlation suggests
that the chemical and isotopic compositions cannot be modeled using
an AFC model.
PO
0
0 1000 2000 3000
5. Discussion
4Si-11(Na+K)-2(Fe+Ti)
5.1. Emplacement of the Ilo Batholith
Fig. 8. Geotectonic discrimination plot for Ilo Batholith plutonic rocks based on DelaRoche
et al.'s (1980) multicationic R1R2 diagram (after Batchelor and Bowden, 1985). Symbols
are the same as those in Figs. 5 and 7. Both axes in millications. PO (post-orogenic); PC Previous K/Ar and 40Ar/ 39Ar ages were interpreted to indicate
(post-collisional uplift); CA (continental arc); LO (late orogenic). three intrusive episodes at ~ 185 Ma, 165160 Ma and 11095 Ma
58 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

115
0.018 113
A 113
09FB37
111
111
09FB37 200m 109
206Pb/238U

age (Ma)
109
0.017 107
107

105
105

103
103
0.016
101 101

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 99

207Pb/235U
Mean 206Pb/238U age: 107.56 0.60 Ma (n = 19), MSWD (of equivalence) = 1.18

180 09FB38
B 177
0.028
176 09FB38 175

500m 173
206Pb/238U

age (Ma)
172
0.027 171

168 169
167
0.026
164
165
160 163
0.025
0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 161
207Pb/235U Mean 206Pb/238U age: 170.21 0.78 Ma (n = 16), MSWD (of equivalence) = 1.11

09FB43 169
C 172 167
0.027

168
09FB43 500m 165
206Pb/238U

age (Ma)

0.026 163
164

161
160
0.025 159
156
157
0.024 155
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20
207Pb/235U Mean 206Pb/238U age: 162.65 0.86 Ma (n = 19), MSWD (of equivalence) = 2.30

171
0.027 D 09FB56
170
169
09FB56
206Pb/238U

166
167
0.026
age (Ma)

165
200m
162
163

0.025 158
161

159
0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
207Pb/235U 157

Mean 206Pb/238U age: 163.65 0.94 Ma (n = 15), MSWD (of equivalence) = 2.00
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864 59

Table 2
Summary of UPb zircon age data from the Ilo Batholith obtained in this paper.

Sample Location No. of grains Inferred mean 206/238 Age 2 MSWD Comments Method
analyzed (grains included in nal age)
UTM UTM

07FB11 S 17 04.550 W 71 43.226 16 165.10 1.7 (16) 2.20 LA-ICPMS

07FB14 S 17 04.500 W 71 42.930 4 164.56 0.12 (1) Single youngest grain ID-TIMS
07FB34 S 17 37.919 W 71 20.588 3 164.52 0.11 (1) Single youngest grain ID-TIMS
07FB35 S 17 37.923 W 71 20.580 4 164.76 0.29 (1) Single youngest grain ID-TIMS
09FB37 S17 42.392 W71 18.228 19 107.56 0.60 (19) 1.18 LA-ICPMS
09FB38 S17 47.160 W71 10.482 16 170.21 0.78 (16) 1.11 LA-ICPMS
09FB43 S17 52.779 W71 03.034 19 162.65 0.86 (19) 2.30 LA-ICPMS
09FB56 S17 14.277 W71 35.551 15 163.65 0.94 (15) 2.00 LA-ICPMS
09FB58 S17 13.854 W71 37.687 19 166.82 0.95 (19) 1.30 LA-ICPMS
09FB59 S17 02.356 W71 41.812 17 163.79 0.94 (17) 2.30 LA-ICPMS
09FB90 S17 58.145 W70 45.785 13 107.56 0.71 (13) 1.90 LA-ICPMS
09FB94 S17 58.083 W70 53.504 12 106.01 0.66 (9) 2.10 2 out of 20 grains rejected because of suspected inheritance, LA-ICPMS
1 grain rejected because of possible Pb loss
09FB101 S17 35.179 W71 02.886 18 151.46 0.80 (15) 1.19 3 grains rejected because of suspected inheritance LA-ICPMS
09FB104 S17 32.043 W71 10.296 14 173.30 1.30 (14) 1.90 LA-ICPMS
09FB105 S17 36.697 W71 14.498 19 106.63 0.72 (19) 2.50 LA-ICPMS
09FB107 S17 38.426 W71 12.474 18 109.38 0.91 (17) 2.30 1 grain rejected because of suspected inheritance LA-ICPMS
09FB108 S17 14.695 W71 27.679 20 163.60 1.00 (20) 2.10 LA-ICPMS
09FB117 S17 05.343 W71 41.443 17 167.51 0.92 (17) 0.68 LA-ICPMS
09FB122 S16 53.812 W71 50.544 19 161.92 0.92 (16) 2.10 1 grain rejected because of suspected inheritance LA-ICPMS

0.0280 178
206Pb/238U

178 A 09FB98
176
176
Age (Ma)

174 174

0.0270 172
172
170
170
168

166
168
207Pb/235U
0.0258 206 166 2.1 Ma (n = 5) MSWD (of equivalence) = 1.5
Pb/238U= 172.3
0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20

B 170 07FB26
206Pb/238U

0.0285 180

176 168
Age (Ma)

172
166
0.0265 168

164 164

160
207Pb/235U
162
0.0245 206 238
Pb/ U= 165.5 1.9 Ma (n = 2) MSWD (of equivalence) = 0.13
0.15 0.17 0.19

Fig. 10. A) Sample 09FB98 (andesitic lava ow from the portion of the Chocolate Formation below the Ilo Batholith) dated by LA-ICPMS on 5 zircons B) Sample 07FB26 (andesitic
lava ow from the portion of the Chocolate Formation above the Ilo Batholith) dated by LA-ICPMS.

(Clark et al., 1990; Mukasa, 1986; Snchez, 1983) in the Ilo region. margin emplaced the Ilo Batholith during two distinct magmatic
Our concordant UPb zircon ages, combined with geochemical data, pulses, which were a voluminous Jurassic pulse between 173 and
show that arc activity along the southern Peruvian continental 152 Ma, and a less voluminous Cretaceous pulse between 110 and

Fig. 9. Representative 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages, CL images and corresponding concordia plots for plutonic rocks of the Ilo Batholith dated by LA-ICPMS. All reported errors
are 2.
60 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864
106 Ma. Previously postulated pulses at 165160 Ma and 11095 Ma
are therefore partly conrmed by the zircon UPb ages. The majority
of Jurassic plutons (11 out of 14 sampled granitoids) were emplaced
between 167.5 0.9 Ma and 161.9 0.9 Ma, which spans a short pe-
riod of b7.5 Ma, and have tonalitic to granodioritic compositions.
Only three plutonic samples fall outside this range, with ages of
173.3 1.3, 170.2 0.8, and 151.5 0.8 Ma. These ages are very sim-
ilar to the precise ages of Castro et al. (2011) between 170 and 150 Ma
in central Chile.
Compared to the previous geochronological data from the Ilo
Batholith, the previously suggested oldest pulse at ~ 185 Ma has not
been conrmed by the UPb zircon ages. As we have sampled very
close to the indicated sample location of this age, previous 40Ar/
39
Ar and K/Ar ages may have been contaminated with excess 40Ar.
Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Chocolate Formation are
intruded by plutonic rocks of the Ilo Batholith. Extension and litho-
spheric thinning prevailed along the margin during the Jurassic
(Sempere et al., 2002), and the Chocolate Formation rapidly accumulated
in the arc and nearby back-arc slope regions. The most accurate assess-
ment of the temporal relationship between the Chocolate Formation
and the Ilo Batholith is at Alto El Madero, (Figs. 1 and 11) where a litho-
logical contact is seen between andesites and a hornblende tonalite. The
top of the volcanic pile is dated at 165.51.9 Ma (07FB26), whereas the
lower part of the volcanic pile is intruded by a plutonic body dated at
163.61.0 Ma (09FB108). These two ages partly overlap within uncer-
tainties, and the approximate depth of emplacement of the pluton is
estimated to be ~3.5 km, corresponding to the thickness of the sedi-
mentary pile between the two samples (Fig. 11).
A geothermal gradient of 40 C/km is assumed for paleodepths
between 2 and 10 km, based on heat ow data from active arcs
07FB11: 165 1.7 Ma
07FB14: 164.56 0.12 Ma
09FB117: 167.51 0.92
Cocachacra
~1m
sst
07FB15: max. 165.5 Ma
sst
09FB116: max. 168.6 Ma
NW
y surface
present da
Cho
cola
te Fo
rmat
ion
~ 1 km
Fig. 11. Schematic representation of the relationship between the Ilo Batholith and the dominantly volcanic Chocolate Formation, intercalated by volcani-clastic sandstone beds in
the Cocachacra and Alto el Madero regions.
(Rohstein and Manning, 2003). Numerical modeling by these authors
suggests that geothermal gradients in continental arcs are high in the
upper crust but decrease signicantly below the level at which magmas
pond. The burial-metamorphic zeolitephengitepumpellyite assem-
blage constrains the temperature of the host country rocks to be between
230 C and 330 C (Yardley and Bottrell, 1988), suggesting the maximum
depth the sediments of the Chocolate Formation experienced is ~7.7 to
~5.3 km. This depth ts our estimate (see above) that the roof of a plu-
tonic body in the Ilo Batholith was emplaced at a depths of ~3.5 km,
and that the total thickness of the Ilo Batholith is up to ~4 km.
Similar emplacement depths characterize Jurassic plutons in Chile
and southern Peru. Hornblende crystallization pressures of 35 kbar
were obtained from Jurassic quartz-diorites and tonalites (167145 Ma)
near Valparaso, central Chile (Gana and Tosdal, 1996). Northern Chilean
plutonic rocks with similar ages and alteration characteristics to those
that form the Ilo Batholith also reect shallow-crustal levels of magma
emplacement, yielding inferred depths of emplacement of ~7 km from
Al-in-hornblende barometry (Dallmeyer et al., 1996).
5.2. Subsidence during accumulation of the Chocolate formation
Sandstone beds of the Chocolate Formation near Cocachacra (Puente
Formation) are located below the batholith, and yield maximum
stratigraphic ages of 165.03.6 (09FB116) and 161.9 3.6 (07FB15)
Ma (Fig. 12). Taking the uncertainties into account, these maximum
stratigraphic ages could be as old as 168.6 Ma and 165.5 Ma, respectively.
These levels were subsequently buried and intruded by the Ilo Batholith.
Sandstone 09FB116 and quartz syenite dyke 09FB117 are located
several hundred meters from each other (Fig. 11) and thus a sandstone
with a maximum stratigraphic age of 168.6 Ma was intruded by a quartz-
Alto el Madero
Socosani fm
07FB26: 165.5 1.9 Ma
Chocolate Fm
sst
~3.5 km
sst
sst 09FB108: 163.6 1.1 Ma
SE
20-30
Ilo Batholith
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864 61

10 10
07FB15, youngest zircon: 161.9 3.6 Ma
9 09FB116, youngest zircon: 165.0 3.6 Ma 9
8
A 8 B
7 7
6 80 6
80 Mean Pb206/U238 =
5 70 5
70 169.85 0.64
4 4 Mean Pb206/U238 =
(n = 64 MSDW = 2.4) 60
60
3 3 166.96 0.68
50 50
(n = 65 MSDW = 2.5)
2 2
40 40
1 1
30 30
0 0
20 158 163 168 173 178 183 20 156 161 166 171 176 181 186
10 10
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 0 400 800 1200 1600

Fig. 12. Two sandstones (A: 09FB116; B: 07FB15) from the Chocolate Formation intruded by the Ilo Batholith near Cocachacra (see Fig. 11 for eld relationship with the Ilo Batholith).

syenite dyke at 167.50.9 Ma. Approximately 1 km to the west, near
Cocachacra, arc-derived lithic arenites with a maximum stratigraphic
age of 165.5 Ma (07FB15) were intruded by magmatic bodies dated
165.1 1.7 (07FB11, an olivine gabbro dyke) and 164.56 0.12 Ma
(07FB14, another tonalite dyke into the underlying Chocolate For-
mation). This demonstrates rapid subsidence of the back-arc slope
(where the Puente Formation accumulated), to depths at which these
intrusions were emplaced.
The top of the Ilo Batholith intruded at a depth of ~3.5 km, and
therefore we can estimate the subsidence rate to be ~3.5 km/Ma,
which is comparable to the subsidence rate of >1 km/Ma that occurred
during Miocene back-arc opening in northeastern Japan (Yamaji, 1990).
Subsidence rates of 13.5 km/Ma found here may be typical for intra-
and back-arc regions that form in transtensional settings.
5.3. Sources of melts and isotopic signature of the basement rocks
Variations in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic abundances in the Ilo Batholith
are small, and the overall crustal contribution for both the Jurassic
and Cretaceous rocks is minor (Fig. 13). The batholith formed by
mixing a juvenile mantle component with a more evolved upper
crustal component, with minor incorporation of crust with a distinct,
non-radiogenic, Pb-isotope Arequipa signature. When recalculated
to their Jurassic and Cretaceous age of emplacement (Fig. 13B), Pb
isotopic values from plutons forming the Ilo Batholith only partly
overlap with the characteristic Pb-isotope values reported for the
Arequipa Massif by Mamani et al. (2010). The extensional tectonic
regime that prevailed along the margin of southern Peru during the
Jurassic thinned the crust and caused large volumes of mantle-
derived magmas to be emplaced without any large-scale assimila-
tion. We suggest that the observed minor Pb-isotopic variations are
due to source contamination by subducted sediments rather than
intra-crustal contamination. Cathodoluminescence images reveal a
limited occurrence of inherited zircon cores in the Jurassic intrusive
rocks, supporting limited crustal contamination. Hot, mantle-derived
melts are generally zircon under-saturated and saturate zircon by cool-
ing and fractional crystallization during nal emplacement into the
shallow crust.

39.5
DM A B
0.5130
39 Cretaceous Arequipa field
Jurassic Arequipa field
0.5128
38.5
Nd/144Nd

Pb/204Pb

0.5126 38
Cretaceous
143

208

CHUR 37.5
0.5124 Jurassic
st
st

ru
cru

37
rc
e
ntl

pe
er

0.5122
Ma
low

up

36.5
0.703 0.706 0.709 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20
87 86
Sr/ Sr 206
Pb/204Pb
Fig. 13. A) Initial Nd and Sr isotopic values of plutonic rocks of the Ilo Batholith compared to elds of various potential source reservoirs of the depleted mantle (age corrected) and
the Arequipa Massif (age corrected to 135 Ma). The eld for the Arequipa crust is taken from Castro et al. (Mpodozis and Ramos, 1990). CHUR value of Nd is corrected to the age(s)
of the Ilo Batholith B) Pb isotope plot for Jurassic and Cretaceous plutonic rocks from the Ilo Batholith. Upper crust, mantle and lower crustal evolution curves are from Zartman and
Doe (1981). Circles (red) are Jurassic plutonic rocks, triangles (green) are Cretaceous plutonic rocks (only data from the Ilo Batholith).
62 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864

Table 3
Isotopic data from the Ilo Batholith (Sr, Nd, Pb). Rb, Sr, Sm, Nd, Th, U and Pb values used for age correction can be found in the geochemical data table.

Sample location 87Sr/86Sr 87Sr/86Sri 43Nd/144Nd 43Nd/144Ndi Nd Ndi 206/204Pb 206/204i 207/204Pb 207/204i 208/204Pb 208/204i age (Ma)

09FB37 Ilo 0.704847 0.70418 0.51260 0.51251 0.7 2.5 108

09FB38 Ilo 0.705179 0.70505 0.51260 0.51245 0.7 3.6 19.128 18.227 15.633 15.589 38.864 38.314 170
09FB43 Ilo 0.705806 0.70392 18.682 18.231 15.603 15.581 38.654 38.008 163
09FB56 Ilo 0.705055 0.70493 0.51260 0.51246 0.8 3.5 19.260 18.069 15.635 15.577 40.849 37.590 164
09FB58 Ilo 0.708522 0.70435 0.51257 0.51245 1.4 3.8 18.815 18.152 15.602 15.569 38.864 38.127 167
09FB90 Ilo 0.704239 0.70394 0.51274 0.51263 1.9 0.1 18.702 18.409 15.620 15.606 38.677 38.317 108
09FB101 Ilo 0.705326 0.70419 18.732 18.318 15.628 15.608 38.723 38.121 152
09FB104 Ilo 0.706579 0.70587 0.51264 0.51247 0.1 3.2 19.670 18.237 15.645 15.574 39.425 37.954 174
09FB105 Ilo 0.706579 0.70423 0.51262 0.51254 0.3 2.0 18.638 18.518 15.617 15.611 38.534 38.427 107
09FB107 Ilo 0.706579 0.70472 0.51248 0.51241 3.0 4.4 110
09FB108 Ilo 0.706579 0.70480 0.51262 0.51246 0.4 3.5 164
09FB122 Ilo 0.706579 0.70449 0.51256 0.51242 1.6 4.3 18.918 18.695 15.637 15.626 38.788 38.602 162
07FB11 Ilo 0.706663 0.70599 0.51251 0.51238 2.4 5.1 18.861 18.613 15.637 15.620 38.776 38.612 165
09FB59 Ilo 0.70587 0.70418 0.51265 0.51251 0.3 2.4 164
09FB94 Ilo 0.707246 0.70310 0.51273 0.51264 1.9 0.1 106

5.4. Geodynamic evolution of the South Peruvian margin
A sinistral transtentional regime prevailed along the NW-trending
Peruvian segment of the Andean margin during the Jurassic, which
may have resulted in localized pull-apart basins during southeastward
convergence of the paleo-Pacic Plate beneath South America (Aspden
et al., 1987; Yamaji, 1990). The arc was located only a few km southwest
of the city of Arequipa (Demouy et al., unpublished data) in the Early
Jurassic (~200175 Ma). However, zircon UPb ages show that arc plu-
tonism occurred between ~ 174 and ~ 152 Ma along an area fringing
the present-day coastline of southernmost Peru (Fig. 1), indicating
a 100 km trenchward arc migration. Magma volumes drastically in-
creased between ~ 168 and ~ 162 Ma, which was partly coeval with
both large-scale slumping in the Cachos Formation (between 164.7
4.0 and 162.84.0 Ma; see above), reported in the Arequipa back-arc
basin (Fig. 13), and high subsidence rates of ~3.5 km/Ma, leading to the
deposition of the Chocolate Formation in the Ilo area. The coincidence
of arc magmatism, large-scale slumping, high subsidence rates and a
jump in the location of arc magmatism at approximately 175 Ma suggests
that the margin underwent rapid extension and lithospheric thinning
(e.g. Sempere et al., 2002) during a period of slab roll-back. This period
coincides with early seaoor spreading between South America and
basement blocks of Central America, during the break-up of Gondwana,
and with the propagation of the Central Atlantic and Indian rift systems
along the eastern and northwestern sides of Africa, due to hotspot
activity starting at ~ 180 Ma (Jaillard and Soler, 1996; Jaillard et al.,
1990).
5.5. Andean-scale comparison
A compilation of the timing and geodynamic setting of arc mag-
matism and arc gaps along the South American margin between
northern Colombia and Chile reveals close relationships between
oceancontinent plate convergence directions and the style of arc
magmatism. Subduction-related magmatism has been recorded along
large parts of the margin throughout most of the Jurassic, with similar
geochemical signatures and an overall extensional setting related to
the breakup of Gondwana (Castro et al., 2011; Litherland et al., 1994;
Romeuf et al., 1995).
Although there is an apparent gap in the plutonic record of coastal
southern Peru between 152 and 110 Ma, no coeval magmatic gaps in
this time period are reported further south in Chile. The Coastal Ranges
of southern Chile between 33 and 3345S show ages from Lower Ju-
rassic to Early Cretaceous granitoid complexes and Mesozoic volcanic-
sedimentary sequences (e.g., Levi, 1973; Parada et al., 1999; Vergara
et al., 1995). A similar age range of subduction-related magmatism is
found in northern Chile, where Jurassic volcanism started on a regional
scale at approximately 200 Ma (Oliveros et al., 2006), and magmatic
activity was nearly continuous until the latest JurassicEarly Cretaceous,
considering the ages of both volcanic and intrusive units. From the Early
Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous the plutonic complexes in northern
Chile were associated with a progressively east-stepping extensional
fault system that culminated in the initiation of the Atacama Fault
Zone as a mainly strike-slip structure in the Early Cretaceous. A shift
in the subduction parameters to a more transtensional subduction set-
ting occurred around 135 Ma along the southward continuation of
the Peruvian plutonic belt within Northern Chile (Grocott and Taylor,
2002; Scheuber and Gonzalez, 1999), which was coeval with the activa-
tion of the Atacama Fault System, a 1000 km-long trench-parallel
structure that accommodated sinistral strike-slip displacements
during left-oblique extension of the margin at ~ 135120 Ma. There,
ductile deformation was associated with the emplacement of Early
Cretaceous plutonic complexes between ~132 and ~106 Ma. This shift
in geodynamic setting was partly coeval with an apparent gap in plu-
tonism in southern Peru.
Recent work in the northern Andes by Villagmez et al. (2011)
and Cochrane et al. (2011) show that plutonic magmatic activity
took place 185123 Ma. However, a change in convergence angles be-
tween the oceanic (Farallon) and South American plates resulted in a
trenchward shift of the Early Cretaceous arc, due to rapid extension,
without a cessation of magma genesis, contrasting with the magmatic
gap observed in southern Peru. The northern and southern Andean
coastlines trend towards the NNE, whereas coastal Peru trends towards
the NW, resulting in contrasting reactions to plate kinematic changes
in the Pacic. A trenchward shift of the arc axis at the end of the Ju-
rassic opened back-arc and intra-arc basins in Ecuador, Colombia and
Patagonia, whereas a more transtensional subduction setting seemed
to have prevailed in Peru and northernmost Chile. The more transten-
tional subduction setting that prevailed along this part of the margin
could have prevented the occurrence of abundant magmatic activity
in southern Peru.
Abundant arc magmatism from ~110 Ma onwards along the
Peruvian and Chilean margins was a consequence of the rapid sub-
duction of the Farallon Plate beneath South America, driven by the
dramatic westward shift of the South American Plate during the
opening of the southern Atlantic Ocean. Compression of western
South America closed Early Cretaceous intra-arc and back-arc basins
in Colombia, Ecuador (Villagmez et al., 2011) and Patagonia
(Bruhn and Dalziel, 1977), and Early Cretaceous granitoids were
emplaced through the Jurassic plutons of the Ilo Batholith during a
phase of northeast directed fast and highly oblique subduction beneath
Central Peru (Polliand et al., 2005). Landward migration of the arc axis
in Chile, and a compressional tectonic regime are inferred to have
started during the Late Cretaceous (Cembrano et al., 2005; Grocott
 F. Boekhout et al. / Lithos 146-147 (2012) 4864
and Taylor, 2002). Following the trenchward arc migration in the Juras-
sic and Early Cretaceous, a landward migration of the main arc axis from
110 Ma onwards can also be observed in southern Peru.
6. Conclusions
The Ilo Batholith was emplaced along the southernmost Peruvian coast
during two episodes of intrusive magmatism, which are i) 173 and
152 Ma with a peak in magmatic activity between roughly 168 and
162 Ma, and ii) between 110 and 106 Ma. The apparent magmatic gap
between ~152 and 110 Ma is not found in the northern Andes of
Ecuador and Colombia, nor to the south within the Chilean Andes,
where continuous subduction has been reported for most of the Jurassic
and Early Cretaceous. Lateral displacements and/or subduction erosion
could explain the lack of igneous rocks with ages between ~152 and
110 Ma, although it is also possible that Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
arc activity in southern Peru is preserved offshore.
The emplacement of the main peak of Jurassic plutonism of the Ilo
Batholith between 167.7 Ma and 161.9 Ma was coeval with widespread
and repeated slumping during the deposition of the Callovian (based on
Reineckeia and Macrocephalites ammonite genera; between 164.7 and
162.8 Ma) Cachos Formation. Together with trenchward migration of
the magmatic arc from the Arequipa area to the present-day coastal
area at ~175 Ma, this illustrates that extensional tectonics prevailed
along the Central Andean margin (Sempere et al., 2002).
The Jurassic component of the Ilo Batholith intruded into the Jurassic
volcanic pile of the Chocolate Fm., which accumulated at a rate of
~ 3.5 km/Ma.
The geochemistry of the melts indicates minor assimilation of the
local basement, which is consistent with intrusion within an ex-
tensional setting in which the crust and lithosphere were thinned.
Large volumes of mantle-derived magma were emplaced at shallow
depths, impeding large-scale crustal assimilation.
The Ilo Batholith ts temporally and geometrically within the Ju-
rassic arc system that exists along most regions of the western South
American margin. Trenchward migration of the arc during Early Juras-
sic extension (200~160 Ma) was followed by a period of magmatic
quiescence (152110 Ma), after which the south Peruvian arc
recommenced at a time that was synchronous with the opening
of the South Atlantic Ocean at ~ 110 Ma, placing the margin into a
compressional setting. This kinematic change closed Jurassic
back-arc and intra-arc basins in the Northern Andes (north of 5S),
and coincided with a drastic eastward shift of magmatic arc activity
that can be traced southward into Chile.
Acknowledgments
This research was accomplished with the nancial support of the
Swiss National Science Foundation. The careful reviews of Victor Ramos
and Peter Cawood improved the quality of this paper. M. Senn, F. Arlaud,
F. Capponi, Pierre Volanthen, and Julien Lauthold contributed with
technical help and advice to the success of this research. Comments
of S. Demouy and M. Reitsma on an early version of this manuscript
were very helpful.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.04.015.
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