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Yarmouk University

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering


Technology

Name: Nedaa Mohammed Saud.

Supervisor: Eng.Heba Al jebali.

Company: Eng. Suhib Al Younis & Partners


for construction.

Period: 8/6/2017 To 8/8/2017.


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1
Abstract

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the


design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.

During my period of training I have known the Importance Of being a civil


engineer, because the world is running fast in Urban development and in
Facilities development. So, we should run faster than the world and keep
updated development .

I trained for two months, which is a short period to know all or most of things
about the constructions.

I went to two sites ( Al Ramtha , Al Rabia) . In Al ramtha I had a chance to see


how to build a column for first floor, retaining walls and stone .

And in Al Rabia I had a chance to see the foundation , column for the basement
, retaining wall, ready mix concrete, continuous wall and water well
reinforcement .

Also, I used to go to the office and learn things there , like how to make some
quantities surveying.

In this report, I will introduce what I have been learned .

2
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements........1
Abstract...........2
Table of Contents .......3

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 About the company ...4
1.2 My team 4
1.3 Sites .5
1.4 Time table .....5

Chapter2
Al ramtha site
2.1 preparation ..6
2.2 About the structure ..6
2.2.1 soil bearing capacity.....6
2.2.2 cement ....7
2.2.3 Aggregate 8
2.2.4 blocks ....8
2.3 Retaining walls 8
2.4 columns9
2.4.1 reinforcement of column.....9
2.4.2 framework .10
2.4.3 Pouring Concrete10
2.4.4 Formwork Removal ...11
2.5 The stone 12
2.5.1 stone isolation ...12
2.5.2 Installation of stone ...13
2.6 final view 14

Chapter3
Al rabia site
3.1 Foundation ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.1: single foundation.15
3.1.2: combined foundation ..17
3.1.3 continues or strip foundation.....17
3.1.4 :Advantages and disadvantages of strip foundations.....18
3.2 Water well ...19
3.3 concrete ..20
3.3.1 mixing....20
3.3.2curning....20
Chapter 4
Errors and notes ..21_23
Refernces.24
Table of figure 25
3
Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 About the company:

~ Company : Eng. Suhib Al Younis for construction .


~ Location : Irbed _ Al hoson street .

1.2 My team :

~ I have been trained with Enas , Ghadeer , Mervat , Walla , mohanned and
Ashraf .
~ Eng mohmmed was the supervisor at Al Ramtha site .
~ Eng Mahmoud al soboh was the supervisor at Al Rabiah site .
~ Eng suhaib bani Younes was the supervisor at the office.

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1.3 Sites :

I have went to Al Ramtha and to Al rabiah . At al ramtha they finished most of


the basement before we come. So, we started from there .
And At Al rabiah we started with them from the foundation.

1.4 time table:

Time place
8/6/2017 _ 28/6/2017 Al ramtha
6/7/2017 _ 8/8/2017 Al rabiah

Note : I am still going with Eng. Mahmoud to al Rabiah , because I want to


see all of the steps in construction.

5
Chapter 2

Al Ramtha site :

2.1 Preparations :

In general steps of construction a building are:


a) Cut and fill.
b) Foundation.
c) Column.
d) Slabs.
e) Walls.
f) Finishing work.

In this chapter I will talk about retaining wall , column and stone .

2.2 About the structure:

2.2.1 soil bearing capacity:

Bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the
ground.

Safe bearing capacity of siol was 1.8 kg/cm2 .

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~ This table shows the safe limit of the allowable bearing caoacity :

Safe / Allowable Bearing Capacity


Type of Soil / Rock
(kg/cm2)

Rock 32.40

Soft rock 4.40

Coarse sand 4.40

Medium sand 2.45

Fine sand 4.40

Soft shell / Stiff clay 1.00

Soft clay 1.00

Very soft clay 0.50

Unfortunately we hadn't a chance to see the foundation in this site , so I will


take about it in the next chapter .

2.2.2 cement :

A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and


adheres to other materials .
The minimum cube strength was 25 N/mm^2 (250 kg/cm^2) on 15 cm
cube after 28 days of curing. And the minimum cement content was 300
kg/m^3 .

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2.2.3 Aggregate :

Materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or


recycled crushed concrete.
Sulphate content wasn't exceed .4% And the chloride wasn't not exceed .3% in
fine aggregate and .6 in course aggregate.

2.2.4 blocks :

a) strength of hollow block was 7.5 N/mm^2


b) strength of solid block was 12.5 N/mm^2

2.3 Retaining walls :

Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting the soil mass
laterally so that the soil can be retained at different levels on the two sides.

Figure 2.1: retaining wall


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2.4 columns:

2.4.1 reinforcement of column:

After we calculate the loads on the building , we will be able to know how
many bar to be use in each column .And all the column in the site was
rectangle.
The footing is always poured before the column and contains metal "starter
bars" that extend out of its surface, these starter bars provide a place to fix the
rebar or steel bars that will reinforce the concrete itself. Then we make them
straight using ' bolbol' .

Figure2.2: column reinforcement

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2.4.2 framework:

Next, the worker on the project makes up the formwork -- the wooden structure
that will give the concrete in the column its shape and keep it in place while the
concrete solidifies.

Figure2.3: framework

2.4.3 Pouring Concrete:

Once the formwork has been nailed down around the rebar, the construction
crew can mix and pour the concrete. The concrete mix is very important
because the ratio of water to mortar helps determine both the strength and
workability of the concrete, so it must be done exactly according to
specifications. The concrete is then poured into the formwork around the rebar
where it begins to harden.

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It can be done by pump or manually , like this :

Figure2.4:pouring concrete

2.4.4 Formwork Removal :

Once the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the formwork is removed. We


start to remove one face of the column after a day, and the next three faces after
three days.

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2.5 The stone :
33

There is lots of type of stones in Jordan such as Rweshed and Ma'an stones. In
our site we use Anjara first class .

Figue2.5: stone

2.5.1 stone isolation :

Insulation not only saves energy but also improves the comfort of your home.
There is three type of isolation :
1) thermal isolation.
2) acoustic isolation.
3) water isolation.

12
We use thermal insulation material in our site' polystyrene' with thickness 3
cm , as we see in the next figure :

Figure 2.6 : insulation material .

2.5.2 Installation of stone :


We fix or install the stone be three ' asafen 'for each one .

Figure 2.7 : stone

13
2.6 final view :

The area of the whole building was 1100 .

Figure 2.8 : final view

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Chapter 3

Al Rabia site :

3.1 Foundation :

A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to


the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations
may be broadly classified into two categories.

1 ) Shallow foundation: A shallow foundation transmits the load to the strata


at a shallow.
2) Deep foundation: A deep foundation transmits the load at a .depth
considerable depth below the ground surface .

We use shallow foundation in our site . also, we can classified it into


categories like single , continuous or strip and combined foundation . we use
them in our site.

3.1.1: single foundation:

Isolated or single footings are used to support single columns. This is one of
the most economical types of footings and is used when columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

We had studied a course about foundation , and by some equation we can


design one .
We use top and bottom steel bar in the single footing, and it was like a closed
box , as we see in the next figure.
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Figure 3.1.a: foundation reinforcement

Figure3.1. b : foundation reinforcement

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3.1.2: combined foundation :

Combined footings usually support two columns, or three columns not in a


row. Combined footings are used when tow columns are so close that single
footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property
line.

We use one combined footing because the space we had was short we can see it
in the next figure .

Figure3.2: combined foundation

3.1.3 continues or strip foundation:

A strip footing is another type of spread footing which is provided for a load
bearing wall. A strip footing can also be provided for a row of columns which
are so closely spaced that their spread footings overlap or nearly touch each
other. In such cases, it is more economical to provide a strip footing than to
provide a number of spread footings in one line. A strip footing is also known
as continuous footing.

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3.1.4 :Advantages and disadvantages of strip foundations.

1)The positive may include simplicity of design, the possibility to build the
foundation without expensive tools as well as its long-term operation.

2)The negative qualities consist in a comparatively low durability, high cost in


the final stages of construction (you must perform additional manual work,
such as filling soil between the strips and its leveling, building floor etc),
inability to make monolithic binding of the floor to the basement.

And this the foundation in the figure below:

Figure 3.3 : continues wall

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3.2 Water well :

A water well a structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or


drilling to collect water
Most of our houses a Jordan have wells .And we had a chance to see the
reinforcement and pour of the well .
In the concrete we use additives like material for water leak .
And this a picture for the well:

Figure 3.4 : water well

19
3.3 concrete :

Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded


together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are
lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete.

Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the


compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the
aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete
adds like steel reinforcing bars to carry tensile loads .

3.3.1 mixing:

We use in our site ready-mix concrete, which is concrete that is manufactured


in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a
work site by truck mounted intransit mixers. This results in a precise mixture,
allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on
construction sites.

3.3.2curning:

Curing allows concrete to achieve optimal strength and hardness. Curing is .


the hydration process that occurs after the concrete has been placed.
Curing concrete properly requires the correct control of moisture and
temperature. Without proper curing, concrete may only achieve 50% of its
potential design strength.
In our site we achieve curing by Immersion the concrete in water for 7 days .

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Chapter 4

Errors and notes

~ Problem that we face:

a) Segregation in concrete, is a case of particle segregation in concrete


applications, in which particulate solids tend to segregate by virtue of
differences in the size, density, shape and other properties of particles of which
they are composed. as you can see in the figure below:

Figure 4.1 : segregation

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b) The steel bar for the first floor wasn't tied well , so one of them went down ,
as you can see in the figure below:

Figure 4.2 : steel bars

~ Notes:

1)Stirrups are provided to hold the main reinforcement rebars together in an


RCC structure .

2) Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.

3) Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other


building materials.

22
4) We can improve soil bearing capacity by :

~ Increasing depth of foundation.


~ Draining the soil.
~ Compacting the soil.
~ Confining the soil.
~ Replacing the poor soil.
~ Using grouting material.
~ Stabilizing the soil with chemicals.

There are other important notes that we learn outside the boundary of study ,
like how to respect time , how to treat with different characters of people .

I knew that every stage of our life has different beauty from the stage before.
And the training period was really great stage and useful period .

23
References:

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_in_concrete

2) #/http://civilblog.org/2015/02/20/how-to-improve-bearing-capacity-of-soil

3) http://raisedfloorlivingpro.com/construction-process/footings-foundations

4) http://engineeringtraining.tpub.com/14071/css/Figure-1-7-Wall-And-
Column-Foundations-18.htm

5) http://civilblog.org/2014/11/09/what-are-different-types-of-footings

6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete

7) http://www.samamman.com/888

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Table of figure

Figure2.1 Retaining wall


Figure2.2 Column reinforcement
Figure2.3 Frame work
Figure2.4 Pouring concrete
Figure2.5 stone
Figure2.6 Insulation material
Figure2.7 stone
Figure2.8 Final view
Figure 3.1.a Reinforcement of foundation
Figure 3.1.b Reinforcement of foundation
Figure 3.2 Combined foundation
Figure 3.3 Continuous wall
Figure 3.4 Water well
Figure 4.1 segregation
Figure 4.2 steel bars

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