UMTS Networks and beyond

Graduate course in Computer Science

Integrated Communication Systems (ICS) Group
http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
-> Education -> Master Courses -> UMTS-Networks
Winter Semester

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim (lecturers)

Naseer ul Islam, Nauman Zia (seminars)
Course Motivation Why is this important?

Enormous growth in mobile communications

Enormous growth of Internet traffic
Transition from voice to data services
Transition from pay-per-data to flat rates
Convergence of the Telecommunication world and the Internet world
Transition from circuit-switched to packet-switching technology
Mobile/Wireless Internet
New applications and services
New services and challenges
mobile TV and streaming: broadcast vs. unicast
car-to-car and (cooperative) multihop communications
machine-to-machine communications: scalability and overhead

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 2

Growth in Mobile Data

See
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-
520862.html for details

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 3

Growth in Mobile Data by Devices

See
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper
_c11-520862.html for details
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 4
Some Comments on Growth in Mobile Data

According to Morgan Stanley analyst Mary Meeker (who has now left the
firm), by 2015 more users will connect to the Internet over mobile
devices than desktop PCs. Gigaom, Apr 2010

Global mobile data traffic in 2010 (237 petabytes per month) was more
than three times greater than total global Internet traffic in 2000 (75
petabytes per month). Cisco, Feb 2011

Smartphone customers (526 million, 2010) use more data than non-
smartphone customers, and iPhone customers use more data than other
smartphone customers. According to Morgan Stanley analyst Mary Meeker,
the average cellphone customer usage pattern is 70-30 voice-to-data but
the average iPhone customer is 45-55 voice-to-data. Gigaom, Apr 2010

Tablet customers (3 million, 2010) use more data than smartphone

customers. In 2010, on average each tablet generated fives times more
Internet traffic than the average smartphone. Cisco, Feb 2011

See http://wiredpen.com/2011/02/13/ubiquitous-connectivity-means-ios-android/ for details

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 5

Course Contents

Review of the basics of mobile communications

Overview on GSM, GPRS and EDGE
UMTS networks, including
- network architecture,
- network elements,
- protocols and
- service aspects
Architecture, protocols and services of UMTS networks especially
- the radio access network and
- the core network
Evolution towards the 4th generation
- High-speed Packet Data (HSPA),
- Long-term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

Focus on network aspects rather than radio details

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 6

Course Objectives

Understand how mobile networks work

Be able to navigate and understand UMTS and LTE standards

Understand why UMTS and LTE has been defined the way it is

Understanding of a real (non-trivial) integrated HW/SW system

Understand the 2G to 4G evolution path

=> Understanding of the system from the system architects view

or: forget about the details as soon as you understand the whole

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 7

Working Method

Study of a real Telco system with its specific problems

Identify and solve the identified problems instead of a general study
of abstract problems
Acquire a reasonable deep understanding of a highly complex system
Lots of discussion (hopefully)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 8

Organisational Stuff
Lecture: first half of semester (meet twice a week)
Seminar: second half of semester (individual studies and presentations)

Course prerequisites:
Basics of Communication Systems and Protocols (mandatory)
Basics of Mobile Communications, e.g. Wireless Internet course
(recommended)

Slides and additional information are provided at

http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
-> Education -> Master Courses -> UMTS-Networks

Instructor contact:
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jens Mckenheim
Email: mitsch@tu-ilmenau.de Email: jens.mueckenheim@hs-merseburg.de
Phone: 03677-69 2819/2829 Phone: 03461-462107

Course budget: 28 hours (14 sessions a 2 hours)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 9

Schedule

1 Introduction 09.10.12
2 Basics of Wireless Transmissions
Media Access Schemes
Basic Functions of Mobile Systems
3 2G: GSM and GSM Evolution 16.10.12
Protocol Engineering Basics, Standards
4 UMTS Architecture
9 Wideband CDMA Principles 23.10.12
10 Radio Resource Management
5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 30.10.12
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
6 UTRAN Procedures
11 High-Speed Packet-Access (HSPA) 06.11.12
12 High-Speed Packet-Access (HSPA), contd
skipped 13.11.12
7 Numbering, Addressing and Location Identities 20.11.12
UE Modes
8 Mobility Management
Communication Management
13 UMTS-Evolution (HSPA+) 27.11.12
14 LTE/SAE
Red topics are provided by Jens Mckenheim
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 10
Introduction

Mobile Business and Services

Market Expectations
UMTS Services and Applications
Technical Trends
From 2G to 4G
First Mobile Radio (1924) How it began...

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 12

Revenue for Mobile Operators (total) in Germany
Average
German Mobile Operators Revenue, Total revenue per
estimates for 2007: revenue user (ARPU)
more than 27 B$ = 21 B
[US$m] [US$] [%]
Total Mobile Revenues $27,559 $25.33 100.0%
Voice Revenue $21,417 $19.68 77.7%
Data Revenue $6,142 $5.64 22.3%
Messaging Revenue $4,704 $4.32 17.1%
SMS $4,026 $3.70 14.6%
MMS $260 $0.24 0.9%
Email $399 $0.37 1.4%
Other Messaging $19 $0.02 0.1%
Non-Messaging Revenue $1,438 $1.32 5.2%
Ringtones $332 $0.31 1.2%
Graphics/Images $162 $0.15 0.6%
Games $263 $0.24 1.0%
Information Services $163 $0.15 0.6%
Music $59 $0.05 0.2%
Video $88 $0.08 0.3%
Mobile Data/Remote Access $371 $0.34 1.3%
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 16 o
Worldwide Number of Subscribers by Technology
Q2 2007
Region
Q2 2006 Q2 2007
(%)
Total 2,431,732,781 2,948,357,080 100.0%
GSM 2G 1,934,109,924 2,377,790,703 80.6%
UMTS (WCDMA) 3G 70,242,769 131,240,644 4.5%
UMTS/HSPA 3G 259,396 4,987,178 0.2%
TDMA 2G 31,491,377 12,126,883 0.4%
PDC 2G 39,319,525 23,481,602 0.8%
World
iDEN 2G 25,321,560 27,078,771 0.9%
Analog 1G 4,467,113 2,021,415 0.1%
cdmaOne 2G 29,466,577 15,551,230 0.5%
CDMA2000 1X 3G 260,661,808 288,503,817 9.8%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 3G 36,394,017 65,405,731 2.2%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3G - 171,311 0.0%

The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of November 2006,
GSM/UMTS services are available in 134 networks in 59 countries,
with 85% of mobile subscriptions worldwide = more than 2.5 billion
(source: www.gsacom.com).
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 17 o
 UMTS:
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
Services:
- Traditional Voice
- Teleservices like and Fax, SMS, MMS messaging
- Wide-band Data for Multimedia and Wireless Internet:
via dedicated access (Basic Release99)
up to 144 kb/s for high speed mobiles
up to 384 kb/s for low speed mobiles
up to 2 Mb/s for portable/fixed users
via high-speed packet access (HSPA, Release5, 6&7)
up to 7.2-14.4/28.8 Mbit/s download
up to 5.7/11.5 Mbit/s upload
Spectral Efficiency: High
Mobility & Roaming: Worldwide
Compatibility: with 2G systems, especially GSM
Physical characteristics:
Wideband (W-)CDMA system with 5MHz bandwidth, 3.84 Mchps
around 2000 MHz (EU), 1900 MHz (US), 1700 MHz (Japan)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 18

Why UMTS?

GSM (2nd generation): UMTS (3rd generation):

Optimized for circuit-switched voice Focus on packet-switched data

High delay (180 ms round-trip) Lower latency

Small band, inflexible assignment of Flexible assignment of spectrum

data rates with variable data rates
Low data rates Higher data rates for multimedia
services
Suboptimal use of radio resources Higher capacity of radio system

(spectral efficiency)

Complicated RF planning Simplified RF engineering (no

(layout of frequency usage) frequency planning)

Standard set by Europe Worldwide agreed standard

Globally available, Worldwide roaming by design

but not planned as such

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 19

 What is 3GPP?
3GPP stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP is a collaboration agreement, established in December 1998, to
ensure a worldwide acceptance of 3G W-CDMA/UMTS standards
It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (standard development
organization)

S.Korea
Europe

USA
China

Japan

These SDOs take 3GPP specifications and transpose

them to regional (Europe, NorthAmerica, Korea, Japan, China) standards
ITU references the regional standards
IMT-2000, IMT-Advanced see: www.3gpp.org
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 20 o
3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2008)

Version Released Info

Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a
CDMA air interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added features
including an all-IP Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds
HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to IMS such as Push
to Talk over Cellular (PoC), GAN (UMA)

Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, QoS and improvements

to real-time applications like VoIP. This specification
will also focus on HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access
Evolution), SIM high-speed protocol and contactless
front-end interface (Near Field Communication
enabling operators to deliver contactless services like
Mobile Payments), EDGE Evolution.
Release 8 2008 Q4 E-UTRA, All-IP Network (SAE). Release 8 constitutes a
refactoring of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-
generation network.

Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS

Interoperability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-
Cell HSUPA.

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 22

 Evolution of 3GPP Standards (Europe & Asia)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Rel99 Rel5 Rel6 Rel7
Rel8
UMTS HSDPA E-DCH MIMO

HSDPA E-DCH MIMO HSPA

CPC Evolution
IP-RAN MBMS
HoM
Dec 2007
Network VoIP
1989 1997 1998 Sharing
BF
Subscriber LTE
Rel98 Trace
GSM GPRS (part of Rel 8)
AMR

1999 2004 2006

Rel99 Rel6
Rel7
EDGE SAIC

Release 99 Release 6
Specs are Functionally frozen in March Functionally frozen in Dec. 2004
2000 Corrections still ongoing.
Essential corrections until late 2003 Main features: MBMS, Enhanced UL DCH,
Release 4 Remote Electrical Tilting, Voice over IP, LTE
Study
Specs Functionally frozen in March 2001
Release 7
Small delta to Release 99
Specs are Functionally frozen in March
Main features: TD-SCDMA, HSDPA 2006.
feasibility study
Main features: MIMO, gaming on IP,
Release 5 Enhanced Push over Cellular, Evolved-UTRA
Functionally frozen in March 2002 & June (LTE) feasibility study. System Arch.
2002. Evolution (SAE) Study.
corrections until late 2004 Release 8
Main features: HSDPA, IP-RAN, Network Published in Dec. 2007/ March 2008
Sharing, feasibility study of UTRAN Main features: HSPA+, LTE (E-UTRA), SAE,
evolution, IMS enhancements for UMTS

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 23

Evolution of 3GPP2 Standards (mainly USA)

2G technology: 3G technology: Beyond 3G technology:

CDMAone = IS-95 CDMA2000 was: EV-DO Rev.C
now: UMB = Ultra Mobile
EV-DO = Evolution-Data Optimized Broadband;
EV-DV = Evolution-Data/Voice

3GPP2 is the 3G partnership project to promote the US-driven 3G standards

family of cdma2000 in competition to W-CDMA/UMTS of 3GPP
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 24 o
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Roadmap

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an US-based

international organization that sets industry standards,
UMTS Networks
like 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wireless9 October
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim
LAN 2012 25
2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

HLR
GSM AuC
EIR

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 33

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

HLR
AuC
EIR
GSM+GPRS
SGSN Inter-
net
GPRS Core GGSN
(Packet
Switched)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 34

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

ATM based
transport
Base station Base station ISDN
Base station MSC GMSC
controller
GSM Core
GSM (Circuit
RAN switched)
Base station

GSM+GPRS+UMTS R99 HLR

AuC
EIR

Base station
Base station SGSN Inter-
Radio network
controller net
GPRS Core GGSN
Base station UTRAN (Packet
Switched)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 35

2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS

Base station Base station

Base station
controller
GERAN
GSM
Base station
RAN GERAN+UMTS R5 + IMS

IP based
Base station transport
Base station SGSN Inter-
Radio network
controller net
3G Core
GPRS Core GGSN
Base station UTRAN (Packet
Switched)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 36

 IP Multimedia System (IMS)- Architecture (simplified)
Service and Core Architecture is Access Agnostic

Services
MSC/ Common
BTS BSC/RNC IP
UE SGSN/GGSN Common
Core Multimedia
GSM/GPRS RAN Network Service Network (IMS)
(GERAN)
Session MGW
Control Control PSTN

SGSN/ Access Media

NodeB RNC IP Router
UE GGSN Proxy Gateway

UMTS/HSPA RAN

AG Access Gateway
AG FW Firewall
UE PDN GGSN Gateway GPRS Serving
Node
802.11 WiFi PDN Packet Data Network
RAN Radio Access Network
802.16 WiMax SGSN Serving GPRS Serving
FW Node
UE
SIP phone
Cable, ethernet, DSL, etc

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 37 o

 4G Mobile Communication Systems: Radio Integration

Wireless
IP
Satellite
Society
S-UMTS Broadband Broadband
4th Generation W-LAN
DVB-S Bluetooth
Satellite/HAPS Personal DECT
DVB-T
Area Networks IR
DAB UMTS ++
Body LANs Indoor
Broadcasting UMTS Broadband
WFA
GPRS/EDGE Local Area Networks
MBS 60 MWS
GSM
MBS 40 xMDS
Cellular Wireless Local Loop
Quasi-Cellular

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 39 o

4G Mobile Communication Systems: Network Integration

Services and
applications

New radio
interface
download channel
DAB
DVB Wireline
IP based core network xDSL

cellular WLAN
return channel: GSM
IMT-2000 type
e.g. GSM
UMTS

other
entities
short range
connectivity

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 40 o

 4G Mobile Communication Systems: System Integration
full coverage
distribution layer DAB and/or DVB global access
full mobility
not necessary
possible return channels individual links

2G: e.g. full coverage

GSM and hot spots
global roaming
cellular layer full mobility
individual links
IMT-2000
UMTS

local coverage
WLAN hot spots
hot spot layer global roaming
local mobility
individual links

short range
communication
personal network layer (e.g. Bluetooth, DECT )
global roaming
individual links

fixed ( wired) layer X X X X X X X X X X X X X no mobility

global roaming
individual links
horizontal handover within a system vertical handover between systems

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 41 o

 5G: Interplanetary Internet

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 42 o

Summary of the Evolution Path (European View)
1G: Analog systems
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system
FDMA, TDMA, FDD
circuit-switched voice (voice service)
SMS
global roaming
2G+ (GSM+GPRS): introduction of packet-switched data
IP to the terminal; ATM transport in the network
multiplexing of packet-switched data on traffic channels of radio link
IP tunneling in the packet-switched core network
SS7 signaling, AAA, mobility management
QoS: best effort
still ongoing efforts
EDGE: enhanced radio efficiency (adaptive modulation)
GERAN: generalized access network, to connect to 3G core networks

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data

...
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 43
Summary of the Evolution Path (contd)
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system

2G+ (GSM+GPRS): introduction of packet-switched data

3G (UMTS): packet-switched data

CDMA-FDD/TDD
predominantly data communication
focus on services and content
all IP transport (3GPP R4): mobile, radio access network, core network
SS7 signaling: AAA, mobility management, etc.
QoS support
seamless service (global roaming)
Enhanced packet data perfromance: HSDPA+HSUPA HSPA
Common Ip-based service architecture (IMS)
4G: Integration of various radio technologies (satellite, broadcast, cellular, WLAN,
BAN)
use of the optimal radio link (w.r.t. spectral efficiency, delay, throughput,
error rate, emission)
IETF protocols for everything (all IP for transport and control)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 44

Important Readings

Books:
Kaaranen, Ahtiainen, Laitinen, Naghian, Niemi: UMTS Networks Architecture, Mobility
and Services. 2nd edition, Wiley, 2005
Holma, Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS. 4th edition, Wiley, 2007

Holma, Toskala: LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, 2011

Ahonen, Barrett: Services for UMTS: Creating Killer Applications in 3G. Wiley, 2002

Important 3GPP Documents:

21.101 to 21.104: List of standards for Release 3 (R99), 4, 5 and 6, respectively

21.905: UMTS vocabulary and abbreviations

23.002: UMTS network architecture (core network and access network entities)

23.060: GPRS architecture

25.401: UTRAN overview

25.301: Radio link protocols (UTRA)

25.931: UTRAN procedures

(all documents are available at www.3gpp.org)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim 9 October 2012 45